Light Scattering and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

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3. High Technology - Vol. 40

Light Scattering and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

edited by

E. R. Pike Clerk Maxwell Professor of Theoretical Physics, King's College, London, U.K.

and

J. B. Abbiss Chief Scientist, Singular Systems, Irvine, California, U.S.A.

Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NArO Advanced Research Workshop on Ught Scattering and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Krakow, Poland August 26-30, 1996

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Ubrary of Congress

ISBN 978-94-010-6355-5 ISBN 978-94-011-5586-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5586-1

Printed an acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

DEDICATION

DR KLAUS SCHATZEL

*12.11.1952 t14.10.1994

Lehr8tuhIinhabel' (ler A" 011(1. AI aiel'ie eler Johannes Guienbe7'9 Universtiit Mainz

It seems fitting in this volume, devoted in large measure to recent de­velopments in field of photon correlation spectroscopy, to record, on behalf of all who knew him, the tragic and untimely death of one of the pioneers of the field and one of its most brilliant innovators. The two editors of this volume came to know Klaus Schatzel as a graduate student working with Eric Schiiltz Du-Bois on h~'drodynall1ic flow problems at Ki('l in the late 70s and eV(,1I h('tter when h(' came to England in 19;9/80 to spend a year at RSRE ~Ialv<'rll. His contrib1ltions to the dev('lopment of correla­tion t('chniques are well known and h(' was invariably an invited speaker at the series of international ronfer('nc('s held in this field. lie had wider interests, how('ver, and while at l'.lalvern, for example, worked on the phase structure function at the transition to turbulence and also on tracking of in­dividual particks in fl1lid flow systems. He was also an accomplished player of Charles vVheatstone's invention, the concertina, and made a number of records of folk mllSic with vario1ls groups.

IIis first digital rorrelator. built in the late iO's, was a softwar(' instru­ment powered by a ~OVA romput<'f which took several hours to accumulate a useable correlation funct.ion, and it is interesting to note that it is only in the last year or two, nearly 20 years later, that a sufficiently fast general purpose CPU chip has allo\',:e<1 a f1l1l software correlator of this type to be a practical proposition. Kla1ls q1lickly mastered the intricacies of clip­ping and random scaling, which Wef(' needed in those days to speed up the computations, and brought his own scholarly mind to the the question of why we used correlation functions rather than the structure functions more

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used by statisticians. His work on the comparison of these methods was deep and comprehensive. The situation turned out not to be very clear cut with only marginal advantages for one method or the other according to circumstances. On his return to G<'Tmany he acted as scientific consultant for the development of a commercial correlator, released in 1984, which allowed the measurement of the structure function as an option.

He kept up with and contributed to the later developments of geomet­rically increasing delay times for particle-sizing correlators and multi-bit computation as hardware became faster, and introduced the technique of "symmetric normalization", which is important for long sampling times. He went on to help develop "plug-in" single-board correlators for the PC and he was closely involved in the development of the special space flight correlator for the University of Maryland to be used in their micro-gravity experiment (ZENO). As described later in this volume, this was sent into orbit on March 4th 1994 on the Space Shuttle flight STS-62 and again in 1996. More recently he developC:'d a range of other techniques, including two-colour dynamic light scattering experiments and advanced equipment for electrophoresis and particle tracking.

Our community has lost a p<'Tson of great talent, both in theory and experiment, at the forefront of hi~ field; it has also lost a warm, kind, likC:'ahle and modest human being. In making this dedication we can only speculate as to what his future rant ributions might have been in his new and well-deserved position at tIl(' Unh·ersity of ~Ia.inz had hC:' remained with us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication ............................................................. v Ta.ble of contents ...................................................... vii Preface ................................................................ xi Group photograph ................................................... xiv

COLLOIDS Experimental challenges in colloids P.N. PtUiey, P.N. Segre, a.p. Bc/m:nd, S.P. Meeker and lV. C.l(. Poon ..................................................... 1

Dynamic depolarized light scattering studies of anisotropic Brownian particles V. Dcgiorgio, R. Piazza, T. Bellini and F. A/antegaz::a ................. 7

Application of 111(' dvnamic light scattering method for investigation of colloidal stability II. V. l\'/yubin ......................................................... 2:3

Long-time dynamics of concentrated colloidal suspensions R. Kldn (Ahstract only) ........................................... :37

METHODS Suppression of multiple sca'ttering using a single beam cross­correlation method W. V. Meyer, D.S. emmell . ..I.E. Smart, T.W. Taylor' and P. Tin ..... :39

Theory of 1l11lltiple scattering suppression in cross-correlated light scattering employing a single laser beam J.A. Lock ............................................................. 51

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X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy S. Dierker ........................................................... 65

Polarisation fluctuations in radiation scattered by small particles E. J akeman .......................................................... 79

Surface light scattering spectroscopy lA. Mann, Jr. ......................................................... 97

Non-linearity of APDs at high count rates M. Gran, E. R. Pike and E. Pailharey ............................... 117

From speckles to modes: principles and applications of fiber optic dynamic light scattering. J. Ricka (Abstract only) .......................................... 129

POLYMERS, GELS, LIQUID CRYSTALS, MIXTURES Photon correlation sp<'ctroscopy of interactive polymer systems G. Fylas, K. C/u·is'<;0p0tlloll, S.ll. Arwstasiatlis, D. V[assopotllos and h'. l\"rafn .. ~o.<; ............................ ........................ 131

Local dynamics ill hranched polymers V. r,'appe and W. B1I7'C!u/1"([ ......................................... 141

Spontaneo1ls domain grO\vth in the one-phase region of a gel/mixture syst('m B..J. Frisken, A.E. Bailey and D.S. ('(/fwdl. ......................... 161

The shape, dim('nsion and organisation of maltodextrins gel fragments with and witho1lt associated phospholipids M.A.R.B. Castanho, M.JE. Prieto, D. Betbeder and N C. Santos . ........ 1 n

Dynamic ligllt scattering from block copolymers P Stepanek and T.P Lodge ............................................ 189

Particle diff1lsion and crystallisat ion in sllspensions of hard spheres W. tmu Mcgen. S.M. Underwood. J. Miiller, T.C. Mortensen, S.l. llenderson, J.L. llarl(/fui and P. Francis ......................... 209

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Use of light scattering to chara.cterize the polysaccharides of starch P. Roger and P Colonna ............................................ 225

STATISTICS AND DATA PROCESSING Spatial photon correlation and statistics of nonlinear processes in nonlinear waveguides M. Bertolotti, M. De Angelis, C. Sibilia and R. Horak ............... 231

PllOton correlation of correla.ted photons: experimental aspects of quantum cryptography and computation J. G. Rarity and P. R. Tapster ........................................ 247

New opto-elcctronic technologies for photon correlation experiments R. G. H'. Brown ...................................................... 263

Correlated, sUPNPosed and squeezed vibrational states J. J(tnsz~:y (tnd Z. Kis ................................................ 277

Structure and propNties of linear inverse problems J.B. Abbiss .......................................................... 29.5

New idea.s in data inversion in photon correlation spectroscopy E.R. Pike, B. McNally and P. Patin .................................... 313

Tempest in a teapot-surface and volume turbulence in a closed system WJ. Goldburg and C. Cheung (Abstract only) ...................... :32:3

SCATTERING BY DENSE MEDIA Diffusing photon correlation A .F. l(o,<;/~'o ........................................................ 325

Photon correlation spectroscopy of opaque fluids I. K. Yudin flud G. L. Ni~~ola('1l~'o ..................................... :341

Scattering of light ill inhomogellC'olls medium L.A. Zllbkotl aud V. P. Romanot' ..................................... 3.53

Observation of shear-induced gelation using light scattering imaging D. Pine (Abstract only) ........................................... 367

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Single particle motion of hard-sphere-like polymer micronetwork colloids up to the colloid glass transition E. Bartsch, S. Kirsch, F Renth and H. Sillescu (Abstract only) ......... 369

Measurement of viscoelasticity of complex fluids by diffusing­wave spectroscopy D.A. Weitz (Abstract only) .......................................... 371

SPACE APPLICATIONS A pplying photon correlation spectroscopy in space A.E. S7nart ..........•.............................................. 373

lIard spheres in space: light scattering from colloidal crystals in microgravity Jixiang Zhu, P Chaikin, Min Ii, WB. Russel, R. Rogers, W Meyer. R.H. Ottewill and STS-73 Space Shuttle Crew (Abstract only) ......... 387

Zeno: Critical fluid light scattering in microgravity R. W. Gammon, J.N. ShallmEYEI'. M.E Briggs, 1I. Boukm'i ond D.A. Gent .......................................... :389

PHASE SEPARATION and CRITICAL PHENOMENA Static and dynamic light scattering in phase-separating systems S. V. I\'a::o/.:ov (lnd N.l. CIzf1'1101"(J •..••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 401

Shear induced displacenH'nt of the spinodal, and spinodal demixing kinetics lInd<'f shear .1.1\'.(,'. Dlzont ....................................................•.. 42:3

Spectral kinetic and correlation characteristics of inhomogeneous mixtures in the vicinity of the critical point of stratification A. D. A lcklzin, S. G. Ostapchcnlm. D. B. Svydka and D.l. Malyol'cn~'o ................................................ 441

List of participants .................................................. 4G1

Index ............................................................... 465

PREFACE

Since their inception more than 2.5 years ago, photon correlation techniques for the spatial, temporal or spectral analysis of fluctuating light fields have found an ever-widening range of applications. Using detectors which re­spond to single quanta of the radiation field, these methods are intrinsically digital in natnre and in many experimental situations offer a unique degree of accuracy and sensitivity, not only for the study of primary light sources themselves, but most particularly in the use of a laser-beam probe to study light scattering from pure fluids, macromolecular suspensions and laminar or turbulent flowing fluids and gases.

Following the earliest developments in laser scattering by dilute macro­nl01ecular suspensions, in , ... hich particle sizing was the main aim, and the use of photon correlation techniques for laser-Doppler studies of flow and tnrbuence. both of which areas were the subject of NATO ASls in Capri, Italy in 19;:3 and 19;6. significant advances have be('n made in recent years in many other areas. These were reflected in the topics covered in this NATO Advanced Research Workshop, which took place from August 2;th to 30th, 1!)!}6, at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. These in­cluded ('xperimental techniques. statist.ics and data reduction, colloids and aggregation, polymers, gels, liquid crystals and mixtures, protein solutions, critical pllf'nomena and dense media.

Other notable r('c('nt developments discussed , ... ere in novel Meas such as in basic physics experiments on phase transitions in the microgravity environment provid('d by the space-shuttle missions, in quantum cryptogra­phy and in the applicatiOll of photon correlation at x-ray wavelengths using synchrotron sources.

Experimental techniques are continuously evolving, taking advantage of the miniaturisation and performance improvements provided by solid state lasers, fibre optics and avalanche photodiode detectors. Powerful new tech­niques of analysis from the lively field of inverse problems are being applied to data analysis. ~fuch progress is being made in the study of dense me­dia using index-matching techniques, two-colour systems and the theory of photon diffusion. Relationships between structural relaxation a.nd viscos­ity have been discovered in hard-sphere colloids a.nd tIle effects of small

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amounts of polydispersity have been shown to have a significant influence on the dynamic structure factor. The complex process of crysta]]jsation of conoid solutions has been followed through the liquid-solid phase transition and different crystal structures from those which occur on earth appear in zero gravity.

A new bulk relaxation, characteristic of binary polymer blends near the macrophase separation temperature has been found and layer-height fluctu­ations at the surface has been studied by evanescent-wave dynamical light scattering. A universal function describing the conc(>ntration and tempera­ture dependence of the static and dynamic properties of binary separating mixtures has been obtained.

Details of these advances are to be found in the following pages. Unfor· tunately not all speakers v,'ere able to provide full manuscripts but at least an abstract of all the formal contributions is pu blished here, which will SNVE

to give a complete reference of the meeting for interested readers to pursue, The rec('nt orientation ofth(' ~ATO ARW programme towards colla bora.·

tive meetings with the Cooperation Partner countries was especially appre' ciated by our East(>rn European colleagues, with participants from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Such a forum fot interchange of exp('rtise is clearly of value to all concemed. \Ve wish tc express om gratitude on bt'half of the pa.rticipants for the generous support of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division.

Although not reproduced in this volume, in a. working session highly ap­propriate to the intC'rnational character of the meeting, NASA's microgravity technology programs wen' described and the potential for intemational col­laboration in microgravity science and in the associated tedlllology and its commercialization were debated.

The organising comlllittC'e were: Co-dirC'ctors:

E. R. Pike, King's Collc-ge, London, J. K. Yudin, Oil and Gas Research Institut.e, Moscow, Russia.

Members: P. N. Pusey, Uni\'('rsity of Edinbmgh, UK. R. G. W. nrown, University of Nottingham, UK. M. Bertolotti, U ni\'('rsity of Home, Italy . . J. n. Ahhiss, Chief Scient.ist, Singular Systems, Irvine, CA, USA.

We were also advised by Prof Xicole Ostrowsky of the University of Nice who was unfortunately 110t able to attend the meeting.

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Th(' meeting was held in th(' v('ry elegant Bohrzynski Saal of the .Jagiel­Ionian Univ('fsity and w(' are grateful to th(' U('ctor Prof Dr hal> AI('ksa.nder Koj and his staff for the V('fY ('fficient local organisation. Our thanks are also du(' to th(' lIIanag(,lIIent. and st.aff of th(' 1101.('1 Cracovia for th('ir t.ol('rance and hospit.alit.y. W(' a.r(' indehted a.s w('11 to Dr lIanna. Ma.usch, Dir('clor of the Polish Cultural Institute in London and to Mr S('w<'fyn Chom('t for advice and assistance and t.o Miss Elizaheth Lake for h('lp with the typing and prE'pa.ration of thE' material for this volume.

E. R. Pike .J. B. Ahhiss

April 1 !)!)i

Th(' conf('f('Ij(~(' was also g('n<'fOllsly support('d hy D('partnl('nt. of the Navy Grant. NOOO\'1-!)()-1-002:1issu('d hy tIl(' US Offic(' of Naval R('search Europ('an Offi(·('. The Unit.ed St.at.es ha.s a royalty-free license throughout the world in all copyrightahll' lIIat('fial contained herein. The cont('nt of the information pu hlished dol'S not. nl'cl'ssarily reneet the position or the poliey of the United States GOV('flllllent and no official endorsement should be inferred.

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