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FMI

1. Characterize the relative abilities of space-based W, Ku-, and Ka-band radars and microwave imagers and sounders to detect light.

What are the detection limits of each instrument? Can rainfall probabilities be assigned to Z and TB signatures?

2. Evaluate retrievals of rainfall intensity in shallow freezing level environments.

How does the ratio of cloud-rain impact PIA and PMW TBs? How does the vertical structure of precipitation impact

emission/attenuation-based algorithms? What are the impacts of other algorithm assumptions including

DSD and melting layer properties on rainrate estimates? How do well are FOV-dependent factors such as beamfilling and

multiple-scattering represented?

3. Determine the properties of the local environment that influence the characteristics of precipitation in this region.

Apr 22, 2023 LPVEx 2010 2

Ground Sensors Disdrometers: 2DVD (2) and Parsivel (6-10) 10+ rain gauges 5 SWE probes ADMIRARI Radiometer (total LWP) 3 C-band Doppler radars (fully adaptable scanning

geometry) Still looking for Ka- and or X-band radar 2 Precipitation Occurrence Sensing Systems (POSS) UHF Wind Profiler 3 Micro Rain Radars (MRR) SMEAR aerosol/flux tower 6 Ceilometers Sounding system and expendables at Jarvenpaa (+ twice

daily soundings from St. Petersburg, Tallinn, and Jokioinen) Apr 22, 2023 LPVEx 2010 3

Wyoming King Air W-band cloud radar Water content: DMT, Gerber, Nevzorov Microphysics: 2D-P, CIP, CDP (FSSP/2D-C) Aerosol: PCASP-100X, UWYO CCNC-100A Ancillary: RH, T, altitude, wind speed

RV Aranda Weather mast with disdrometers installed Vaisala sounding system Oceanographic measurements (conductivity,

temperature, depth, Accoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), etc.)

Apr 22, 2023 LPVEx 2010 4

Z

DSD/PSD

RH and LWP

T and z

Harmaja

Maximum Extent of Flight Operations

Region of Likely Flight Operations

Green = FMI Wx Stn = Enhanced Obs. = Vaisala WxTs (inc. rain)Gray circles = 20 km radar range rings

Kerava

RV Aranda Ops.

Emasalo

Turku Järvenpää

Kalbadaglund

= Spiral

= Stacked flight tracks

KumpulaFerry

Ferry

Kumpula SW Gulf Stack

Spiral S1

Kumpula SE

Ker

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NE

Ker

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NW

Kerava SW

Coordinated airborne W-band radar with in situ ground-based, and ship-based μ-physics, precip., and thermodynamics.

In situ observations constrain DSD retrievals within C-band radar volumes. These 3D fields provide input to PMW and Ka/Ku-band simulators.

Cloud resolving model simulations with both GCE and RAMS provide another source of input to simulators.

Direct Evaluation

Cloud Resolving Models & Satellite Simulators

Measurement Observable Simulators