LIGHT, IMAGES, AND LEARNINGLIGHT, IMAGES, AND LEARNING

1 1 LIGHT AND VISIONLIGHT AND VISION When reflected light When reflected light enters the eye, a visual sensation occurs along enters the eye, a visual sensation occurs along with an emotion – however intense, and is stored with an emotion – however intense, and is stored in the brain – for a while. The intensity of recall of in the brain – for a while. The intensity of recall of that image might depend upon the severity of the that image might depend upon the severity of the emotion that helped store the image. emotion that helped store the image.

One may recall an image in the mind by a trigger One may recall an image in the mind by a trigger mechanism. For instance, were I to mention the mechanism. For instance, were I to mention the words, “space shuttle,” what image occurs . . . words, “space shuttle,” what image occurs . . . tragedy, a place where your were maybe?tragedy, a place where your were maybe?

If I were to mention the phrase, “spring break,” If I were to mention the phrase, “spring break,” would that recall a happy or sad image in your would that recall a happy or sad image in your mind?mind?

If I were to mention the word, “mother,” is If I were to mention the word, “mother,” is there any of you that could not vividly conjure up a there any of you that could not vividly conjure up a vision of your mother in your mind. But you have vision of your mother in your mind. But you have had immense devices to store that memory in your had immense devices to store that memory in your brain – such that you can immediately recall it any brain – such that you can immediately recall it any time.time.

But if I were to mention the Greek letter, “pi,” But if I were to mention the Greek letter, “pi,” what would come up? You did learn that in high what would come up? You did learn that in high school math, didn’t you? But how important was school math, didn’t you? But how important was it at the time? Maybe you can think a bit and come it at the time? Maybe you can think a bit and come up with “3.14.” But how many can come up with up with “3.14.” But how many can come up with “3.14159?” And how many of you can recall the “3.14159?” And how many of you can recall the definition of Pi ?definition of Pi ?

2 THREE TYPES OF MEMORY2 THREE TYPES OF MEMORY

a) Sensory memorya) Sensory memory - storage of an image by - storage of an image by sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste. If conscious sight, sound, touch, smell, or taste. If conscious observation, with emotion, is sufficient to store the observation, with emotion, is sufficient to store the sensation, it will remain until recalled, otherwise it sensation, it will remain until recalled, otherwise it will be discarded.will be discarded.

b) Short Termb) Short Term – When there is sufficient reason to – When there is sufficient reason to store a memory, such as looking up a telephone store a memory, such as looking up a telephone number and remembering long enough to dial. If number and remembering long enough to dial. If the number is of someone really important, maybe the number is of someone really important, maybe the visual sensation of the person’s face or voice the visual sensation of the person’s face or voice will easily recall the number. Otherwise, it’s gone.will easily recall the number. Otherwise, it’s gone.

c) Long Term Memoryc) Long Term Memory – An image so vividly – An image so vividly stored that one can recall it anytime. But stored that one can recall it anytime. But one of this type usually requires the help of one of this type usually requires the help of two or three, perhaps four of the senses. two or three, perhaps four of the senses. – Memorize a poem: sight – the written words on Memorize a poem: sight – the written words on

the page. Is that enough? Maybe. But to recite the page. Is that enough? Maybe. But to recite aloud the words, along with the emotion aloud the words, along with the emotion conjured by rhythm brings in sound, perhaps conjured by rhythm brings in sound, perhaps even touch. Could Rap exist without rhythm?even touch. Could Rap exist without rhythm?

– Play a tune on a piano: sight – reading music, Play a tune on a piano: sight – reading music, touch – the contact with piano notes, sound – touch – the contact with piano notes, sound – the music is heard.the music is heard.

Some experiences of long term memory Some experiences of long term memory are vividly stored because intense emotion are vividly stored because intense emotion is involved, plus, other sensory images as is involved, plus, other sensory images as well. well. Perhaps you remember well the events Perhaps you remember well the events that took place on September 11, 2001 – an that took place on September 11, 2001 – an infamous phrase we simply call 911. Shock infamous phrase we simply call 911. Shock was present – a form of fear, perhaps hate was present – a form of fear, perhaps hate for the ones responsible, perhaps love for for the ones responsible, perhaps love for those who died, a form of grief. And you those who died, a form of grief. And you saw pictures of people jumping out of saw pictures of people jumping out of windows. windows. Had you been present maybe sound and Had you been present maybe sound and odor would have added to the images.odor would have added to the images.

You probably don’t have any trouble You probably don’t have any trouble remembering where you were and what you were remembering where you were and what you were doing that day, do you?doing that day, do you?

I remember exactly where I was and what I I remember exactly where I was and what I was doing when the first space shuttle exploded, was doing when the first space shuttle exploded, shortly after take-off. shortly after take-off.

Then later when I visited Washington D.C. I Then later when I visited Washington D.C. I remember seeing the plot at Arlington National remember seeing the plot at Arlington National Cemetery where the honorary graves of the Cemetery where the honorary graves of the victims were placed. I could walk directly to it victims were placed. I could walk directly to it without asking directions – all because of memory without asking directions – all because of memory stored by an intense emotion. stored by an intense emotion.

The The process of learningprocess of learning is a process of is a process of storingstoring long-term memorylong-term memory. You can still ride a bicycle, . You can still ride a bicycle, and you still know how to swim. Because these and you still know how to swim. Because these events involved not only one or more of the events involved not only one or more of the senses, but emotion as well.senses, but emotion as well.

Dribble a basketball – without looking. Sure you Dribble a basketball – without looking. Sure you can do it because you have multiple sensations of can do it because you have multiple sensations of touch and sound, plus the emotion of desire and touch and sound, plus the emotion of desire and the force of competition. But then stuff your ears the force of competition. But then stuff your ears with cotton. Would it be as simple?with cotton. Would it be as simple?

Learning systems and processes is like that. Learning systems and processes is like that. Involve two or more senses in the process, plus an Involve two or more senses in the process, plus an emotion and it can be a slam dunk.emotion and it can be a slam dunk.

But But rremember, there is no such thing as emember, there is no such thing as transcendental meditation that will allow you to transcendental meditation that will allow you to learn while you sleep. The only thing you will get learn while you sleep. The only thing you will get sleeping with your text book under your pillow is a sleeping with your text book under your pillow is a headache.headache.

Also remember that you won’t store any of the Also remember that you won’t store any of the memory about the stuff in the book if you don’t memory about the stuff in the book if you don’t read it.read it.

. . . Just as there is not an infinite amount of time . . . Just as there is not an infinite amount of time between midnight and 9:00 AM, particularly before between midnight and 9:00 AM, particularly before a test or a project is due.a test or a project is due.

AND NOW FOR THE REALLY HEADY AND NOW FOR THE REALLY HEADY STUFFSTUFF

BUILDING SYSTEMSBUILDING SYSTEMS

Chapter 1Making Buildings

The Building Process From Idea to BeginningThe Building Process From Idea to Beginning

GENERALLY, THE OWNER:GENERALLY, THE OWNER:

Develops the idea / realizes a need Develops the idea / realizes a need

Then Selects Design Professional (Architect)Then Selects Design Professional (Architect)

THEN THE ARCHITECT, WITH THE OWNER:THEN THE ARCHITECT, WITH THE OWNER:

Develop Building ConceptDevelop Building Concept

Feasibility StudyFeasibility Study

Assemble Design & Engineering TeamAssemble Design & Engineering Team

The Building Process - From Idea to The Building Process - From Idea to DecisionsDecisions

THEN THE ARCHITECTTHEN THE ARCHITECT

Develop Contract DocumentsDevelop Contract Documents

Building Codes Compliance ReviewBuilding Codes Compliance Review

Contractor Selection (perhaps with the owner)Contractor Selection (perhaps with the owner)

Subcontractors and Suppliers Selection (generally Subcontractors and Suppliers Selection (generally

done by the Contractor)done by the Contractor)

Begin Construction Begin Construction

Compliance Inspections (done by the architect to Compliance Inspections (done by the architect to

ascertain quality control)ascertain quality control)

Selection Considerations for Selection Considerations for Building MaterialsBuilding Materials

A Major Part of the Design Decision ProcessA Major Part of the Design Decision Process

SuitabilitySuitability

AvailabilityAvailability

CostCost

AppearanceAppearance

PreferencePreference

Building ConstraintsBuilding Constraints

Building Design ConstraintsBuilding Design Constraints

o Physical LimitationsPhysical Limitations

– Available LandAvailable Land

– Consideration for future expansionConsideration for future expansion

– Soil Bearing CapacitySoil Bearing Capacity

– Structural Span LimitationsStructural Span Limitations

– Building Material PerformanceBuilding Material Performance

o BudgetBudget

o Legal Restrictions such as zoning and Legal Restrictions such as zoning and

ordinance complianceordinance compliance

Who Has Primary Responsibility for Who Has Primary Responsibility for Building Material Selection?Building Material Selection?

o DEPENDS on Contractual DEPENDS on Contractual Arrangements - - - oftenArrangements - - - often

– Designer/Architect, with input from theDesigner/Architect, with input from the

Owner for Appearance and / or Owner for Appearance and / or

Performance & thePerformance & the

Contractor for Cost, Availability, & Contractor for Cost, Availability, &

ConstructabilityConstructability

Who is Primarily Responsible for Who is Primarily Responsible for Construction Methods?Construction Methods?

AIA 201; AIA 201; The contractor shall be solely The contractor shall be solely responsible for and have control over means, responsible for and have control over means, methods, techniques, sequences and methods, techniques, sequences and procedures and for coordinating all portions procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work under the contractof the Work under the contract ( (unless unless instructed otherwise by special conditionsinstructed otherwise by special conditions) )

AIA 201 is a standard publication of the AIA 201 is a standard publication of the American Institute of Architects; an American Institute of Architects; an instruction called “General Conditions.”instruction called “General Conditions.”

Zoning and OrdinancesZoning and Ordinances

o Imposed by Local AuthoritiesImposed by Local Authoritieso Govern: Govern:

– Property Use, Types of ActivitiesProperty Use, Types of Activities– Size, Setbacks, AppearanceSize, Setbacks, Appearance– Access, Parking, UtilitiesAccess, Parking, Utilities– Construction ActivitiesConstruction Activities

o Available @ Planning Dept. / InspectorAvailable @ Planning Dept. / Inspectoro Building permit enforces complianceBuilding permit enforces compliance

Building CodesBuilding Codes

PurposePurpose

“… “… establish minimum construction standards establish minimum construction standards for the protection of life, health, and welfare of for the protection of life, health, and welfare of the public.”the public.”

Primary focus is to protect against firePrimary focus is to protect against fire

Building codes are laws that instruct Building codes are laws that instruct WHATWHAT or or WHAT NOTWHAT NOT must be done without telling must be done without telling HOWHOW it is to be accomplished. it is to be accomplished.

Building CodesBuilding Codes

o Model CodesModel Codes (standardized codes(standardized codes)) International Building CodeInternational Building Code (IBC) (IBC)

First published in 2000First published in 2000 Earlier Model CodesEarlier Model Codes

Uniform Building CodeUniform Building Code (UBC) (UBC) BOCA Building CodeBOCA Building Code (BOCA) (BOCA) Standard Building CodeStandard Building Code (SBC) (SBC)

o All DefineAll Define ““USE” Groups – Occupancy TypeUSE” Groups – Occupancy Type Construction TypeConstruction Type Establish Minimum Building StandardsEstablish Minimum Building Standards

Fire Wall

Code Adoption, Revision, andCode Adoption, Revision, and Interpretation Interpretation

Building Code selection, adoption, and revision is Building Code selection, adoption, and revision is left entirely left entirely to the entityto the entity, which may be a , which may be a citycity, , countycounty, or , or statestate. Interpretation is left to the . Interpretation is left to the Building Official, except that each code requires a Building Official, except that each code requires a “Building Board of Appeals” to rule if conflicts “Building Board of Appeals” to rule if conflicts arise.arise.

Revision of standard codes is examined critically by Revision of standard codes is examined critically by insurance companiesinsurance companies, because they have an , because they have an interest in the process of assuring health safety interest in the process of assuring health safety and welfare of building occupants.and welfare of building occupants.

Code ComplianceCode Compliance

o The Architect is ResponsibleThe Architect is Responsible to Ensure that to Ensure that Contract DocumentsContract Documents Conform to Code Conform to Code Requirements.Requirements.

o The Architect is the authorThe Architect is the author of the Contract of the Contract Documents.Documents.

o ContractorsContractors have the responsibility to comply with have the responsibility to comply with all code requirements all code requirements that govern the performance that govern the performance of their work.of their work.

Phases of the design and construction Phases of the design and construction processprocess

Where an Owner hires an ArchitectWhere an Owner hires an Architect

To represent his interests.To represent his interests.

The Owner then contracts with a builder The Owner then contracts with a builder

Who performs the constructionWho performs the construction

And agrees that the ArchitectAnd agrees that the Architect

Represents the Owner in theRepresents the Owner in the

Administration of the Contract betweenAdministration of the Contract between

The Owner and the BuilderThe Owner and the Builder

1 The Architectural Design Phase1 The Architectural Design Phase

The OWNER hires the ARCHITECT to represent The OWNER hires the ARCHITECT to represent him in all areas of expertise, including design and him in all areas of expertise, including design and construction and compliance with all applicable construction and compliance with all applicable laws.laws.

The OWNER provides a PROGRAM of information The OWNER provides a PROGRAM of information to the ARCHITECT, which indicates the needs of to the ARCHITECT, which indicates the needs of the OWNER.the OWNER.

The ARCHITECT prepares drawings and The ARCHITECT prepares drawings and depictions that describe how he answers the depictions that describe how he answers the needs of the OWNER, as well as to display needs of the OWNER, as well as to display creativity as an artist to provide a unique, creativity as an artist to provide a unique, functional, aesthetically pleasing, and functional, aesthetically pleasing, and architecturally (and sometimes expandable) architecturally (and sometimes expandable) correct design. correct design.

2 The Contract Document Phase2 The Contract Document Phase

o The ARCHTECT prepares drawings and The ARCHTECT prepares drawings and specifications that describe the materials and specifications that describe the materials and assembly for EVERY phase of the work.assembly for EVERY phase of the work.

o The ARCHITECT prepares a Construction Manual The ARCHITECT prepares a Construction Manual that will describe the duties and responsibilities of that will describe the duties and responsibilities of the Architect, the Owner, and the Contractor the Architect, the Owner, and the Contractor during the construction phase.during the construction phase.

o The ARCHITECT prepares a Contract that will The ARCHITECT prepares a Contract that will describe the duties and responsibilities of the describe the duties and responsibilities of the OWNER and CONTRACTOR in the construction OWNER and CONTRACTOR in the construction phase, particularly describing cost, payments, phase, particularly describing cost, payments, time, and acceptance of work.time, and acceptance of work.

3 The Contractor Selection Phase3 The Contractor Selection Phase

Competitive Bidding:Competitive Bidding: The architect provides The architect provides copies of documents and invites interested copies of documents and invites interested contractors to submit a bid, describing costs and contractors to submit a bid, describing costs and time of construction.time of construction.

Selection by Negotiation:Selection by Negotiation: The Owner names a The Owner names a contractor in whom he has confidence and contractor in whom he has confidence and bargains (with the help of the architect) until a bargains (with the help of the architect) until a settlement is reached regarding cost, time, and settlement is reached regarding cost, time, and compliance with documents, agreeable to both compliance with documents, agreeable to both parties.parties.

4 The Construction Phase4 The Construction Phase

When a contractor is selected and the documents When a contractor is selected and the documents are executed, the Owner gives a specific date as to are executed, the Owner gives a specific date as to when construction begins.when construction begins.

During construction the Architect makes periodic During construction the Architect makes periodic inspection of the process and certifies incremental inspection of the process and certifies incremental payments from the Owner to the Contractor, payments from the Owner to the Contractor, ascertaining the payment is fair for the amount of ascertaining the payment is fair for the amount of work done.work done.

At the completion of the work, the Architect makes At the completion of the work, the Architect makes a final inspection of the work to assure a final inspection of the work to assure compliance, and the Owner makes final payment compliance, and the Owner makes final payment to the Contractor.to the Contractor.

ANOTHER METHODANOTHER METHODTHE DESIGN – BUILD PROCESSTHE DESIGN – BUILD PROCESS

The Owner selects an organization that is The Owner selects an organization that is both both a Builder and an Architecta Builder and an Architect, or , or a builder who a builder who employs an architect.employs an architect.

The project is negotiated between the Owner The project is negotiated between the Owner and the Builder Organization with regard to and the Builder Organization with regard to Design, Cost, and Time until a mutual agreement Design, Cost, and Time until a mutual agreement is reached. is reached.

The positive of this process is that the Owner The positive of this process is that the Owner has only one entity with which to deal. But he has only one entity with which to deal. But he must implicitly trust the builder to protect his must implicitly trust the builder to protect his interests . . .interests . . .

The negative of this process is that the The negative of this process is that the architect involved does architect involved does NOTNOT represent the represent the Owner in quality and cost control. The Owner in quality and cost control. The architect in this case is employed by the architect in this case is employed by the Contractor.Contractor.

The architect is employed by the The architect is employed by the builder, paid by the builder, and is builder, paid by the builder, and is responsible only to the builder. The responsible only to the builder. The architect has no obligation to the owner and architect has no obligation to the owner and does not represent the owner’s interest in does not represent the owner’s interest in the building process.the building process.

The construction firm deals in a The construction firm deals in a product – not a service.product – not a service.