A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of MA(Hons) in Interior and Spatial Design at University of Hertfordshire

Light Home

Bahar Nourian

Connecting cultures through light

Abstract

Considering light as one of the most influential elements in architecture and interior design, there is always a question that what are the impacts of light in architecture and interior design or can light effect the way that we behave? Or how light can be considered as a device to connect cultures. .In this project I want to give viewers the access to their own perception _not simply as an abstract, retina –controlled, consciousness-forming act, but as something connected to the sensory impressions of the entire body, and the emotion _ enablesthem to have subjective visual experiences that link them in a unique way to the outside world, to their inner world and to the culture. .

Moreover, in this project natural light has been considered as a long-lasting, completely non-polluting source of electrical power, which can be directly used. .

Contents list

Introduction

Research

James Turrell Carlo Bernardini Anthony McCall

1

2

4

6 Ron Arad Olafur Eliasson

8

10

Design Experiments

12

Methodology

20

Technical drawing Material Site analysis Installation 3D views Model making

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Conclusion References

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Introduction

Introduction 1

- How light can be considered as a device to connect cultures

- Applying light as smart material to create energy

In the first chapter, research, I will introduce different artists and designers who haveapplied light as their main material to express themselves and inspired me the most. James Turrell, Carlo Bernardini, Anthony McCall, Olafur Elliason and Ron Arad are the artists and designers that I am going to introduce some of their work in the research part. .Studying James Turell's work inspired me to think about Light in different way. I was absorbed by the sculptural and spatial qualities of light. Turrell, Carlo Bernardini and Vicki Dasilva were the main artist who inspired me while studying their works. They used Light as planes and lines to make a virtual space which can be perceived even as an object. .As a result of these research and my experiments I start to think about light in a way to use it as a media to communicate. I decided to employ light as a device to connect people to their culture. .

In the next chapter, design, experiments and installations will be explained. Many experiments and installations have been done to understand if light can link viewers to the other world which is their culture in this project. But why culture? .As many students come to UK for studying there are loads of international student who are living in UK. Many of them miss their home country and their culture and lots of them became home sick. Designing a space using light as a main material to simulate the atmosphere of their home country is the aim of this project. Creating an atmosphere using light and other materials like different objects and sounds, series of experiments has been conducted. Many Iranian and Indian students have been asked to send me images of places which they miss the most; Along with music they listen too. .Projecting those images on the wall, I then added real materials with the traditional music to give the real feel of the space. I then experimented with this process of it by projecting an atmosphere into an empty space, allowing students to enter and experience the space. I received positive feedback from all students who participatedThey all felt like they had visited to a different country. .Based on all the feedbacks from viewers who had experienced my installations I came up with this result that Light can be used as an impressive media to communicate and give viewers a message which is connecting them to their own culture here. Later on in the methodology part I will describe the process of how the plan of the building has been shaped by light. And then site analysis and material will be explained.At the end of the design part 3D views of the interiors and photos of physical model will be illustrated.

Meaning is achieved from the symbols. When symbols are switched between massage sourcesand massage receiver the communication occurs. While spoken and written words are the most common symbols people use, designers employ many other symbols in order to improve the communication. Architects and designers often use many symbols to enhance the communications. Form symbols; object symbols, sound symbols, colour symbols and light symbols are used in many different compositions to produce a particular meaning. .

This research investigates the role of light as an impressive media to communicate. Considering light as one of the most influential elements in architecture and interior design, there is always a question that what are the impacts of light in architecture and interior design or can light effect the way that we behave? .Man-made light in architecture and their impacts on interiors from the body of exploration is my major project. Through research, experimentation with light fields and theories the projectwill seek to understand the role of light on characterising the interior spaces and find out howlight and colour can impact on the eye, body, and mind with the force of spiritual awakening.The project will seek to build through a series of modelling tasks how light can radicalise space changing its original characteristics and how they affect our perception of interior spacesGenerally we use light to illuminate other things and we always used to think that light illuminates or illumines. The revelation of light itself is the thing that this project will focus onThis project concentrate on light as a device to communicate and will discuss that how light can be considered as phenomena rather than physical fact. Moreover, how can I use light in an interior in such a way as to connect viewers to their own culture. .

In this project I want to give viewers access to their own perception _not simply as an abstract, retina –controlled, consciousness-forming act, but as something connected to the sensory impressions of the entire body, and the emotion _ enables them to have subjective visual experiences that link them in a unique way to the outside world, to their inner world and to culture. .Moreover, I am considering light in a completely different way in this project. Light has been considered as a source of energy which provides a long-lasting, completely non-polluting source of electrical power, which can be directly used. .

Jemes TurrellJemes TurrellJames Turrell

James Turrell 2

Jam

es

Turr

ell

James Turrell is the most influential artist that I inspired by his work widely.He was born in 1943 in Los Angeles. .“I never painted,” he says. “light “Light is always my medium.” He goes on to assert: “we all use light to illuminatethings, but I like the thingness of light itself. So here you are looking at light rather than looking at something that light illuminated.” .” James Turrell used the focused projection of a beam of light on the edge of totally darkened spaces to set in motion a play of light and shadows in which,on one hand, the edges of spaces give the light spatial and sculptural qualitiesand on the other hand, the light unfolds on two wall planes, in an expansion of visual field in which light can be perceived as a planer form. The presence of light in the projection pieces not only created new dimension of image and space, but exists itself as a former of interleaving of these two dimensions.

When I saw his installation, I experienced a space created by light virtually from outside with considerable distance more or less like an object or even as a source of light. This phenomenon come to fore by means of light engineering. James Turrell works are the first and foremost experience in thisfield. He was created many fascinating installation like blocks of stone or pyramid which seem to floats on the wall in darkness. If you go closer intothose blocks of light you will experience a hazily illuminated exterior withindeterminate depth. Experiencing these light spaces gives us a dream like quality, Perhaps because it is experiencing a space which is wholly independentof any object. That is why makes this experience so disconcerting and manypeople find it even disturbing.Studying James Turell's work inspired me to think about Light in different way. I was absorbed by the sculptural and spatial qualities of light.

Research 3

Jemes Turrell

SPATIAL CODE 2009, Fiber optic, feet h 13x31x22; Grossetti Arte Contemporanea, Milan

Carlo Bernardini 4

Jemes Turrell djvh;akduhg;isudrgysiduhfgm’sd grituoeirut rituoertj ert’o

Carlo Bernardini

While James Turrell focused on the volumes and blocks of light Carlo Bernardini works with the line of lights to create virtual spaces. He was born in Viterbo in 1966. He started his work with abstract painting and most of his works were focused on the re la t ion between l ine and monochromes. Since 1996 he started to work with the big fiber installation. He used fixed subtle optical fiber to make a structure that gives the viewer an illusory sense of space between the physicalness of walls. He applied lines of light to create a virtual space between actual spaces.

Silvia Scaravaggi after interviewing with him at

, explains: “In Bernardini's work light is mediated by the use of optical fibre, which he uses since 1996, and through which he creates stunning effects of geometry and spaces that multiply vision and perception perspectives.” ” He produces sculptures and big environmental installations that create an architectural-minded section of light, incorporeal but visible, which is completely changing the function and structure of reality. The light creates a drawing in space, a design that will change according to the points of view and according to the movements of the viewer, who is to live inside the work.

Grossetti Arte Contemporanea Private Gallery in Milan, until 29 th May 2009

Research 5

21 Site Analysis6 Ron Arad

Ro

n A

rad

Ron Arad is a designer who was educated as an architect and has worked as furniture designer and now is doing projects that might be called sculpture and/ or installation art. “Curtain Call is an installation in which a curtain of white silicon rods, eight metres high and hanging from above, encloses the great circular centre of the building. The rods collectively form a 360° screen on to which are projected animations and films by some of Arad's creative friends.”

When I went to this exhibition I was amazed by the huge volume of translucent rods which made me able to see the projectionsfrom inside and outside the circle. Silicon was the material he had used in this installation and it was bendy as you would be required to push through it, the curtain will be in a state of perpetual oscillation. . The spectators, as they pass in and out, become part of the action.

Ron Arad says of Curtain Call: “Walk in, penetrate, cross the moving images to get inside the cylinder. You’ll be engulfed by images – a captive, but also a creator. It’s amazing what exciting things happen on both sides of the curtain. I can’t wait.”

Marcus Davey, Roundhouse Artistic Director and Chief Executive: “The Roundhouse Main Space has been the setting for all sorts of brave, influential work over the years. But this is the first time that an installation of such physical scale and creative scope has been staged. Ron's remarkable project marries experimental design with live performance. It looks set to be an unforgettable experience.”

Ro

n A

rad

Ron Arad at the Roundhouse, site of Curtain Call: ‘I thought it would be a lot more exciting to invite other people to do it than do it all myself.’

Research 7

Anthony McCall

8 Anthony McCall

Anthony McCall is British artist who has the idea of sculpturefashioned out of photons.

“McCall's breakthrough occurred in the early Seventies. Frustrated by the limitations of video art, he decided to deconstruct film, and fashion something new. The result was Line Describing a Cone (1973), a juddering 16mm film projected onto the far side of the room. The film consisted of nothing but an animated white dot that slowly grew into a curving line and eventually became a circle.”

This sounds a little dull — but the magic happened when light castby the projector encountered ambient particles in the air, formed by the thick cigarette smoke that swirled around the era's lofts and galleries. As light bounced off the motes of smoke and dust, an ethereal, ghostly cone, giving the impression of three dimensions, started to form and linger in the gloom. (Prohibitions on smoking in public ensure that McCall has to use special haze machines to achieve a similar effect today.) Line Describing a Cone, like the variations that followed, seemed to herald a new “in-between” type of art: part drawing, part sculpture, part film, part installation.

Until now, I've only ever encountered photographs of McCall's work. To really experience the full effect, though, it is essential to wander into the artist's cones of light.

Research 9

Olafur Eliasson10

Olafur Eliasson is a Danish artist who was born in Copenhagen on 1967. He is well known for his sculptures and large-scale installation. He employs light, water and air temperature to enhance the viewer's experience.

The weather project is one of his famous installations which influenced me a lot. It was installed in the Turbine Hall of Tate modern gallery in London on 2003.

“The Weather Project, representations of the sun and sky dominate the expanse of the Turbine Hall. A fine mist permeates the space, as if creeping in from the environment outside. Throughout the day, the mist accumulates into faint, cloud-like formations, before dissipating across the space. A glance overhead, to see where the mist might escape, revealsthat the ceiling of the Turbine Hall has disappeared, replaced by a reflection of the space below. At the far end of the hall is a giant semi-circular form made up of hundreds of mono-frequency lamps. The arc repeated in the mirror overhead produces a sphere of dazzling radiance linking the real space with the reflection.”

Research 11

Experiments

Experiments 12

Exp

erim

en

ts

I proposed various experiments and tests to understand how light can effect our perception. In order to test the impact of colour and light on the interiors series of experiments was conducted. . First I start to project a combination of warm and cool lights in an experimental area to find out what are the impacts of light and colour in the interiors and how it effects our perception. After some experiments, in one of them I saw that by projecting light in a particular way, dimension of space can be changed. In the other word we can make an illusion of virtual space. Then I started to think about the geometry of light and did lots of research about the artist who have worked in this field like James Turell and Carlo Bernardini. Doing many experiments and studying James Turell's work I was absorbed by the sculptural and spatial quality of light. Studying James Turell's work inspired me to think about Light in different way.As a result of these research and my experiments I start to think about the thingness of light and consider light as a phenomena not only as a fact that makes objects visible. Therefore I proposed a project that seeks to understand how light can be introduced as a phenomena having spatial and sculptural qualities and give the viewers the opportunity of having subjective visual experiences to have their own perception of light and space. .Making a space with light and real material to create a particular space combining from tangible and intangible material is the aim of this project.

Experiments 13

The influence of Light and Colour on the character of space and human behaviour

Experiments

In order to test the Impact of colour and Light on the interiors an experiment was conducted.The experimental area was model which was made by black and white foam boards so that all wavelength visible light can be clearly seen, thus the room had no effect on the colour of lights.

For this experiments a combination of warm and cool lights was used. the mixture of lights was chosen to give special sense to the experimental space. these are the images of my first experiments.

Experiments 14

As mentioned in Introduction, after doing primarily experiments, and studying James Turrell and other artists and designers who have applied light as main material in their works, I tried to think about light in different way and wanted to give the light sculptural quality in my experiments. Therefore, I tried to make a volume of light to use in my installation.

I projected a beam of light in a wholly darkened room and then sprayed particles in the air. The result was great. I could make the volume of light. Next step was performing this method in a large scale as my final installation was one to one scale. Thus, I began to make that volume of light in a large scale, the result was acceptable but the resulted volume doesn't have that quality which I needed for my final installation. I needed blocks of light but the volume which I hade made was faded, unshaped and edgeless. After doing many experiments and spending time to make a volume of light in a large scale I found out that I can not do that withvery primarily equipments in a short time.

Making light visuals in 3D,some pieces of foam boards were used and were placed on the corner of darkened room. Then I projected an image on different layers of foam boards. The result was an illusion of volume and also a volume of darknesswas created.

Making volume of light by projecting beam of light in a dark room.

Experiments 15

Photo frame and Photo

The first installation was the picture on my wall with its frame. I projected many frames on the wall and put the real picture in it. The result was an installation which was a combination of light and real thing. These series of experiments went quite well and result was acceptable.

Creating particular space which is combination of light (as an object) and real material, series of experiments was conducted.in these experiments, you will see an object which has been composed of tangible and intangible material and light can be perceived in different way.

Experiments 16

Curtain has been used as a real material and window is projected through light to create a single object which is combination between light and reality.

Curtain and window

Experiments 17

Hanger and jackets This on is a combination of tangible and intangible jackets hanging on intangiblehanger .

Experiments 18

Jewellery holder and watches In this experiment the jewellery holder has created by light and watches and earing are real.

Experiments 19

Methodology

The concept of this building was born from the relation between the Sun path and the three particularcountries I have chosen, Iran, India and China. Chinese, Indian and Iranian students in the major number in the University of Hertfordshire for which, these countries have been chosen in this project.

To start with I selected I selected three residential areas in the capital of each country. I then traced those particular areas on Photoshop to make clear diagrams which also served as a solid and void study. .

21Methodology

Teh

ran

-Iran

De

lhi-In

dia

Be

ijing

-Ch

ina

Satellite Map Traced Map

Methodology 22

China Light Seeds

India Light Seeds

Iran Light Seeds

Studying those diagrams, I found out the relation between Sunpath and direction of roads.As it can be clearly seen, there is a clear relation between Sunpath and direction of roads in eachdiagram. .

Later on, interesting diagram was produced which shows roads and the land which were oriented to the Sunpath. .

Each pieces were picked from the diagram which was later named as “Light Seed” because they havebeen shaped by the sunpath. .

Beijing-China

Delhi-India

Tehran-Iran

Delhi-India

Tehran-Iran

Beijing-China

23Methodology

=++China Light Seed Iran Light Seed India Light Seed International Light Seed

Iran, India and China light seeds have been chosen to make this plan. combination of those three light seeds was an absolutely organic shape which wascompletely shaped by the sun.To gain the volume of building, I extruded the plan in different levels according to the population of Chinese, Indian and Iranian students in university ofHertfordshire. Chinese students are the largest in number in the University of Hertfordshire, Therefore, Beijing light seed is the highest part of the buildingthen Iran and India are the second and third part respectively.

25Methodology

N

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Beijing_China

N

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Tehran_IranW

E

S

Summer

Winter

Delhi_India

N

N

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Beijing_China

N

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Tehran_IranW

E

S

Summer

Winter

Delhi_India

Choosing the light seed of each city they were then composed together to create a plan which was shaped by the Sun and is a combination of all three countries. . I started to study these maps and their relationship with Sun’s angle in different seasonswith three different Light Seeds. .All those three maps were analysed according to the Sun’s angle in summer and winterI traced the ray of the Sun in winter and summer in each city and then I chose the light seed that had been hit by those sunrays.

Methodology 24

Ha

tfield

- UK

Satellite Map Traced Map

As the site considered is Hatfield for this project so I wanted to add Hatfield Light seed to theconcept. Therefore I analysed Hatfield traced map and studied it's relation with sunpath.

Methodology 26

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Hatfield-UK

N

W

E

S

Summer

Winter

Hatfield-UK

N

+ =

India, Iran & ChinaLight seed

Hatfield Light Seed International Light SeedMerged plan

+ =

Then I analysed the sin rays angles in different seasons for Hatfield just like the previous light seeds in Iran, India and China. .The Hatfield Light seed was produced and added to the concept and was considered as an international part of the building so that all Indian, Iranian and Chinese students can go there and communicate with each other rather than become isolated in their own space in the building. .

Hatfield Light Seed Final conceptIndia, Iran & ChinaLight seed

27Methodology

Technical Drawings

Technical drawing 28

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

Iranian Home

International part

Chi

nese

Hom

e

Indi

an H

ome

Chinese Home

Chinese Home

Chinese Home

International p

art

Indian Home

International p

art

Indian Home

Chinese HomeIra

nian H

ome

Ground Floor

29Technical drawing

Material

Architectural building fabrics are highstrength, durable, long – lasting membranesused for a variety of structural, industrial, agricultural and environmental purposes.

Material30

Sunpath

Solar-electric fabric is the material which I am going to use. Solar fabric is a fabric with embedded photovoltaic (PV) cells which generates electricity when exposed to light. It is a technology used to turn sunlight into electricity. . They provide a long-lasting, completely non-polluting source of electrical power, which can be directly used. In addition, solar cells are produced using clean manufacturing techniques. They are produced in much the same manner as other semiconductor products, which have a low carbon footprint and little wasted materials.

As it can be clearly seen in the image above, the building has situated in a good positionfacing to sunlight. Therefore, Solar fabric has been chosen as a material for elevation. Solar fabrics absorb the Sun light during the day and the convert it to electricity which is going to be used by projections inside of building. .

Solar-electric fabric offers several key advantages:

·Generate clean electricity on cloudy days as well as sunny days and is not deepened on orientation to the sun. It produced electricity whether atan angle or lying flat

·Lightweight and flexible·Come in a wide variety of colours ·Fast and easy installation

31Material

Site

An

aly

sis

Site Analysis32 Site Analysis 33

Telford Court

University oh Hertfordshire - College Lane

Site Analysis34

Tennis Courts

Telford Court

Coale

s H

all

Bro

ad H

all

BC D

A

M

L J G

F

E

NAfter assessing different areas in the University of Hertfordshire, I decided to place the building in the Telford Court which is one of the halls of residence in the college lane. .There are six halls on the college Lane campus as well as group of student houses and many students are accommodated in this campus every year which most of them are international and living far from of their home country. Therefore, I decided to place the building in Telford Court as all the students can access to the space easily and can feel like home away from home.

Site Analysis

Site Analysis 35

Telford Court

Telford Court Different views

Site Analysis36

Telford Court21 Site Analysis

Telford Court Different views

Site Design potential l

Telford Court is located at the end of the halls of residence and is close by to the forum, therefore, even those students that are not living in the university accommodation can easily access to it. .Moreover, I am going to place the building in the centre of the Telford Court so that all the students around can see an illuminated building at night like a hope in the dark.

Site Analysis 37

Iran

Creating Iranian atmosphere using light andmaterials, series of experiments have been conducted. in these series of experiments I wanted to enable viewers to have a subjective visual experience that links them in a unique way to the outside world, and to their homecountry. I have asked many Iranian student to send me images of their home country and specific places they have missed the most; Along withtraditional music they listen too.

Projections, real materials and sound were the main elements of myinstallation. I projected the images which Iranian students had sent me on the wall of dark room. Moreover, I put some Iranian material such as carpet, books and instruments to have a combination of tangible and intangible materials. . music were the last thing which was added. and finally students were asked to come inside the space and experience the atmosphereThe first installation was simulating an Iranian house and its yard.

Installations 39Installations38

Simulating Iranian atmosphere using light, materials and sound

Creating Iranian Bazar was the aim of this experiments. I projected an image of a carpet store on the wall, then added carpet floorings, with the traditional Iranian music which is always played in the Bazar. . I then experimented with this process by projecting an atmosphere into an empty space, allowing students to enter and experience the atmosphere. . I received positive feedback from all students participate. they all felt like they had visited a different country.

In my second project, inside a traditional Iranian house, Ihad a student playing and singing Iranian music, which had a projection of the colours of a stainless glass windowreflects on the student playing the instrument. .

This experiment portrayed a traditional Iranian house holdwith the patterns and music.

Installations 41

Installations 19

Installations40

India

Many Indian students were asked to send me images of particular places they missed morein their home country. Temples were the most places which were missed. .

Interviewing some Indian students to know their culture of temples, I found out that they have the particular music as a background in the temple. Moreover, they used “diya” whilepraying which is a candle.

To create Indian temple atmosphere, I used the images which I received and projected them on the wall of dark room. also realcandles and music were added to the installation for completingthe actual temple atmosphere away from home.

One of the Indian student after experiencing that space said: “ When I went in the installationI was amazed with the space which was filled the temple atmosphere like the God himself projected with the diyas and the background Indian music. .It was wonderful experience with a good feel factor which made me feel that I am in the Indian temple after a long time in UK.

students have been asked to come in and experience the space. The result was amazing as some of Indian students felt they are in an Indian temple and started to pray.

Installations 43Installations42

Indian Home

3D Rendering 44

Indian Home

453D Rendering

Irainan Home

3D Rendering 46

Iranian Home

473D Rendering

Irainan Home

3D Rendering 48

Iranian Home

493D Rendering

Model Making50

I have used 3D printing for the building at the centre and laser cutting machinefor balsa wood to make Telford Court student accommodation as well as greener base.

Model Making

51Model Making

Conclusion

Conclusion 53

Meaning is achieved from the symbols. When symbols are switched between message sources and message receiver the communication occurs. While spoken and written words are the most common symbols people use, designers employ many other symbols in order to improve the communication. Architects and designers often use many symbols to enhance the communications. Form symbols; object symbols, sound symbols, colour symbols and light symbols are used in many different compositions to produce a particular meaning. This research has investigated the role of light as an impressive media to communicate. .

Based on research and study about light and its feature as well as its physics and also studying many artists and designers' work who have applied light as their main material to express themselves, I proposed this project to represent light in a different way. We always used light to make objects visible; however the revelation of light itself and applying it in a way to give viewers the access to their own perception _not simply as an abstract, retina –controlled, consciousness-forming act, but as something connected to the sensory impressions of the entire body, and the emotion _ enables them to have subjective visual experiences that link them in a unique way to the outside world, to their inner world and to the culture which is the main aim of this project. .

I have done many experiments to understand if light can affect the way we behave or can light be used as a device to connect cultures. Creating an atmosphere using light and other materials like different objects and sounds, series of experiments has been conducted. Many Iranian and Indian students have been asked to send me images of places which they miss the most; Along with music they listen too. .Projecting those images on the wall, I then added real materials with the traditional music to give the real feel of the space. I then experimented with this process of it by projecting an atmosphere into an empty space, allowing students to enter and experience the space. I received positive feedback from all students who participated. They all felt like they had visited to a different country. .Based on all the feedbacks from viewers who had experienced my installations I came up with this result thatLight can be used as an impressive media to communicate and give viewers a message which is connecting them to their own culture here. .

References

References 55

Books

1. BARKER, T., (1997). Concept in Practice Lighting. London: B.T.Batsford Ltd

2. TREGENZA, P. AND LOE, D., (1998). The Design of Lighting. London: E& FN SPON

3. SMITH, F.K. AND BERTOLONE, F.J., (1986). Bringing Interiors to Light. New York: Whitney library of Design

4. AUGUSTESEN, CH. AND BRANDI, U., (2006). Lighting Design. Munich: Architektur_Dokumentation GmbH&

5. BYARS, M., (1997). 50 Lights Innovations in Design and Material. United State: Waston – Guptill Publications

6. PILE, J, F., (2003). Interior Design. 3rd Ed. New Jersey: Pearson/Pentic Hall

7. ITTEN, J., (1967). The Elements of Colour: A Treatise on the Colour System of Johnnes Itten. John Wiley & Sons. 31 January 1970

8. MAHNKE, F., H. AND MAHNKE, R., H. (1993). Colour and Light. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

9. TOY, M. (2004). Colour in Architecture. UK: Academy Group LTD.

10. LINTON, H., (1991). Colour Consulting. Hong Kong: Everbest printing CO., Ltd

11. TURRELL,J.,(2010).Geometry of Light. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Academic Papers

12. BELLIZZI, J.A., 1993. The Effects of Colour in Store Design, 59 (1), 21-28

Website

CO.KG

13. http://www.nga.gov/feature/rothko/classic1.shtm

14. http://www.artfund.org/turrell/james_turrell.html

15. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2011/aug/07/ron-arads-curtain-call-review

16. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-reviews/8362375/Anthony-McCall-Vertical- Works-Ambika-P3-London-review.html