life%cycle%tes,ng%and% evaluaon%of%energy%storage% devices

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Life Cycle Tes,ng and Evalua,on of Energy Storage Devices Summer Ferreira, Wes Baca, Tom Hund and David Rose September 28, 2012

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Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND NO. 2011-XXXXP

Sandia Battery TestingIntroduction FY-10

East Penn UltraBattery®Lead-Acid/Supercap

Furukawa UltraBattery®Lead-Acid/Supercap

International BatteryLi-FePO4

GS Yuasagranular silica tubular gel

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. Imre Gyuk and the Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability.

SNL Energy Storage System Analysis Laboratory

Provide reliable, independent, third party testing and verification of advanced energy technologies for cells to MW systems

Mission:

Problem:

Approach:

Provide ongoing: •  expertise in testing programs to customers •  verification of specific technologies

•  Current testing methods are inconsistent and the results confusing •  Potential storage customers, i.e. utilities, without experience in storage, are

reluctant consumers.

Problem:

Develop advances through: •  exploration of test protocols, through direct research and

standards activities •  high precision testing

Approach:

2

Energy Storage Test Pad (ESTP)

SNL Energy Storage System Analysis Laboratory

Providing reliable, independent, third party testing and verification of advanced energy technologies for cell to MW systems

System Testing •  Scalable from 5 KW to 1 MW, 480 VAC, 3 phase •  1 MW/1 MVAR load bank for either parallel

microgrid, or series UPS operations •  Subcycle metering in feeder breakers for system

identification and transient analysis

Cell, Battery and Module Testing •  14 channels from 36 V, 25 A to 72 V, 1000 A for

battery to module-scale tests •  Over 125 channels; 0 V to 10 V, 3 A to 100+ A for

cell tests •  Potentiostat/galvanostats for spectral impedance •  Multimeters, shunts and power supply for high

precision testing •  Temperature chambers •  IR camera

72 V 1000 A Bitrode (2 Channels)

Testing Capabilities Include:

Expertise to design test plans to fit technologies and their potential applications

Standards Activities

DOE Performance Protocol •  Working closely with PNNL, and have input from utility and

manufacturing side

IEC •  CENELEC Workshop Agreement for Flow Batteries •  International Standard IEC 61427-2 Secondary Cells and

batteries for renewable energy storage – Part 2: On-grid applications

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Last Peer Review saw repeated calls for standard language and testing, with definitions. In response standards development has been a large priority in the past year

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Cycling protocols employed in testing

VRLA Life cycle data S. Drouilhet, B.L. Johnson, 1997 NREL

Utility: High-rate, shallow cycling

Energy: Low-rate, deep discharge cycling

0 20 40 60 80 100

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0 10 20

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Minutes)

Fast Utility Cycling

0 20 40 60 80 100

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0 50

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Hours)

Slow Energy Cycling

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Waveform Testing State of the Art: Frequency Regulation

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x 104

-4

-2

0

2

4

time, 6 hours (sec)

Powe

r

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x 104

30

40

50

60

70

80

time, 6 hours (sec)

SOC

(%)

SOC

Area Control ErrorPower Output (pu)

Stochastic Application Modeling:

Stacked Applications: Working with KEMA

Sandia National Laboratory April 2011 6

2.2 Multi-Application Control for Distributed CES Units

Figure 2-4 shows power and state of charge for a simplified diurnal cycle including constant-power charge and discharge durations separated with standby periods.

Figure 2-4 Load Leveling Cycle Profile

Figure 2-5 shows power and state of charge for a simplified frequency regulation, simulating fast energy cycles with higher power but shallower depth of discharge (typically less than 10%).

Figure 2-5 Frequency Regulation Cycle Profile

State of the Art: Load Leveling

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Future Projects

CUNY: Ni-Zn Flow battery modules August 2013 AllCell: Test Program under consideration Encell: Testing anticipated February 2012 Altairnano: Generation II 13 Ah cells; Generation III 14 Ah

LiFe Batt: Cost share agreement for testing new generation

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3rd party testing open to researchers and manufacturers in FY 2013

Summary of completed testing activities Sandia Battery Testing

Introduction FY-10










Furukawa

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East Penn

East Penn Ultrabattery® Module 20,347 5% PSOC utility cycles

422 Days and 229 PV deep discharge cycles

FurukawaUltrabattery® Module 7,012 5% PSOC utility cycles

498 Days and 280 PV deep discharge cycles

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

% In

itial

Cap

acity

Cycle #

PSOC Utility Cycling

Ultrabattery® performs much longer than VRLA

* VRLA After Recovery

*

East Penn Ultrabattery® ran for more than 20,000 cycles without recovering the battery

Furukawa Ultrabattery® operated at elevated temperatures, likely leading to thermally activated degradation.

Filled symbols (ln) cycled at 400 A Open symbos (¢☐) cycled at 300 A

80% Initial Capacity

VRLA Battery 10% DOD cycle

Furukawa Ultrabattery®

5% DOD cycle

East Penn Ultrabattery®

5% DOD cycle

9

40

45

50

55

60

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Minutes)

Ultrabatteries® also perform much longer in energy applications than VRLA

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

% In

itial

Cap

acity

Days Cycling

PV Hybrid Cycle-Life Test

VRLA Battery 30 Day Deficit Charge


60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

% In

itial

Cap

acity

Days Cycling





60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

% In

itial

Cap

acity

Days Cycling


Even at 40 day deficit charge, Ultrabatteries® have performance far surpassing traditional VRLA batteries even with as low as a 7 day deficit charge (without recovery by taper charge). .

East Penn Ultrabattery®

40 Day Deficit Charge

Furukawa Ultrabattery®

40 Day Deficit Charge



Filled symbols (ln) 10 hr taper charge Open symbos (¢☐) 12 hr taper charge


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Hours)

Ongoing testing activities

Altairnano Lithium-titanate oxide cells 40,000 10% PSOC

East Penn Advanced Battery Cells

(D. Enos 10:50 AM Thur.)

RedFlow 10kWh Zn-Br flow battery module and system

(D. Rose)

Cell Level Testing Module Level Testing

International Battery Li-FePO4 Cells

20,000+ 10% PSOC

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0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10000 20000 30000

Cel

l Cap

acity

(Ah)

Cycle #

International battery cell at 27K+ cycles







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15% capacity loss after 27,000+ cycles

International battery Li-ion FePO4 large format prismatic 160 Ah cells

0.6C Utility PSOC cycle 10% SOC cycles at 100 A

0.6C 10% Utility cycles

40

45

50

55

60

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Minutes)

Altairnano Characterization

Average Standard Deviation Capacity (Ah) 12.58 0.06

Voc (V) 2.531 0.006 R (µΩ) 2642 147

Mass (kg) 0.367 0.001 3 Month Self Discharge 4.825% 0.025%

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

Spec

ific

Pow

er (W

/Kg)

Specific Energy (Wh/Kg)

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Lithium-titanate oxide cells

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2500 5000 7500 10000C

ell C

apac

ity (A

h)Cycle #

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

Cel

l Cap

acity

(Ah)

Cycle #

Altairnano Cycle-Life

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94% of initial capacity after 36K 10% PSOC utility 2C cycles without rests

2C 10% Utility cycles without rests

97.6% of initial capacity after 4,000 10% PSOC utility 4C cycles

4C 10% Utility cycles with rests

0

100

-4.0 0 10 20

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Minutes) 40

45

50

55

60

-1.0

0.0

1.0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

DO

D

C R

ate

Time (Minutes)

Summary/conclusions to date

§  Current advanced batteries are completing over 10,000 10% cycles with little loss in capacity, currently at over 40,000 cycles for Altairnano.

§  Anticipate longer testing to reach EOL so we are exploring testing paths. More aggressive tests, and varied protocols including stacked testing under investigation.

§  Participation in standards activities is becoming a priority; as we heard at last Peer Review a recurring call for standard language and testing.

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To take advantage of Sandia testing services or consultation:

Summer Ferreira: [email protected] Advanced Power Sources R&D

Manager Thomas Wunsch [email protected]

With grateful acknowledgment of Dr. Imre Gyuk for support of storage testing

Contact Information:

life%cycle%tes,ng%and% evaluaon%of%energy%storage% devices

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