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Life Science QuestFor Middle Grades
By
SChYRlETCAMERonAnDJAnIEDoSS
CoPYRIGhT©2008MarkTwainMedia,Inc.
ISBn978-1-58037-450-7
Printingno.CD-404091
MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersDistributedbyCarson-DellosaPublishingCompany,Inc.
Thepurchaseofthisbookentitlesthebuyertoreproducethestudentpagesforclassroomuseonly.otherpermissionsmaybeobtainedbywritingMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers.
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lifeScienceQuestforMiddleGrades
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Introduction to the Teacher ........................ 1Unit OneChapter 1: Cells................................................ 2Characteristicsoflivingorganisms.......................... 3FiveKingdoms........................................................... 3Cells........................................................................... 4ThreeMainPartsofaCell......................................... 5ComparingPlantandAnimalCells............................ 6PlantandAnimalCelllab......................................... 7PlantandAnimalCellVennDiagram......................... 8GelatinCellModel..................................................... 9osmosislab............................................................ 10CellReview.............................................................. 11Chapter 2: DNA ............................................... 12DnA....................................................................... 12DnAlab.................................................................. 13Mitosis..................................................................... 14Meiosis.................................................................... 15MitosisandMeiosisModels..................................... 16CellDivisionReview................................................ 17Chapter 3: Heredity ........................................ 18heredity................................................................... 18PunnettSquareActivity........................................... 19MendelianTraitsActivity.......................................... 20heredityReview....................................................... 22Chapter 4: Simple Organisms ....................... 23Simpleorganisms................................................... 23SimpleorganismActivities...................................... 25Protistlab............................................................... 26YeastReproductionlab.......................................... 27MoldGardenlab..................................................... 28SimpleorganismsReview....................................... 29Chapter 5: Plant Kingdom ............................. 30PlantKingdom......................................................... 30VascularPlantlab................................................... 31PartsofPlants......................................................... 32RootGrowthlab..................................................... 33PlantStemlab........................................................ 34leaves..................................................................... 35Shapesofleaves.................................................... 36leafAttachments..................................................... 37FoodFactoryofPlants............................................. 38SunlightandPhotosynthesislab............................ 39Chlorophylllab........................................................ 40PlantRespirationlab.............................................. 41TranspirationinPlantslab...................................... 42howPlantsReproduce............................................ 43
FloweringPlants...................................................... 44DissectingaFlowerlab.......................................... 45Seeds...................................................................... 46SeedGerminationlab............................................ 47MonocotandDicotSeedlab.................................. 48MonocotandDicotPlantActivity............................. 49Trees........................................................................ 50TreeActivities.......................................................... 51PlantReview............................................................ 52Chapter 6: Animal Kingdom .......................... 53AnimalKingdom...................................................... 53Invertebrates............................................................ 53Vertebrates.............................................................. 55VertebrateSortingActivity....................................... 56AnimalKingdomReview.......................................... 57Scientist Bookmark ........................................ 58Glossary .......................................................... 59Teacher Resource Pages ............................... 62
Unit TwoChapter 7: Ecosystems .................................. 69Ecosystems............................................................. 69Symbiosis................................................................ 70TracingtheFlowofEnergyinEcosystems.............. 71Consumers.............................................................. 72FoodChainActivity.................................................. 73FoodWebs............................................................... 74ExtinctandEndangeredAnimals............................ 75ExtinctionandEndangeredActivities...................... 77oilSpillSimulationlab............................................ 78PredatorandPreyAdaptations............................... 79AnimalAdaptationsBingo....................................... 80EcosystemsReview................................................. 81Chapter 8: Ecosystem Cycles and Biomes . 82EcosystemCycles................................................... 82WaterCycleinaJarlab......................................... 83Biomes..................................................................... 84EcologicalSuccession............................................. 85EcologyTriplePlayVocabularyGame..................... 86EcologyTriplePlayQuestions................................. 87EcologicalCyclesGame.......................................... 88EcologicalSuccessionandBiomesReview............ 89Glossary .......................................................... 90Teacher Resource Pages ............................... 91Additional Resources ..................................... 94
Table of Contents
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TableofContents
lifeScienceQuestforMiddleGrades
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Characteristics of Living OrganismsCharacteristics of All Living Things Byobserving theirproperties (characteristics thatdescribeanobject),scientistshavedividedallthingsintotwogroups:livingandnon-living.Alllivingthings,knownasorganisms,musthavethefollowingcharacteristics.
Organisms Must: • bemadeupofoneormorecells. • needanduseenergytocarryoutlifeactivities. • usefoodandexcretewaste. • beadapted(suited)totheirenvironment(surroundings). • respondtochangesintheirenvironment. • reproduceorganismslikethemselves. • growanddevelop.
Classifying Living Things Wecouldclassify (organize) livingthings inmanyways:color,size,orshape.Agoodclassificationsystemwouldbemeaningful to thoseusing it,easilyunderstood,andeasytodescribetosomeoneelse.Twothousandyearsago,Aristotlecreatedaclassificationsystemthatplacedalllivingthingsintheplantgrouporanimalgroup.Thissystemdidnotalwayswork.Scientistscontinuedlookingforpatternsinthelivingworldinordertofindabettersystem.ToeighteenthcenturyscientistsCaroluslinnaeusandGeorgeCuvier,itbecameapparentthatliving thingssharedsimilarities inanatomy (structure).Their ideas formed thebasisof themodernclassificationsystemofkingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,andspecies.
Five KingdomsAtonetime,allorganismswerethoughttobeeitherplantsoranimals.Thedevelopment
of the microscope led scientists to the discovery of new living things called microscopic organisms(organismstoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye).Asscientistslookedcloserat thesemicrobes (microscopicorganisms), they learned that theywerenot likeplantsoranimals.Basedonthesenewdiscoveries,scientistsdecidedtodividetheworldoflivingthingsintofivekingdoms(groups).
Unitone—Chapter1:Cells
All Living Things Need: Why?
Food - topromotegrowthandforenergy
Water - tobreakdownotherchemicalsintotinyparticlessmallenoughtogoinandoutofthecells
Air - tomakeandchangefoodintoenergy
Temperature - tokeepconditionsinsidetheirbodiesconstant
Space - togetthethingstheyneedinordertosurvive
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lifeScienceQuestforMiddleGrades
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Five KingdomsKingdom Definition Examples
Monera -onlyonekindoforganism:bacteria-unicellular(madeupofonlyone
cell)-withoutatruenucleus-someareabletomoveabout
Protista -unicellular-someareprotozoa(animal-like
organisms)andmovetoobtainfood-somearealgae(plant-likeorgan-
isms)andcanmaketheirownfood-somearefungus-likeandobtaintheir
foodfromtheirhosts(ananimalorplantthatnourishesandsupportsaparasiteoranotherorganism)
- paramecium,amoeba,diatom,zooflagellate,chloropyhte
Fungi -multicellular(madeupofmanycells)
-cellswithatruenucleus-havecellwalls-cannotmaketheirownfood-cannotmoveabout-absorbenergyfromtheirhost
-mold,mildew,mushroom,hyphae,lichens
Plants -multicellular-cellswithatruenucleus-havecellwalls-havechlorophyll-cannotmoveabout-usesunlighttomaketheirfood
- ferns,flowers,deciduoustrees,
coniferous trees
Animals -cellswithatruenucleus-moveaboutinordertoeatother
organisms
-mammals,birds,amphibians,fish,reptiles,invertebrates
Unitone—Chapter1:Cells
Spirogyra Chloropyhte
Canary
Llama
Frustulia Diatom
Mildew ascomycete
Tulips
Bacteria
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Cells Cells, the“buildingblocksoflife,”arethesmallestlivingthings.Allorganismsaremadeupofcells.Somelivingthingsareunicellularandcarryoutallthebasiclifeactivitieswithinthatsinglecell.however,mostlivingthingsaremulticellular.
Cell Discoveries • Robert Hooke(1665):Thefirstpersontoseecellswiththeaidofanearlycompound
microscope.hookelookedatasliceofcorkandsawsmall,empty,box-likestructures.he thought theboxshapes resembledcells,or rooms,monksused forsleeping.hedecidedtonamethestructurescells.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek(1674):Thefirstpersontoobservelivingcells.hestudiedpondwaterandobservedsingle-celledorganisms.
• Matthias Schleiden(1838):Abotanist(apersonwhostudiesplants)whodiscoveredlivingplantsweremadeupofcellswithnuclei.
• Theodor Schwann(1839):Azoologist(apersonwhostudiesanimals)whodiscoveredanimalsaremadeupofcellswithnuclei.
• Randolph Virchow(1855):hebelievedthatanexistingcelldividedtoformnewcells.
TheearlyworkofscientistssuchasRoberthookeandAntonVanleeuwenhoek, theinventionofbettermicroscopes,andnewdiscoveriesbyscientistsinthe1800sledtomanynewideasaboutcells.Theseideaswereputtogetherasatheory(anideathatisrepeatedlysupportedbytestresults).
Cell Theory •Allorganismsaremadeupofoneormanycells. • Cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandfunctioninallorganisms. • Allcellscomefromothercellsthatalreadyexist.
Microscope • Amicroscopeisanimportantscientifictool. • Microscopes use lenses (curved pieces of
glass)andlighttomagnifyverysmallthingsinordertomakethemappearlarger.
• Therearetwokindsofmicroscopes: Simple:containonelens Compound:containtwoormorelenses • Themicroscopesusedinscienceclassrooms
arecompoundmicroscopes. • All compound microscopes have the same
basicparts.
Eyepiece
Bodytube
nosepiece
objectivelenses
Stage
Stageclips
Coarseadjust-mentknob
Fineadjust-mentknob
Arm
Base
Mirrororlightsource
Diaphragm
Unitone—Chapter1:Cells
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lifeScienceQuestforMiddleGrades
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Three Main Parts of a Cell Cellshavethreethingsincommon.Theyallhaveanucleus(controlcenterforthecell),cell membrane (athinlayerthatenclosesthecell),andcytoplasm (agel-likematerialthatcontainsproteins,nutrients,andalloftheothercellorganelles).
Nucleus -controlsallthecellactivities -roundoregg-shapedstructure foundnearthecenterofthecell -darkincolor -containsDNA(geneticinformation)
Cell Membrane
-thinlayerthatenclosesthecell -controlsthemovementof materialintoandoutofthecell -offersshapeandprotectionfor thecell
Cytoplasm -gel-likematerial -containsproteins,nutrients,and alloftheothercell organelles (manytinystructuresincytoplasm, eachdoesaspecificjobforthecell)
Types of Cells: Therearetwomaintypesofcells.
Cell Type Definition Example
EukaryoticCell -cellwithnucleus -mostcells-plantandanimalcells
ProkaryoticCell -cellwithnonucleus
-DnAandothernuclearmaterialsfloat“freely”insidethecytoplasm
-simplesttypeofcell
-bacteriaandtheirrelatives
AnimalCell PlantCell
Unitone—Chapter1:Cells
Animal CellPlant Cell