life make rock: 4 billion years of biomineralization
TRANSCRIPT
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Life Make Rock:4 Billion Years ofBiomineralization
Bruce W. FoukeDirector Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center
Professor of Geology and MicrobiologyCarl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
Sivaguru et al. (2019) Nature Reviews Urology
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Oil Field GeobiologyCO2 Sequestration
BiosouringShale Fracking
Decatur, IL USACO2 Sequestration Well
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Schlumberger Quicksilver Probe
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50 µm
5 µm
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Actyl-CoA Benzoate degradation
Benzoate
Benzoyl-CoA Cyclohexane-1-
carboxylate Crotonoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxy-butanoyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl -CoA Acetate Flagellum
Protein, amino Acids
Fatty acids Sugars
Ribonu- cleotide
Sidera-phore
Ferric iron- coated sandstone
Ox. Red
Iron Reduction
ATP
ADP+Pi
ATP synthesis
F0F1-ATP synthase
Formation water
Serpentin- ization
Formate H2+CO2
HCO3-
HCO3-
Aromatic compounds
Metals, toxin, natural
antibiotics
Metals (e.g., Mn, Zn, Ni, Mo, Se, Wo)
Fe(III)
Fe(II) Biosyn- thesis
H+
Type IV pili
H+ Na+/K+/Ca2+
Nitrate
NO2- Nitrate
Reduction
NH4+
Glutamine Glutamate
NH4+
Ammonia Assimilation
Input signal
choline, betaine
Ectoine
5-OH -ectoine
Nγ- NAcDABA
DABA
Nα- NAcDABA
ASA
Asp
Choline!
Betaine aldehyde!
Glycine betaine!Osmosis
Response
Proteins/polysaccharide
K+!ATP
ADP
Restriction modification
foreign DNAs
M!Host DNA
M!
Biofilm
ATP!
P!PhoB
?!P! PhoR
Urea
Purine Degradation
Allanoin
Allantoate
Ureidoglycolate
D-Glycerate Pathway
Purine Utilization
H+
Output signal?
GPD
G3P G3P
G6P
F6P
PGALD
PEP
G3P
pyruvate
TCA/rTCA
6-P-gluconate
Phospholipids degradation
Aromatic compounds degradation
Succiny l-CoA
Lipids degradation
PPP ED
Acetyl -CoA
Glycolysis
R!
Halomonas sulfidaeris-dominated microbial communities significantly enriched in several metabolic categories, including: 1) virulence; 2) metal oxidation; 3) metabolism of aromatic compounds
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0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
AEO2020 crude oil production(million barrels per day)
tight oil
AlaskaGulf of Mexicoother
2019history projections
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
AEO2020 dry natural gas production by typetrillion cubic feet
Reference case
tight/shale gasotherLower 48 onshoreLower 48 offshoreother
2019history projections
~59% from tight oil
Tight oil reaches 73% of U.S. crude oil
production by 2050
Tight/shale gas reaches 91% of U.S. domestic gas natural
gas production in 2050~62% from
tight/shale gas
Data from Annual Energy Outlook 2020 infographics
Unconventional Tight/Shale Oil Gas ProductionDriver of U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production
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Current Oilfield Assets
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105Observations and Sampling
1 m
1 cm
1 mm
1 µm
1 nm
1 km
Laboratory Analyses
field
wor
k
oil f
ield
s
mic
robi
al c
ell
trans
mitt
ed li
ght
x-ra
y co
mpu
ter t
omog
raph
y
x-ra
y sc
atte
ring
Hum
an E
ye D
etec
tion
Inst
rum
ent D
etec
tion
10-3
10-2
OVERLAP
Microbially Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery: Relevant Length Scales
3D se
ism
ic
core
mat
eria
lwire
line
logs
flow
-thro
ugh
colu
mns
core
plu
gs10 cm
10 m
100 m
10 km
100 km
Geo
BioC
ell-R
ail S
cope
mod
elin
g
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GeoBioCellMicrofluidic Testbed
GeoBioCell Experimental ApproachMicrofluidic cells to simulate
subsurface hydrodynamic environments
The GeoBioCell:Si-etched homogeneous flow
cell
Reservoir Rock-GeoBioCell:Reservoir rock core thin
section flow cells
Outlets or Inlets
Outlet or Inlet
Real rock thin section
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Real Reservoir Rock-GeoBioCell
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Reservoir Rock
GeoBioCell
PDMS (~3 mm)
Sandstone Core (0.5 mm)PDMS (~0.5 mm)
Glass (0.5 mm)
Plexy Glass (0.5 mm)
Cross-section view
Aluminum Manifold Sandstone rock core
Inlet/Outlet Ports
2.5 ns (Crude Oil)2.3 ns (Light oil)
Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging Microscopy: Crude and Light Oil Characterization in GBC
• Crude oil and light oil can be separated based on different life times, 2.5 ns and 2.3 ns, respectively.
• Labeled bacteria (e.g. Propidium iodide, lifetime 10 – 20 ns) can be imaged in crude oil in GBC
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Thin Sections Impregnated with Oil and Pore Structure Analyzed with
Confocal Microscopy• Crude oil impregnated
Bentheimer core• Imaging depth ~ 400 μm• Well pore connectivity Plan and side views
3D confocal reconstruction
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
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8,467 ft
Mt. Simon Sandstone Reservoir Rock Analyses
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Training at the Blind Pig
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Mechanisms for Biosouring
• Biological reduction of SO42- to Sulfides (S2-, HS-, and
H2S) via sulfate reducing Bacteria (SRB)
SRB
SO42- S2-, HS-, H2S
Oil Organics CH3COO- + CO2
Corrosion
Fe > Fe2+ + 2e-
H2S + 2e- > S2- + H2
SRB
SO42-
H2S
Oil Organics
CH3COO-
+ CO2
PrRB
N2
NO3-
S0
NO3 Injection• Prevent biological reduction of SO4
2- to Sulfides (S2-, HS-, and H2S) by feeding NO3 to subsurface bacteria and thus preventing sulfate reducing Bacteria (SRB)
Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway
Well F
B’GR
FeetTVDSS
Resistivity SWCoreGR
FeetTVDSS
Resistivity SWCore
M70 and Lower M80 Reservoirs
Upper M80 Reservoirs
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Upper Devonian Grosmont Limestone ReservoirUnconventional Bitumen and Heavy Oil Reservoir
>318 Billion BBL (perhaps 400-500 Billion BBL total)
Core to Pore
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Deep Subsurface Microbial Biosphere, Heavy Oil, North Slope Alaska
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Marathon Oil CompanyAnimation of Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ&feature=youtu.be
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Well
Oil Well
Fractures
2-5Km depth
Importance of Real Rock GeoBioCell Microfluidic Device
Shal
e
Inlet 1 Inlet 2
Outlet 2Outlet 1
Proppants
Proppants
Shale Formation
Shale Formation
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) CulturingSRB Enrichment• Enriched from produced formation waters at 1-1.5km
depth. • Cultured in media formulated to simulate 45°C
subsurface conditions.Selective media containing volatile fatty acids (VFA) and vitamins
1. Acetate (13mM)2. Formate (15mM)3. Butyrate (1.2mM)4. Propionate (1.4mM)
Control SRB enrichment
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Ecology, Physiology and Metabolism of theSubsurface Biosphere Inhabiting Fracked Shale
Real-Rock Shale GeoBioCell Construction and OperationShale GBC Shale GBC with proppants
Outlet 1
Outlet 2
Digital Pressure Gauge
GBC
Drain
Culture
Media
Drain
GBC
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Shale
Flow Direction
59-71 hours of Shale GeoBioCell operation
Shale
Time Lapse Videos of Sulfate Reducing Bacteriawithin Shale Microfractures in a Microfluidic GeoBioCell
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Flow Direction
Filaments
Proppants
Shale
Shale
Flow DirectionDay 6
Filaments
Proppants
Shale
Shale
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Oil Field GeobiologyCO2 Sequestration
BiosouringShale Fracking