“life is cellular” since the invention of the microscope scientists have been able to discover a...
TRANSCRIPT
““Life is Cellular”Life is Cellular”
Since the invention of the microscopeSince the invention of the microscope
Scientists have been able to discover a Scientists have been able to discover a world that could have never been world that could have never been
imaginedimagined
The Scientists involved in the The Scientists involved in the Cell TheoryCell Theory
In 1665 In 1665 Robert HookeRobert Hooke looked at a slice of cork looked at a slice of cork under a microscopeunder a microscope The tiny chambers reminded The tiny chambers reminded
him of the “cells” in a him of the “cells” in a monastery so he called them monastery so he called them cellscells
In 1674 In 1674 Anton von Anton von LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek made better made better lenses for the microscope lenses for the microscope and was able to see cells in and was able to see cells in greater detailgreater detail
The Scientists involved in the The Scientists involved in the Cell TheoryCell Theory
In 1838 and 1839 Matthias Matthias SchleidenSchleiden and Theodore Theodore SchwannSchwann observed that all living things are made up of cells
SchleidenSchleiden noted that all plants are made up of cells
SchwannSchwann stated that all animals are made up of cells
In 1855 Rudolf VirchowRudolf Virchow states that all cells come from pre-existing cells
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic functional units of lifeCells are the basic functional units of life
New cells are produced from existing cellsNew cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesProkaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotes smaller & simplersmaller & simpler Contain a cell Contain a cell
membrane & membrane & cytoplasm cytoplasm
No nucleusNo nucleus All bacteria are All bacteria are
prokaryotesprokaryotes DNA is “free – DNA is “free –
floating”floating”
EukaryotesEukaryotes Have a nucleus Have a nucleus
containing DNAcontaining DNA MostMost have specialized have specialized
structures called structures called organellesorganelles
All plants, animals, and All plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotesfungi are eukaryotes
Larger and more Larger and more complexcomplex
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
CytoplasmNucleus
OrganellesEukaryotic Cell
Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteProkaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryote Cell Structures Cell WallCell Wall
Found in many organisms including plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes
Not found in animal Not found in animal cellscells
Cell WallCell Wall
The The main functionmain function of the of the cell wall cell wall is is to provide to provide supportsupport and and protectionprotection for for the cellthe cell
Plant cell walls are Plant cell walls are made of made of cellulosecellulose
The NucleusThe Nucleus
The nucleus is the “brains” of the cellThe nucleus is the “brains” of the cell
The nucleus controls most cell processes The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of and contains the hereditary information of
DNADNA
Almost all eukaryotic cells, including plant Almost all eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal, contain a nucleus and animal, contain a nucleus
The NucleusThe Nucleus
Nucleolus – Nucleolus – small small dense region in dense region in nucleus where nucleus where ribosomes are ribosomes are producedproduced
Nuclear envelope – double membrane layer surrounding the nucleus (aka. Nuclear membrane)
The CytoskeletonThe Cytoskeleton
A network of A network of protein protein filamentsfilaments that that help the help the cell maintain it’s cell maintain it’s shapeshape
It is also It is also involved in involved in many forms of many forms of movementmovement
Microfilament
Microtubule
The Cytoskeleton
Made up of Made up of three typesthree types of structures of structures:: MicrotubulesMicrotubules – – hollow tubes of protein that help hollow tubes of protein that help
maintain cell shape and serve as “tracks” for maintain cell shape and serve as “tracks” for organelles to travel onorganelles to travel on
Intermediate FilamentsIntermediate Filaments – – smaller than smaller than microtubules – gives a cell its strengthmicrotubules – gives a cell its strength
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments – – long thin fibers that support cell long thin fibers that support cell movement and supportmovement and support
Organelles in the CytoplasmOrganelles in the Cytoplasm
RibosomesRibosomes Site where proteins Site where proteins
are madeare made A A ribosome is a is a
protein protein andand an rRNA an rRNA (ribosomal RNA)(ribosomal RNA)
Ribosomes make Ribosomes make proteins from the proteins from the “coded” instructions of “coded” instructions of the the nucleusnucleus and the and the DNADNA
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
An internal membrane An internal membrane where parts of the cell where parts of the cell membrane are made and membrane are made and some proteins are some proteins are modifiedmodified
The The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is is where protein synthesis where protein synthesis occursoccurs Ribosomes are on it’s Ribosomes are on it’s
surface making it surface making it appear “rough”appear “rough”
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
The The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does does notnot have any have any ribosomes on it’s ribosomes on it’s surface surface It contains It contains
enzymes that enzymes that make lipidsmake lipids (fats) (fats)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
After proteins are assembled and produced by the After proteins are assembled and produced by the Rough ER they move to the they move to the Golgi Complex where : where :
Carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats) are attached to the Carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats) are attached to the proteinprotein
They are then sent to their final destinationThey are then sent to their final destination
Golgi apparatus
LysosomesLysosomes Small organelles that are Small organelles that are
filled with digestive and filled with digestive and other enzymesother enzymes They break down lipids They break down lipids
(fats), carbohydrates (fats), carbohydrates (sugars), and proteins from (sugars), and proteins from food particles so it can be food particles so it can be used by the rest of the cellused by the rest of the cell
Lysosomes Lysosomes alsoalso break break down “old” organelles that down “old” organelles that have outlived their functionhave outlived their function
Basically, they “take out the Basically, they “take out the trash”trash”
VacuolesVacuoles
Serve as a storage for Serve as a storage for water, salts, proteins, water, salts, proteins, and “carbs” (plant and “carbs” (plant andand animal cells)animal cells)
In Plants : They usually have one
large vacuole filled with water to support structures like leaves and flowers
Vacuole
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
The The producer!producer! They use sunlight to They use sunlight to
power a familiar power a familiar process called process called PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
The green pigment The green pigment (color) (color) chlorophyllchlorophyll is is what gives leaves what gives leaves their color and is their color and is found inside found inside chloroplastschloroplasts
Chloroplast
MitochondriaMitochondria The “powerhouse” of The “powerhouse” of
the animal the animal andand plant plant cell!cell! Mitochondria use energy Mitochondria use energy
from food to make high-from food to make high-energy compounds energy compounds
The cell uses these high-The cell uses these high-energy compounds for energy compounds for growth, development, and growth, development, and movementmovement
In that way, the In that way, the mitochondria makes “fuel” mitochondria makes “fuel” for the cell for the cell
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant Cells