life in water
TRANSCRIPT
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LIFE IN WATER
Prepared by: Mrs. Kathleen Biay-Cabacba
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LIFE IN WATER 2 Concepts
1.Hydrologic cycle or water cycle2.Biology of aquatic environment in relation to light, temperature, water movements and chemical factors like salinity and oxygen
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LIFE IN WATER71% - water 97% - ocean2% polar ice caps and glaciersLess 1% fresh water : lakes, rivers and ground water
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LIFE IN WATERReservoirs – place where water is stored for some period of time e.g. Lakes, rivers, oceans, ice, organisms
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LIFE IN WATERTurn over time - time required for the entire volume of a particular reservoir to be renewed
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LIFE IN WATERRenewal time:Water in the atmosphere – every 9 nine daysRiver – 12 to 20 days
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LIFE IN WATERRenewal time: Lake – days to centuries depending on depth, area and rate of drainageOcean – 3,100 years 7Saturday, April 15, 2023
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Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land. This process, known as the water cycle, is driven by energy from the sun. The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our planet.
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Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land. This process, known as the water cycle, is driven by energy from the sun. The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our planet.
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The Water Cycle
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During part of the water cycle, the sun heats up liquid water and changes it to a gas by the process of
evaporation. Water that evaporates from Earth’s oceans, lakes, rivers, and moist soil rises up into the
atmosphere.
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The process of evaporation from plants is called The process of evaporation from plants is called transpirationtranspiration. . (In other words, it’s like plants (In other words, it’s like plants sweating.)sweating.)
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As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid again. This process is called
condensation. When a large amount of water vapor condenses, it results in the formation of clouds.
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When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth. This is called
precipitation.
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When rain falls on the land, some of the water is absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water called groundwater. Most groundwater eventually
returns to the ocean. Other precipitation runs directly into streams or rivers. Water that collects in rivers,
streams, and oceans is called runoff.
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REFERENCE:
http://perso.orange.fr/prof.danglais/animations/watercycle/watercycle.htm
Slides by Christine Ward
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Aquatic Ecosystem
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OceanAll is blue – blue water meets the blue sky
Who could ever live in the deepest part of the ocean?
Is life possible?
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Ocean – angler fish
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OceanGeography:
Largest continuous environment on earth 360million km2 of earth’s surface 3 major ocean basins:
Pacific - largest and deepest Atlantic Indian
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Major ocean Total area Extension Major seas Average depth
Trench
Pacific Nearly 180M km2
From Antartic to Artic sea
Gulf of Caifornia, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, China Sea, Tasman Sea, Coral Sea
Over 4,000 meters
Marianas western Pacific Ocean - over 10,000 m deep enough to engulf Mt. Everest with 2 km to spare
Atlantic Over 106M km2
Nearly from pole to pole
Mediterranean, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea
Over 3,900 meters
Indian Under 75M km2
Mostly confined to southern hemisphere
Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea
Over, 3,900 meters
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Ocean
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OceanStructure: Zones of the Ocean
The well-lit upper layer of the ocean is known as the photic zone.
Algae and other producers can grow only in this thin surface layer.
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OceanBelow the photic zone is the aphotic zone, which is permanently dark. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can survive in the aphotic zone.
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Marine Life Zones
Distance from Shore
• The intertidal zone is the strip of land where the land and ocean meet and overlap, or the zone between high and low tides.
• The neritic zone is the marine-life zone that extends from the low-tide line out to the shelf break.(continental shelf); 200 m deep
• The oceanic zone is the marine-life zone beyond the continental shelf.
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Ocean Water Depth
• The pelagic zone is open zone of any depth. Animals in this zone swim or float freely.
• The benthic zone is the marine-life zone that includes any sea-bottom surface regardless of its distance from shore.
• The abyssal zone is a subdivision of the benthic zone characterized by extremely high pressures, low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients, and no sunlight.
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OceanLand
Inter
tidal
zone Coastal
ocean
Open oceanBenthic
zone
Continentalshelf
Continental slope
and continental rise
Abyssalplain
Oceantrench
200 m1,000 m
4,000 m
6,000 m
10,000 m
Photic zone
Aphotic
zone
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Ocean
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Ocean
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Ocean- organisms
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Ocean• Plankton include all organisms—algae, animals,
and bacteria—that drift with ocean currents.
• Phytoplankton are algal plankton, which are the most important community of primary producers in the ocean.
• Zooplankton are animal plankton.
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OceanPlankton
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OceanZooplankton
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OceanPhytoplankton
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Ocean Temperature Variation
The ocean’s surface water temperature varies with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude.
Temperature Variation with Depth
• The thermocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth.
• The thermal stratification separates warm water above from the cold water below in tropical ocean
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Ocean Temperature Variation
Temperature Variation with Depth
• Temperate oceans stratified only during summer; thermocline breaks down as water cools during fall and winter
• High latitudes, stratification is only weakly, if ever developed.
• oceanic temperatures much stable than terrestrial temperatures
• 1.50C – Antartic; 270C near equator; 70C to 90C above 400 degrees N latitude
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Ocean
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Ocean – never still• wind transports nutrients, oxygen, heat and organism s
across the globe
Surface water Current – fertilizes surface water, stimulates photosynthesis, promotes gene flow
Gyres – wind-driven surface current sweep across the open ocean to create great circulation system that move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
Transport warm water from equator to the poles, moderating climates at middle and high latitudes
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Ocean
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Ocean – never still• deep water currents produced as cooled, high density water
sinks at the Antarctic and Arctic then moves along the ocean floor
• Upwelling – winds blow surface water offshore, allowing colder water to rise to the surface (west coast of the continents and around Antarctica)
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OceanSalinity
Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water.
Because the proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousands.
Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.
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Ocean
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OceanOxygen
A liter of sea water contains a maximum of about 9ml oxygen
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Ocean
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Life in Marine Shallow water1. Kelp Forest
forest, but it is not a forest of trees. It is made of seaweed called giant kelp.
needs sunlight in order to grow. It also needs a hard surface to grow on
grows in cool coastal waters (temperate oceans, 100 – 200 C) where sunlight can go down to a rocky sea floor; beyond intertidal zone
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Life in Shallow Marine WaterKelp Forest
holdfast is a part that attaches the kelp to the ocean floor. The blade is the leaflike part that takes in sunlight to make food. The stipe is the part that connects the holdfast to the blade. 47Saturday, April 15, 2023
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Life in shallow waterKelp Forest
Grow up to 18 inches per day; can grow over 40 m; provides food and shelter; experience seasonal
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Life in shallow water2. Coral Reef
Coral reefs – diverse underwater ecosystems in tropical coastal water which is held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. 49Saturday, April 15, 2023
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Life in shallow waterCoral Reef – 3 Types by Charles Darwin
Fringing reef – hugs the shore of an islandBarrier reef – between open sea open lagoonAtoll reef – consist of coral islets that have built up from a submerged oceanic island and ring a lagoon
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Life in shallow water2. Coral Reef
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Ecosystem Light Temperature
Water movement
Salinity Oxygen Danger it faces
Kelp Forest Needs light to support photosynthesis
Temperate shoresFall below 100C in winter and rise to 200C in summer
Oceanic currents – deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products
Tolerant to reduced salinity and fresh water runoff; grows well in temperate oceans
Well oxygenated water
Food additives and fertilizer (grows rapidly)
Coral Reefs Needs light to support photosynthesis
Warm waterMinimum Not less than 180 to
200C; ave. 230 to 250C; above 290C lethal
Oceanic currents – deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products
Grows in fairly stable salinity; below 27% is lethal
Well oxygenated water
Acanthaster planci predator (sea star) eats coral; attack and kill other corals; dynamite fishing and poison; ornaments (don’t grow rapidly)
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Ocean – Alcanthaster planci
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Low Tide and High Tide
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Intertidal zonation - structure
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Low tides and High tides
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Intertidal zone
Light (both)
Temperature
Water movements
Salinity Oxygen Danger it faces
Low tide Water turbulence reduces light intensity
Always changingHigh latitude – cool to freezing; low latitude – excess of 400 C
Depends on moon and sun gravitational pull
VariesRapid evaporation increases salinity; high latitude and tropic during rainy – reduced salinity
No limits – exposed to air; well oxygenated due to waves
Trampling feet, probing hands; oil spills, exploitation for food; research and education
High tide Exposed to full intensity of the sun
Always changing
Depends on moon and sun gravitational pull
varies
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Low tides and high tides
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EstuariesEstuaries are wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. mixture of fresh and salt water, affected by the ocean tides.
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Salt Marshes
Salt marshes are temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by sea grasses under water. Salt marshes occur in estuaries along seacoasts in the temperate zone.
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Salt Marshes
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Mangrove Forest
Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands that occur in bays and estuaries across tropical regions, including southern Florida and Hawaii.dominant plants are salt-tolerant trees.
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Estuaries
Light Temperature Water movements
Salinity
Oxygen Danger it faces
Salt Marshes
exposed to highly variable light conditions; sunlight at low tide and very little light at high tide
highly variable; low tide, water temperature varies with air temperature;change with each high and low tide;seawater and river water
Ocean tides and river flow drive
fluctuate widely
highly variable;Decomposed organic matter depletes dissolved oxygen to very low levels,
Buildings, pollution; discharge of waste
Mangrove Forest
same desert, tropical coasts, minimum annual about 20 . can heat ℃40 .℃
high tides – saltwater currents move up the estuaries ; Low tides – saltwater moves seaward
lower than that of seawater
high rates of photosynthesis can increase dissolved oxygen concentration
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Rivers – Okavango, Boswana
natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. 64Saturday, April 15, 2023
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Streams
natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, small narrow river
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River and Stream
FIGURE 3.30 The three dimensions of stream structure.
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Light Temperature
Water movements
Salinity Oxygen Danger it faces
Rivers and streams
how far light penetrates into the water; how much light shines on the surface ; vary considerably in water clarity
high altitudes and high latitudes, may drop to a minimum of 0 ;℃
desert rivers seldom exceed 30 . ℃
continuous movement of water
often very low;
Desert rivers generally have the highest salinities
richest in cold
channelized, poisoned, filled with sewage, dammed, filled with nonnative fish species, and completely dried.
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River and Streams
FIGURE 3.33 Salinities of tropical, temperate, and arid land rivers (data from Gibbs 1970).
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Organisms in River and Streams
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Lakes
FIGURE3.35 Lake Baikal. Siberia, Russia.
Basins in the landscape that collect water
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Lake Structure
FIGURE 3.37 Lake structure
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Light Temperatures
Water movements
Salinity Oxygen Danger it faces
Lakes color ranges from the deep blue to yellow, brown, or red; highly productive and phytoplankton deep green (reduce light penetration)
thermally stratified ;warm season – warmer on the surface and below thermocline;Temperate – summer, lowland tropical – year-round
Wind-driven mixing of the water column; winds drive Spring/fall – j mix temperate lakes from top to bottom; (stratification breaks)
extremely dilute waters of some alpine lakes to the salt brines of desert lakes.
low biological production (oligothrophic) – well oxygenated
Eutrophic depleted;
Dumping sites for waste; buildings
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Lakes
FIGURE 3.38 Seasonal changes in temperature in a temperate lake (data from Wetzel 1975).
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Lakes - organisms
FIGURE 3.39 Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes 74Saturday, April 15, 2023
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Life in Water
THAN K YOU SO MUCH LORD FOR THE BEAUTIFUL CREATION 75Saturday, April 15, 2023
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References:
http://web.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/oklpfst.htmhttp://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/kelp.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef
http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=28978&fileitem=2291&catfilter=627
https://www.google.com.ph/?gws_rd=ssl#q=biologyjunction.com
Molles, Manuel C, Ecology 4th edition, 2008
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