life in the universe i. astronomy páll jakobsson (palli) ([email protected]) 10 january 2013 “if you wish...
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Life in the UniverseI. astronomy
Páll Jakobsson (Palli)([email protected])
10 January 2013
“If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the Universe.”Carl Sagan (1934-1996)
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1. Inngangur
• 1.1 Aaaaa• 1.2 Bbbbb
Distance: 25 light years
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Tracking Fomalhaut b from 2004-2012
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4Distance: 130 light years
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Distance: 25 light yearsDistance: 70 light years
M = 9 M∙ Jupiter
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Known Exoplanets
• 1992: a few are discovered around a neutron star!• 1995: the first around Sun-like star (indirect measurement).• January 2013: 854 (http://exoplanet.eu):
1) Radial velocity + astrometry: 498 (386 planetary systems)2) Transits: 291 (236 planetary systems)3) Microlensing: 16 (15 planetary systems)4) Imaging: 32 (28 planetary systems)
1), 2) and 3) are indirect measurements.
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Venus Transit in June 2012
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Transit Graph
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Transit Graph
Provides information on the
radius of the exoplanet.
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Probability of a Transit Detection?
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Where is Kepler Looking?
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The Kepler Planet Candidates (~2300)(NB: only 105 confirmed planets)
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Kepler-20: An Unusual Planetary System(5 planets in small orbits)
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Kepler-20: large, small, large, small, large
Kepler-20b:1.9 R∙ Earth
Kepler-20e:0.9 R∙ Earth
Kepler-20c:3.1 R∙ Earth
Kepler-20f:1.0 R∙ Earth
Kepler-20d:2.8 R∙ Earth
760 °C 430 °C
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(the first rocky exoplanet to be discovered)
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6 planets!
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The Habitable Zone (shown in green)
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Earth 2.0
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Kepler-47 (a system with more than one planet orbiting a pair of stars)
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Astrometry (ísl: stjörnuvagg)• A system of two (or more) bodies orbit around their mutual centre of mass.
• The change in the stellar position (wobble) gives the planet mass.
• Example: MJupiter and d = 1 AU. Assume the system lies 3 light years from Earth. Stellar wobble: 1 milliarcsecond.
• Now put an “Earth” instead and move the system to 30 light years. Stellar wobble: 0.3 microarcsecond.
• No chance measuring that today.
• SIM PlanetQuest: 2016?
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Motion of the Sun (distance: 30 ly)