life-cycle inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste
DESCRIPTION
International Waste Management and LCA Session B Prague, April 15-16, 2004. Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste . Stefanie Hellweg , Gabor Doka, Thomas Hofstetter, and Konrad Hungerbühler. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Safety and Environmental Technology Group
Stefanie Hellweg, Gabor Doka, Thomas Hofstetter, and Konrad Hungerbühler
International Waste Management and LCASession BPrague, April 15-16, 2004
Life-Cycle Inventory model for Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste municipal solid waste
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The goal was to provide an LCI model for the thermal treatment of waste (different technologies).
Incineration plant
Collection/transport
Landfills
EmissionsResources
Waste disposal (1 kg MSW)Energy generation
Ancillaries
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
H O C S N Pb Cd Hg ...
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
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Transfer coefficients were defined for the waste-input related emissions of the incineration process and landfills.
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
Four different landfill models:
• Short-term model: based on measurements• Medium-term model: based on leaching tests• Long-term time-dependent model:
geochemical simulations
EXAMPLE: modern grate (S,Cu)
Burnable waste fraction (g/kg)
S 0.33Cu 0.011
Transfer coefficients (%) Flue Slag Other Waste
gas resid. water
S 0.2 55.4 37.3 7.1Cu 0.0 80.1 19.9 0.0
Output (g/kg) Flue Slag Other Waste
gas resid. water
S 7*10-4 0.18 0.12 0.023Cu 0 0.009 0.002 0
* =
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Application: The choice of the landfill model determines the overall impact potential of the system waste incineration.
Modern grate incineratorwithout with with with with ther-residue mecha- thermal thermal mal slag recycling nical slag slag filter ash + filter ash
treatm. treatm. treatm. treatment
Thermo-selectwith me-tal recy-cling
VS-Process without with ther-residue mal filterrecycling ash treat-ment
Grate without proper flue gas cleaning1 2 3 4 5 6 8
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Sw
iss
eco
po
ints
(U
BP
) / k
g w
aste
Landfill models: Short-term Medium/Long-term Long-term
Obsolete Current Current + new New integrated technologies
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
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Safety and Environmental Technology Group
Results and Conclusions
• An LCI model was developed for the thermal treatment of solid waste (different technologies).
• User input data comprise composition of waste, technology specification, energy efficiency, and transport distances.
• Application: Comparison of the disposal of different materials, of thermal technologies, and of waste management scenarios
• Different landfill models are provided, which consider different time horizons. The choice of landfill model is a value-based decision.
• Case study results show that the choice of time horizon has a crucial influence on the results.
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BACK-UP Slides
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Landfill model: A one-dimensional transport and reaction model was used to simulate the pH development and the emission concentrations of a slag landfill as a function of time (slag from grate incineration).
Slag
Rainwater
Subsoil
Leachate
Gruppe für Umwelt und Sicherheitstechnologie
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000
pH
val
ue
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
Cd2+
Pb2+ Al3+
Cu2+
Ca2+
Zn2+
Al3+
Pb2+
Cu2+
-9
-3
Time (years)
Heavy metal concentrations in the leachate surpass the quality goals of the Swiss Water Protection Law.
Lo
g t
ota
l d
isso
lved
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(mo
l /
l)
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0
3E-13
6E-13
0 250,000 500,000
0
3E-12
6E-12
9E-12
0 250,000 500,000
The temporal occurrence of emissions to the groundwater depends on the site of the landfill.
0
1E-15
2E-15
3E-15
0 10,000 20,000
02E-144E-14
6E-148E-14
0 10,000 20,000
Cd2+, site A
Cd2+, site B
Cu2+, site A
Cu2+, site B
To
ns
/ yea
r /
k g w
a st e
Time (years)
To
ns
/ yea
r /
k g w
a st e
Time (years)
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-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
UBP / kg waste
Moderner Rost (1998)ohne mit mit mit mit them.Rück- mecha- therm. therm. Schlacken stands- nischer Schlacken FA und FA- recycling Behandl. Behandl. Behandl. Behandl.
Thermo-selectmit Metall-recycling
VS-Prozess ohne mit therm.Rück- FA-stands- Behand-.recycling lung
Rostohne WRR
WRR: Weitergehende Rauchgasreinigung, FA: Filterasche
Veraltete aktuelle und neue neue integrierte Technologien
Luftemi-ssionen
Wasser-emissionen
Energie: Gas, CH Elektrizität
Energie: Öl, EU Elektrizität
Infra-struktur
Trans-port
Betriebs-mittel
Die Umweltauswirkungen des Verbrennungsprozesses sind mit denen eines europäischen Kraftwerks vergleichbar.
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Application II: The goal was to identify and compare key environmental problems of waste management scenarios.
Status QuoWaste is either recycled/composted or burned in grate incineration plants.
Maximum RecyclingRecycling/composting is increased to a feasible maximum.
End-of-PipeAll municipal solid waste is incinerated in grate incineration plants.
Technological InnovationAll municipal solid waste is treated in new thermal plants.
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
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Scenario Technological Innovation has the lowest overall impact on the environment.
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Status Quo MaximumRecycling
End-of-Pipe TechnologicalInnovation
Eco
-indi
cato
r 99
poi
nts Waste
incineration
Materialrecycling
Energyproduction
Production ofnew materials
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
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0
1
Recycling + energy Recycling + energy New thermal process + new material
Grate incine-ration + new material
Different energy mix
No credit for avoided fertilizer
Material recycling and new technologies generally score better than conventional end-of-pipe treatment (Eco-indicator 99, per kg material).
Safety and Environmental Technology Group
Relative impact