life cycle assessment of frp retroﬁngus‐japan lca workshop october 22. 2009 © m. d. lepech 2009...

©M.D.Lepech2009US‐JapanLCAWorkshop October22.2009

LifeCycleAssessmentofFRPRetrofi5ng

US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials

October 22, 2009

Michael D. Lepech Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University


Outline

•  ProjectGoals•  Methodology

•  ApplicaGon•  LCIofUPRandApplicaGonInventory•  StructuralAnalysis•  Conclusions•  FutureWork


ProjectGoals

•  Performance‐basedEarthquakeEngineering–  “design,evaluaGon,andconstrucGonofengineeredfaciliGesthatmeet,aseconomicallyaspossible,theuncertainfuturedemandsthatbothowner‐usersandnaturewillputuponthem”

–  “quanGtaGveengineeringinsupportofdecision‐makingforowners,users,andmanagers”

–  “dollars,deaths,downGme”

•  Inclusionofpre‐event,event,andpost‐eventenvironmental,social&economicimpactsintoperformance‐baseddesigngoals


PBEFramework

PBE Quantitative Engineering in Support of Decision Making

Prediction of Hazard •  Earthquakes •  Wind •  Waves •  Fire

Prediction of Demands •  System Modeling •  Constitutive Models •  Element Models •  Nonlinear Analysis •  Deteriorating Systems

Prediction of Damage •  Component Fragility •  System Fragility •  Cost Functions •  Loss Estimation •  Life Safety

Risk Management, Assessment, & Mitigation Decision-making Under Uncertainty

Performance-based Design Health Monitoring

Advanced Materials Active/Passive Control Information Technology

Design/Construction Integration


PBEEMethodology

Hazard Assessment and Prediction

Demand Prediction

Damage Prediction

Structural Design

Iterative Structural Design Loop

Design Goals

•  Maximize – Life Safety •  Minimize – First Cost, Replacement cost, Life cycle cost, Loss, Downtime

Life Cycle Assessment

Economic Costs Environmental Costs Social Costs


ApplicaGon•  BridgepiercolumnjackeGngto

address–  Lackofflexuralstrength

–  LackofflexuralducGlity

–  Lowshearstrength

•  Pre‐eventretrofiXngapplicaGon–  OngoingCaltransstrengtheningefforts

followingLomaPrieta(1989)andNorthridge(1994)

–  Bringingover2,200Californiabridgesuptospecifiedsafety

–  CaltranseffortscosGngoverUS$8.4billion

•  RetrofiXngTechnologies–  SteeljackeGng

–  FRPwrapping(UPR,Epoxy)(Photo by Xxsys Technologies)


StudyBoundaries

•  RawMaterialExtracGon

•  MaterialManufacturing•  ConstrucGon•  Use(parGal)

R a w M a t e r i a l A c q u i s i t i o n

M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g

M a n u f a c t u r e & A s s e m b l y

U s e & S e r v i c e

R e t i r e m e n t & R e c o v e r y

T r e a t m e n t D i s p o s a l

o p e n - l o o p r e c y c l e

r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e

c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e

M, E

W W W W W

M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E

W


PrimaryLCIConstrucGon‐UPR

Chemical Reactor

Thinning Tank

Storage Tank – Thinned Resin

Blending Tank

Storage Tank – Final Product

Shipping Operations

Distillation Column for Distillate Recovery

Emix, Eheat, EVaporize

Anhydrides, Diols

Emix, Ecool Styrene Vapors

200°C

80°C

Incinerator

Styrene Vapors Incinerator

Emix

Additives (i.e. halogenated resin)




80°C

80°C

Ambient

E Glycols (recycled)

Incinerator

Full Ester

Styrene

Thinned Resin

Thinned Resin


PrimaryLCIConstrucGon‐UPR

•  ModelingDetails– FuncGonalUnit–1kgFinalUPRresin–  Industrialnaturalgasburneris78%efficient– 3PinducGonmotors(1800RPM)

•  1HP@100%load–72%efficiency

•  20HP@50%load–85%efficiency•  15HP@50%load–82%efficiency

•  10HP@50%load–82%efficiency

– Catalysts<1%– 5%cut‐offrule


UPRLCIandApplicaGonInventories

UPR Epoxy Resin Glass Fiber Rolled Steel Plate Cement Mortar

2.82 1.11 0.508 0.998 0.13

62.1 236 8.67 20.5 0.85

GWP (kg CO2-eq/kg) µ COV

Primary Energy (MJ/kg) µ COV

UPR-based FRP Wrapping Epoxy-based FRP Wrapping Steel Jacketing

15.9

5.67 277

339

694 4400

GWP (kg CO2-eq/wrap) µ COV

Primary Energy (MJ/wrap) µ COV

0.2 0.35 0.26 0.12 0.13

0.22 0.36 0.26 0.10 0.13

0.15

0.23 0.10

0.16

0.24 0.12


Outline

•  ProjectGoals•  Methodology

•  ApplicaGon•  LCIofUPRandApplicaGonInventory•  StructuralAnalysis•  Conclusions•  FutureWork


SeismicRisk–BridgeStructureBridge Structure

Overall length: 34m Spans: 3 Deck width: 10m Supports:

2 pier groups 3 columns per group 800mm φ R/C columns

Modeled in OpenSees

Seismic Hazard

Weak ground motion – PGA of 0.11g 50% exceedence in 50 years

Moderate ground motion – PGA of 0.68g 10% exceedence in 50 years

Strong ground motion – PGA of 1.33g 2% exceedence in 50 years


FragilityCurveConstrucGon

•  5damagestatesdefined–  D1:nodamage–  D2:slightdamage

–  D3:moderatedamage

–  D4:extensivedamage

–  D5:collapsedamage

•  Damagedefinedbydrillimits–  D1:0.005

–  D5:0.05

€

Pf = P[D ≥ Di | IM]

Damage State D1: No Damage


AddiGonalFragilityCurves|DM

Damage State D2: Slight Damage Damage State D3: Moderate Damage

Damage State D4: Extensive Damage Damage State D5: Collapse Damage


LifeCycleAssessment

•  Costsconsidered–  PrimaryEnergy

–  GlobalWarmingPotenGal

•  RecurrenceofseismiceventmodeledasasimplePoissonevent

€

E[C(t,X)]= C0 + (C1P1 + C2P2 + ...CkPk )Nλ×

•  MinimalmaintenanceandrepairimpactsintermsofprimaryenergyandGWP

•  Discountrateof4%(lowdiscountrate)onlongtermfutureimpacts

€

(1− e−λt ) +Cm

λ(1− e−λt )


ImpactsofRetrofiXng|IM,DM

D5: Collapse Damage

•  Impactstendtobehighestformoderateseismicevents–  RelaGvelyshort

reocurranceperiod

–  NonlinearincreaseofP[D>Di|IM]

–  EffectsofeventslikeLomaPrieta(1989)Magnitude6.9

(kg

CO

2-eq

/yr)

(M

J/yr

)

0.11 0.68 1.33 (g)

Steel Epoxy

UPR

Steel Epoxy

UPR


Conclusions

•  AnnualizedimpactsofFRPseismicretrofiXngarelowerthanforsteeljackeGng.

•  ForlowerdamagestateprotecGon(D1–D3),unsaturatedpolyesterresinandepoxy‐basedresinretrofiXngsystemsbecomemoreefficient.

•  Unsaturatedpolyester‐basedFRPwrappingismoreefficientthanepoxy‐basedFRPwrappingforalldamagestates|IMintermsprimaryenergyconsumpGon.

•  Epoxy‐basedFRPwrappingismoreefficientthanunsaturatedpolyester‐basedFRPwrappingforalldamagestates|IMwithregardtoannualizedglobalwarminggasemissions.


OngoingWork

•  ImproveddefiniGonofusephase–  DifferencesintrafficinterrupGonduetovaryingconstrucGonGmelines

–  Improvedmaintenanceschedulemodeling(Caltrans)

•  Completeinclusionofbridgerepairimpactsassociatedwithvariousdamagestates

•  IntegraGonwithothercosGngmodels(environmentaldamagecostmodelingandnaturalcapitalvaluaGon)

•  StructurelevelopGmizaGonandnetworklevelopGmizaGonwithregionalhazardmappingandconnecGvityrequirements

•  Broaderhazardassessmentbringing“acute”healthrisksassociatedwithstructuralcollapsewith“chronic”healthrisksassociatedwithlocal,regional,orglobalemissions


Acknowledgements

SarahRussell‐SmithProfessorAnneKiremidjian,StanfordUniversity

Mr.TomStewart

Dr.EnioKumpinsky

Mr.NickFriedan

PEER


Thankyou!

MichaelLepech

[email protected]/~mlepech

+1650.724.9459

life cycle assessment of frp retroﬁngus‐japan lca workshop october 22. 2009 © m. d. lepech 2009...

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