life cycle analysis and environmental impact assessment97

7/27/2019 Life Cycle Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment97

1/63

By:

Alexis Pulhin &

Janina Villanueva

Life Cycle Analysis and

Environmental Impact Assessment


2/63

Brief History of Life Cycle

Analysis

Began in the 1960s when concerns overlimitations of raw materials and energy sources

sparked interest in finding ways to use resources

in an efficient way.

Harold Smith reported one of the first publications

of its kind in the World Energy Conference in

1963.

Late 1960s


3/63

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) What is LCA? It is a cradle-to-graveapproach for assessing

industrial systems

LCA involves making detailed measurements

during the manufacture of a product, from the

mining of the raw materials used in its

production and distribution, through to its use,

possible re-use or recycling, and its eventualdisposal.

LCAs enable a manufacturer to quantify how

much energy and raw materials are used, and

how much solid, liquid and gaseous waste is'


4/63

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for thesystematic evaluation of the environmental aspects

of a product or service system through all stages of

its life cycle. LCA provides an adequate instrument

for environmental decision support. Reliable LCAperformance is crucial to achieve a life-cycle

economy. The International Organisation for

Standardisation (ISO), a world-wide federation of

national standards bodies, has standardised this

framework within the series ISO 14040 on LCA.


5/63

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Why use LCA?An LCA can help decision-makers select the

product or process that results in the least impact to

the environment. This information can be used with

other factors, such as cost and performance data toselect a product or process.

An LCA allows a decision maker to study an entire

product system hence avoiding the sub-optimization

that could result if only a single process were thefocus of the study.


6/63

e ps o vo ngEnvironmental Problems from One

Place to Another

For example, when selecting between two rival products, it may

appear that Option 1 is better for the environment because it

generates less solid waste than Option 2. However, after

performing an LCA it might be determined that the first optionactually creates larger cradle-to-grave environmental impacts

when measured across all three media (air, water, land) (e.g., it

may cause more chemical emissions during the manufacturing

stage). Therefore, the second product (that produces solid

waste) may be viewed as producing less cradle-to-graveenvironmental harm or impact than the first technology because

of its lower chemical emissions.


7/63

In a gist LCA helps to:

Developa systemat ic evaluat ion of the

environmental consequences associated with

a given product.

Analyze the environm ental trade-offs

associated with one or more specific

products/processes to help gain stakeholder

(state, community, etc.) acceptance for aplanned action.

Quanti fyenv ironmental releases to air,

water, and landin relation to each life cycle


8/63

In a gist LCA helps to: Assis t in ident i fy ing s igni f icant shi f ts in

environmental impacts between life cyclestages and environmental media.

Assessthe human and ecolog ical ef fects

of material consumption and environmentalreleases to the local community, region, andworld.

Comparethe heal th and ecolog ical

impacts between two or more rivalproducts/processes or identify the impacts ofa specific product or process.

Ident i fy impacts to one or more specific

environmental areas of concern.


9/63

The Phases of Life Cycle Assessmentaccording to ISO 14040 and 14044

Goal andScope of

Definition

Inventory

Analysis

ImpactAssessment I

nt

erpreta

tion


10/63

1. Goal and Scope Definition

the product(s) or service(s) to be assessed aredefined, a functional basis for comparison is

chosen and the required level of detail is

defined;

2. Inventory Analysis

of extractions and emissions, the energy and rawmaterials used, and emissions to the

atmosphere, water and land, are quantified for

each process, then combined in the process flow


11/63

3. Impact Assessment

the effects of the resource use and emissionsgenerated are grouped and quantified into a

limited number of impact categories which may

then be weighted for importance;

4. Interpretation

the results are reported in the most informative

way possible and the need and opportunities toreduce the impact of the product(s) or service(s)

on the environment are systematically

evaluated.


12/63

Based on a survey of LCA practitioners carried

out in 2006 most life cycle assessments are

carried out with dedicated software packages.

58% of respondents used GaBi Software,

developed by PE International, 31%

used SimaPro developed by PR Consultants,

and 11% a series of other tools. According to thesame survey, LCA is mostly used to support

business strategy (18%) and R&D (18%), as

input to product or process design (15%), in

education (13%) and for labeling or productdeclarations (11%).

Companies like 3M, Nissan, Fujitsu, GM, Levis,

Unilever, P&G, Toyota, & Volvo use LCA
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PR%C3%A9_Consultants&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PR%C3%A9_Consultants&action=edit&redlink=1


13/63


14/63

Example

An example of an application ofLCAs being performed in industry is

through Levi 501 jeans. Through a

life cycle assessment, Levi Jeans

found that 60% of their climate

impact occurs during the consumer

phase of these jeans with 80% of

this impact is stemming just from

using a dryer to dry them instead of


15/63

Case study

COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OFCOCONUT BIODIESEL AND CONVENTIONAL

DIESEL FOR PHILIPPINE AUTOMOTIVE

TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL BOILER

APPLICATION

Liezzel M. Pascual1& Raymond R. Tan

Chemical Engineering Department

College of Engineering

De La Salle University - Manila

2401 Taft Avenue, 1004 Manila, Philippines


16/63

DISCLAIMER:

All slides connected to

the study were copied

verbatim!!!!!


17/63

1. Goal and Scope of Definition

The goal of this study is to conduct a comparativeenvironmental life cycle assessment to quantify

and compare the comprehensive sets of

environmental flows (to and from the

environment) associated with both biodiesel andconventional diesel, over their entire life cycles for

application in the automotive transportation and

industry (industrial boilers) sector.


18/63

2. Inventory Analysis

Project Parameter - The LCI will cover massand energy balances for coconut biodiesel and

conventional diesel.

Product Parameter - The products will be

assessed using the same and equal basis

called the functional unit. In this model, the

functional unit used is 1 kilometer of travel forautomotive transportation use and 1 kilogram of

steam for industrial boiler use.


19/63

Process Parameter

A. Coconut Biodiesel

The primary feedstock used for biodiesel

production in the Philippines is the coconut. The

extracted coconut oil is transesterified using

methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst to

form the coconut methyl ester and a by-product

glycerol. Methanol was chosen instead of ethanol

due to its availability, less expensive as compared

to ethanol but provides same process efficiencies


20/63


21/63


22/63

B. Petroleum DieselThe petroleum diesel used for the model contains

already 0.05% maximum sulfur content due to theprovision of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 199911.Conventional diesel manufacturing process fromseries of distillation is assumed in this study.

LCA Parameter

The data uncertainty analysis includes the sensitivityanalysis of the model inputs. Four scenarios are used

in the model:Scenario 1: Automotive Transport Application with

Coproduct Utilization

Scenario 2: Automotive Transport Application withoutCoproduct Utilization

Scenario 3: Industrial Boiler Application with Coproduct


23/63

In a matrix type model, process data are tabulated based on commodities and the

process it undergoes. The commodities consist of economic (inter-industry flows, such

as steel, electricity, products, and waste-to-be-processed) and ecologic or environmental

(natural resources, emissions, others)


24/63

3. Impact Assessment

The impact assessment was performed using thecritical volumes method14 introduced by Vignes

to determine the total emissions impact and the

ecological footprint15 introduced by Wackernagel

to determine the total energy consumptionimpact.


25/63


26/63


27/63

Interpretation:

The result of the life cycle assessment

for coconut biodiesel and diesel showsthat the use of coconut biodiesel in the

Philippines can be applicable.

The result of the life cycle assessment

for coconut biodiesel and diesel shows

that the use of coconut biodiesel in thePhilippines can be applicable.


28/63

Interpretation

Although, the use of coconut residues for powercogeneration slightly increases some of the

emissions such as CO, NOx, and PM10, still the it

appears that the total impacts from emissions and

energy consumption are lower for both the

automotive and industrial application in all the

scenarios presented. This may in turn conclude

that coconut residues utilization for powergeneration used during the biodiesel production

should be equipped with proper instrumentation

so as not to increase some of the air emissions. In

this case, coconut biodiesel is really a potential


29/63

Summary of Results

Total emissions of biodiesel and dieselappear approximately the same for both scenario

1 and 3. Meanwhile, for scenario 2 and 4,

biodiesel has approximately 15% to 60%

reduction on total emissions as compared todiesel.

Global emissions such as CO2 showed 60 to

100% reduction upon the use of coconut

biodiesel. Local emissions such as NOx, SOx,PM10 and N2O show as high as 60% reduction if

there is no coproduct allocation.


30/63

Total energy consumption impacts do not changewith respect to the coconut residues utilization

scenarios. Moreover, the energy required to

produce coconut biodiesel is still lower compared

to conventional diesel even if there is coproductallocation.

Biodiesel has approximately 96% reduction in

total energy impacts based from ecological

footprint in all scenarios presented.


31/63


32/63



33/63


(EIA)

is an evaluation procedure aiming to predict thecumulative environmental impact of a project

during construction, operation, and abandonment.

EIA is a multi-step process by which a wide range

of issues are taken into account to determinewhether and/or under which environmental

constraints a project should be undertaken.


34/63

Purpose of the EIA- to identify the environmental issues and highlight thoseissues for consideration and incorporation by thedecision makers vested with legal authority and technicalskills.

Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: Philippine EnvironmentalImpact Statement System (PEIS)The law that requires that all agencies andinstrumentalities of the national government includinggovernment owned and controlled corporations as well

as private corporations, firms and entities must preparean environmental impact statement for every proposedproject and undertaking which significantly affect thequality of the environment.


35/63


Process

Screening Scoping EIA Report

ReviewApproval with

terms andcondition

Implementationof Environmental

Management

Post audit andevaluation


36/63

Outline for an Environmental Impact

Assessment Report

I. IntroductionII. Description of the Project

III. Description of the Environment

IV. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation

MeasuresV. Alternatives

VI. Environmental Monitoring

VII. Additional Studies

VIII. Environmental Management Plan andEnvironmental Management Office

IX. Summary and Conclusions

X. Annexes


37/63

Introduction

Purpose of the report Stage of project preparation

Extent of the EIA study

Brief outline of the contents of the report


38/63

Description of the Project

Type of project. Need for the project.

Location (use maps showing general location,

specific location, project boundary and project

site layout).

Size or magnitude of operation, including any

associated activities required by or for the project.

Proposed schedule for approval andimplementation.


39/63

Description of the Environment

Study Area

Establish a Baseline

- Physical components

- Ecological components- Human and economic development

- Quality of life values

Base Maps


40/63

Anticipated Environmental Impacts

and Mitigation Measures

Item-by-Item Review Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of

Components

Effects During Project Construction

Assessment of Significance

Mitigation Measures


41/63

Environmental Monitoring

a technical plan- methodologies for measurement

- required frequency of measurements

- the planned location of measurements- data storage and analysis

- reporting schedules

- emergency procedures

detailed budgets and procurement schedules


42/63

Additional Studies

This section contains a description of other majorstudies undertaken in support of the preparation

of the EIA.

d E i l M


43/63

and Environmental Management

Office

Include a description of the administrativeaspects of ensuring that mitigate measures are

implemented and their effectiveness monitored

after approval of the EIA.

Subjects of the environmental management plan.

- checking the final design documents

-monitoring the construction and interacting with

the contractor

-following construction, continued monitoring

during project operations


44/63

Summary and Conclusions

the overall net gains which justify implementationof the project

explanation of how adverse effects have been

mitigated

explanation of use or destruction of any

irreplaceable components

provisions for follow-up surveillance and

monitoring. Simple visual presentations of the

type and magnitude of the impacts may aid the

decision-maker.


45/63

Annexes

terms of reference for the EIA; abstracts or summaries of relevant background

documents;

tabular and graphical summaries of data;

a list of contacts and meetings; and

a list of data sources.


46/63

Sample EIA Report

L2612- PHI: Visayas Base

Load Power Project

Secured Landfill Facility


47/63

Description of the Project

Name of the Project: Secured Landfill FacilityProject

Address : Capitol Compound, Cebu City

Status of the Project : August 2010


48/63


49/63

The proposed Secured Landfill Facility project shall have a totalarea of 23.2 hectares comprises of the following developments:

- Dry Land ( Field Office, Parking Space, access roads and

Green Areas) - 1.8 hectares

- Silt Pond.5 hectares

- Stockpile Area for Limestone1 hectare

- Stockpile Area for Bentonite Clay - .5 hectare

- Stockpile Area For Construction Materials and wastes1.5

hectares

- Landfill Facility17.6 hectares- Retaining Wall/Embankment - .2384 hectares

The landfill is projected to be operational for six (6) years utmost

A ti i t d E i t l I t


50/63

Anticipated Environmental Impacts

and Mitigation Measures

Ecological Impacts- negative impacts towards the marine water

quality during the construction of the retaining

walls. There will be increase in turbidity, total

suspended solids and other water quality valuesfor an organism to live.


51/63

Physical Impacts

1. Impacts to land

1.1 Generation of Solid Wastes and ConstructionWastes

2. Impacts to air

2.1 Air Pollution Caused by vehicles and equipment

2.2 Noise Generation from vehicles and equipment


52/63

THE

PROJECT A. Physico-Chemical Environment

1. Land

- No change since it is owned by the Provincialgovernment

2. Water- Without the project, there is still contamination

of the sea water since there is already coal ash thathas been dumped within the proposed site during thepast years.3. Air

-Air quality will not be affected with or without theproject considering the nearness of the NationalHighway wherein all vehicles passes from the city to

the southern part of the province.


53/63

B. Biological Component

1. Terrestrial flora and fauna

-Since there will be no plans for the use of land,

the number of species living the area will generally

remain the same.


54/63

2. Aquatic flora and fauna-The condition of aquatic flora and fauna will

still be the same but not an assurance that there

will be no degredation that may occur in the area

considering that there is already unconfined coalash that has been observed dumped within the

site during the years past.


55/63

Environmental Management Plan

1. Impact Management Plan1.1 Pre-Construction Phase

-the proponent shall complete to secure all

necessary permits, clearances and studies

needed for the project.


56/63

1.2 Construction Phase

-Construction of Retaining Walls

- Construction of adequate Drainage System

- Construction of Sewerage Treatment Facility

- No Cutting of Mangrove Forest and Provide

Green Area


57/63

1.3 Operation Phase

1.3.1 Hauling of Coal Ash from Power

Plant to Secured Landfill

1.3.2 Health and Safety

1.3.3 Protection and Rehabilitation

Activities in Mangrove Area1.3.4 Regular Assessment of Retaining

Walls and Embankments

1.3.5 Maintenance of Waste Water

Treatment Facilities

CONCLUSION AND


58/63

CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

The goal of the secured landfill project is tolessen unselective coal dumping by power

plants and provide a secure dumping area

as stated by its name.

The project creates secure coal dumping

area and proper dumping of the Kepco coal

power plant.

Aside from providing a clean environment,

it also aims to develop economic welfare

through increase in income and revenue


59/63

QUIZ

1. LCA stands for

A) Life Cycle AnalysisB) Last Chance for Animals

C) Lutheran Church ofAustralia

D) London College of


60/63

2. How many phases arethere in LCA?

A) 5B) 7

C) 4D) None of the above


61/63

3. Which of the following isno tpart of the phases of

LCA?A) Conclusion

B) Goal and Scope DefinitionC) Impact Assessment

D) Interpretation


62/63

4. What is the title of Presidential Decree thatrequires that all agencies, firms and entities mustprepare an environmental impact statement?

A) Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: Philippine

Environmental Impact Statement System (PEIS)B) Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: PhilippineEnvironmental Impact Statement (PEIS)

C) Presidential Decree (PD) 1568: PhilippineEnvironmental Impact Statement System (PEIS)

D) Presidential Decree (PD) 1586: PhilippineEnvironmental Impact System (PEIS)


63/63

5. Which of the following is notpart of theOutline for an Environmental Impact

Assessment Report?

A) Additional Studies

B) Environmental Monitoring Plan

C) Environment Adjustment Measures

D) Description of the Project

life cycle analysis and environmental impact assessment97

Documents