COPYRIGHT, MEDIA ETHICS, LIBERTY & PRIVACYAN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Aram SinnreichAssociate ProfessorAmerican University SOC

Presented at LIDAZadar, CroatiaJune 14, 2016

ConfigurableCulture

/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/

NEW CULTURAL FORMS & PRACTICES

MemesMashups Machinima …& Much More

/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/

CONSUMPTION VS. PRODUCTION

CONSUMPTION PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION-ADJACENT

CONSUMPTION-ADJACENT ???

/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/

COPYRIGHT IS STILL VERY 19TH CENTURY

PERMISSION THEFT

(Exceptions & User Rights)

/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/

21ST CENTURY CULTURAL LOGICS, SOCIAL FORMATIONS & INSTITUTIONS

Survey

/SURVEY/

RESPONDENTS: ONLINE, ENGLISH-SPEAKING ADULTS

2014-15

452 U.S.945 non-US

U.S. 452U.K. 172India 147Australia 144Canada 118Philippines 83New Zealand 52Ireland 52Singapore 52South Africa 51Malaysia 47

2010

1,100 U.S.1,955 non-US

U.S. 971India 291 Turkey 270Canada 148 Canada 148South Africa 146 Philippines 129Israel 64Australia 63Singapore 62U.K. 52 Sweden 41Malaysia 40

2006

1,779U.S.

Awareness

/SURVEY/AWARENESS/

AWARENESS OF CONFIGURABLE CULTURE HAS JUMPED IN THE U.S.PHOTOSHOP

MUSIC MASHUP

MODS

AMV

VID REMIX

MACHINIMA

NONE

0 25 50 75 10017.9

11

27.6

21.5

16.6

24.1

42.8

14.6

10.6

31.8

25.1

12.9

31.4

39.6

1.3

40

53.8

57.1

58.4

77

90.3

US 2014US 2010US 2006

/SURVEY/AWARENESS/

MUSIC MASHUPS: AWARENESS BY NATION, 2010-2015US

PHILIPPINES

UK

S. AFRICA

CANADA

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

INDIA

0 25 50 75 10044.3

30.2

41.9

41.2

47.9

34.6

56.6

31.4

42.2

44.4

57.7

61.9

62.8

69.8

69.9

77

20152010

Consumption

/SURVEY/CONSUMPTION/

CONSUMPTION HAS SKYROCKETED IN THE U.S.PHOTOSHOP

MUSIC MASHUP

MODS

VID REMIX

MACHINIMA

AMVS

NONE

0 25 50 75 100

44.4

7.1

5.2

10

6.9

11.9

14.5

4.9

19

20.1

25.2

38.9

43.4

68.1

US 2014US 2010

/SURVEY/CONSUMPTION/

GENERAL CONSUMPTION BY NATION, 2010-2015US

INDIA

PHILIPPINES

S. AFRICA

SINGAPORE

UK

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

0 25 50 75 10059.3

61.4

60.4

80.4

70.6

88.4

86.2

55.6

60.4

73.7

75.6

80.8

86.3

91.6

94.6

95.1

20152010

Engagement

/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/

MUSIC ENGAGEMENT BY NATION, 2010-2015PHILIPPINES

SINGAPORE

US

INDIA

S. AFRICA

UK

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

0 25 50 75 10073

73

65.4

89.7

92.1

64.7

90.3

98.4

75

78.2

87.2

94.1

95.2

95.8

96.2

98.8

20152010

/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/

VIDEO ENGAGEMENT BY NATION, 2010-2015PHILIPPINES

INDIA

US

CANADA

S. AFRICA

UK

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

0 25 50 75 10052.4

69.4

53.8

71.9

53.4

53.8

84.5

84.5

59

65.4

68

70.6

75.4

87.2

92.5

92.8

20152010

/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/

GLOBAL AWARENESS VS. CONSUMPTION VS. ENGAGEMENT, 2014/15

PHOTOSHOP

MUSIC MASHUP

MEMES

VID REMIX

AMV

MACHINIMA

0 25 50 75 1005

4

5

22

7

34

15

19

24

43

33

53

27

46

52

58

63

79

AwarenessConsumptionEngagement

Opinions

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006

25

50

75

100

32.3

49.1

18.525

50

75

100

44.6

44.7

10.7

18-25 35-44 55+0

25

50

75

100 22.2

59.9

17.9

Original Sometimes Never

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006-2010

25

50

75

100

2006 2010

18.7

18.7

32.3

48.749.1

13.918.525

50

75

100

2006 2010

26.7

25.2

44.6

38.744.7

9.410.70

25

50

75

100

2006 2010

10.420.8

22.2

60.459.9

8.317.9

Original Sometimes Never No Answer

18-25 35-44 55+

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006-2014

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

118.7 13.7

18.7

32.3

62.7

48.749.1

22.513.918.5

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

12.126.730.3

25.2

44.6

42.438.7

44.7

15.29.410.70

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

3.810.4 11.320.8

22.2

57.5

60.459.9

27.4

8.317.9

Original Sometimes Never No Answer

18-25 35-44 55+

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006

25

50

75

100

42.2

45.6

12.2

25

50

75

100

60.5

33.9

5.70

25

50

75

100 27.7

53.3

18.9

All Fair Some Uses All Theft

18-25 35-44 55+

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006-2010

25

50

75

100

2006 2010

18.2

31.6

42.2

43.945.6

6.412.2

25

50

75

100

2006 2010

17.7

47.4

60.5

30.833.9

4.15.70

25

50

75

100

2006 2010

16.7

29.2

27.7

43.8

53.3

10.418.9

All Fair Some Uses All Theft No Answer

18-25 35-44 55+

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006-2014

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

18.2 18.6

31.6

42.2

56.9

43.945.6

24.56.412.2

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

9.117.736.4

47.4

60.5

48.5

30.833.9

6.14.15.70

25

50

75

100

2006 2010 2014

2.816.7 12.329.2

27.7

49.1

43.8

53.3

35.8

10.418.9

All Fair Some Uses All Theft No Answer

18-25 35-44 55+

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY BY EXPOSURE, 2015

Heard ofMashups

0

25

50

75

100 2.310.165.5

22.1

Original Sometimes Unoriginal No Answer

25

50

75

100 1.76.169.1

23.2

Heard ofMachinima

25

50

75

100 1.68.965.9

23.6

Heard ofAMVs

25

50

75

100

13.627.2

40.9

18.2

Never Heardof These Four

25

50

75

100 1.610.364.6

23.5

Heard ofVid Remix

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

ALL/SOME USES CAN BE “ORIGINAL”, 2010-2015

USPHILIPPINES

INDIASINGAPORE

CANADAUK

MALAYSIAS AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

0 25 50 75 10044.4

56.8

65

55.8

52.7

56.5

51.9

62.8

54.8

45.1

58.8

63.8

65.1

65.3

65.4

68

79.5

84.1

20152010

/SURVEY/OPINIONS/

ALL/SOME USES SHOULDN’T REQUIRE PERMISSION, 2010-2015

USPHILIPPINES

UKMALAYSIA

CANADAINDIA

SINGAPORE S AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

0 25 50 75 10034.9

44.5

56.5

45

45.3

52.5

50

47.3

44.6

38.9

49

51.9

54.4

55.1

57.4

58.7

62.7

79.4

20152010

Ethics

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

THE ETHICS OF CONFIGURABILITY: 12 CRITERIAUnethical Criterion(n=574) Ethical

Unpermissioned Legal(91) Permissioned

Forprofit Commercial(37) Notforprofit

Pretension AuthenAcity(24) Referenced

Unoriginal InnovaAon(121) Original

Easy Labor(7) Hardwork

BastardizaAon Moral(8) Homage

Rupture ConAnuity(17) EvoluAon

Useless/Harmful UseValue(112) Fun/Beneficial

Ugly AestheAc(69) BeauAful

Subversive PowerRelaAons(37) Empowering

Meaningless SelfExpression(35) Expressive

ExploitaAve IndustryRelaAons(16) PromoAonal

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

CRITERION: AUTHENTICITY

“Remixes are fun, but the original creators should be given their due credit as well.” - Irish F, 26-29

“Remixes are enjoyed by some people but those who are making it should consider crediting the owner of material.”- Filipino M, 30-34

“They’re fine as long as they aren’t blatantly ripping off other remixes.”- U.S. M, 22-25

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

CRITERION: INNOVATION

“I have NEVER seen or heard anything that, in my opinion, is better than the original.” - Australian M, 70+

“I think mashups are a form of musical art and and sometimes even sound better than the original.”- S. African M, 22-25

“Some remixes are very innovative others are poor copies.”- U.K. M, 60-64

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

CRITERION: POWER RELATIONS

“I feel that technology has moved to a point where legislation can no longer keep up with controlling permissions on copyright materials”- Australian M, 65-69

“The DMCA system is corrupted and abused to hell and needs a reform” - U.S. M, 30-34

“i think major copyright reform is required. The law has lost its meaning. How does applying copyright for 50 years after the death of a person provide incentives to continue creating.”- Irish M, 30-34

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

CRITERION: INDUSTRY RELATIONS

“I think copyright holders (music labels, movie companies) could do more to make material available to talented remixers and masher-uppers - supporting people who can get their stuff to new audiences could be a good business move.”- Australian F, 30-34

“So long as the individual does not make money from somebody's work, mashups and remixes should be allowed. In my eyes I see it as free advertisement.”- U.K. M, 18-21

“I think large organizations should view mash-ups as free advertising and be glad that they're getting extra exposure, as long as no one is making money off it..”- Canadian F, 26-29

/SURVEY/ETHICS/

ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS VARY BY NATION (2014/15 DATA)

US Phil Aust MalayCanada NZ UK India S. Afr

Innovation

Use Value

Legal

Aesthetic

Power

Expression

Commercial

Authentic

Industry

Continuity

Law

/COPYRIGHT LAW/

CHANGES AFOOT IN COPYRIGHT LANDSCAPE (2016 EDITION)

TPP COMPLETIONLONGER (C) TERMS

ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION DRM MANDATE

RESTRICTIONS ON FAIR USE

CISA PASSAGEIP AS “CYBERSECURITY” CORPORATE IMMUNITY

FOR SURVEILLANCE

FAIR USE WINSGOOGLE BOOKS

LENZ V. UNIVERSAL TUFAMERICA V. JAY-Z ORACLE V. GOOGLE

U.S.

OPEN LICENSINGCREATIVE COMMONS:

1 BILLION LICENSED WORKS

International

FAIR DEALING EXPANSION

PIRATE PARTY ADVANCES ACROSS EUROPE

TTIP NEGOTIATIONS:STRONGER IP ENFORCEMENT NEW LIMITS ON USER RIGHTS

“ACTA 2”?

/CONCLUSION/

WHAT ROLE CAN LIBRARIES PLAY?

‣ Preserve the public domain

‣ Protect access to knowledge

‣ Stand up for user rights

‣ Educate the citizenry

‣ Support open source technology

‣ Respect privacy and data security

THANK YOU.ARAM@AMERICAN.EDU