Library Science with a slant to Documentation andInformation Studies. Vol. 36, No.3, 1999. Paper T. p155-164.

LIBRARIANSHIP AND TJIE PROFESSIONAL MODEL: ASOCIOLOGICAL TUTORIAL AND CRITIQUE

Rajashekar S.Devarai* and L.S.R.C. V. Ramesh**

An attempt is made in this paper to critically highlight some of the sociological issues concerningLibrarianship (LIS) as a profession. Different theoretical formulations are discussed.Importance of the studies of sociology of occupations and professions for librarians isemphasized. Useful suggestions are offered towards achievement of fulfledged status of

Librarianship (LIS) as a profession.

KEYW ARDS/DESCRIPTORS: Librarianship; Professional model; Sociological issues:Process: Power; Way of life; Profesion; Image; Status; Information science

naturally they all feel that theirs is a full fledgedprofession. They are also highly confident thattheir occupation can stand the test of a profession.They are also equally worried and apprehensiveabout non-recognition of their services in societyto the extent required.

INTRODUCTION1

Presently we are in the age of informationcharacterised by technological advancements,industrialisation and urbanisation leading to-wards more employment opportunities, availa-bility of goods and services to a large mass ofpopulation across the globe. This, in turn hasresulted in the proliferation of jobs, crafts, tradesand occupations, apart from established profes-sions like legal practices and medicine.

It is right time for librarianship to have a selfexamination in the light of professional model.Librarians need to know about processes ofemergence of a profession. Professions aresocial facts, social/economic categories highlyvalued for their services and commitment insociety. Sociologists are the scholars and re-searchers who also study trades, jobs, crafts,vocations, occupations and professions in theirright perspectives in society. To understand therole of occupations and professions in society andthereby to understand and comprehend libra-rion's arole and possition in society. It isnecessary to understand some of the sociologicalconcepts. This understanding, should unlock themystery of the people's conception of the role,

In the competitive world every craft, trade oroccupation exerts itself to achieve this honorifictitle of a 'profession' which symbolises statusand position in society. Librarianship is one suchoccupational category which is aspiring for thishonorific title which entitles it for higher status,position, income and so on in society. In thispaper an attempt is made to assess the position ofLibrarianship as per the professional model.Librarians world over are very much concernedabout their low image and status in society. Quite

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* Head Librarian, Resource Centre, National Institute of Fashion Technology. Nampally, Hyderabad, INDIA.** Central Library and Documentation Centre, A.N.G.R. Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, INDIA.

Devarai; Ramesh

status and position of various occupations, tradesin society about which an average librarianwonders time and again. Hence an attempt ismade here to clarify important sociologicalconcepts relating to occupations and professions.

the profession one pursues itself may become astatus symbol.

PROFESSIONAL MODEL2

Professional model is a sociological constructexplaining about those occupational categoriesknown as professions bestowed with unusuallyhigh status, prestige and position in society. Bynow it is clear that an occupation is a set ofeconomic activities, and these activities areintended towards earning a living. Whereas aprofession is a high class occupation consistingof highly trained sp~cialists carrying on a veryimportant role in society. There is no universallyaccepted definition of a profession. Cogan [12]after surveying numerous attempts to define theterm concludes that a profession is a vocationwhose practice is founded upon an understandingof the theoritical stucture of some depart oflearning or science and upon the abilities accom-panying such understanding. This understand-ing and these abilities are applied to the vitalpractical affairs of man. .

Sociology is an objective and scientific study ofsocial relationships in society. To quote W.P.Scoft [41] 'Sociology is the scientific study ofhuman social behaviour. Sociology studies theprocesses and patterns of individual and groupinteraction, the forms of organisation of socialgroups, the interrelationships among them andgroup influence on individual behaviour'. Thesociologist studies the structure and processes ofsocial life as a whole... [45] TQe study ofoccupations and professions is an integral part ofsociogy and the specialisation is termed asSociology of professions have varying roles,status and prestiges in society, one has to knowthe concept of social stratification is relatiavelya pennanent ranking of statuses and roles in asocial system ranging from a small group to asociety in tenns of differ-ental privileges. prestigeinfluence and power. In simple tenns it is thehierarchical arrangement of social strata in asociety. In this sense social stratification refersspecifically to the social class or caste system ofa society [41]. Caste determines its members'prestige, occupation, place of residence or socialrelations basing itself on heredity. It is m°t:e orless an closed stratum. Whereas class is more orless a open system. It refers to a large categoryof people who share a common social andeconomic status in relation to other segments oftheir society. The history of human ci,'ilisationindicates that these two social categories whichguide the social stratification pattern of thesociety predominantly decide the status, positionand role of the variety occupations and profes-sions in society. Even now we find somecommunities primarily adopting their age oldoccupation for their living as'a caste occupation.e.g., carpentry, pottery etc. And in the other wayround people adopt to various trades, vocations,jobs and professions based on their socio-economic status and position, education andtraining in society. Hence the close relation ofclass and that of occupations/professions. In turn

There is no universally accepted theory of profes-sions. When socilogical literature is persued onecomes across three theoretical formulationswhich conceptualise profession and profes-sionalisation. A very lucid explanation is foundin a work on journalism by R.K. Sharma [43].The three formulations are:

2.1 Attribution-,2.2 Process -!2.3 Power

functionalism

conflict theorY

These three theoretical fonnulations fall into twobroad theoretical perspectives, i.e., functionalismand the conflict theory. The functional theoryassumes that society has certain needs and that itdevelops certain institutional structures in orderto fulfill such needs. Following this assumptionthe functional perspective points to the existenceof the existence of a functional linkage betweenprofession and society [43]. Professions cha-racterised by traits through central needs of thesociety are effectively catered to [4, 38]. The

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.Library Science

Librarianship and the Professional Model

conflict theory views professions in ter;ms of theirrelations to society [28].

education, 3. Competence, 4. Code of conduct, 5.Service, 6. Organisation [42]. A librarian andsociologist in himself, after a personal of socio-logical literature on the concept of professionidentified and summarised the following corechracteristics which are commonly acceptedthese days through out the world: 1. Specialisedknowledge and skills; 2. Research and conti-nuous in-service updating of specialised know-ledge; 3. Intellectual activity; 4. Social necessity;6. Recognition by people and status in society; 7.Standardised terminology; 8. Close knit profes-sional organisation having an altruistic philo-sophy; 9. Stability of the profession throughpermanent membership; 10. Code of ethics forthe practitioners; 11. Autonomy of the profes-sion; and 12. Authority of the practitioners.

Attributional Approach2.1

This is a very popular approach adopted by manysociologists and individual practitioners forstudying a particular occupatiohj.practice (orgroup of occupations/practices) and put the samein the continuum of professions Barber andMillerson [4, 34]. The major emphasis of thisapproach is on traits or attributes an occupation/trade has to have so as to qualify itself as a profes-sion. Though opinions vary, there seems to be aset of attributes or traits commonly accepted as asine-qua-non for a profession. When one persuesthough the lists of attributes/traits propounded byvarious theorists, through at the outset thereappears a wide ,,:ariation, a close observation andanalysis reveals that the attributes/traits revolvearound a few core parameters. Barber, Millerson,Shaffer Gode and Legatt [4,34,42,21,31] areprominent among those who tried to list a set ofattributes of professions. At the outset theattributes listed by various social scientists seemto vary. A close observation and analysis reealsa satisfying similarity and uniformity amongstthe social scientists. To cite Reeves [43], the listsof attributes varies from scholar to scholar but ageneral consensus is claimed upon a few attri-butes. No chararacteristics enumerated by themcontradict each other. Goode [22], a reputedsociologist and theoretician who dealt at lengthon the topic of librarianship as a profession,mentions a basic body of abstract knowledge andthe ideal of service as the two central generatingqualities of a profession. Barber [4] emphasizeson the attributes of knowledge, communityinterest, self control of behaviour through codeof ethics, voluntary associations and a system ofrewards. Legatt [31] laid stress on theoreticalesoteric knowledge, sociolisation, altrustic ser-vice, control and code of ethics, as the core traitsof professions, Millerson (1964) in his book onQualifying Associations analysed the characte-ristics enumerated by 21 commentators and liststhe following as the most frequently mentioned:1. Theoritical knowledge, 2. Training and

The Process Approach2.2

As the very name indicates in this approach theprocess by which an occupation develops slowlyinto a profession is emphasised. It is perceivedas a continuum from occupation/non-professionto profession. The status of an oGcupation in thecontinum depends on the acquisition of numberof attributes and the extent of acquisition of eac~of them. Hughes is the major advocate of thisapproach. Significant question according to himis to identify the circumstances in which peoplein an occupation attempt to turn it into aprofession and themselves into professionalpeople. Professionalisation according to him isa change of status of the occupation to its ownpast and to other occupations. As in apparentfrom the above description, here, the process ofdevelopment of the topologies of occupations,non-professions and professions is emphasized.

Many social scientists hav~ tried to list thesequence of steps by which an occupation movesfrom that of an occupation/non-professionJenkins G. Harris. [24] defines the vari'able ofprofessionalisation in terms of six consistentelements: structural, contextual, activity, edu-cational and behavioural.

Voz..J6 No.3 September 1999-157

Devarai; Rame.s-h

Social scientists like Barber. Wilensky andCaplow specialising in professional approach tryto enlist steps in the process of professiona-lisation as fol10ws:

Cap/ow 1970)

Establishment of a professional associatian.

2Barber (1963).

3

Change in the name of the occupation.

Development of code of ethics.

4

5

Prolonged politi<:al agitations to obtainthe support of public power.

The concurrent development of trainingfacilities."

Leaders of the emerging professioncomparing their level to that of thebeginning history of the developedprofessions.Publishing code of ethics.

The professional approach is criticised mainly forits bias towards functionalism. According tocritics it may not be practicable to plan profes-sions on a single continuum on the basis of attri-butes of the profession. No uniform process ofprofessionaJisation applicable universally isbeing observed. It is also criticised as historical.

Trying to strenghthen professionalassociations.

"t

4. Establishing measures and titles of moreor less professional behaviour.

5 Establishing university professionalschools.

6 Putting up public information cam-paIgns. 2.3 The Power Theorists Approach

'7 The leaders of an emerging professionwill have to engage in some conflict withelements both inside and outside theiroccupational groups.

An against the functionlistic approach, the powertheorists approach based on conflict model laysemphasis on power. Power theorists don't seemto bother much about the dichotomy of profes-sion and a non-professsion. The power of aprofession can be visualised through its autho-rity, autonomy and monopoly over its sphere ofwork, Uncertainly, unpredictability, indetermi-nancy and mystery are the enhancing factors ofthe power of an occupation.

Wilenskv ( 1964)

Wilensky who seeks to establish that there is anatural history of professionalisation identifiesthese stages as those followed on the route to pro-fessional status by the established professions:

The three approaches explained above vary witheach other both with regard to their content andemphasis. The attibutional. functional and theprocesses approach falls under the conflictorientaion. Individual sociologists usually dealwith the problems in the area of sociology ofoccupations and professions taking insights fromanyone of the above approaches. T.J. Johnson[28] has tried to synthesize the above approachesand apply the same to his research designs.According to him 'profession is a type ofoccupation that has had the power to haveundergone a developmental process whereby ithas been able to acquire or convince aganistsignificant others that it has acquired a high

The occupation is followed ful1time

Formal training is established2

This training is provided within univer.sity.

3.

Local and then national professionalassociations are formed as the core tasksare defined in competition with neigh-bouring occupations.

11

5.

fi

Political activity leads to legally con.trolled licensing and certification. and

A formal code of ethical practice is developed.

-158 Librarv Scienl'p

majority, 82% or four out of five librarians areconvinced that the status is low [39]. A veryimportant sociological observation is thatlibrarians seem not to have a different conceptionof their status which differs from that of thesociety. Again to quote from H. Prins [39], wecan conclude that the workers in the library andinformation services don't have a deviantopinion in relation to the rating of the generalpublic. As revealed from the RTMLA survey thethree main causes of low status and profile oflibrarianship are: 1. Invisibility, 2. Education and3. Profesional culture. Devraj and Damodaram[14] assert, the future status and position oflibrarians' practice depen~s on how keenly andsincerely they address and focus their attentionon the information needs of common man.

degree of constellation of those characteristicswhich denote a profession.

Librarianship as a profession has already at-tracted the attention of sociologists and otherresearche~s. In the absense of genuine empiricalresearch, the area of study (sociology of profes-sions as applied to LIS) is filled with lots and lotsof biased opinions, off hand statements, loosecomments without any bias, background orverifiable data.

A general observation indicates that the re-searchers seem to have used functional approachwhile studying librarianship as a profession. Forarriving at a better picture of the state of affairsof the profession it is necessary that studies beconducted using all the three approaches men-tioned above. Librarians seem not to use anymodel that produces the result that theirs is asemi-profession or a non-profession. They seemto be on the look out for alternative models andapproaches for these kinds of studies. Systemsapproach is one such model [23].

Right since beginning, the trait or attributionapproach is very extensively employed injudging the professional standing of a particularoccupation/vocation. As far as librarianship as aprofession is concerned studies fall into threecategories according to Chopra [11]. There is noconcensus whatsoever on the position and statusof librarianship in the world of occupations andprofessions. He has classified the authors/thinkers/ social scientists into three categoriesi.e.:

LIBRARIANSHIP AS A PROFESSION3

Studies on librarianship as a profession aregenerally conducted by librarians themselves.Writings of librarians on librarianship as aprofession are more of a descriptive explanatory,biased, sentimental and professionlised type withvery lesss emphasis on research and objectivity.Nevethless the off hand statements and loosecomments are a rich source of information whichassist in filling in the gaps of research as far asproffesiological studies on librarianship areconcerned.

Librarianship isa fulfledged

profession

1. Dewey, M(1876)

2. Bundy M L &Washennan P(1968)

3. Edwards R. F(1975)

4. North J A(1977)

5. Reeves W J(1981)

6. Ashiem L(1979)

7. Birdsall W F(1980)

Librarianship isan emergingprofession

Librarianshipis not aprofession1. Labour

2. Madden HM 2. Goode W J(1964)

3. Rossi

Librarianship is generally believed to possesslow image and status in society. According toMargaret C. Jones[29] Lack of status is a problemwhich affects librarians world wide, and it seemsthat little progress has been made sinceRanganathan called in 1969 for librarians totake action to establish their usefulness tosociety. A survey conducted by Round Table forthe management of Library Associations(RTMLA) reveals that, a overwhelming

4. Blake F M(1965)

5. Shaffer D E(1968)

6. Gillis R(1976)

3. Moon E(1965)

4. Moore W E(1970)

5. McPheron J(1974)

7. Huq. AMA(1978)

Devarai; Ramesh

As evident from the above table some profes-siologists argue it not to be a profession; somethink it to be an emerging profession and yetsome consider it to be a fulfledged profession.The latest references cited above is that the LISprofession today is fast undergoing changes.

dresses, looks, the place he lives in and thesurroundings all speak of a distinct life style, thebest example being that of a doctor or a lawyer.

If librarians are serious about enhancing theirimage and status they must opt to practice it as away of life. It will be extremely difficult forlibrarians to a chieve professional status if theylimit themselves to officialdom and bureacracy.SOCIOLOGY OF LIBRARIANSHIP4

LIS (3) professionals are familiar with terms like'Library and Community' and Library andSociety. In facat LIS professionals need to con-solidate the literature which is widely scattteredon the theme mentioned above into what isknown as Sociology of Librarianship. Accord-ing to Binwal [5] if the term sociology oflibrarianship is substituted for such type ofstudies, a new horizon can be added to the domainof library science. It shall not only consolidatethe work done in the field but also stimulte furtherresearch. Hence there is a need to define anddelineate the scope of socioloigy of librarians hip.Sociology of librarianship, an applied field ofsociology is defined as the scientific analysis ofthe social procesers and patterns involved in thelibrary system [5]. Understanding of sociologyof librarianship helps many a librarians to unravelthe mystery of their low profile and status insociety and to find ways and means of the processof professional development. This understandingalso helps librarians to work out long termstt:ategies to prove their social relevance, whichis the most crucial source of enhancing the socialand professional image.

Library and information centres. are to be keptopen round the clock [30]. Librarians shouldhave proper identification by their attire andstyle. He should strive hard t<? acquire his earlierstatus of a scholar librarian. Librarians should beavailabe in every nook and .comer of the globe.Emergency librarianship should be initiated forcatering to urgent calls of critical, crucial andhigh risk terminal information. All thesecumulatively may bring awareness in thecommon men towards perceiving access toinormation as fundamental right. It is from hereonwards that the road of professionalisationbecomes very smooth for librarians. To quoteDevarai and Damoderam[14], 'To spell out insimple terms, being a professional means to enterthe occupation/practice whole-heartedly, to haveservice mindedness, to have mastery over a bodyof know ledge, to have professional autonomy, todesire to remain in the profession, to follow acode of ethics, to have monopoly and authorityover the field of understandinglbody of know-ledge, to socialise .newecomers and to cater topractical needs of common man'.

Future seems to be bright for LIS practitioners.According to Kalyane and Devrai [30], The year2001 will be cha- racterised by: demand bypeople for a library infonnation centre at theircolony, village, street and so on; demand bypeople for access to infonnation from whereeverit is available; demand by people to get thedesired infonnation in a desiredfonn andfonnatinstantaneously; demand by people to expectlibrarians' active involvement in the generationof diverse tailor-made information products;demand by people to LIS professionals toparticipate actively in development programmes

LIBR.-\RIANSHIP AS A WAY OF LIFE5

Members of a profession are known for theirunique style and way of life. Their personal andprofessional lives are so much interwoven, that itis rather difficult to draw a line that separatesthem. He acquires a special distinction bymaking hiImelf available to those who wish tohave his services any where and any time. Thepath of professional development is rooted onsheer hard work and sincerity. A professional,practices his profession relentlessly and profes-ses till his last breath. The way he behaves, talks,

Library Science160

Librarianship and the Professional Model

as an active participant; people's expectations oflibrarians to assume the role of knowledgesystem experts and knowledge engineers; asituation of information professionals scale highin their social profiles; a situation ofhelplessnessand a state of chaos on the part of general andspecialist clientele in the wake of tremendousinformllfion being generated every moment; astage of development wherein the librarian hasto retain the best of his conventional knowledge(library technique and procedures) and the bestof contemporary information sciences; a stage ofdevelopment wherein information is consoli-dated and packaged into different levels ofunderstanding and technically sold out formoney like any other goods in the market,. a stageof development wherein the absence of relevantinformation living in the year 2001 i.e., in aninformation society it becomes practicallyimpossible a point/stage of take off of libraryprofession by proving its social relevance,necessity and indispensability.

and better models for studying occupations andprofessions.

Open systems paradigm (4) from general systemstheory is on~ such attempt towards the search foran alternative model[23].

'The open systems model at the outset extendswarm welcome to all those who would like tostudy occupations whose enviornments are pronefor fast and abrupt changes. Librarianship is notan exception to this (5). To quote: the open sys-tems model of professionalism we have pro-posed, is a more democratic professionalism...The purpose of the professions according to thismodel is not to dictate what clients must do, butto discover what the clients need and to fulfillthese needs by using the specialised knowledgeand skills that professionals have developed [23].

However, search for alternative models of pro-fessionalism may continue to be explored. Aclose examination of these different formulationsreveals a common thread, a cpmmon understand-ing. A grim -latent consensus pervades allthrough the literature of sociology of occupationsand professions. There is no point in exagge-rating loose ends of any of these formulations.

TOWARDS AN AL TERNA TIVEMODEL

6

Different theoretical formulations like attri-bution, process and power, conceptualise profes-sion and professionalisation differently. Quiteinterestingly diferent researchers employ diffe-rent formulations depending on the level ofadvancement of an occupation, maturity of theoccupation based an its age, etc. Nonetheless allthe three formulations highlight multifaceted di-mensions of the world of work and occupations.It is also true that each of these formulations overemphasize one aspect to the neglect of others.

7 SUGESTIONS

2

There are some efforts towards synthesis of thethree fonnulations [28]. But works based on thissynthetic model do not seem to be availableexcept the understanding at theoretical level.Sociologists and other researchers are stillcontinuing their trials towards fonnultion of new

3

Library and infonnation professionalsshoul ' :lddress the issues like: library and

society, librarianship as a profession-different approaches and theoreticalfonnulations in the light of sociologicalliterature and thought.

To get a balanced and alround view of theproblem of librarianship as a profession,research is required from the point ofview of different theoretical fonnulationsdiscussed earlier.

The fast changing enviornment of the LISprofession (intrinsic and extrinsic) hasleft the individual professionals in utterconfusion. The profession is confronted

Vol: 36 No.3 September !99~ 161

Devarai: Ramesh

with the problems of: 1. Coping up, 2.Distance maintenance. 3. Fragmentation,4. Craze for false and baseless identi-ties,S. Craze for new titles and desig-nations for the same functions performedat different places and situations.

basics of making of a profyssion with which theywill have a life time binding and association.

9 CONCLUSION

An attempt is made in this paper to highlight thevarious sociological issues that revolve araoundthe theme for 'Librarianship as a profession'. Theneed for the understanding of socuiology of occu-pations and professions for LIS professionals isstressed. The purpose of the paper is served if thecuriosity and mental faculties of the LIS profes-sionals are acativated about the issues raised inthe paper.

Invariably a total campaign and drive isto be initiated towards having 100%membership of the professionals in pro-fessional associations. Librarian shouldprove himself to be a professional bybeing a member of one or the other pro-fessional body/association.

L1

Our profession is still in the making. Thepresent breed of librarians have greatresponsibilities as torch bearers for thegenerations to follow. Professionalstatus can be achieved only by hard work,sincerity, perseverance and sacrifice.

5

REFERENCE10

The curriculum designers must take aspecial note of the fact that a paper titledLibrarianship as a profession be intro-duced at all lel/els of library education,i.e., CLIS, BLIS, MLIS and M. Phil,Pre-Ph.D. and Post doctoral levels.

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7

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