li ghtweight s warm a ttestation: a alet of wto...
TRANSCRIPT
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LIghtweight Swarm Attestation:a Tale of Two LISA-s
Xavier Carpent, Karim ElDefrawy, Norrathep Rattanavipanon,Gene Tsudik
UC Irvine
April 3, 2017
http://sprout.ics.uci.edu
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IoT/CPS
This is why we can't have nice things
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IoT/CPS
This is why we can't have nice things
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�Swarms� of IoT
Drones: Video surveillance, environment monitoring
Robot swarms: Prospecting, rescue, etc.
Smart factories and buildings (home/o�ce): Collabo-rating CPS
Transportation: Automotive, marine, avionic systems
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Remote Attestation
Remote Attestation (RA)
I Veri�cation of internal state of a prover by a veri�er
I Challenge-response protocol
I Prover is untrusted
I Veri�er is trusted (i.e. not infected)
Vrf Dev
chal
resp
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Software, Hardware, and Hybrid Solutions
Software Attestation
I Strong assumptions on adversary behaviour
I Time-sensitive (no real �remote� attestation)
I Typically for legacy devices
Hardware Attestation
I Secure hardware (e.g. TPM)
I Relatively high cost/size/energy
I Impractical in medium/low-end IoT devices
Hybrid Attestation
I Minimal hardware support for secure RA
I Provides non-interruptibility/memory isolation/protectedaccess
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SMART
Dev Software
SMART Vars
K
SMART AttCode
rwr
RAM ROM
Features
I ROM for AttCode
I MCU access controls
I Rules preprogrammed statically
SMART for RA
I AttCode atomic and complete
I Protected access to K
I Small impact on architecture
Secure & Minimal Architecture for Remote Trust (NDSS '12)A Mminimalist Approach to Remote Attestation (DATE '14)
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SMART as a black box
I MAC (e.g. keyed hash) of (a part of) Dev 's memoryI sign could also be used, with typical PKC/SKC pros/consI Physical attackers not consideredI Using key K , protected from non-physical attacksI Non-interruptible
attest
Memory h MAC
K
�SMART+� = SMART with Vrf authentication (DoS mitigation)Remote Attestation for Low-end Embedded Devices:
the Prover's Perspective (DAC '16)
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SMART as a black box
I MAC (e.g. keyed hash) of (a part of) Dev 's memoryI sign could also be used, with typical PKC/SKC pros/consI Physical attackers not consideredI Using key K , protected from non-physical attacksI Non-interruptible
attest
Memory h MAC
K
�SMART+� = SMART with Vrf authentication (DoS mitigation)Remote Attestation for Low-end Embedded Devices:
the Prover's Perspective (DAC '16)7 / 22
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Swarm Attestation
Vrf D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
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Swarm Attestation
Vrf D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
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Swarm Attestation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
Vrfattest
attest
attest
attest
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Swarm Attestation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
Vrfattest
attest
attest
attest
Vrfattes
t
attest
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Swarm Attestation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
Vrfattest
attest
attest
attest
Vrfattes
t
attest
Vrfattest
attest attest
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Swarm Attestation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
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Swarm Attestation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8D9
Vrf
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SEDA
Scalable Embedded Device Attestation (CCS '15)
Features
I First attempt at swarm attestation
I Performs signi�cantly better than individual attestations
Limitations
I Static and pre-determined topology
I Under-speci�ed (architectural impact, timing, burden/state indevices)
I Unnecessary features (e.g. PKC)
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Contributions
Quality of Swarm Attestation (QoSA)
I Binary
I Intermediate (count)
I List (or complement)
I Full (topology)
Two Protocols
I LISAα � asynchronous protocol
I LISAs � synchronous protocol
I Simulation and comparison
Practical Considerations
I Initiator selection
I Timeouts (important because �not responding� = �infected�)
I State
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Contributions
Quality of Swarm Attestation (QoSA)
I Binary
I Intermediate (count)
I List (or complement)
I Full (topology)
Two Protocols
I LISAα � asynchronous protocol
I LISAs � synchronous protocol
I Simulation and comparison
Practical Considerations
I Initiator selection
I Timeouts (important because �not responding� = �infected�)
I State
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Contributions
Quality of Swarm Attestation (QoSA)
I Binary
I Intermediate (count)
I List (or complement)
I Full (topology)
Two Protocols
I LISAα � asynchronous protocol
I LISAs � synchronous protocol
I Simulation and comparison
Practical Considerations
I Initiator selection
I Timeouts (important because �not responding� = �infected�)
I State
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Lightweight Swarm Attestation � Asynchronous Version
LISAα
Rationale
I Intuitive/simple
I Minimal changes over single-prover attestation
I Quasi-stateless
I Focused on fastest overall attestation
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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LISAα � Asynchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Waitstart
VerifyRequest
VerifySession
Broadcast+ Attest
Forward
req
rep
7
3
7
3
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Lightweight Swarm Attestation � Synchronous Version
LISAs
Rationale
I Reduces communication complexity
I At the cost of longer overall attestation
I (but amount of work remains the same)
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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LISAs � Synchronous Version
Vrf
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
Wait
start
Broadcast+ Answer
AcceptChild
VerifyRequest
Verify+ Ack
VerifySession
Attest+ Answer
Aggregate
req
rep
ack
timeout
7
3
7
3
73
done
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Simulation
I CORE emulator
I Script to generate networks randomly (up to 40 nodes)
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Cryptographic Considerations � Raspberry Pi-2 @ 900MHz
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Comparison � Average Total Attestation Time
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Comparison � Average CPU Time per Device
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Comparison � Average Bytes Transmitted per Device
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Comparison and Conclusion
QoSA
DoS Resilience
footprint
complexity
bandwith
adversary resilience
bin
ctrlist
topologyremote
local
physicalLISAα
LISAs
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Comparison and Conclusion
Contributions
I De�nition and diversi�cation of QoSA
I Protocols that are �closer to practice�
I Simulation shows negligible overhead (w.r.t. crypto)
LISAα
I Less overal attestation time
LISAs
I Less overal bandwidth
I Fewer packets
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Future Work
Formal Proof
Trial Deployment
Heterogeneous Devices
I Devices with various CPU/networking capabilities?
I Devices with di�erent security architectures(software/hybrid/hardware)?
Mobility
I How to handle swarms with strong mobility (intra-attestation)?
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