lhc and beyond in 10 minutes · 2019. 10. 24. · lhc and beyond in 10 minutes a quick tour since...
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LHC and beyond in 10 minutesA quick tour
Since my talk is short it contains suggested questions for
the Q&A in red as well as answers!
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Largest machine in the world!
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Border of France/Switzerland
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By Geneva, Lake Geneva and the Alps
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Underground 27 km tunnel
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Installing magnets during 2005
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● 1954 - CERN founded
● 1984 - Idea for LHC in LEP tunnel (what was
LEP?)
● 1992 - ATLAS and CMS “letters of intent”
● 1994 - Project approved
● 2002 - Excavation completed
● 2010 - First scientific results
Timeline
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My interests● LHC construction, apparatus, detectors and
engineering challenges are interesting
● But my primary interest is the (potential)
scientific results from the LHC
● and the implications for so-called new physics
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In a nutshell, what does it do?● Proton-proton collider at high energy at “crossing points” in a
circular collider (why protons? why a circle?)
● Thousands of huge magnets (~10 m) direct the beams
○ Protons collide at close to the speed of light
○ A proton is a type of hadron - a bound state of 3 three quarks
(what holds it together?)
● High-energy collision produces interesting new particles
● At the crossing points, huge detectors take “photographs” of the
particle produced
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What are the detectors?● E.g. ATLAS detector
● Big! 25 m by 44 m
● Detects products of proton
collision
○ General purpose
○ Ideal for searches for new
physics
● Also: CMS, LHCb and ALICE
(Why so many?)
● ATLAS and CMS very similar
and interesting to me (Why?)
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Great machine. But why? What are the goals?● Understand nature at the smallest scales!
● Is there a Higgs boson? (yes!)
● Is it as expected?
● Can we confirm the Higgs mechanism?
● Is nature supersymmetric?
● Are there large extra dimensions?
● Are there any as yet unknown forces?
● Is there anything unexpected? Uncharted territory!
Ask many questions on these topics!
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Major successes (so far)
● “Re-discovered”
Standard Model
(What’s that?)
● Discovered the
Higgs boson
● Ruled-out many
scenarios of new
physics
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Higgs boson discovery● Higgs is particle predicted by Peter Higgs in the 1960s
● LHC made Higgs bosons in proton collisions
● Higgs bosons decayed to e.g. two photons
● “Needle in a haystack” - found interesting Higgs boson
decays in amongst millions of boring “background” data
● Huge significance for theory (ask about it)
● Huge experimental challenge (ask about it)
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Hopes and fears for run-2● Run-1 collided protons with 8 TeV energy (TeV is a unit of
energy, like the Joule, ask about it)
● This year, run-2 began at 13 TeV. What can it do?
● Measure properties of Higgs with high precision
● Hope: Find something unusual about the Higgs
● Fear: Find that Higgs is as expected
● Hope: Discover new physics e.g. supersymmetry
● Fear: Exclude new physics e.g. supersymmetry (why do
theorists have this outlook?)
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The FutureSince I am speaking to young people, I must
say something about the future
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Very LHC? 100 TeV? A Higgs machine?● We must think about physics beyond the LHC
● What collider do we want?
○ Electron-electron “Higgs factory?” (what’s
that?)
○ 100 TeV “SUSY machine”?
● Do we have the technology?
● What is best for learning about physics?
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● “Great Collider” of China
○ Circular proton collider
○ 100 TeV 100 km
● “Higgs factory” in Japan
○ Other sites possible
○ Linear electron collider
● VLHC or LEP-3 at LHC site
Possibilities
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● LHC took decades from idea to scientific results
● Next collider could be your job