LGK MISU Apr 2005

Sulfur cycle along the Andes: the role of

volcanoes

Laura Gallardo Klenner

Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile (CNRS UMI 2807)

(ExMISUit)

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Outlook• Motivation and

perspective• Stratocumulus, ocean

and cordillera• Anthropogenic sulfur• Biogenic sulfur

• Volcanic sulfur– Eruptive activity– Fumarolic activity

• Projects, people and collaboration

• Summary

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Motivation and perspectiveTo take over the world!

– Promote the use and application of advanced mathematics in atmospheric and climate modeling.

– Contribute to the establishment of integrated climatic models …

– Capacity building in the fields of atmospheric modeling, applied mathematics,computer science, etc.

LGK MISU Apr 2005

If you think in terms of tourism…

Now, if you (also) think in terms of science…

LGK MISU Apr 2005

IMPACTS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS ON THE

STRATOCUMULUS DECK OFF CHILE

LGK MISU Apr 2005

The most persistent Sc deck…key to the regional climate

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Oxidized sulfur (SOx=SO2+sulfate) is perhaps the

most "natural" species to focus on in Chile …

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Potential effects on Sc clouds?

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Chile is the largest Cu producer in the world, i.e., large S emissions

•70% Chilean emissions•30 % South American•1% Worldwide

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Coastal lows and anthropogenic S

SO4/PM2.5

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Coastal lows and off shore transport episodes in Northern Chile

Huneeus, Gallardo and Rutllant, 2005 (prep)

LGK MISU Apr 2005

MODIS data… Is there an effect?

Droplet radii anomaly Cloud water anomaly

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Dimetil sulfideDMS CH3-S-S-CH3

Biogenic emissions are surely significant, but how much are they??

LGK MISU Apr 2005

There are more than 100 active volcanoes along the Andes!!

WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT THEM

ZVN

ZVC

ZVS

ZVA

Alvaro Amigo

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Radiative Forcing -0.65 W/m2 : 39.6% (75 TgS/yr man made) vs 32.9% (10 TgS/yr volcanic).

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Láscar Volcano (5593 m.a.s.l.)

Nov. 1989: Fumarolic emissions

19-20 Ap 1993:

Subplinian eruption

LGK MISU Apr 20052300 1120 [Mg/d] 400 [Kton] 30%

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Subplinian emissions as pulses

19 Km

14 Km

11 Km

4 Km

26 Km

LGK MISU Apr 2005

SO2 burden as observed by TOMS and simulated by MATCH

April 19 April 20 April 21

LGK MISU Apr 2005

DEPOSITION PATTERN

Apr 25

May 05

May 10

Signal at the Illimani ice core

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Ash deposition patternCastruccio, Amigo, Gallardo, 2004

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Subplininian eruption simulations

• The overall pattern of SOx (and ash) dispersion as seen in satellite images is captured in the simulations.

• Also, the simulated deposition pattern is in accordance with observations from ice cores at the Illimani and Tapado glaciers.

• But the deposition rates are underestimated (wrong high-altitude precipitation, too weak STE, …)

Amigo, Gallardo, Ekman & Engardt, 2005 ( in prep)

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Fumarolic activity from Andean

volcanoes as a source of aerosols in the

upper troposphere

L. Gallardo (1), A. M. L. Ekman (2), A. Amigo (1,3), and Engardt, M (4).

(1) Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile, Casilla 170, Correo 3, Santiago, CHILE

(2) Department of Meteorology Stockholm University, SE 106 91, Stockholm, SWEDEN

(3) Department of Geology, University of Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago, CHILE (Now at Bristol, UK)

(4) Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, SWEDEN

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Fumarolic emissions…lots!!

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Dispersion pattern

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Fumarolic (2300) vs. anthropogenic (2100 )emissions (MgSO2/d) Svolc

Svolc + Sant

LGK MISU Apr 2005

New particles may be formed! (Ekman connection & box model)

0 20 40 600

500

1000

1500

time (h)

nrc

nuc

(cm

-3)

0 20 40 60500

1000

1500

2000

2500

time (h)

nrc

ait (

cm-3

)

0 20 40 600

500

1000

1500

time (h)

nrc

acc

(cm

-3)

0 20 40 600

5

10

15x 10

7

time (h)

h2so

4 (m

olec

ules

cm

-3)

LGK MISU Apr 2005

...Fumarolic emissions

• Andean volcanoes show a persistent fumarolic activity, rich in S

• …but these emissions are badly constrained

• This appears to result in a significant production of new particles

• The strength of fumarolic emissions from the Láscar volcano is comparable to the anthropogenic one in the area

• …but while volcanic sulfur affects the upper troposphere and to the east of the Andean range….

• … the anthropogenic sulfur affects the lower troposphere to west of the Andean range

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Biotic and Abiotic Sulfur Impacts on

Stratocumulus (BASIS)

To take over the

world!

2007

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Earth System Modeling and Earth System Modeling and Inverse ProblemsInverse Problems

Laura Gallardo Axel Osses Jaime OrtegaLaura Gallardo Axel Osses Jaime Ortega

Olivier TitaudOlivier TitaudMaisa RojasMaisa Rojas

Karina Karina MallaMalla

Omar CuevasOmar CuevasIsabel RamosIsabel Ramos

Henry QuirozHenry QuirozAlejandraOyanadel

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Depto. de Geología

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Project$• A Europe-South America Network for Climate

Change Assessment and Impact Studies (EU-CLARIS, 2004-2007)

• Urban Mobile Emissions in South American Cities (IAI-UMESAM, 2004-2005)…South American Emissions, Megacities, and Climate (SAEMC, Proposal 2005-2008)

• Parallel and distributed computing and its application to chemical weather forecast and climate in Chile (FONDEF, Proposal 2005-2008)

• ECOS Impacts of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on the stratocumulus deck off Chile. (3+2)

• INRIA-CONICYT 2002-2005: "Application and development of inverse modeling techqniques to air quality monitoring network design".

• FONDECYT (3)• CODELCO-IM2, 2004/2005:Design of an emission survey and

control system

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Altogether• The S cycle and its interactions with clouds (Sc!, Ci?) is

amazingly interesting in the west coast of South America…

but barely known

• There are increasing capabilities in Chile regarding people,

modeling and monitoring

• Fumarolic emissions from Andean volcanoes may play a

key-role for the aerosol content and the chemistry of the

upper troposphere…

• What a fascinating play ground for research and

applications…¡bienvenidos(as)!

LGK MISU Apr 2005

Tack MISU-IMI!!