lgjf{rg cfof]u, g]kfnsflGtky, sf7df8f}+

jif{ % cª\s @ k"0ff{ª\s * r}t, @)&@Year 5 Vol. 2 Total Vol. 8 Feb.-March, 2016

;DkfbsLo

/fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o, k|b]z;efsf ;b:o tyf :yfgLo txsf]

lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug{], /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf hgdt

;ª\u|x u/fpg], lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dtbftfsf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug{]nufotsf]

;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/Ladf]lhd :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg cfof]u

lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnLsf] Oltxf; x]bf{, k|f/lDes lbgdf lglZrt

lgjf{rgsf nflu c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x:tlnlvt dtbftf gfdfjnL k|of]udf NofPsf] kfOG5

eg] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ tyf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%@

nfu" ePkl5 sDKo'6/s[t gfdfjnL tof/ tyf k|of]u ub}{ xfn dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL

P]g, @)^#, dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^* tyf kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf

gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^& adf]lhd kmf]6f]nufot afof]d]l6«s ljj/0f;lxtsf] dtbftf

gfdfjnL tof/ Pjd\ k|of]u ul/;lsPsf] 5 . cfof]un] @)^^ ;fn r}qb]lv @)^& a}zfv;Dd

;f]n'v'Da'sf] ;Nn]/L / ;Nofg, sf7df8f}+sf] /fdsf]6 / ;LtfkfOnf, ¿kGb]xLsf] z+s/gu/,

bfªsf] r}nfxL tyf 88]Nw'/fsf] hf]ua'9fdf k/LIf0f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df @)^& efb|b]lv

d'n'se/ lg/Gt/¿kdf kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf btf{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng

ul//x]sf] 5 . ;a} g]kfnL dtbftfsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;d]6\g cfof]un] If]qLo

lgjf{rg sfof{no, lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿df lg/Gt/ btf{,

tf]lsPsf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿df btf{, ljleGg lhNnfdf 3'DtL btf{, nlIft ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t btf{nufotsf ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

@)&) ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu @)&) ;fn c;f/ d;fGt;Dd

!* jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf ! s/f]8 @! nfv $& xhf/ *^% dtbftfsf] gfdfjnL ;dfj]z

u/L clGtd gfdfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @)&@ ;fn k'; d;fGt;Dd ;f]x|jif{ pd]/

k'u]sf ! s/f]8 ## nfv !$ xhf/ #!^ hgf g]kfnL gful/ssf] gfd btf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws ljz]if sfo{qmd, @)&@ ;~rfng u/L Go"g dtbftf btf{ ePsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx¿sf] klxrfg u/L b]ze/sf #)@$ :yfgdf dtbftf btf{:yn /fvL sl/a @ nfv %) xhf/ yk

dtbftfsf] gfd btf{ ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . cfof]uaf6 kfl/t dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd th'{df;DaGwL dfkb08 tyf dfu{bz{g, @)&@ cg';f/ kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfsf] cfwf/df !^ jif{ dflysf] hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf dtbftf gfdfjnLdf btf{ x'g

afFsL dtbftf ;+Vofsf] cGt/ cTolws ePsf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfsf

j8fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;fljsadf]lhd lg/Gt/ btf{ tyf 3'DtL btf{afx]ssf sfo{qmd ;dfj]z u/L btf{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ cfwf/e"t Pjd\ clgjfo{ k|df0f dfgL ljleGg sfd ljz]ifn] cGo lhNnfdf /x]sf dtbftfx¿n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] :yfoL a;f]af; /x]sf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] ufpF tyf gu/kflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g]u/L gfd btf{ ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

5 eg] ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L btf{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg

cWoog;d]t eO/x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd 5'6 ePsf dtbftfsf] gfd yk ug]{, dtbftfsf]

gfdnufot 7]ufgf, lktf tyf kltsf] ;DaGw cflb ljj/0f z'4 u/fpg], d[To' ePsf, ljjfx

ePsf, a;fO{+ ;/L uPsf tyf bf]xf]/f] gfd ePsf dtbftfsf] gfd x6fpg]nufotsf sfo{x¿

lg/Gt/¿kdf ;~rfng u/L nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe dflgg] lgjf{rgsf] s]Gb|Lo Pjd\ cfwf/e"t

ljifo dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf ePsf]n] o;tkm{

dtbftf, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfhnufot ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 .

r}t, @)&@ ;Dkfbs d08n

ljifo ;"rL

g]kfnL n]v/rgf v08

!=d'n'ssf] tTsfnsf] cfjZostf M :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg bf]nvaxfb'/ u'?ª 1

@=:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] l/Qmtfaf6 l;lh{t

c;xhtfx¿ jL/axfb'/ /fO{ 7

#= nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg jf;'b]j u'/fufO{+ 16

$= :yfgLo ;/sf/ M ljut / jt{dfg Joj:yf b]zaGw' clwsf/L 25

%= gj]{sf] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg nIdLb]jL xf]dfufO{+ 35

^=gofF ;+ljwfgcg'¿k lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf

ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/x¿ dl0f/fd cf]emf 44

&=/fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf

;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ v]d/fh 1jfnL 54

*=g]kfnsf] jt{dfg sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf /fhgLlts

bnx¿sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTj 3gZofd cf]emf 65

(=dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws

sfo{qmdsf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿ rGb|axfb'/ l;jfsf]6L 76

!)=:jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg M g]kfnsf

;+ljwfgx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog 8f= rGb| sfGt 1jfnL 83

!!= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd e]if/fh l/hfn 98

!@=kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f]

/0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog /fh]Gb| k|;fb s8]n 111

!#= lgjf{rgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf Clif/fd e';fn 121

!$= lgjf{rgsf] s;Ldf ;d[4 g]kfn x]d/fh cof{n 129

!%= gful/s lzIff, o;sf cfofd / If]qx¿ 6f]n/fh pkfWofo 135

!^=lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Joj:yfkgdf lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] e"ldsf 6'sgfy clwsf/L 140

!&=lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgdf If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nosf] e"ldsf >Ls'df/ /fO{ 145

!*=;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg @)&) M sf:sL lhNnfsf] cg'ej xl/ZrGb| l3ld/] 153

cª\u|]hL n]v/rgf v08

!(= Use of Money in Politics in Nepal Dr. Ayodhee Prasad Yadav 162

@)= Election and Technology Laxmi Prasad Yadav 178

@!=Electoral Management System in India : At a Glance Surya Prasad Sharma 190

@@=Development Cooperation for Elections (Ensuring Resources for Election Science)

Yubaraj Guragain207

gjLgtd\ lgjf{rg ultljlwx¿

-s_ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿åf/f k|wfgdGqL;Fu e]63f6 211

-v_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd 212

-u_ lgjf{rg lbj; 3f]if0ff 212

-3_ lgjf{rg Oltxf; n]vg sfo{ clGtdr/0fdf 214

-ª_ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifos lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd 214

-r_South Asian Institute for Democracy and Electoral Studies (SAIDES) ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

217

1

d'n'ssf] tTsfnsf] cfjZostf M :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

bf]nvaxfb'/ u'?ª

!= ljifo k|j]z

@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/j{tgkl5 @)$( / @)%$ ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

eof] . lj=;+= @)^@ ;fn df3df k"j{ /fhfn] gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg u/fP klg /fhfjfbL

bnafx]s ;a}n] alxisf/ u/]sf] sf/0f hgcfGbf]ng låtLokl5sf] ;/sf/n] vf/]h u¥of] .

dtbftfsf] ;xeflutf s]an @) k|ltzt dfq /xg' / s]xL kbdf pDd]bjf/L g} gkg'{n]

dtbftfx¿af6 klg of] lgjf{rg alxis[t g} lyof] .

lj=;+= @)%$ ;fnsf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgkl5 lgjf{rg gePsf] sl/a !# jif{ eO;s]sf]

5 . lj=;+= @)%$ df hGd]sf] afns cfh aflnu ePsf] 5 eg] To; r'gfjdf s]xL lbgn]

aflnu gePsf JolQm cfh #%÷#^ jif{sf] pd]/df lxF8\b}5g\ . o;/L *) nfveGbf a9L

dtbftf :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgdf cfkm\gf] dtfclwsf/ k|of]u ug{af6 al~rt eP/ /x]sf

5g\ . csf]{lt/ em08} ! s/f]8 #) nfv dtbftf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg

ug{af6 al~rt /lx/x]sf 5g\ . cfjlws¿kdf kfFrkfFr jif{df lgjf{rgdfkm{t cfkm\gf k|ltlglw

r'Gg] / lgjf{lrt x'g] cfkm\gf] g};lu{s clwsf/af6 dtbftf al~rt ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

cfjlws lgjf{rg nf]stGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/ ePsf]n] ;a} txsf lgjf{rg cfjlws¿kdf

lg/Gt/ x'g'kb{5 . g]kfndf cfGtl/s nf]stGqnfO{ a9fjf lbg], hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL /

pQ/bfoL x'g] tyf hgtfsf] cledtadf]lhd /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ dfWod cfjlws lgjf{rg xf] . o;}n] nf]stGqdf lgjf{rgsf] dxTj ;jf]{kl/ /x]sf] 5 . :jR5, :jtGq lgikIf /

ljZj;gLo cfjlws lgjf{rg ePdf dfq nf]stGqsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Da4{g x'g;S5 . ta dfq …hxfF nf]stGq ToxfF lgjf{rg / hxfF lgjf{rg ToxfF nf]stGqÚ sf] plQmn] ;fy{stf

kfpF5 . t;y{, nf]stGq / lgjf{rgaLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

@= :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] cfwf/

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f #)# df :yfgLo lgsfo;DaGwL ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf u/L ;fljsadf]lhdsf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgjf{rg sfg'g agfO{ ul/g] tyf

lgjf{rg cfof]usf k"j{ sfo{jfxs k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm

2

To;/L lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx¿ o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg geP;Dd sfod /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$^ df ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL :yfgLo txsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf]] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 x'g] ;fljssf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff eg] cfof]un] ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5}g, g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ ub{5 . t/, ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg ldlt 3f]if0ff gu/]sf] sf/0f !# jif{;Dd lgjf{rg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, lj8Dagf oxL 5 .

#= lgjf{rgsf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostf

:yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo txsf dtbftfaf6 :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw r'lgG5g\ . o:tf k|ltlglw

hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'G5g\ . hgtf / g]tfaLrdf ckgTj x'G5 . o:tf k|ltlglwn] /fHosf

gLlt, sfo{qmd, ;]jf;'ljwf / ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ hg:t/;Dd k'¥ofpF5g\ . hgd'vL Pjd\

;]jfd'vL sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfpg ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf tyf zlQm k[ysLs/0f /

zlQm;Gt'ng h:tf :yfgLo nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfsf] clej[l4 ug{, sfg'g;Ddt 9ª\uaf6

/fhZj j[l4 / kl/rfng ug{, hg;xeflutfd"ns tyf ;dfj]zL zf;g sfod u/L k|efjsf/L

;]jf lbg, :yfgLo g]t[Îjsf] ljsf; ug{, cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{, :yfgLo txdf

p7\g] ;a}vfn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / ;Daf]wg ug{, sd{rf/LtGqsf] x}sdafb x6fpg, cGo

lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;DaGw a9fpg, ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ 9ª\un]

;~rfng ug{, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, zf;g k|0ffnLdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

dfWodaf6 hgtfdf clwsf/ k'¥ofpg, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg / k|fs[lts ljklQsf]

;dodf p4f/, /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf, k'glg{df{0fdf ;fy{s kxn / Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo

lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;a} g]kfnLsf] Pp6} rfxfgf / OR5f :yfgLo lgsfosf]

lgjf{rg /x]sf] 5 .

$= :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;DaGwdf bnx¿sf ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfx¿

:yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostf ;jf]{kl/ ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo

tx;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] /]vb]v, lgb]{zg, ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /

bfloTj ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$^ n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} lgjf{rgsf]

ldlt 3f]if0ff ug{] clwsf/ :yfgLo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/df /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx¿ klg :yfgLo lgjf{rg u/fpg] kIfdf /x]sf] ;/sf/ / bn, bn–bnaLr ePsf] ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfn] :ki6 ub{5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

u/fpg] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd ePsf bnx¿sf ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfx¿ pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s ePsf]n] oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

3

1. tTsfnLg zfxL lg/+s'ztfsf lj?4 cfGbf]ng/t ;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿ qmdzM g]kfnL sfFu|];, g]skf Pdfn], hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn ;b\efjf kf6L{, g]kfn dhb"/ ls;fg kf6L{ / cGo;d]tsf] ldlt @)^).$.% sf] ;8s ;bg sfo{qmdaf6 :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg x'g g;s]df ;fljsdf lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ g} lg/Gt/ lbg] k/Dk/f a;fNg] k|lta4tf ePsf] lyof] .

2. /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr bf];|f]] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg ug{ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\

u7g ubf{ ldlt @)^( kmfu'g #) ut] ePsf] !! a'Fb] ;xdltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf]

lgjf{rgkl5 aGg] ;/sf/n] @)&) ;fnleq} :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;xdlt

ePsf] lyof] .

3. ;/sf/ u7g x'Fbf ;fem]bf/ /fhgLlts bnx¿ g]kfnL sfFu|]; / Pdfn]aLr @)&)

df3df k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df ^ dlxgfleq :yfgLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ k|lta4tf

ePsf] lyof] .

4. g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷@)&@ sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 jQmJodf

cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq} :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ul/g] / ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos

ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] .

5. k|d'v $ bn g]kfnL sfFu|];, Pdfn], Pdfcf]jfbL / dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d

nf]stflGqsaLr ldlt @)&@.@.@% ut] ePsf] !^ aF'b] ;xdltdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj

/ ;xeflutfnfO{ ;kmn t'Nofpgsf nflu rfF8f] :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf]

lyof] .

6. /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿ af]N5g, ub}{gg\ eGg] s'/f ljZj hutn] a'em]sf] 5 . @)&@

j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDkkl5sf] $ bnaLrsf] ;xdlt / ldlt @)&@ cfiff9

!) ut] e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf

nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuLx¿sf] ;'emfjadf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lta4tf ePsf]] lyof] .

7. g]kfnL sfFu|];, Pdfn], Pdfcf]jfbL / cGo bnx¿n] csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg,

@)&) df cf–cfkm\gf] 3f]if0ffkqdf :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ^ dlxgfleq u/fpg]

k|lta4tf dtbftf;dIf u/]sf lyP . /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr ;xdlt, ;Demf}tf /

lgjf{rgdf ^ dlxgfleq :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] egL @)^) ;fnb]lv

@)&@ ;fn;Dd k6sk6s lnlvt / df}lvs k|lta4tf tyf k|lt1f eP klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg u/fpg] k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . To:t} g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]iff0ff ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] eP klg ;/sf/n]

cfF6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;xdlt ug]{ bnx¿ kfnf]kfnf] ;/sf/df /x] klg ;xdlt / k|lta4tfn] d"t{¿k kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

4

8. :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ldlt @)^( sflQ{s @@ ut] cfjZos / pko'Qm k|aGw u/L oyf;So :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug{ u/fpg lbPsf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zsf] ;d]t ckx]ngf ug]{ sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ePsf] 5 . o;/L :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg u/fpg}kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;/sf/nfO{ ePsf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z, bnx¿aLrsf] % j6f ;xdlt, ;Demf}tf / /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgjf{rgdf dtbftf;fd' u/]sf] k|lt1fx¿ cfh;Dd sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf

5}gg\ . @)^% ;fnb]lv lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rg u/fpg tof/ /x]sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;/sf/af6 lgjf{rg u/fpg clt cfjZos 7fg] klg

lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;fx; ePsf] 5}g . lgjf{rgdf lhTg}kg]{ dfgl;stfn] bnx¿ kLl8t

5g\ . lgjf{rgdf xfl/G5 ls eGg] eo 5 . lgjf{rg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf eP klg

OR5fzlQm 5Fb} 5}g . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] sf/0f g]kfnL hgtfsf] lz/ lgp/]sf] 5 .

9. :yfgLo txdf ePsf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;§f u7g ePsf] bnLo ;+oGq csf]{ efFhf]

ag]sf] 5 . lhNnf:t/Lo k|To]s sfo{df eO/x]sf] x}sdjfbaf6 x6\g s'g} klg 7"nf

bn rfxFb}gg\ . To:t} x}l;otlagfsf ;fgf bnx¿ klg lgjf{rg ePdf of] cj;/;d]t

u'Dg] 8/n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/fpg rfxFb}gg\ . :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L

sfof{noaf6 ;~rflnt x'g] sfo{qmdx¿af6 x'g] rfFbL s6fOaf6 jl~rt x'g rfxFb}gg\ .

log} bnLo / JolQmut :jfy{s} sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg x'g g;s]sf] :ki6 5 .

%= :yfgLo lgsfo gx'Fbfsf] k|efj

w]/} nfdf] cjlw;Dd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg gx'Fbf b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,

wfld{s / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng x'g

;s]sf] 5}g, hgtfn] ;]jf;'ljwf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\, /fHosf] pkl:ylt ePsf] cg'e"lt

:yfgLo hgtfn] ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf e|i6frf/ / lj;+ult a9\bf] 5 .

sd{rf/Lx¿s} tGq xfaL ePsf] 5 . hgtfsf] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw gePsf]n] :yfgLo:t/df

;d:of a9\bf] 5, u'gf;f ;'Gg] JolQmsf] cefj 5 . @)%$ ;fndf hGd]sf gful/s aflnu

eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] @)%$ ;fndf lgjf{rgdf dtbfg u/]sf em08} *) nfv dtbftf cfkm\gf]

g};lu{s clwsf/af6 al~rt ePsf 5g\ . cfh cfdhgtf g]t[ÎjljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf

5g\ . :yfgLo txdf g]t[Îjsf] ljsf; x'g kfPsf] 5}g, lhDd]jf/ljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

cfh lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePdf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+Vof !*! k'u]sf] 5 . !@@ bnn] csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efdf k|lt:kwf{ u/], s]an #) j6f bnn] ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;s]sf 5g\, afFsL (@ bnsf] w/f}6L hkmt ePsf] 5 . To:t} klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rgdf k|lt:klw{ pDd]bjf/ ^,!@^ hgf lyP . %,##@ hgf pDD]bjf/sf] w/f}6L hkmt

ePsf] 5 . !)) eGbf sd dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/x¿ $,^)# 5g\ . ;fy} ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{ !),))) hlt pDd]bjf/n] /fhgLlts bnsf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog u/]sf

5

lyP . k|To]s bnsf sfo{stf{x¿sf] Pp6}rfxgf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o x'g' /Xof] . bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ s7Lg ePsf] l:ylt 5 . olb :yfgLo:t/sf] lgjf{rg ePsf] eP nfvf}Fnfv sfo{stf{x¿ g]t[Îj lnO{ :yfgLo txdf lhDd]jf/Ldf x'Gy], of] ePg . sfo{stf{x¿sf] x}l;ot, Ifdtf / v'aL hgtfsf] s;Laf6 5'l6\6g] sfo{ :yfgLo lgjf{rgaf6 x'GYof], Tof] x'g kfPg . To;}n] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg gePsf] sf/0f b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ljsf; sfo{df k|lts"n k|efj k'Ug uPsf] 5 .

^= :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] cfwf/e"t tÎj

:yfgLo lgjf{rg ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

dt /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&@÷#÷!) df ;DkGg g]kfnsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o

;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL bft[ b]z / lgsfosf ;xefuLx¿n] klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ug{

;'emfj lbPsf] kfOof] . Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)&@÷#÷!$ ut]

cfof]lht :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg;DaGwL 5nkmndf ;xefuL #! /fhgLlts bnsf ;r]ts

/ ;f+;bx¿ tyf pkk|wfgdGqLåo k|sfzdfg l;+x / jfdb]j uf}td;d]t ;a}af6 :yfgLo

lgsfosf] lgjf{rg hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostfdf ;a}sf] Ps} /fo

;'emfj /Xof] . Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljsf; ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:osf] pkl:yltdf :yfgLo

lgsfo lgjf{rg u/fpg lgjf{rg cfof]u tof/ /x]sf] / ;f] sfo{sf] nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ x'g}kg]{

cfof]utkm{af6 Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] lyof] M

-s_ :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ b'O{j6f P]gx¿ qmdzM :yfgLo :jfoQ

zf;g P]g / :yfgLo lgsfo P]g lgjf{rg ldlt 3f]if0ff x'g'eGbf sDtLdf # dlxgf cl3

g} lgjf{rg cfof]u / ;+3Lo tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6

kfpg'kb{5 .

-v_ None of the Above (NOTA) nfu" ug]{, aGb ;"rLnfO{ v'nf ug]{ tyf y|];xf]N8nufotsf ljifodf lgjf{rg;DaGwL P]g sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug{] s'/f tTsfn yfngL ug'{kb{5 .

-u_ :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgdf nf]stGqdfly ljZjf; /fVg] lgjf{rg kIfw/ ;a} bnx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|fljlws¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{

sfo{ s7Lg, ;+j]bgzLn / r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf ;a} bnsf] ;xeflutf ePdf lgjf{rgsf] j}wtf / ljZj;gLotfdf >Lj[l4 x'G5 .

&= lgjf{rg ldlt

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ug{sf nflu lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ffn] ;jf]{kl/ dxTj /fVb5 .

lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff gePs} sf/0f cfh !^ jif{ lalt;Sbf klg :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd P]gx¿sf]

6

Joj:yf u/L lgjf{rg cfof]usf] k/fdz{df lgjf{rg ldlt 3f]if0ff ug'{kb{5 . bnx¿sf] ;xdltlagf lgjf{rg ldlt 3f]if0ff ug]{ e"n sbflk ug'{ x'Fb}g . lgjf{rg ldltsf] ;§f dlxgf tf]Sg' csf]{ uNtL x'g]5 . lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/df lglxt /x]sfn] ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff hlt;Sbf] l56f] ug'{ b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf x'g]5 . lgjf{rgdf xf/hLt eP klg cGtTjuTjf ;a} kIfn] lhTb5 . o;}n] lgjf{rgdf lhTg}kg]{ ljs[t dgl:yltnfO{ la;{g'kb{5 . cfjlws¿kdf lgjf{rg ug]{tkm{ ;a}n]

Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

*= lgisif{

k~rfotsfndf lj=;+= @)#* ;fn / @)$# ;fndf tyf @)$& sf] k|hftGqkl5 lj=;+= @)$( /

@)%$ df :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg gePsf]

sf/0fn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ef}lts ljsf; / b}jL k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t

gs/fTds k|efj k/]sf] ;a}df dx;'; / cg'e"t ePsf] 5 . cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg /x]sf] 5 . ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ps} cfjfh :yfgLo lgsfosf]

lgjf{rg g} /x]sf] kfO5 . ;a} 7"nf;fgf bnx¿ klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgs} kIfdf

b]lvPsf 5g\ . lgjf{rg cfof]u klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L OdfGbf/Lk"j{s lgjf{x u/L

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg :jR5, :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg u/fpg lg/Gt/ tof/L

ul//x]sf] oyfy{ ;a}sf ;fd' 5n{ª\u 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ 2. lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^#

3. dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

4. lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#5. /fhgLlts bnbtf{;DaGwL P]g, @)%*6. :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*

7. k|yd / låtLo k~rjlif{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, lgjf{rg cfof]u g]kfn, sflGtky,

sf7df8f}+ 8. lgjf{rg cw{jflif{s klqsf / lgjf{rg a'n]l6gsf ljleGg c+sx¿, lgjf{rg cfof]u

g]kfn, sflGtky, sf7df8f}+ 9. bf]nvaxfb'/ u'?ª, ef]ufO / u/fO, bf];|f] efu, lgjf{rg ljz]if -;+:d/0f_, k|sfzs

>LdtL 6Lsfb]jL u'?ª, @)&@ .

7

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] l/Qmtfaf6 l;lh{t c;xhtfx¿

jL/axfb'/ /fO{

!= ljifo k|j]z

k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf ljleGg txsf cfjlws tyf /fli6«o

dxTjsf ljifodf hgdt a'em\gsf] nflu lgjf{rg ;~rfng ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt

x'g] cj;/ h'6fpg] tyf ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsfnufotsf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL

lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgaf6 :yfgLo nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f,

k|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6sf] cfwf/df hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/IfsTj, kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] l/Qmtfsf]

kl/k"lt{;d]t x'G5 . :yfgLo lgsfo ljsf;sf] cfwf/, hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw

/ pgLx¿sf] efjgf, rfxgf / ck]Iff k"/f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . ljleGg If]q / e"uf]ndf

:yfgLo:t/df ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifo cToGt ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ s]Gb|af6

;~rfng x'g] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn] ;dfg¿kdf ;Daf]wg ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf k"0f{ Gofo

gx'g klg ;Sb5 . hgtfsf] glhs /x]/ hgtfsf cfjZostfx¿ klxrfg u/L hgtfsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfjZostf /xG5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo eg]sf] nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe xf] . oxLFaf6 ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g

Joj:yfsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;'¿jft x'G5 . h;n] /fi6«sf] cj:yf, ug'{kg]{ sfo{, lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{

gLlt, sfg'g cfjZos k5{ ;f]sf] jf:tljs¿kdf lgSof]{n x'G5 . ;/sf/n] :yfgLo hgtfsf]

cfjZostf / pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfg ug{ tyf ljsf; / ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm gLlt Pjd\ sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ub{5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fnufotsf ljleGg kIfsf]

cfwf/e"t tx klg :yfgLo lgsfo g} xf] . t;y{, d'n'ssf] ljsf;, ;'zf;g, hgtf;Fusf]

ldng / 5nkmnsf] glhssf] laGb', Bottom up approach, :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg cflb ljifox¿ :yfgLo txdf g} a9L s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . ljsf;, ;'zf;g cflb

hgtfsf] d"ne"t ljifosf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ ynf] g} :yfgLo lgsfo÷tx xf] . s]Gb|n] t o;sf] cfwf/df of]hgf, gLlt, P]g, sfg'g, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] .

;x;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

8

@= ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg

g]kfnsf] cfGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#( adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug]{ / g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgcg'¿k ljleGg txsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ ;Gbe{df :yfgLo txsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug]{ / ;f]sf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 . cfof]un] cfkm\gf lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt

sfg'g / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'¿k ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg txsf lgjf{rg ;DkGg

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg cfkm}+

lgdf{0f ug]{u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljifonfO{ :jLsf/ u/L lj=;+= @)^$ ;fndf ;+ljwfg;ef

;b:o lgjf{rg, @)^$ cfof]un] ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;+ljwfg;efn] g]kfn Ps ;+3Lo,

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq /fHosf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff;d]t u¥of] . klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLsf] ;fy} ;a} hflt, ju{, lnË, ;d'bfo, If]qsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj / pgLx¿sf]

cfjfh / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;+ljwfgdf d'vl/t x'g] u/L ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'¿k

klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLdfk{mt b'O{;o rfnL; lgjf{rg If]qaf6 b'O{;o rfnL;hgf

/ ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ PsIf]q dfgL ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'¿k tLg;o k}FtL; ;b:o

/ /fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ hf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt

x'g]÷;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cflbjf;L, hghfltdWo]af6

;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]gog x'g] @^ hgf ;b:o u/L s'n ^)! ;b:osf]

;+ljwfg;ef u7g x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . o;af6 d'n'sdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts

/ cGo sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfo, ju{ hflt, lnË÷If]qsf] pn]Vo k|ltlglwTj x'g] cj:yf

l;h{gf eof] . o;n] ubf{ d'n'sdf klxnf]k6s cfkm\gf] efUo lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+ljwfg cfkm\g}

k|ltlglwdfk{mt\ lgdf{0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] . Oltxf;df sl/a 5 bzs nfdf] ;+3if{ /

kvfO{kZrft\ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;lxt ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjnDjg u/L lgjf{rg

;Dkg ul/of] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k b'O{jif{leq gofF

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug]{u/L ;+ljwfgdf lnlka4 ul/of] . ljz]if

kl/l:ylt k/L s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] ;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f÷hf/L x'g g;s]df yk 5dlxgf

;do yKg ;Sg] k|fjwfg eP klg ;+ljwfg;efn] k6sk6s Dofb yk ub}{ cGttM ;+ljwfg

hf/L geO{ @)^( ;fn h]7df ;+ljwfg;ef g} lj36g eof] .

#= ;+ljwfg hf/L / :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yf

nfdf] ;do ;+ljwfgsf ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn÷cfwf/ lgdf{0f eP klg To;n] pknlAw

xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . Psk6s g]kfnL hgtf tyf dtbftf lgs} lg/f; eP t/ k'gM d'n'sdf csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg ug]{ lg0f{ocg'¿k @)&) ;fn d+l;/ $ ut] ;DkGg ug]{

u/L csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) 3f]if0ff eof] . ;f]xLcg'¿k csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef

9

lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . o; ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ul7t ;+ljwfg;efn] Psjif{leq gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{u/L k|ltj4tf eP klg ;f] cjlwdf hf/L x'g ;s]g t/ @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] eg] g]kfnL hgtf tyf dtbftfsf] rfxgfcg'¿k ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . o;} ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg'¿k ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ;~rfngsf] ;fy} cGo gLlt, sfg'g, ;+/rgf, ultljlw lgdf{0f÷kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9\of] . ce}m gofF Joj:yfcg'¿k ;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgfsf] k"0f{tf sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf

ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfodfk{mt\ sfof{Gjog ug{ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . gofF ;+ljwfgn]

:yfgLo txsf] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 .

$= :yfgLo lgsfo

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'cl3 ;/sf/sf] tNnf] txsf] ¿kdf /x]sf ;+u7gnfO{ :yfgLo

lgsfosf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . h;df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF

ljsf; ;ldlt /x]sf lyP . xfn klg k"0f{ kl/jt{g gePsf] sf/0f ;f]xL gfd, k|lqmof

/ k4ltaf6 ;/sf/sf gLlt, sfg'g, ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfgLo lgsfo tx -xfn :yfgLo tx elgPsf]_ kbflwsf/LljxLg /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L eP klg tTsfn gofF ;+ljwfgcg'¿k ;+/rgfdf kl/j{tg, To;cg'¿ksf] sfo{k4lt ;DkGg ug{ ufx|f] x'g] x'Fbf df}h'bf sfg'gdf ;fdfGo ;+zf]wg u/L ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfsf] nflu :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] dx;'; u/L lgjf{rgsf] tof/Ldf cfof]usf] ;fy} ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg tTsfn} ;DkGg ug'{kg]{u/L cleJoQm x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;} ljifonfO{ dWogh/ /fvL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#( df :yfgLo:t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ cg's'n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo:t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo:t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt sfg'g, cfof]usf] bfloTj, cfddtbftfsf] dtflwsf/, nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, zf;gdf ;xeflutf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf

sfod ug{, :yfgLotfsf] k|j4{g, /fli6«o g]t[Tjsf] cfwf/:tDesf] ljsf; cflbsf] nflu klg

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ul/g'k5{ h;n] ¿kfGtl/t Joj:yfdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg ug{df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sb5 .

%= hgtfsf] rfxgf tyf cfsf+Iffsf] kl/k"lt{

d'n'sn] lgdf{0f ug]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cGo ljljw k|sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ k"0f{¿kdf

/fi6«sf gful/ssf] lxtdf x'g]u/L lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o ul/G5g\ . ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt

10

sfg'gadf]lhd cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;+ljwfg / P]gdf cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] eP klg ;f]cg'¿k lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . @)%$ ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ @)%( cfiff9;Dd sfof{jlw /x]sf]df lgjf{rg kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] kfFrjif]{ sfo{sfnkl5 k'gM csf]{ :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfdg]kfnL hgtf tyf dtbftfx¿ Jou|¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf /x]sf] s'/f ljleGg dfWodaf6 JoQm ljrf/af6 k|i6 x'G5 eg] ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 klg k|fyldstfdf

/x]sf] ljifo JoQm x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;d]t

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg ul/g] ljifo pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . cem ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{ g}

hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df hgk|ltlglw tyf ;/sf/sf lgsfoaf6 kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;xhtf

ug]{ xf] . o;y{ :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] ckl/xfo{tf 5 eg] ;f] lgjf{rgaf6 :yfgLo

hgtfsf] rfxgf, cfjZostf / ;d:ofsf] k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg] s'/fdf w]/} xb;Dd

ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

^= :yfgLo lgsfosf] l/Qmtfaf6 gLlt tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf c;xhtfx¿

nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg x'g g;sL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf

/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf kbflwsf/L ljxLgtfsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo

txsf] ;d:ofsf] ;xL klxrfg, ;f]sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ ;xL k|ltlglwsf] cefj v8\lsPsf]

5 . ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfgLo lgsfo ;/sf/L sd{rf/L -/fi6«;]js_ af6 ;~rfng x'Fb}

cfP tfklg pgLx¿sf cfkm\g} ;Ldf (Limitation) sf] sf/0faf6 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dd{, efjgf / p2]Zocg'¿k :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng x'g;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo cfdg]kfnL

hgtf / dtbftfx¿ dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ eg] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw 5gf]6 u/L

:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] cjwf/0ff

/ l;4fGtcg'¿k pDd]bjf/L / k|ltlglw 5gf]6df ;xefuL x'g] cfwf/e"t clwsf/af6

hgtf÷dtbftf jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo gful/sn] ;fdfGoeGbf ;fdfGo ;d:ofsf nflu

klg gLltut / cGo ;d:ofsf] sf/0f hgtfsf u'gf;f] JoQm x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . uflj;, gkf

tyf lhlj;af6 hgtfn] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{÷k|fKt ug]{ ljifosf] ;fy} gLltut

/ bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfsf] ljifodf sfof{Gjogdf sd{rf/Laf6 ;Ldfsf sf/0f k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfn] cfkm}+n] 5gf]6 u/]sf] k|ltlglwdfk{mt\ :yfgLo ;d:of, cfjZostf / ljsf;sf] sfo{ ug{ ;xh x'G5 . sd{rf/Laf6 klg ;f]xL P]g / lgodaf6 ;~rfng eP tfklg s]xL ljifodf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ug{ rfxFbf–rfxFb} klg k"0f{¿kdf ;Dkfbg÷lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x

ug{ c;xh x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] lglZrt ;Ldf x'G5 . pgLx¿ /fhgLlts lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/

k|of]u ug{ c;Ifd x'G5g\ . :yfgLo cfjZostf, ;d:of, k|fyldstf, sfo{sf] k|fyldstfaf/]

11

5f]6f] ;dosf] sfof{jlwsf] nflu sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu ;?jf eO{ cfpFbf sfo{;Dkfbg pTs[i6 gx'g ;S5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf kbflwsf/LljxLgtfsf] cj:yf /xFbf x'g] k|d'v c;xhtf b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ :yfgLo txsf] jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / k|fyldstf M /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L :jefj}n] ljleGg ljifoaf6 afFlwg'k/]sf] x'G5 eg] clwsf+z sd{rf/L ;f] lhNnfeGbf aflx/af6 ;?jf eOcfPsf x'G5g\ . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ ;DalGwt uflj;, gkf /

lhlj; cGtu{tsf ;d:ofsf] ;xL¿kdf klxrfg ug{ / k|fyldstfsf ljifo klxrfg ug{

;Sb}gg\ . s'g ljifo a9L hl6n 5 < k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ ljifo s'g–s'g x'g\ egL

;xL¿kdf ku]{Ng ;Sb}gg\ . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ :yfgLo txsf] ljleGg ljifodf ;xL

lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ;xL lg0f{o gePsf] sf/0f ljleGg Jojwfg, afwf cfOkb{5 .

cGttM k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t c;/ kb{5 . xfd|f] ef}uf]lns agf}6, hftLo

ljljwtf, ;fF:s[lts kl/j]z, hgtfsf] hLjg:t/, lzIff, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cflbsf] sf/0f

sfo{z}nL, of]hgfsf] 5gf]6, k|fyldstf, ;]jfsf] k|lqmof cflbdf ;d]t c;/ kg]{ x'Fbf

kbflwsf/Lx¿ gx'Fbf c;xh x'g ;Sb5 .

-v_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r (Long-term Vision) sf] cefj M cfh ljleGg ljifox¿af6 xfd|f ljifox¿ k|efljt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;f]r, sfo{z}nL / cfkm\gf] :yfgLo txsf] ;'wf/,

ljsf; / km/skgaf6 sfo{ ug{ k|]l/t eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kbflwsf/L gx'Fbf sd{rf/Ln]

ljBdfg gLlt, sfg'g, lgb]{lzsf / kl/kqsf] cfwf/ dfgL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

t/ s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] 7"nf] ;f]r (Vision) lnP/ lg0f{o ug{;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . sd{rf/L;Fu bL3{sfnLg gLlt, of]hgfsf] af/]df ;f]r eP klg sfo{af]em / ;f]sf]

sfof{Gjog sfo{/t ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfdf k|Zg g} p7\g ;S5 . csf]{ ljifo

pm;Fu hgtfsf] hgdt (Mandate) x'Fb}g . dfgf}F bzjif{df af6f], ko{6g, vfg]kfgL,

ljsf;sf cGo ljifodf :yfgLo / afXo ;|f]t;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljzfn¿kdf bL3{sfnLg

;f]r;lxtsf] sfo{ ug{ vf]Hbf klg w]/} s'/fn] o;n] ;xhtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .

d"ntM pm;Fu hgtfsf] dt x'Fb}g, s]jn P]g sfg'g / gLlt dfq x'G5 t/ kbflwsf/Ln]

cfdhgtfaf6 k|fKt hgdt, cfkm\gf] 3f]if0ffkq, hgtfsf] aLrsf] efjgf cflbsf]

cfwf/df pko'Qm gLlt, bL3{sfnLg of]hgf nIo lgwf{/0f u/L hgtfsf] cledtsf

cfwf/df hgtfsf ck]Iff / cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 .

-u_ cfdhgtf / :yfgLo kbflwsf/LaLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/L M kbflwsf/L ePdf :yfgLo lgsfodf b}lgs¿kdf ;xsfo{ u/]sf cfkm\gf ;xsdL{, cfkm\gf l5d]sL, dtbftf,

:yfgLotfsf] efjgf ePsf] JolQmTjn] k|ltlglwTj÷g]t[Tj u/]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿;Fu hgtfsf] ljZjf;, ;xof]u / ;dembf/L /x]sf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ :jod\ kbflwsf/Ln] k|fyldstf, ;d:of / cfjZostf ;xL¿kdf klxrfg, 5gf]6÷hgtfdf ;dy{g ug{

;xhtf x'G5 t/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu ;?jf eO{ lhDd]jf/L cfPsf]

12

x'G5 . s]xL u/f+} eGg] sd{rf/Laf6 klg :yfgLo ;d:of, cfjZostf / k|fyldstf tyf cj:yfaf/] k"0f{¿kdf hfgsf/L gx'Fbf tTsfn lg0f{o ug{ / sfof{Gjogdf cfTdljZjf;

(Confi dence) sf] sdL x'g hfG5 . t;y{, :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfdf k|Zg g} p7\g ;S5 / p7\g] klg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo hgtfaf6 5gf]6 ePsf k|ltlglw ePdf :yfgLo hgtf÷dtbftf ;a} kIfdf ;xh ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, ljZjf; x'Fbf :yfgLo ;d:of ;Daf]wg x'gdf k|efjsf/L ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

pgLx¿ /fhgLlts¿kdf klg ;lqmo x'g] x'Fbf jt{dfg kbfjlwnfO{ dfq gx]/L cfufdL

kbfjlwsf] nflu;d]t dWogh/ u/L sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg]u/L sfo{ ub{5g\ hxfF

cfkm\gf dtbftfn] klg ;xof]u ub{5 .

-3_ hgtfsf] cfjfh d'vl/t ug]{ M lgdf{0fsf] ;fy} k|zf;lgs tyf /fhgLlts txdf

ljsf; klg plQs} k|fyldstfsf] ljifo x'G5 . hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ljifonfO{ cfkm\gf

k|ltlglwnfO{ hlt ;lhnf] k|:t't ug{ ;S5, Toltsf] cGo;Fu JoQm ug{ ;Sb}g / JoQm

u/] klg :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt, k|yf / Jojxf/sf] sf/0f ;xh ;Djfb÷a'emfO gx'g

;S5 . o;n] ;fdfGo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ klg c;xh eO/x]sf] x'G5 . hgk|ltlglw

ePsf] v08df lxhf] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'Fbf hgtfn] /fv]sf ljifo, cfk"mn] u/]sf

k|lta4tf h:tf ljifonfO{ ;DalGwt hgtf÷dtbftf ;Fu;Fu} a;L lg0f{o ug]{, ;xsfo{

ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfgg ;xh x'G5 h;n] hgtfn] klg ;f] ljifosf] ckgTj /

:jfldTj lnG5 / pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ljifosf] af/]df ;'g'jfO / ;f]sf] nflu pko'Qm

gLlt, of]hgf agL sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

-ª_ nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xof]u M nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf x/]s :yfg,

If]q jf ljifodf lg/Gt/ k|lt:kwf{sf] dxTj /xG5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf]

dd{, efjgfcg'¿k :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/L hgtfsf] b}lgs cfjZostf tyf

hghLjgnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ljifox¿df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g

k4ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu of] P]g hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ sl/a !* jif{kl5 klg

:yfgLo txdf k|ltlglwsf] nflu k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ h;n] ubf{ nf]stGqsf]

dd{, efjgf / p2]ZonfO{ k"0f{¿kdf gsf/]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . olb ;dodf :yfgLo

lgsfo lgjf{rg ePsf] eP 7"nf] ;+Vofdf :yfgLo lgsfodf k|ltikwf{ / k|ltlglwTj

ub{y], g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'g ;SbYof] . h;n] ubf{ nf]stflGqs cEof;sf ;fy}

hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/rfng x'GYof] / xfn b]lvPsf w]/} ;d:ofx¿ :jtM ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] lyof] . o;}n] xfd|f] h:tf] k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf

nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .

-r_ ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf M nf]stGqdf ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ljifo cToGt dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL,

kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfpg ;'zf;g P]g, lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf

13

u/]sf] 5 . t/ jt{dfgdf g]kfnsf] ljifo clt g} gsf/fTds cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf k|ltlglwsf] l/Qmtfsf] sf/0f hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . hxfF hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf x'G5, ToxfF :jtM ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo lgsfo kbflwsf/LljxLg x'g' / /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Laf6 :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng x'Fbf ljBdfg gLlt, P]g, lgodsf] kfngf u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] eP klg kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ljifodf k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf

/fd|f–g/fd|f b'a}yl/ sfdsf] af/]df ;do–;dodf d"Nofª\sg x'g] / ;f]sf] af/]df unt

ePdf hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ x'G5 t/ 5f]6f] ;dodf g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf x'Fbf cfdgful/s

jf dtbftfn] k|Zg ;f]Wg kfpg] cj:yfaf6 klg ljd'v x'g'k/]sf] 5 . olb k|ltlglw

ePsf] eP pDd]bjf/ x'Fbfsf] k|ltj4tf, 3f]if0ffkqsf] ;fy} hgtfaf6 k|fKt hgdt, s'g}

klg sfo{df k|Zg p7]df ef]ln klg ToxL lhNnf, lgjf{rg If]q, gu/ jf ufpFdf /xL

hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ kf/bz{ltf / hjfkmb]lxtf j[l4 eO{ sfo{df

k|efjsf/Ltf x'gfsf ;fy} ;'zf;g sfod /fVgdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

-5_ ef]lnsf] ;/sf/ / /fli6«o g]t[Tj ljsf; M :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|ltlglw 5gf]6 ubf{

k|ltikwf{ x'gfsf ;fy} ljhoL k|ltlglwn] :yfgLo txsf] ;fy} ef]lnsf] s]Gb|Lo txdf

;d]t cfkm\gf] e"ldsf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn x'G5 . h;n] Pp6f uflj;, gkf jf lhlj;sf]

sfo{If]qeGbf k/sf] ;f]r /fvL sfo{ ub{5 p;n] ef]lnsf] /fli6«o g]t[Tj ;DxfnL cl3

a9\g ;Sb5 . o;n] ubf{ :yfgLo ;d:of tyf cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df /fli6«o gLlt

lgdf{0f eO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf k|fyldstfsf] ;xL 5gf]6 x'gfsf] ;fy} sfof{Gjogsf]

k|efjsf/Ltf;d]t a9\b5 . hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ ul7t :yfgLo lgsfo hgtfsf]

;xeflutf, :jfldTjnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ 7fgL Bottom up approach af6 cl3 a9]df cg'ejL, bIf / /fi6«sf] nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy sfo{ ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] hGdynf] aGg

k'Ub5 .

-h_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cfly{s cg'zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg M :yfgLo lgsfo

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

dfWodåf/f ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf

;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex¿sf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf

ug{, cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf]

k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fåf/f ;fdflhs ;dfgtf Nofpg] sfo{df dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw];L, ckfË / ;fdflhs÷cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf] ju{;d]t ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ / of]hgfsf] th'{df / ;~rfng ug{

cfjZos lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ :yfgLo:t/df g} k|bfg u/L hjfkmb]xL jxg u/fpg]u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . olb :yfgLo lgsfodf hgtfaf6

5gf]6 ePsf k|ltlglw ePsf] v08df ;a} ;d"x, ju{, hflt, lnËsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gsf] ;fy} ;|f]tsf] ;xL afF8kmfF8 Pjd\ plrt Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpF5 .

14

:yfgLo txdf cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm}+ lgwf{/0f ug{, sfof{Gjog ug{, cfly{s :jfoQtf / cfkm}+df lgolGqt cj:yf lgdf{0f ug{ tyf ;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / dxTjd pkof]u ug{ klg hgk|ltlglwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;af6 ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;xL k|of]u tyf Joj:yfkg x'g'sf] ;fy} cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf kf/blz{tf clej[l4 Pjd\ :yfgLo lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

-em_ :yfgLo ;d:of tyf ;+s6sf] ;dodf k|efjsf/L ;dGjo tyf Joj:yfkg M ef}uf]lns

ljjwtf, :yfgLo k|s[ltsf k|fs[lts, dfgjLo / ef}lts ;d:ofx¿ X'g] ub{5, h;n]

ubf{ ;f] :yfgsf ;fy} /fli6«o:t/df ;+s6 cfOkb{5 . h:tf] @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@

/ @( ut]sf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDk, ;do;dodf x'g] v8]/L, af9L klx/f]af6 wghgsf]

Iflt, ljleGg k|sf/sf dxfdf/L /f]u Joflw cflb . o:tf ljifodf :yfgLo¿kdf x'g]

;d:of tyf ;+s6sf] ;xh, l56f] / k|efjsf/L ;dGjo Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{df

:yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] cxd\ / dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o:tf k|fs[lts

b'3{6gfx¿df ;f]sf] sf/0f klxNofO{ To;sf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbd /

ul/g'kg]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo txaf6 ;dGjonufotsf sfo{ ubf{

a9L k|efjsf/L x'gfsf ;fy} hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{;d]t x'g ;Sb5 .

-`_ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg M g]kfn :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf]

k|r'/tf /x]sf] d'n's xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f P]g, sfo{ljlw /

;dfj]zL gLlt cflbdf :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u / To:tf ;|f]t;fwgnfO{

efjL ;Gtlt;Ddn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]u/L ;f]sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifosf nflu

bL3{sfnLg gLltsf] th'{df, hgtfaf6 cg'df]bg, k|of]usf] k|lqmof, nfeflGjt hgtf,

To;sf c;/ cflb ljifodf :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ckgTj / efjgfTds ;DaGw;lxt

sfo{ x'g ;Sb5 . h;n] ubf{ ;fd'bflos jg, ;fd'bflos ;]jf÷sd{ cflb h:tf

;|f]t;fwgsf] cgfjZos bf]xg /f]Sg ;d]t d2t k'Ub5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;xL

klxrfg, To:tf ;|f]t;fwg pkof]uaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn :yfgLo hgtfdf ;xL¿kdf

afF8kmfF8nufot ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]

cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . o;af6 ;]jfdf k|efjsfl/tf, hgtfdf ;fd"lxstf, k|ltlglwTjdf

ckgTj x'ghfG5 . cGttM ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;xL kl/rfng / pkof]u x'g ;Sb5 .

&= lgisif{

;+ljwfg÷sfg'gn] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ljleGg txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ bfloTj lbPsf]

5 . lgjf{rg cfof]un] s]an lgjf{rg ;~rfng ug]{, ;DkGg ug]{ dg;fon] dfq klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] nflu cfkm\gf]tkm{af6 kxn, cg'/f]w ul//x]sf] 5}g, a¿ cfof]usf] klg /fi6«k|ltsf] bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . nf]stGqdf lgjf{rg Psckl/xfo{ ljifo xf] h'g

cfjlws¿kdf ;DkGg ug{'k5{ . lgjf{rgn] hgtfn] nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] ;fy} hgtf,

15

;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] ;Dks{, ;Djfb / ;xsfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g d2t ub{5 . lgjf{rg cfof]un] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg dfq x}g ;dofg'¿k ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ljleGg txsf lgjf{rgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ P]gsf] nflu ;dodf g} cfjZos ;+zf]wg;lxt k7fO;s]sf] 5 eg] lgjf{rgsf] d"n cfwf/ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf] ;fy ;~rfng u/L a9LeGbf a9L g]kfnL gful/ssf] dtflwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmddfk{mt\ cu|;/tf lnO/x]sf] 5 .

lgjf{rg cfof]un] ljutb]lv ljleGg lgjf{rg ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfP klg ;Djt\ @)%$ ;fnkZrft\

:yfgLo lgsfodf k"0f{ kbflwsf/Lo'Qm ;+:yf v8f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . cfof]usf]

lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{sf] ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglw 5gf]6 ug{kfpg] clwsf/,

:yfgLo txdf hgtfsf] OR5f, rfxgf, cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ dfWod, nf]stflGqs

cEof;, :yfgLo txb]lv /fli6«o /fhgLlt / d'n's lgdf{0f ug]{;Ddsf] sfo{df :yfgLo

lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . :yfgLo lgsfo /fHosf] cfwf/:tDe

ePsf]n] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgnfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

#= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

$= :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg -sfo{ljlw_, @)$*, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfo, k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{, lgjf{rg cw{jflif{s

klqsf jif{ %, c+s !, k"0ff{° &, lgjf{rg cfof]u .

16

nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg

jf;'b]j u'/fufO{+

;f/f+z

nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yf ePsf b]zdf cf–cfkm\gf 3/b}nf / a:tLdf lagfem~em6 cfwf/e"t ;]jf kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/ ToxfFsf hgtfn] d'n'ssf] sfg'gåf/f k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fHo Joj:yf s]lGb|s[t geP/ ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug'{kbf{ hgtfsf 3/b}nfdf k|mG6 nfOg ;le{; lbFb} cfPsf To:tf lgsfo eg]sf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt x'g\ . @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fljssf] :yfgLo lgsfo zAbsf] :yfgdf :yfgLo tx eg]/ kl/jt{g u/] klg oL lgsfonfO{ sfg'gn] :yfgLo lgsfo eg]/ kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{, oL :yfgLo txdf /xg] :yfgLo lgsfo x'g\ . o:tf lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfn] PsJolQm Psdtsf cfwf/df :jtGq¿kdf uf]Ko dtbfgsf] k|lqmofaf6 ljZjf; k|s6 u/]sf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ x'G5g\ / oL kb k"lt{sf nflu cfjlws¿kdf lgjf{rg eO/xG5 . aflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\gf] k|:tfjgfdf g} :yfg lbP/ o;sf] dxTjnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf lgjf{rgsf] o:tf] rqm 3'ld/xG5, 3'ld/xg'k5{ . o;n] Psflt/ lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwnfO{ hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL x'g jfWo kf5{ eg] csf{lt/ hgtfn] cf–cfkm\gf 3/b}nfdf kfpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] k|flKt / ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtfsf] cj;/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] nf]stGqsf] hunfO{ dha't agfpg] sfddf klg TolQs} ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf x'g'kg]{ :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg clxn];Dd x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . t/, pkNnf] txsf] /fhgLlts slrª\un;Fu Toltljlw ;/f]sf/ g/fVg] g]kfnL hgtf eg] x/xd]zf nf]stfl-Gqs cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf / ;/sf/af6 kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf 3/b}nfdf k|fKt x'g'kg]{ clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf kIfdf plePsf b]lvG5g\ / of] pgLx¿sf] ;jf{lws rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] .

ljifo p7fg

k/f]If jf ck/f]If¿kdf hgtfsf] nfdf] ;ª\3if{kl5 @))& ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k|fb'ef{j eof] . k|hftGqsf] k|fb'ef{j;Fu;Fu} Ps ;o rf/ jif{ nfdf] hxflgofF /f0ff zf;gsf] klg

Ps;fy cGTo eof] . o;kl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] t'ngfTds¿kdf s]xL g s]xL k|hftflGqs ;f; k]mg]{ cj;/ kfP . cfkm\gf xs clwsf/sf nflu h] hlt a'e]msf lyP tL ;a} phfu/

ug{ kfP . k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 x'g'kg]{ lgjf{rg nfdf] ;do;Dd x'g ;s]g . /fHo Joj:yf

;x;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

17

kl/jt{g geP klg nfdf] cjlw;Dd ljleGg lsl;dsf /fhgLlts ptf/r9fj sfod /x] . k|hftGqnfO{ afd] ;g{ lgs} nfdf] ;do nfUof] . ;don] nfdf] sfnv08 kf/ ug'{k/] tfklg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df @)!% ;fndf ;+;b\sf nflu hgk|ltlglw 5fGg klxnf]k6s ;+;bLo cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . g]kfnL hgtfn] @)!% ;fn kmfu'g & ut] ;+;bLo Joj:yfcGtu{t cfk"mn] /f]h]sf k|ltlglwnfO{ klxnf]k6s dtbfg ug]{ cj;/ kfP . To;}n] of] lbg / sfnv08nfO{ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf;df P]ltxfl;s dflgG5 . h'g lgjf{rgsf]

kl/0ffdn] g]kfndf cf}krfl/s¿kdf ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] ;'¿cft eof] . ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf

lvnfkmdf nfluk/]sfx¿sf] k|of; c;kmn ;fljt u/fOlbof] . of] P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] lbgsf]

;Demgf / ;du|df nf]stGqnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ xfn cfP/ lgjf{rg cfof]un] k|To]sjif{ kmfu'g

& ut]sf] lbgnfO{ lgjf{rg lbj;sf ¿kdf d'n'se/ dgfpg] lg0f{o;d]t u/]sf] 5 .

lgs} nfdf] ;do vr]{/ afd] ;g{ ;kmn ag]sf] ;+;bLo k|hftGqn] /fd|f];Fu v'§f rfNg gkfpFb}

o;dfly k]ml/ klg 7"nf] k|xf/ eof] . @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] cg]sf}F axfgf agfP/ ;+;bLo

Joj:yfsf] v'§f efFlrof] / k~rfot gfds Joj:yfsf] aLhf/f]k0f ul/of] . o; Joj:yfn]

tL;jif{;Dd g]kfndf cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj hdfP klg lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf g]kfnL hgtfn] o;nfO{

cj;fg u/fOlbP . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cj;fgkl5 g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'g/fudg eof] .

@)$& ;fn sflt{s @# ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL ;+ljwfgd'tflas

g]kfndf @)$* ;fndf ;+;bLo Joj:yfcGtu{t k'gM bf];|f]k6s ;+;b\sf nflu lgjf{rg eof] /

hgcfsfª\Iffcg'¿k /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ ;+;b\df k'u] .

o;sf] nuQ} g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf klxnf]k6s :yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t

kfFrjif]{ sfo{sfnsf nflu @)$( ;fn h]7 !% / !* u/L b'O{r/0fdf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt

tyf gu/kflnsfx¿ / @)$( c;f/ !# ut] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf /xg] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]

lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ :yfgLo txdf hgtfn] cfk}Fmåf/f lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿åf/f zf;gsf]

cg'e"lt ug{ kfP . of] hgtfsf] nfdf] ;ª\3if{sf] k|ltkmn lyof] . cfjZostfsf] ljifo lyof] .

To;}n] klg o;df ;a}sf] ;Gt'li6 /Xof] .

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg, @)%$

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgs} s'/f ubf{ k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5 kfFrjif]{ sfo{sfnsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl5Nnf]k6ssf] lgjf{rg @)%$ ;fndf ;DkGg eof] . lgjf{rg hlt

ljjfb/lxt x'g'kYof]{ of] lgjf{rg Tolt ljjfb/lxt x'g ;s]g . o; lgjf{rgdf wfFwnL u/]sf] eGb} Toltv]/ ;Qfdf /x]sfx¿nfO{ rsf]{ :j/df cf}Fnf 78Øfpg] sfd klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 eof] . eljiodf x'g] lgjf{rgdf ;'wf/sf s'/fx¿ klg cfP . o;tk{m s]xL cWoog ug]{ sfd

klg eP . oltv]/sf] cf}Fnf] 78ØfOsf] d'Vo k|Zg lgjf{rg ;'/Iffsf] lyof] . oyfy{ h] eP klg oltv]/sf] hgtfsf] cf}Fnf] 78ØfO u[x k|zf;gn] lgjf{rg ;'/Iffsf gfddf cfkm\gf kIfdf lgjf{rgsf] glthf Nofpg e/eUb'/ k|of; u/]sf] eGg]df lyof] . t/ Pp6f s'/f s]

18

ljrf/0fLo 5 eg] o; lsl;dsf cfIf]k / c;Gt'li6 7"nf] jf ;fgf]¿kdf s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf cfpg] ub{5 .

g]kfndf kl5Nnf]k6s @)%$ ;fndf ;DkGg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgs} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] klg d"ntM b'O{r/0fdf g} ePsf] lyof] . ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx¿sf] lgjf{rg h]7 $ / !# ut] ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljsf; If]qsf lx;fan] klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn klxnf]r/0f / afFsL /x]sf] k"jf{~rn tyf dWodf~rnsf]

lgjf{rg bf];|f]r/0fdf k/]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tLnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/

o; lsl;dsf] r/0f ljefhgsf] lg0f{o lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] lyof] . lhNnf ljsf;

;ldltsf] lgjf{rg klg c;f/ ^ / ;fpg $ u/L b'O{r/0fd} ljefhg u/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] lgjf{rgsf] r/0f eg] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfsf]

h:tf] geO{ dWoklZrdf~rn afx]s c¿ rf/ ljsf; If]qdf klxnf]r/0f cyf{t\ @)%$ c;f/

^ / dWoklZrdf~rndf eg] ;fpg $ ut] ug]{ u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] / lgjf{rg klg ;f]xL

d'tflas ;~rfng eof] . t/, olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg dWoklZrdf~rnsf s]xL gu0o lhNnfsf

s]xL gu0o :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{rg x'g ;s]g . oltv]/ lgjf{rg x'g g;sL afFsL /x]sf]

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg klg ;f]xL jif{sf] k';df uP/ ;DkGg eof] .

h]xf];\, k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5sf] bf];|f] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg clxn];Ddsf] :yfgLo

lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] Oltxf;df clGtd ePsf] 5 . sfg'gL¿kdf cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] k|:6

k|fjwfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg @)%( ;fndf ;DkGg x'g'kg]{] lgjf{rg clxn];Dd ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . bnx¿aLr lgjf{rgsf] tfnd]n ldNg ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfodf hglgjf{lrt

kbflwsf/LljxLgtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ j}slNks Joj:yf ug]{ qmddf ;/sf/n] ljleGg k|of]u

u¥of] . t/ tL ;a} k|of]un] g t lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Laf6 x'g] l/Qmtf jf cefjnfO{ k"/f ug{

;Sof] g t tL sfg'g;Ddt ag]/ lg/Gt/ g} x'g ;s] . cem cgf}7f] s'/f t lgjf{rgåf/f

5flgPsf k|ltlglwnfO{ h:tf] hgcf:yf klg logLx¿k|lt JolQmg ;s]g . kmn:j¿k lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf :yfgLo lgsfo rnfpg'kg]{ afWotf ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{k¥of] . h;sf]

lg/Gt/tf clxn];Dd 5 .

lgjf{rgsf] cfjZostf / hgtfsf] ;DaGw

:yfgLo lgsfo hgtfn] ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug]{ klxnf] v'6\lsnf] xf] . ufpF ljsf;

;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf ltgsf j8f sfof{nox¿n] glrgfOsg ;/sf/sf s'g} klg cª\u jf lgsfon] hgtfnfO{ ;f]e}m lrGb}gg\ . lrlgFbf logLx¿dfk{mt\ lrlgg'k5{ . o;/L lrgfpg] eg]sf hgtf :jod\n] lgjf{lrt u/]sf kbflwsf/L x'g\ . cfkm\gf ufpF3/sf s'g} klg

lsl;dsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu of]hgfsf] 5gf]6, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf km/kmf/ssf nflu klg log} lgsfosf] cfjZostf k5{ . s;}nfO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] cfjZostf

k¥of], s;}nfO{ 3/hUuf a]rlavg ug'{k¥of], JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug'{ u/fpg'k¥of], k|fs[lts

19

k|sf]k / ljklQsf ;dodf s]xL ug'{ u/fpg'k¥of] eg] jf c¿ ljljw o:t} b]Vbf dl;gf t/ dxTjk"0f{ sfddf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf dx;'; hgtfn] u5{g\ . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg] b]xfosf s'/fn] ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu hgtfsf] ;DaGw / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 M

nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfo hgtfn] cf–cfkm\gf 3/b}nfdf k|mG6 nfOg ;le{; kfpg'kg]{ k|efjsf/L lgsfo ePsf]n],

JolQmut 36gf btf{nufot hgtfsf] b}glGbg ;d:of / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf

;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfo ePsf]n],

hgtfn] cfjZostfcg';f/sf cfjfhsf] aLhf/f]k0f ug]{ :yfgLo txsf] j}wflgs

/fhgLlts lgsfo ePsf]n],

hgtfsf ;a} sfd hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿af6 ;'rf¿ x'g] ePsf]n],

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf /fHosf] pkl:yltaf]w x'g] ePsf]n],

ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{n] :yfgLo txdf j}wflgs¿kdf ljsf; lgdf{0fnufotsf

ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] cj;/sf] l;h{gf x'g] ePsf]n],

/fhgLlts jftfj/0f w'ldn x'gaf6 aRb} /fhgLlts bnx¿ / :yfgLo hgtfx¿aLrsf]

cfk;L ;b\efj / ldqtfdf clej[l4 x'g] e/kbf]{ cj;/sf] k|flKt x'g] ePsf]n],

;du|df nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe :yfgLo lgsfo ePsfn] hu}b]lv o;nfO{ dha't

agfpg ;s] dfq nf]stGq ;+:yfut x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf k|fjwfg

:yfgLo lgsfo eg]/ xfdLn] clxn];Dd a'lemcfPsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf tyf

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo tx eg]/ Psd'i6 gfds/0f u/]sf]

5 . ufpF;ef, ufpFsfo{kflnsf, gu/;ef, gu/sfo{kflnsf, lhNnf;ef, lhNnf ;dGjo

;ldlt h:tf lgsfosf] kl/sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . ufpF tyf gu/kflnsfsf] ;+/rgf

/ sfd sf/jfxL ;fljssf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsf;Fu t'ngf ubf{ sl/a sl/a

p:t} b]lvP klg lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt xfnsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu

Toltljlw ldNg] b]lvFb}g . tyflk, ;+/rgfut lx;fan] ufpF, gu/ / lhNnf ;a}df 5'§f5'§}

txsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf lx;fan] ufpF / gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug'{kg]{5 eg] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg pgLx¿ cfk}Fmn] ug]{5g\ .

;fljssf] :yfgLo lgsfosf ;DaGwdf @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf

s] Joj:yf 5 eGg] hfGg vf]Hbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df æof] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] ;ª\Vof / If]q lgwf{/0f geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\Æ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfpF5f}F . To;} u/L

20

;+ljwfgsf] ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkbkmf -@_ df æpkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfod /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgjf{rg sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5Æ eGg] / pkwf/f -#_ df æpkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\æ eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] of] Joj:yfn] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] 9f]sf v'nf /fv]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6kft ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ kl//x]sf] cK7Øf/f]nfO{ ;}4flGts¿kdf ljlw lgdf{tfx¿n] a'e]msf]

cg'e"lt x'G5 . casf] cfjZostf To;nfO{ l56f]eGbf l56f] d"t{¿k lbg'df dfq afFsL 5 .

sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ;Daf]wgsf] kf6f] dfq afFsL 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] cfjZostf

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf;

;ldltx¿nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo eg]/ kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . k|hftGqdf /fHosf a9LeGbf a9L sfd

sf/jfxLnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ub}{ n}hfg] / :yfgLo txdf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ljsf; lgdf{0fnufotsf

sfddf :yfgLo lgsfosf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;jf{lws¿kdf :jLsf/

ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljs]lGb|t /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ k|hftflGqs¿kdf dha't agfpgs} nflu :yfgLo

:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ hf/L ePsf x'g\ .

:yfgLo lgsfodf x'g] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / hg;]jfdf ;dlk{t agfpgsf

nflu oL sfg'gn] d2t u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] sfdsf] kf/blz{tf, ;"rgfsf] ;'lglZrttf /

hgtfn] ;]jf kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . t/ d'n'ssf] lj8Dagf g}

eGg'k5{, oL sfg'gn] ;zSt eP/ sfd ug}{ ;s]gg\ . ;zSt eP/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ g}

kfPgg\ jf To:tf] cj;/ lbOPg . To;}n] h]¿kdf oL cfP ToxL¿kdf ylGsg oL afWo eP,

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] kl/sNkgfadf]lhdsf] efjgfdf oL cg'jfb x'g ;s]gg\ .

lj=;+= @)%( sf] h]7÷c;f/df t];|f]k6s ;DkGg x'g'kg]{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg clxn];Dd ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts kl/l:yltcg's"n gx'Fbf;Dd jf d'n'ssf

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] grfxFbf;Dd lgjf{rg x'g ;Sbf]/x]g5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 o;n] u/]sf]

5 . cfjlws lgjf{rg k|hftGqsf] d]¿b08 xf] elgP klg k|rlnt sfg'gdf lgjf{rg ldltsf]

;'lglZrttf geP;Dd To:tf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;Sbf]/x]g5 eGg] s'/fsf] klg k'li6 xf]

of] . lgjf{rg ldltsf] 3f]if0ffdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg'kg]{ kl/l:ylt ljBdfg

xf]p~h]n lgjf{rgsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Sbf]/x]g5 eGg] s'/fsf] HjnGt k|df0f klg xf] of] . ;/sf/df h'g;'s} /fhgLlts bn cfP÷uP klg of] jf Tof] /fhgLlts bnsf] k|efj :yfgLo

txdf gx'g ;S5 eg]/ lgjf{rgsf] wfuf]nfO{ cgGt;Dd tGsfpFb} n}hfg] xf] eg] k|hftGq slxNo} :j:Yo x'g ;St}g . df}nfpg ;St}g . slxNo} cufl8 a9\g ;St}g . o;/L

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] hf]8 36fpsf] lvFrftfgLd} d'n's cndlnO/xg] xf] eg] d'n'ssf] ljsf; bzs xf]Og ztfAbL;Dd kl5 ws]lng ;S5 . To;}n] nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf /x]sf]

21

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg lgjf{w¿kdf ;DkGg u/L To;df /Qm ;~rf/ ul/g'k5{, o;df sbflk x]nrS|ofOF / l9NofOF ul/g' x'Gg . o;sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n] s] a'‰g'k5{ eg] ;'zff;gsf nflu nf]stGq hlt cfjZos 5, Tof] eGbf a9L nf]stGq arfpgsf nflu lgjf{rgsf] cfjZostf 5 . To;dfly klg :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg t nf]stGqsf] xfQLkfOn] hu g} xf] . o;}sf] cf8 / e/f];fdf tNnf]eGbf tNnf] tx;Dd nf]stGqsf] cl:tTj hLljt /xG5 .

cK7Øf/f] ;a}sf] p:t}

…v's'/Lsf] df/ crfgf]nfO{ yfxf x'G5Ú eGg] g]kfnL pvfg hglgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L gePsf

:yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;]jf lnO/x]sf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;f]Wg'k5{ . ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf]

sfdsf nflu klg ltgn] slt b'Mv si6 ef]lu/x]sf 5g\, v]lk/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ltg}

hgtfnfO{ ;f]Wg'k5{ h;n] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / sfdsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo wfPsf 5g\ . p:t}

kbf{ b'O{÷tLgj6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt x]g]{ u/L ;/sf/n] v6fPsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf

;lrjaf6 sfd lng ltgnfO{ slt cK7Øf/f] 5 . hgtfnfO{ dfq geP/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt

;~rfngsf] lhDdf kfPsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrjx¿nfO{ klg sd cK7Øf/f] kl//x]sf]

5}g . ltgsf] j]bgf cem 5'§} 5 . oyf;do ;'ljwf lbg g;lsPsf hgtfsf] s/s/,

;|f]t;fwgsf] cefj / cf}krfl/s lhDd]jf/Ldf g/x]sf t/ ljleGg axfgfdf efua08f /

c¿ o:t} ljifodf VofpFVofpF ul//xg] :yfgLo txsf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{, cfGtl/s /

afXo p2]Zo cnucnu lnP/ u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf gfddf pkl:yt JolQmx¿ / ;/sf/

:jod\sf tk{maf6 ljleGg If]qdf hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne ;]jf lbg ylkO/xg] lhDd]jf/Ln] ufpF

ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrjx¿, gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[tx¿ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf

sfo{/t :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lx¿ Pslx;fan] k|tfl8t g} 5g\ eGbf klg x'G5 .

Pp6f ;fdfGo gful/stf k|df0fkq k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ l;kmfl/; lng xf];\ jf 3/ hUuf a]rlavgsf] l;kmfl/; lngsf nflu xf];\, Pp6f gful/sn] sf];f}Fsf] b"/L kf/ u/]/

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrj e]6\g lhNnf ;b/d'sfd wfpg'k5{, eg]sf] ;dodf ;lrjx¿

klg pknAw gx'g ;S5g\ To;}n] sfd gxf]p~h]n ufF;, af; / c¿ sfdsf nflu C0f

sf9]/ NofPsf] /sd vr]{/ dxFuf] ;b/d'sfddf ylGsg'k5{ . of] s;}sf] skf]nslNkt syf

xf]Og, oyfy{ xf] .

xfdLn] e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL h:tf 36gf k6sk6s ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}F . sltkon] ef]Ub} cfPsf 5f}F . To;n] pAhfPsf] si6 sd kL8fbfoL 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf glhsaf6

tTsfn cfjZos ;xof]u / ;xfg'e"lt bzf{pg];Ddsf] :jlgjf{lrt k|ltlglw pm;Fu 5}g . e"sDkn] 3/ elTsPsf] 5, c:yfoL 6x/f] jf o:t} j}slNks af;df clNemPsf] 5, ;/sf/ C0f lbg] s'/f u5{ t/ 3/ agfpFb} ug{ eGb}g . gS;f xftdf lnP/ e"sDkkLl8tx¿

;/sf/sf] Ozf/f klv{/x]sf 5g\ t/ oyfy{ egfO aflx/ cfpFb}g . efif0flkR5]sf d'vn]

22

cfZjf;g lbO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ t/ cf}krfl/stf lbFb}gg\ . :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbfsf] of] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f dfq xf] . o;n] ;a} lsl;dsf ;d:ofsf] phfu/ ug{ ;St}g . o;nfO{ dfq Pp6f pbfx/0fLo 36gf agfOPsf] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfodf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL hgk|ltlglwx¿ eOlbPsf eP hgtfsf kIfdf sxfF s] eGg'k5{, sxfF s] ug'{k5{ ltgn] uy]{ eGg] Pp6f cfzfsf] TofGb|f];Dd kfNg ;lsGYof] . w]/}sf] Pp6} cfjfh x'Fbf ;d:ofn] lgsf; kfpg klg ;SYof] t/ Tof] cj:yf oltv]/ pknAw 5}g .

cK7Øf/f] kbf{ klG5g] / ;xhtf x'Fbf h; lng vf]Hg]sf] dfq afx'Notf 5 ufpF, gu/ /

lhNnfsf clwsf+z a:tLx¿df . To;}n] o;lsl;dsf] cK7Øf/f] k'msfpgsf nflu klg :yfgLo

lgsfox¿df l56f]eGbf l56f] hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;sf

nflu s'g} klg d"Nodf :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] ckl/xfo{tf Jojxf/df :jLsfl/g'k5{ .

:yfgLo lgjf{rgdf bnLo k|lt:kwf{, hgtfsf] lttf] a'emfO

k|hftGqsf] k'gk|f{lKtkl5 g]kfndf b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rg eP . To;df hgtfsf] cTolws

;xeflutf /Xof], Tof] klg xiff]{Nnf;k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf, ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf . ca t s]xL x'G5

eGg] cfzf hgtfdf knfPsf] lyof] Toltv]/ . t/, Tof] cfzf klg kl/l:ylthGo ljleGg

36gf kl/36gfn] nfO{ nfu]sf] :s";sf] d'gfe}Fm cfhko{Gt sqmSs k/]sf]k¥o} 5 a9\g

g;s]/ . To;sf] k|f/lDes cf}iflwd"nf] eg]sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg xf] t/ Tolt;Ddsf] pkrf/

klg lgoldt¿kdf x'g ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

:yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf ;Gbe{df s'/f ul//xFbf hgtfaf6 ;'Ggdf cfPsf s]xL lttf

oyfy{ klg oxfF pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pe}Fm k|hftGqsf] k'gk|f{lKtkl5

g]kfndf b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rg eP, Tof] klg bnLo k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df . oL b'O{

lgjf{rgdWo] klxnf] lgjf{rgkl5 g} Pp6f cgf}7f] ljifon] rrf{ kfPsf] lyof] Toltv]/ . Tof] s]

eg] :yfgLo tx eg]sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] hu xfNg] cfwf/ tx xf] . oxfF sltko cj:yfdf

bnLo bz{gsf] cf:yf af]s]sf JolQmeGbf klg sfd ug{ u/fpg ;lhnf] x'g] JolQmsf] vf]hL

ul/G5 . ;fgf] dtfGt/n] lgjf{rgsf] glthf lgwf{/0f u5{ . ljleGg gftfuf]tf, Oi6ldq,

cfk;L d]nldnfk, ;f+:s[lts ;flGgWotf / cg]sf}F ;fdflhs /xg;xg cflbdf /dfO/x]sf]

a:tLdf bnLo k|lt:kwf{df lgjf{rg x'Fbf cfk;L dgd'6fj / j}/efjsf] aLhnfO{ st} la:tf/}

cª\s'l/t t ul//x]sf] 5}g eGg] k|Zgn] Toltv]/ lgs} 7fpF kfPsf] lyof] . o;f] elg/xFbf

oxfF lgb{nLo /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] jsfnt ug{ vf]lhPsf] kSs} xf]Og . Toltv]/ rrf{df cfPsf s'/fnfO{ ;bfzotfk"j{s kl:sg vf]lhPsf] dfq xf] . xfdL ;a}n] oltv]/ dx;';

u/]sf] s'/f s] klg xf] eg] sfd ug]{ If]qdf /fhgLlts ljifon] k|j]z kfpg' x'Gg . /fhgLlts ljifosf sf/0fn] sfddf cj/f]w cfpg' x'Gg . ljleGg sfo{ If]qdf cfkm\gf] xs, clwsf/ /

:jtGqtfsf] k|flKtsf gfddf cl:tTjdf /x]sf ljleGg 6]«8 o'lgogb]lv c¿ o:t} k|s[ltsf ;+3 ;ª\u7gaf6 k|fKt ef]ufO / cg'e"ltn] klg o; ljifodf ;f]Rg afWo agfPsf] 5 . oL

23

s'/fx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf x]bf{ klg ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] Toltv]/ cg'e"t u/]sf lttf oyfy{sf ljifodf klg Psk6s 5nkmn / ax; cfjZos 5 ls <

kfgL 5ftfn] cf]T5, 808Ln] cf]Tb}g . 808L 5ftfnfO{ c8\Øfpg / l6sfpg dfq k|of]u x'G5 . o:t} u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] s'/f ubf{ klg ;+;b\nufot dflyNnf txsf lgjf{lrt lgsfodf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|ToIf pkl:ylt / k|lt:kwf{ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfcg'¿k clgjfo{ u/L :yfgLo txdf k|ToIf¿kdf bnLo k|lt:kwf{ gubf{ s;f] xf]nf

< sltko /fhgLlts lgo'lQm / sd{rf/L ;¿jf h:tf] ;fdfGo ljifodf /fhgLlts laNnf

nufP/ lgo'lQm / ;¿jf ug{ afgL a;]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ts{ unf

nfUg ;S5, t/ klg 708f lbdfun] ;f]Rg'kg]{ ljifo eg] xf] of] . lsgeg] :yfgLo tx eg]sf]

;]jf k|jfx u/]/ b]vfpg] 7fpF xf], efif0fn] el/k"0f{ u/fpg] ynf] xf]Og .

k|hftGqsf] k'gk|f{lKtkl5 ;DkGg ePsf :yfgLo lgjf{rgkl5 hgtfn] sfo{If]qdf cg'e"t

u/]sf] lttf] oyfy{ xf] of] . hgtf cfkm\gf ufpF3/ / a:tLdf slrª\n ePsf] x]g{ rfxFb}gg\ .

cfkm\gf ufpF3/ / a:tLdf ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] x]g{ / b]Vg rfxG5g\ hgtf . o;

cy{df pgLx¿n] p7fPsf ljifo Tolt gfhfoh klg xf]Og ls eGg] nfU5 . t/, o;sf

;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ;a} kIf ljrf/]/ cfjZos 5nkmn, dGyg / gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{

eg]sf] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] g} xf] . lsgls, d'n's s;/L cl3 a9fpg] eGg] lhDdf pgLx¿s}

sfFwdf 5, hgtfn] t pgLx¿sf] xf]:6]df ;bfzotfk"j{s x}F;] ug{] dfq xf] . pgLx¿sf

;sf/fTds ;f]r / sfd sf/jfxLdf cfjfh ld;fOlbg] dfq xf] .

lgisif{

nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe / hg;]jfsf] klxnf] v'6\lsnfsf] ¿kdf kl/sNkgf u/L sfg'gL¿kdf

:yflkt ul/Psf oL :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljxLgtfsf] cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd

u'lh|/xg' s;}sf klg lxtdf x'g] s'/f xf]Og . @)%( h]7b]lv c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ;DkGg

x'g'kg]{ oL lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug]{ jftfj/0f Toltv]/ lyPg . lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ePs} cj:yfdf klg tTsfnLg /fhgLlts åGå / o;n] kf/]sf k|efjsf sf/0f 3f]lift lgjf{rg lgjf{rg

;'/Iffsf sf/0f ;lhn} t'lxg ;SYof] . s;}n] rfx]/ lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;Sg] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f k6Ss} lyPg Toltv]/ . @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bn / tTsfnLg

g]skf dfcf]jfbLaLr zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePkl5 eg] lgjf{rgsf s'/f cufl8 a9\g

;SYof] . pgLx¿n] o;sf nflu klg s]xL ;do vr]{sf eP lgjf{rg ;Dej x'g;SYof] . t/, :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgeGbf ;+ljwfg;ef u7g u/L ;f] ;efåf/f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ljifon] k|fyldstf kfof] h'g s'/f :jfefljs} klg lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg eO;s]kl5 eg] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] xflb{s¿kdf rfx]sf eP of] lgjf{rg ;Dej lyof] . t/ lgjf{rgsf]

ljifo bnx¿sf] lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v eP/ klg sfof{Gjogsf txdf cfpg ;s]g . of] l:ylt eg]sf] hgtfk|lt /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cljZjf; / zª\sfsf] cj:yf xf] . xf]Og

24

eg] af]n]sf s'/f ltgn] k'¥ofpg'kYof]{ . h'g lqmofsnfk hgtfsf kIfdf x'GYof] . hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu x'GYof] . ;/sf/nfO{ klg :yfgLo txdf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHon] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;a} ;]jf;'ljwf ;xh¿kdf pknAw u/fpg ;lhnf] x'GYof] . emg\ oltv]/sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] :yfgLo lgsfodf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ eOlbPsf eP e"sDk h:tf] k|nosf/L k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t emg} ;lhnf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'GYof] ;]jf lng] lbg] b'j}nfO{ . o;}n] nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf /x]sf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ;DkGg ubf{ Psflt/ nf]stGqsf] ;Ddfg x'g] / csf{lt/ :yfgLo txdf ;]jf

k|jfxsf qmddf ;]jf lng] lbg] ;a}nfO{ kSs} klg ;lhnf] k5{ . Tolt dfq geP/ g]kfndf

lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] Voflt / bL3{tfnfO{ klg o;n] kSs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

o; s'/fdf ;fob s;}n] klg /fo aemfpFb}gg\, a¿ tfnL ahfpF5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^##= :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*$= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^^= lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿&= ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt lgjf{rg;DaGwL j}rfl/s n]v tyf ;dfrf/x¿ .

25

:yfgLo ;/sf/ M ljut / jt{dfg Joj:yf

b]zaGw' clwsf/L

!= ljifo k|j]z

…;/sf/Ú /fHo ;~rfngsf] j}wflgs ;+oGq xf] . zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/ssf] lg0ff{os

;xeflutf /xf];\ / /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf, ;'ljwfdf pgLx¿sf] ;xh kx'Fr k'uf];\ eGg]

p2]Zon] nf]stflGqs zf;g k2ltdf /fHosf] ;+/rgfnfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ u/L

To;sf] ;~rfng lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwdfkm{t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . :yfgLo txdf /xg]

o:tf] ;+/rgfnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ (Local Government) elgG5 .

/fHosf] lgdf{0f;Fu} To;sf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ rng k|f/De ePsf] xf] .

k|f/Detfsf /fHosf] d'Vo sfd cfkm\gf] e"–If]qsf] lj:tf/ / ;+/If0f ug]{, gful/saf6

s/, b:t'/ p7fpg] / k|zf;lgs, Goflos sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ x'GYof] . ef}uf]lns If]qkmn,

/fHoleq} klg ljleGg If]qdf cfjthfjtsf] sl7gfO;d]tsf sf/0f s]Gb|n] dfq} /fHosf]

;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f ;Dej xF'b}gYof] . kmntM :yfgLo:t/df /fHosf] sfo{sf/L

Pjd\ Goflos sfo{{sf] ;Dkfbg :yfgLo k|ltlglwdfkm{t ul/GYof] . o:tf k|ltlglwx¿ /fhfaf6

lgo'Qm x'Gy] jf hgtfn] lgjf{lrt uy]{ . o:tf] cEof; klZrdL ;dfhdf O;fk"j{ kfFrf}

ztflJbb]lv / k"jL{o ;dfhdf j}lbs sfnb]lv g} k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

@= g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cEof;

g]kfndf ls/fFtj+zL /fhfx¿sf] kfnfb]lv dfq} k|zf;lgs 9fFrfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 .1

ls/fFtsfndf /fHosf] cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, Goflos sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu s'y]/, dfKrf]s,

lnª\Ujn / z'NnL u/L rf/j6f clws/0f -lgsfo_ v8f ul/Psf] lyof] . oL clws/0fnfO{

lnR5ljsfndf ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] :j0f{sfn elgg] lnR5ljsfndf

jfl0fHo Jofkf/ duwsf] kf6lnk'q;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . d'n's ;d[4 lyof] . Jofkfl/s

s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf /x]sf ufpFnfO{ …b|ª\uÚ / lhNnfnfO{ …ljifoÚ elgGYof] . lhNnfsf] k|d'v

k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf ljifokltx¿ lgo'Qm x'Gy] . :yfgLo txsf] k|zf;lgs, Goflos sfo{sf] ;Dkfbg :yfgLo txdf u7g x'g] …kf~rfnLÚ af6 x'GYof] . kf~rfnLaf6 l5gf]kmfgf] x'g

g;s]sf ljjfbdfq /fhfsf] Ohnf;df k]z x'Gy] . oL ljleGg tYonfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ls/fFt / lnR5ljsfnb]lv g} xfd|f] b]zdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] cEof; k|rngdf /x]sf]

pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

1 1fg]Zj/ e6\6/fO{, a[xt 1fg sf]if, @)^(÷&)

26

k'li6 x'G5 .

k|frLg g]kfnsf] e"–If]q slxn] km}lnPsf] / slxn] v'lDrPsf] kfOG5 . b'u{d ef}uf]lns agf]6sf] sf/0f b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efusf] /]vb]v, ;~rfng s]Gb|af6 dfq} ug{ ;Dej lyPg . t;y{ sltko :yfgdf s]Gb|nfO{ s/ a'emfP/ ;fdGt -:yfgLo txdf cfly{s ;fdflhs k|e"Tj /x]sf JolQm_ x¿n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;d]t kfPsf x'Gy] . s]Gb| sdhf]/ ePsf] a]nf :yfgLo ;fdGtx¿ cfk"mnfO{ k"0f{tM :jtGq agfpg ljb|f]x;d]t ub{y] .2 o:t} ljleGg sf/0fn]

dNnsfnsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf;Dd clxn]sf] dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrd If]qdf @@ j6f, dWo

g]kfnsf] u08sL If]qdf @$ j6f, k"jL{ g]kfndf dsjfgk'/, rf}b08L / ljhok'/ u/L # /

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf # u/L ljleGg %@ j6f /fHo cl:tTjdf lyP . ljleGg lgx'Fdf cfk;df

dgd'6fj, lvrnf] / n8fOF;d]t eO/xg] sf/0f ;a} /fHo s'g} g s'g} /fHosf ldq jf zq'

lyP . /fHox¿ lgs} sdhf]/ lyP .

rf}lj;] /fHodWo]sf] uf]/vf /fHosf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx rt'/ / s'6gLlts r]t ePsf

/fhf lyP . Jofkf/sf] lgx'Fdf ef/t k;L ToxfFsf] ;/sf/ rnfO/x]sf] …lkm/lËÚ -Oi6 Ol08of

sDkgL ;/sf/_ n] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ / zLtn hnjfo' ePsf] kxf8L If]qdf cfFvf

nufPsf] s'/f pgn] /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP . /fHo lj:tf/sf] Jou| rfxgf / ;fx; ePsf

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 7"nf] b'Mv / ;'ema'emsf ;fy oL ;–;fgf /fHo;Fu n8]/ PsLs/0f ub}{

alnof] æg]kfnÆ /fi6«sf] :yfkgf u/] .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxkl5 /fhf ePsf k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] kfnfb]lv g} b/af/ ;Qf / zlQmsf]

if8\oGqdf km:of] . gfafns /fhf / dxTjfsfª\IfL gfojx¿sf sf/0f zf;g Joj:yfdf

lg/Gt/ ljleGg u'6, pku'6x¿ xfjL x'Fb} cfP . sf]tkj{, e08f/vfnkj{ / c? o:t} ljleGg

kj{df ;Qf :jfy{sf sf/0f w]/} b]zeQm efOef/bf/x¿ csf/0f sfl6P, dfl/P . kmntM

PsLs/0fb]lv lj=;+= @))& ;fn;Ddsf] sl/a !*# jif{;Dd g]kfn if8\oGq / lvrftfgLsf]

bfpk]rdf cl8Psf] :j]R5frf/L zf;g k|0ffnLdf hsl8of] . :yfgLo zf;gsf] ;~rfng y/L,

lhDbf/, lhDd'jfn, tfn'sbf/ cflbsf] lhDdfdf /Xof] . gful/sx¿ ltgsf cf1f lz/f]k/ ub}{

v'?–v'? /fHon] nufPsf s/, b:t'/ a'emfpFb} …leQfsf klg sfg x'G5g\Ú eGg] eo kfn]/

…lha|f] y'ltg]Ú 8/n] r'krfk al;/x] .

lg/ª\s'ztfaf6 d'lQmsf nflu g]kfnL ;dfh h'd'{/fpg yfn]kl5 /f0ffzfxLlj?4sf] hgcfqmf]; zfGt kfg]{ k|of;:j¿k >L # kb\dzd;]/n] d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ nfluPsf]

5gs lbg d'n'se/ lgjf{lrt gu/kflnsf v8f ug]{af/] lj=;+= @))$ ;fn h]7 # df Ps 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . pQm 3f]if0ffdf pgn] gu/kflnsf v8f ug{ dtbfgaf6 k|ltlglw 5fGg] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ k|ltlglw 5fGbf ;f]r ljrf/k"j{s c;n, cg'ejL / nfos k|ltlglw 5fgL

2 pxL

27

d'n'ssf] pTyfgdf ;xof]uL x'g gful/sx¿nfO{ cfXjfg;d]t u/]sf lyP .3 oxL 3f]if0ffcg'¿k lj=;+=@))$ ;fn h]7 @( ut] sf7df8f} zx/sf dtbftfn] dtbfgåf/f cfk\mgf] k|ltlglw cfkm} r'gL sf7df8f} gu/kflnsf -Do"lgl;kln6L_ sf] u7g u/]sf x'g\ .4 g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lgjf{rgsf] Oltxf; g} oxL :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] xf] .

#= j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ / :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g Joj:yf

…ljwfgadf]lhd b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{Ú egL hf/L ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm :yfgLotxdf u|fd k~rfot, gu/k~rfot /

lhNnf k~rfotsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))% ;fnsf] j}zfv ! ut]b]lv

nfu" eO{ ;f] jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf b]ze/ nfu" x'g] u/L @))$ ;fn df3 !# ut] hf/L ul/Psf]

of] ljwfgadf]lhd :yfgLo txdf u|fd, gu/ / lhNnf k~rfotx¿sf] lgjf{rg eO{ ltgsf

k|ltlglw;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf ljwflosfsf] tNnf] ;bg …/fi6«;efÚ sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] .

lj=;+= @))& ;fn c;f]h ^ ut] >L # df]xg zd;]/åf/f pb\3f6g ul/Psf] /fi6«;ef /

ef/bf/L;efsf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Joj:yfks ;ef -s]Gb|Lo;ef_ sf] ;df/f]xdf j}wflgs

;ldltsf tkm{af6 ;'j0f{zd;]/n] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ePsf sfo{sf]

k|ult k|ltj]bg k|:t't ubf{ sf7df8f} Do"lgl;klnl6sf] u7g ePsf], u|fd k~rfot P]g,

gu/k~rfot P]g, k~rfotL cbfnlt P]g / lhNnf k~rfot P]g th{'df u/L nfu" ul/Psf],

eQmk'/, nlntk'/df klg gu/ k~rfotx¿n] gu/ k~rfot P]gadf]lhd sfd ;'¿ u/]sf, o;}

;fndf x/]s lhNnf, u9L, uf]Zjf/fdf k~rfotx¿ v8f ug{ lgjf{rg clkm;/x¿ v6fOPsf,

pQm cjlw;Dd b]ze/df hDdf !%* k~rfotx¿ v8f ePsf, st} st}sf hgtfn] cfk"mx¿nfO{

k~rfot grflxPsf] a? k'/fgf] l/ltl:ylt g} sfod /xf];\ eg]/ dfu u/]sf] ;d]tsf ljifox¿

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .5 o;af6 klxnf]k6s @))$ ;fnb]lv @))& ;ft ;fn c;f]h;Ddsf]

3 gu/kflnsf lgjf{rg, ;DkfbsLo, uf]/vfkq, @& h]i7 @))$ 4 of] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] ;DaGwdf b'O{j6f ldlt ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hgqmflGt,

@))& gfds k':tssf n]vs Pjd\ pQm lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt @! hgf j8f k|ltlglwdWo]sf Pshgf e"jgnfn k|wfgn] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf @))# ;fnsf] kmfu'gdf ePsf] 3f]if0ffcg';f/ ;f]xL

;fn lgjf{rg eO{ lgjf{lrt @! Hfgf / ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt !) hgf u/L #! ;b:o /x]sf] sf7df8f}+ Do'lgl;kfln6Lsf] u7g ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ pQm lgjf{rg ePtfsfsf

ljleGg ldltsf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt sf7df8f} Do"lgl;kln6Lsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo / ;"rgfdf eg] of] lgjf{rg @))$ ;fnsf] h]7 @( ut] ;DkGg ePsf] pNn]v ePsf]

5 . e"jgnfn k|wfgn] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf lgjf{lrt @! hgf ;b:osf] gfd lbFbf …oL dWo] Psb'O{

j6f gfpFdf uNtL ePsf] x'g;S5Ú egL pNn]v ug{'ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rg ldltsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L cvjf/n] pNn]v u/]sf] ldltnfO{ g} cflwsfl/s dfGg' pko'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 .5 u[id axfb'/ b]jsf]6f, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts bk{0f, efu !

28

cjlwdf b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cf}krfl/s¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] u7g ePsf] kfOG5 .

$= k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / :yfgLo lgsfo

lj=;+= @))& ;fndf /f0ff zfxLsf] ktg eO{ k|hftGqsf] cEo"bo eof] . gful/sx¿ /fhgLlts¿kdf :jtGq eP . zf;g Joj:yfdf k|hftflGqs zlQmx¿sf] k|j]z eof] . ;dfhdf o;sf] rf}tkmL{ k|efj k¥of] . t/ bzse/ /fhgLlts cj:yf eg] cToGt t/n

/Xof] . ;/sf/ u7g / lj36gsf] 3grSs/ rln/Xof] . /fhf lqe'jgsf] 3f]if0ffadf]lhd

ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g'sf] ;6\6f lj=;+= @)!% ;fn kmfu'g & ut] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg

eof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] g]t[Tjdf klxnf] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 of] rSs/df

cNklj/fd nfUof] .

s]Gb|Lo zf;g ;Qf hlt;'s} t/n /x] klg oxL cjlwdf ;d]t :yfgLo txdf gu/kflnsfx¿sf]

u7gsf nflu lgjf{rg ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{df lj=;+= @))( ;fndf nlntk'/ / eQmk'/

gu/kflnsfsf] / lj=;+= @)!) ;fn ebf}df sf7df8f} gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf]

lyof] . lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] sf7df8f} gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg lgjf{rg

Oltxf;df Ps sf]z]9'Ëf xf] . of] lgjf{rgdf klxnf]k6s g]kfnsf dlxnf dtbftfx¿n]

cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP .6 g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnf hgk|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf

;fwgfb]jL r'lgPsL lyOg\ .7 o;}jif{ jL/u~h / lj/f6gu/ gu/kflnsfsf] u7gsf nflu klg

lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf lyP . o;kl5 lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf ;d]t sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/, eQmk'/,

jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, eb|k'/, tfg;]g gu/kflnsfx¿sf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

%= k~rfotL Joj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg

lj=;+= @)!% ;fndf ul7t hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ b'O{jif{ klg l6Sg lbOPg . tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ anft\ lj36g u/L …df6f] ;'xfpFbf]Ú PsbnLo k~rfotL

Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft u/] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkftkl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/ -lgsfo_ sf] ¿kdf ufpF k~rfot, gu/ k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . lhNNff / c~rn:t/df ;/sf/

;~rfng;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] g]t[Tj / ;dGjosf nflu qmdzM lhNnf k~rfot / c~rn k~rfotsf] Joj:yf eof] . oL lgsfosf] u7g / sfo{;~rfng;DagwL P]g hf/L ul/P .

ljleGg ldltdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ul/of] . b]zdf lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfox¿ u7g eP . oBlk oL lgsfonfO{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cfbz{cg'¿k lgb{nLotfsf] hu dha't kfg]{ h/fsf] ¿kdf

ljsf; ul/of] jf ug{ vf]lhof] . nf]stGqsf zfZjt ljlw / dfGotfnfO{ clª\usf/ ul/Pg . t/ :yfgLo txdf gful/sx¿n] s'g} g s'g} dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf k|ltlglw 5gf]6 ug]{ cEof; ug{ kfP . cfkm\gf kL/dsf{ ;'gfpg]] / :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf cu'jfO{ ug]{ cu'jf

6 uf]/vfkq, @)!) ebf} @^7 ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F, @)%^

29

eg] kfP . of] cjlwdf ePsf ljleGg lgjf{rgdf dtbftf gfdfjnLsf] tof/L, dtbfgsf] uf]Kotf, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] v6gk6g, lgjf{rg ;'/Iff Joj:yf, k|rf/k|;f/, lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng, lgjf{rg vr{sf] lgodg, dtbfg / dtu0fgf sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, lgjf{rgsf] lgikIftf h:tf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf ljljw If]qdf qmlds ;'wf/x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

lj=;+= @)!* ;fnb]lv lj=;+= @)#! ;fn;Dd ;a} ufpF k~rfot jf gu/ k~rfotsf] lgjf{rg

Ps} jif{df geO{ km/s km/s jif{df x'GYof] . kmntM k|To]s jif{ s'g} g s'g} lhNnfdf lgjf{rg

x'g] cj:yf /xGYof] . o;n] ubf{ lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg /xg'kg]{ cfof]u /

;Da4 lgsfox¿ ;w}Fh;f] lgjf{rg ultljlwdf ;+nUg /lx/xGy] .

^= k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cEof;

lj=;+= @)$& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] b]zdf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf u¥of]] .

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f ufpF tyf gu/ If]qsf hgtfnfO{ :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo

ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf a9fpg :yfgLo:t/d} g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/L ax'bnLo

k|hftGq / ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{;d]tsf] p2]Zon] :yfgLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf ufpF

ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;sf

nflu lj=;+= @)$* ;fn r}q @^ ut] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, gu/kflnsf P]g, lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt P]g / :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g hf/L eP . oL P]gn] u/]sf]

Joj:yfcg'¿k lj=;+= @)$( ;fnsf] h]7 !% / !* ut] b'O{r/0fdf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /

gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf d'n'se/ #(!% ufpF ljsf;

;ldlt / %* gu/kflnsfx¿ u7g eP .

lj=;+= @)%$ ;fnsf] h]7 $ / !# ut] bf];|f]k6s oL lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . @)%$

;fndf ;DkGGf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf

j8faf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:odWo] sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] Joj:yfsf sf/0f d'n'se/ Ps}k6s s/Lj #^))) dlxnfx¿ :yfgLo

hgk|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg Oltxf;df of] Ps P]ltxfl;s

kl/36gf xf] . oxL cjlwdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ yk clwsf/ ;DkGg agfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

dfWodaf6 ;d[l4 k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogdf

NofOof] . o;k6s ul7t lgsfox¿ @)%( ;fnsf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd dfq} axfn /x] . ;z:q dfcf]jfbL åGåsf sf/0f pTkGg ;'/Iff r'gf}tL;d]tsf sf/0f cfjlws¿kdf ;DkGg ug{'kg]{] lgjf{rg x'g ;s]g . oL lgsfo hgk|ltlglw ljxLg eP . /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsfnsf

avt lj=;+= @)^@ ;fn df3df gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ul/of] . t/ k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xeflutfa]u/ ;DkGg pQm lgjf{rgdf dtbftfsf] ;xeflutf ;d]t cToGt Go"g /Xof] . lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft\ ul7t ;/sf/n]] pQm lgjf{rgnfO{ j}wtf

30

glbO{ vf/]h ul/lbof] . oyfy{df lj=;+= @)%( ;fn >fj0fb]lv g} :yfgLo lgsfox¿ hgk|ltlglw ljxLg /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

&= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / :yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwL Joj:yf

lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] hf/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ d'n'snfO{ & j6f k|b]zdf ;+ul7t u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf cGo

s'/fsf cltl/Qm ;fdGtL, lg/+s'z, s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf ;a}

k|sf/sf lje]b / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ === ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf]

dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L

ul/Psf] pNn]v 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] d"n clei6 g} ;zQm / clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;dl[4

k|fKt ug{' /x]sf]n] klxnf]k6s ;+ljwfgdf g} /fHo ;+/rgfsf tLgj6} tx -;+3, k|b]z /

:yfgLo tx_ sf] u7g Pjd\ ltgsf] Psnf}6L / ;femf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgn] cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds txsf] lzIff, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, cfly{s ljsf;, ;'/Iff,

s[lif tyf kz'kfng, ;8s, ljkb Joj:yfkg, ljleGg sNof0fsf/L sfo{, efiff ;+:s[lt /

snf, :yfgLo ljsf;;d]t ljleGg @@ j6f clwsf/x¿ :yfgLo txsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/sf]

¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf /xg] Pjd\ ltgsf]

;dGjo;d]tsf nflu lhNNff:t/df lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf;ef /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu qmdzM ufpF;ef

/ gu/;ef Pjd\ sfo{kflnsLo sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/sfo{kflnsf

/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txsf tLg cª\u Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Goflos ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmofdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf lgjf{rg ljlwsf] cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo

Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf]] :j¿knfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg dlxnf, blnt, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;d]t ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txdf ;d]t /fHo ;~rfngsf

k|d'v tLg cª\usf] Joj:yf u/L zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{'sf ;fy} ;fj{ef}d gful/s dtsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} clª\usf/ ub}{ :yfgLo dtbftfn] aflnu

dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df :yfgLo Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf kbflwsf/L Pjd\ ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo txsf] k|fylds ;+/rgf j8f ;ldltdf sDtLdf $)

k|ltzt, ufpFsfo{kflnsfdf sDtLdf rf/hgf / gu/sfo{kflnsfdf sDtLdf kfFrhgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 eg] blnt, cNk ;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L :yfgLo txnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts agfOPsf] 5 .

31

*= :yfgLo Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g

;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txsf tLgcª\u Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Goflos ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmofdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf lgjf{rg ljlwsf] cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ oL lgsfodf aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lgjf{lrt / :yfgLo Joj:yflksfn] dgf]lgt u/]sf ;b:ox¿ /xG5g\ . :yfgLo Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnssf] :j¿knfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg dlxnf, blnt, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . aflnu dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txb]lv g} ;fj{ef}d gful/s dtsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

-s_ :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g

:yfgLo txsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] -k|fylds_ txdf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf If]qdf j8f

;ldltx¿ /xG5g\ . ;fljsdf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ( j6f;Dd / gu/kflnsfdf hg;ª\Vofsf]

cfwf/df sDtLdf ( j6fb]lv cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf j8fx¿ /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df ;+ljwfgn]

ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf If]qdf /xg] j8fsf] ;ª\Vof ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf

u/]sf] / ;Ldfª\sgsf nflu dfly pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf] cfof]u u7g x'g] Joj:yfn] b]ze/df

slt ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf /xG5g\ / ltgdf /xg] j8fsf] ;ª\Vof slt x'G5 clxn]

PsLg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf tyf ljz]if ;+/lIft jf

:jfoQ If]qsf] ;+Vof / ;Ldfgfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq g]kfn

;/sf/n] Pscfof]u u7g ug]{ / pQm cfof]usf] sfof{jlw Psjif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf] u7gsf nflu ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf If]qsf k|To]s j8fsf

dtbftfn] sDtLdf b'O{hgf dlxnf ;lxt Pshgf j8fWoIf, rf/hgf j8f;b:o /

sfo{kflnsfsf k|d'v kbflwsf/L -ufpFkflnsf eP cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsf eP

k|d'v / pkk|d'v_ sf] lgjf{rg u5{g\ .

:yfgLo sfo{kflnsfdf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ufpF

sfo{kflnsfsf] xsdf ufpF;efn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf @ hgf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] xsdf gu/;efn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf # hgf ;b:ox¿ ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf ;d]t ;b:o x'G5g\ .

o;k|sf/ s'g} ufpFkflnsf If]qdf ( j6f j8f / s'g} gu/kflnsf If]qdf !! j6f j8f sfod /x]5g\ eg] ufpF;efsf ;b:osf] ;+Vof $( hgf / gu/;efsf ;b:osf] ;+Vof ^) hgf

x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] sfo{sfn kfFrjif{sf] x'g] / sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq csf]{ ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ufpF jf gu/ j8f;ldltdf lgjf{lrt x'g] …kfFrhgfÚ dWo] dlxnf ;b:o sDtLdf …b'O{hgfÚ x'g}kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . j8fcWoIf

/ ;b:osf] lgjf{rg Ps}k6s x'g] ePsf]n] j8f ;ldltdf b'O{hgf dlxnf ;b:osf]

32

k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ of t j8fWoIf / Pshgf j8f ;b:o dlxnf g} x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos x'G5 of rf/hgf j8f ;b:odWo] sDtLdf b'O{hgf j8f ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ d'n'se/sf :yfgLo lgsfosf ;a} j8fdf j8fWoIf kbdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ kfpg d'l:sn x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . t;y{ j8f ;b:o rf/hgfdWo] b'O{hgf ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ u/L sfg"gdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{' jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvG5 .

-v_ :yfgLo sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g

;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf

lglxt /xg] Joj:yf u/L oL lgsfonfO{ :yfgLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f

/ ;~rfngsf] cleef/f lbPsf] 5 . ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf

kbflwsf/L /xG5g\ M

-!_ ufpF sfo{kflnsf jf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf jf k|d'v Pshgf

-@_ ufpF sfo{kflnsf jf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf pkfWoIf jf pkk|d'v Pshgf

-#_ ufpF sfo{kflnsf jf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8fWoIf Pshgf

-$_ ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf ;b:on] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf qmdzM rf/hgf jf

kfFrhgf dlxnf ;b:o,

-%_ ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf ;b:on] blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf

qmdzM b'O{hgf jf tLghgf ;b:o .

o;k|sf/ s'g} ufpFkflnsf If]qdf ( j6f j8f / s'g} gu/kflnsf If]qdf !! j6f j8f sfod

/x]5g\ eg] ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:osf] ;+Vof !& hgf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:osf]

;+Vof @! hgf x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo sfo{kflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbfjlw % jif{sf]

x'g], ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] cWoIf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'vsf] kbdf b'O{ sfo{sfnsf nflu

lgjf{lrt JolQm ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg]

Pjd\ ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'vsf]

kbfjlw Psjif{ eGbf a9L cjlw afFsL 5Fb} kb l/Qm x'g cfPdf pklgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ ul/g]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ Goflos ;ldlt

sfg"g adf]lhd cfk\mgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf ljjfb lg¿k0f ug{ ufpFkflnsfdf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf / gu/kflnsfdf pkk|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf tLg ;b:oLo Goflos ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Goflos ;ldltdf /xg] c? b'O{hgf ;b:ox¿ ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf

;b:on] cfk"mdWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u5{g\ .

33

-3_ lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g

lhNnfsf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfaLr ;dGjo ug{ Pjd\ ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{'sf ;fy} ;f]sf] cg'udg ug{ / lhNNffdf /xg] ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{no / ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{ lhNnfe/sf ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v ;b:o /x]sf] lhNnf;ef u7g x'G5 . lhNnf;efsf tkm{af6 ug{'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] ;Dkfbgsf nflu

lhNnf;efn] ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf ;b:o dWo]af6 Pshgf k|d'v, Pshgf pkk|d'v,

sDtLdf tLghgf dlxnf / Pshgf blnt jf cNk;ª\Vos;lxt gf} ;b:o /x]sf] lhNnf

;dGjo ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg u5{ . lhNNff ;dGjo ;ldltdf lgjf{lrt ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf]

;b:osf] kb :jtM l/Qm /xG5 .

(= lgisif{

zf;g k|0ffnLdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] j[l4 / /fHoaf6 pknJw u/fOg] ;]jf;'ljwfdf

cfddflg;sf] ;xh kxF'rsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cEof; ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . o:tf] cEof;

klZrdL d'n'sx¿df O;fk"j{ kfFrf} ztflJb / k"jL{o ;dfhdf j}lbs sfnb]lv g} k|rngdf

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ls/fFt sfnb]lv :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cEof; /xFb} cfPsf]

k'li6 ePsf] 5, oBlk lgjf{rgdfkm{t hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] rog u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g

eg] @))$ ;fnb]lv dfq} ePsf] xf] .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] klxnf]k6s /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo txnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 ljleGg ;dodf hf/L ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] ljs]lGb|t zf;g

k4ltnfO{ :jLsfb}{ s'g} g s'g} :j¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP . oL

lgsfox¿ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ljz]iftf / zf;ssf rl/qcg';f/ slxn] pbf/ / slxn] lg/ª\

s'z 9ª\un] ;~rfng x'Fb} cfP . o;} l;nl;nfdf @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5

:yflkt zf;g Joj:yfsf] pbf/ rl/qsf sf/0f :jefjtM alnof / nf]stflGqs ljlwdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo lgsfo u7g eP . lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf hf/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn]

o:tf lgsfonfO{ cem alnof] agfof] . t/ dfcf]jfbL åGå;d]tsf sf/0f lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf ;DkGg x'g'kg]{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfjlws lgjf{rg x'g ;s]g . @)^@ ;fndf ;DkGg eO{

5f]6} ;dodf vf/]hLdf k/]sf] gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgnfO{ 5f]8\g] xf] eg] oL lgsfo @)%(

;fnb]lv g} hgk|ltlglw ljxLg /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

sl/a ;ftbzssf] lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ / k|ltIffkl5 xfdLn] gofF ;+ljwfg k|fKt u/]sf 5f}F . ;+ljwfgn] b]znfO{ ljleGg ;ftk|b]zdf ;+ul7t u/L ;+3Lo, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;+/lrt u/L :yfgLo txdf

;d]t Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf u/L nf]stGqnfO{ hu}b]lv ;'b[9

34

agfO{ ;d[4 d'n'ssf] lgdf{0f ug]{ clei6 /fv]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfox¿ hgk|ltlglwljxLg ag]sf] sl/a b'O{bzs eof] . lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf !& jif{ k'u]sf sf/0f dtbfg ug{ gkfPsf] JolQm clxn] #% jif{sf] ePsf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\snfO{ cfwf/ lnFbf Tolta]nf !$ jif{b]lv #! jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmsf] hg;+Vof *( nfv !% xhf/ %*% 5 . pQm pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg; clxn] !* b]lv #% jif{sf] ePsf 5g\ . oL ;a} dtbftf x'g of]Uo JolQm x'g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,

/fhgLlts ;a} If]qdf of] pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf 5 . t/ lj8Djgf of] k':tfn]

clxn];Dd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf ;l/s eO{ cfk\mgf k|ltlglw 5gf]6 ug{ kfPs} 5}g .

nfdf] ;do;Dd :yfgLo lgsfo u7g gx'Fbf d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts If]q

k|efljt ePsf] 5 . nf]stGqsf] hu sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf o'jfx¿sf]

pbfl;gtf a9]sf] 5 . ljsf;, lgdf{0fsf] ult ;':t 5 . cfly{s ljs[lt a9]sf] 5 . e"sDk,

af9L, k}/f] h:tf ljkb\sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ :yfgLo ;+oGqsf] cefjdf xfdL ?dlNnO{ /x]sf

5f}F .

gofF ;+ljwfgadf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f eO{ gful/sn] cfkm\gf hgk|ltlglw

kfpg sDtLdf csf]{ b'O{jif{ s'g'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv /xFb} cfPsf] l/Qmtf

nlDag gx'g] kIfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L gofF ;+ljwfgn] o;adf]lhd :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof /

If]q lgwf{/0f geP;Dd ;fljsdf sfod /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo sfod} /xg] / oL lgsfosf

kbflwsf/Lsf] lgjf{rg x'g], lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx¿ :yfgLo txsf] csf]{ lgjf{rg geP;Dd

sfod /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oxL Joj:yfcg'¿k cfof]u clxn] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf]

tof/Ldf ;+nUg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ck]Iff u/f}+, xfdLn] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{adf]lhd lgjf{lrt

hgk|ltlglwsf] g]t[Tjdf ul7t ;an / hgpQ/bfoL :yfgLo lgsfo kfpg] 5f}F .

;|f]t ;fdu|L

!= 1fg]Zj/ e§/fO{, j[xt 1fgsf]if, @)^(÷&)

@= u[idaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f, efu !

#= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=, g]kfndf sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, @)%^, sf7df8f}+

$= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgsf sfg'g, @))$

%= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(

^= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

&= lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt lgjf{rg klqsf, lgjf{rg a'n]l6gnufotsf k|sfzgx? .

35

gj]{sf] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg

nIdLb]jL xf]dfufO{+

!= k[i7e"ld

gj]{ h;nfO{ ljZjdf dWo/ftdf ;"o{ pbfpg] b]zsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 of] o'/f]k dxfb]zsf]

klZrddf kb{5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg PsfTds /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] gj]{df ;+j}wflgs

/fhtGq /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] If]qkmn #,*%,@%@ ju{ ls=dL /x]sf] 5 eg] ;g\ @)!$ sf]

hgu0fgfcg';f/ o;sf] hg;+Vof %!,$&,&(@ /x]sf] 5 . :jL8]g, lkmgNof08 / /l;of;Fu

k"jL{ ;Ldfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 eg] klZrddf gj]{lhog ;fu/ /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !*!$ d] !& df

;+ljwfg hf/L ul/Fbf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oxfF sl/a !!$)

jif{b]lv /fhtGq /x]sf] / xfn;Dd ^) hgf /fhfn] zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljZjdf k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] gj]{df tLg txsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf /x]sf]

5 . s]Gb|df Joj:yflksf /x]sf] 5 eg] :yfgLo txdf sfpG6L / gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ .

ToxfFsf :yfgLo hghfltsf nflu sfg'gn] 5'§} ;fdL Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !*!$ df g} oxfF+sf hgtfnfO{ dtflwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] hasL a]nfotdf ;g\ !*#@

df, :jL8]gdf ;g\ !*^^ df / a]lNhoddf ;g\ !*$) df dfq dtflwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

oxfF+ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ /fhfnfO{ geO{ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;+;bLo Joj:yf

ePsf] / k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGq /x]sf] dflgg] o; b]zdf ljwflosfsf] ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6

sfg'g agfOG5 / /fhfaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . !%( hgf ;b:oLo

Joj:yflksf /x]sf] 5 eg] !( j6f lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf 5g\ . o;dWo] !%) hgf ;b:o

k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ eg] !( hgf

;b:o /fhgLlts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] kk'n/ dtadf]lhd k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 rog

ul/G5 . oxfF ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu $Ü dt y|];xf]N8 cfjZos x'G5 . gj]{df

sl/a $),!^,))) dtbftf /x]sf 5g\ . gj]{df ;fgf / 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿ /x]sf 5g\ /

;fdfGotofM ;fgf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xeflutfdf ;/sf/ u7g x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= lgjf{rg;DaGwL cWoog / ko{j]If0fsf] ;Gbe{

gj]{df ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Dj/ !$ df ePsf] :yfgLo lgsfo cyf{t\ sfpG6L tyf gu/kflnsf (Norwegian Municipal and County Council Elections 2015) sf] lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f tyf

pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

36

cWoog ug{ g]kfnaf6 lgjf{rg cfof]usf k|ltlglwsf cltl/Qm ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, kqsf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw / g]kfnl:yt gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;sf sd{rf/L;lxt cf7hgfsf] ;d"x gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;sf] Joj:yfkgdf gj]{sf] /fhwfgL cf]:nf]df uPsf] lyof] . ;]K6]Dj/ ( df gj]{sf] /fhwfgL cf]:nf]df k'u]sf] pQm ;d" xnfO{ ;]K6]Dj/ !) b]lv !$ ;Dd lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljleGg !@ j6f ljifodf ljifo lj1af6 ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf k|d'v /fhgLlts

bnsf eft[ ;+u7gsf k|ltlglw tLghgf, lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 b'O{hgf, ;+sNk gfds

P3f/j6f dlxnf ;+u7gsf] ;~hfn -u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf_ af6 Pshgf, /fli6«o ;dfrf/

;ldltaf6 Pshgf tyf gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;af6 Pshgf u/L hDdf * hgfsf] 6f]nLdf

& hgf dlxnf /x]sf lyof}}F . g]kfn s]Gof, >Lnª\sf / df]hflDasaf6 lgjf{rg cfo'Qm,

Joj:yflksfsf ;b:ox¿, lgjf{rg cfof]usf sd{rf/L, eft[ ;+u7gsf k|ltlglw u/L hDdf

pGgfO{;hgfsf]] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

gj]{df Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ /fli6«o lgjf{rg / sfpG6L Pjd\ gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgnfO{

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL b'j} lgjf{rg k|To]s $÷$ jif{df x'g] ub{5g\ .

;fdfGotofM k|To]s $ jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] ;f]daf/sf] lbg lgjf{rg ul/G5 .

Joj:yflksf / :yfgLo lgsfo -sfpG6L÷gu/kflnsf_ sf] lgjf{rg b'O{b'O{ jif{sf] km/sdf

x'g] ub{5 .

;}4flGts¿kdf sfg'g tyf cGo ljifox¿df k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf Jofjxfl/s¿kdf ePsf]

lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f tyf cWoogaf6 gj]{sf] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg tyf

;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgdf b'O{k|sf/sf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf]

5 . klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt k|0ffnL (First Past the Post System) / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (Proportional Representative System) . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xfd|f] b]zdf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg ubf{ ckgfPsf] k|0ffnL;Fu x'ax' ldNg] k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 .

/fhgLlts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dtnfO{ Modifi ed St. Lague Method k|of]u u/L /fhgLlts bnsf] dtnfO{ l;6df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . dtkq eg] Pp6f dfq x'G5 / dtbftfn]

k|fyldstf qmddf pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ dtflwsf/ / dtbftf gfdfjnL M ljZjJofkL dfGotfadf]lhd g} gj]{df uf]Ko dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdfkm{t Joj:yflksf, sfpG6L / gu/kflnsfsf] k|ltlglwsf]

5gf]6 ul/G5 . !* jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf gj]{lhog gful/ssf cnfjf Nordic Country / ljut tLgjif{b]lv nuftf/ gj]{df a;f]af; u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf8{ (Social Security Card) k|fKt u/]sf ljb]zL gful/s;d]tn] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf b]xfosf] gful/snfO{ dtflwsf/ x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf]

37

kfOG5 M

!* jif{ k"/f ePsf] gj]{lhog gful/s,

Nordic Country / cGo ljb]zL gful/ssf] xsdf lgjf{rg x'g] jif{sf] h'g dlxgf ;Dddf # jif{ gj]{df a;]sf] k"/f ePsf]],

lgjf{rg x'g] lbgeGbf !) jif{ cufl8b]lv gj]{df ga;]sf] t/ ;f]xL d'n'ssf] gful/sn]

gfd ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] :yfgdf gfdbtf{ u/fPsf],

s'6gLlts lgof]u, sG;'n/ ;]jf / b]zaflx/ a;]sf gj]{sf gful/sx¿ k'gM gj]{ kms]{df

cfkm\gf] gu/kflnsfsf] Population Registry df cfkm\gf] gfd k'gM btf{ u/]sf] .

-u_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng M dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfo{ Population Registry Authority n] ub{5 . o;nfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ sfd Electoral Committee n] ug{] ub{5 .

Ps gu/kflnsfaf6 csf]{ gu/kflnsfleq ;/]/ uPdf Ps gu/kflnsfaf6 gfd x6fpg]

csf]{ gu/kflnsfdf btf{ ug]{ sfo{ ;Fu} ug'{k5{ . csf]{ gu/kflnsfdf yk gu/];Dd klxnf]

gfd btf{ ePsf] gu/kflnsfaf6 gfd x6fOFb}g . dtbftf gfdfjnLsf] k|sfzg / lgjf{rgsf]

Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ :yfgLo ljsf; tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f dGqfnonufot

:yfgLo tx;Dd /x]sf] ljleGg lgjf{rg ;ldltx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Joj:yflksfsf]

lgjf{rg u/fpg] sfd National Electoral Committee sf] lhDd]jf/Lleq kb{5 . County

Level sf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu !( j6f County Electoral Committee / Municipality sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu $@* Municipality Electoral Committee /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s dtbfgs]Gb| txdf #))) Polling Committee /x]sf 5g\ .

-3_ /fhgLlts bn btf{ M /fhgLlts bnn] /fli6«o lgjf{rgdf efu lngsf nflu National Elecoral Committee / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu County /Polling Electoral Committee ;dIf bn btf{ u/fpg'k5{ . bn btf{ ug{sf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;dy{g cfjZos x'G5 M

Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu %))) hgfsf] x:tfIf/;lxtsf] ;dy{g,

sfpG6L lgjf{rgsf nflu %)) hgfsf] x:tfIf/;lxtsf] ;dy{g /

gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu %)) hgfsf] x:tfIf/;lxtsf] ;dy{g .

-ª_ pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 k|lqmof M klxnf]r/0fdf lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ bnn] cfkm\gf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ Od]n k7fpg] ub{5 . ;dy{sn] pko'Qm pDd]bjf/sf] gfd k|:tfj u/L

k7fpF5g\ . ;f] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePkl5 bf];|f]r/0fdf k|:tfljt ;a} pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ cGt/jftf{ lnOG5 . To;kl5 pDd]bjf/x¿sf] 5gf]6 Pjd\ k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] k|fyldstfcg';f/sf] gfd k|:tfj u/L lgjf{rg

sld6L;dIf k]z ub{5 . lgjf{rg sld6Ln] bnx¿af6 k|fyldstf qmd adf]lhdsf] ;"rL k|fKt

38

eO;s]kl5 dtkq 5kfOsf nflu Ministry of Local Government and Modernization df k7fpg] ub{5 .

-r_ lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/ M k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/ ljsl;t eO;s]sf] /fi6« gj]{nfO{ ljZjsf] cToGt k|hftflqs d'n'sdWo]sf] Psd'n's dflgG5 . lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/sf] qmddf /fhgLlts bn jf :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] 3/3/df uP/ dt dfUg ;Sg] tyf Silence Rally lgsfNg ;Sg] /x]5g\ . zx/sf] Jo:t ;8s jf d'Vo :yfgdf k|To]s /fhgLlts bnnfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug{

;fj{hlgs :yfg pknAw u/fOg] / ;f] :yfgaf6 dfq k|rf k|;f/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; ePsf] / k|rf/k|;f/ ubf{ s'g}

lsl;dsf] kf]i6/, kDkn]6 tyf Aofg/ 6fF:g gkfOg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOof] .

-5_ dtbftf lzIff M dtbftfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/L /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf cflbsf dfWodaf6 dtbfg ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L

lbg] ul/Psf] kfOof] . ;~rf/dfWodn] cfkm\gf ;Ldfleq /xL lgikIf¿kdf ;"rgf tyf ;Gb]z

k|jfx ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . ljz]if u/L o'jf lkF9L g]kfndf h:t} lgjf{rgk|lt Tolt cfslif{t

x'gg;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;~rf/ dfWodn] o'jf dtbftf tyf o'jf pd]bjf/nfO{ nlIft u/]/

sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . lzIffsf] Hofb} /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] /

pRr lzlIft gful/s ePsf]n] dtflwsf/ lsg, dtsf] d"No, dt ;ª\s]t ug]{ tl/sf cflbsf

ljifodf w]/} hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPg .

-em_ dtkq M :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf nflu lgjf{rgdf efu lng] ;a} bnsf] cnu–

cnu dtkq 5kfOg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] /fhgLlts bnaf6 k|fKt ;"rLcg';f/ bnsf]

cflwsfl/s pDd]bjf/sf] k|fyldstfqmd cg';f/ g} dtkqdf gfd 5kfO ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Joj:yflksf, sfpG6L / gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf dtkqsf]] /Ë ;]tf], u'nfaL jf lgnf]

x'g] ub{5 . k|To]s /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL lgjf{rg x'g] jif{sf] h'g

#) tfl/v;Dddf ;DalGwt lgjf{rg ;ldlt;dIf a'emfO;Sg'kb{5 . To; ;"rLnfO{ :jLs[t

u/L lgjf{rg ;ldltn] :yfgLo zf;g tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f dGqfnodf dtkq 5kfOsf

nflu k7fpF5 . o:tf] ;"rLnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf]

5'§f5'§} dtkq 5fKg] ub{5 . dtkqdf /fhgLlts bnn] k|fyldstf tf]s]adf]lhdsf] qmddf

pDd]bjf/sf] gfd 5flkPsf] x'G5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu :yfgLo ljBfno tyf

;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ejgdf dtbfgs]Gb| tf]lsg] u/]sf] 5 .

-`_ dtbfg ug]{ tl/sf M dtbftfn] dtkqdf cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ pDd]bjf/sf] gfd cufl8 /x]sf] sf]7fleq qm; lrGx nufP/ dt ;ª\s]t ug{kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dtkqdf

bnn] k|fyldstf lbO{ d'Vo pDd]bjf/ egL cflwsfl/s¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf pDd]bjf/sf] gfd dtkqsf] klxnf] qmd ;+Vofadf]lhd /fvL pQm gfd 7"nf] cIf/ (Bold) df 5flkPsf] x'G5 . dtbftfn] Bold ul/Psf] pDd]bjf/afx]s cGo pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg kfpF5g\ . dtbftfn]

39

b]xfoadf]lhd dtbfg ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 M

-c_ Block Vote : dtkqsf] klxnf] qmd;+Vof b]lv s]xL pDd]bjf/sf] gfd Bold cIf/df n]lvPsf] x'G5 . tL pDd]bjf/x¿ bnsf cflwsfl/s / d'Vo pDd]bjf/x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . obL s'g} dtbftfn] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] gfd cufl8 qm; lrGx gnufPdf p;n] Bold cIf/df /x]sf ;a} pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbPsf] dflgg]5 . To;}u/L s'g} dtbftfn] Bold cIf/df /x]sf bnsf cflwsfl/s pDd]bjf/afx]s ;f]xL bnsf] cGo pDd]bjf/nfO{ dtbfg ug{ OR5f ePdf

lghn] dg k/]sf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg ;Sb5 . o:tf] pDd]bjf/n] bnsf] cflwsfl/s

pDd]bjf/eGbf a9L dt k|fKt u/]df lgh lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sb5 .

-cf_ Ps bnsf] dtkqdf csf]{ bnsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg ;Sg] M dtbftfn] s'g} Ps

/fhgLlts bnsf] dtkq lnP/ ;f] ;"rLdf pNn]lvt pDd]bjf/x¿ dg gk/]df csf]{

/fhgLlts bnsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] gfd / bnsf] gfd n]v]/ cfkm\gf] dt k|s6 ug{ dtkqdf

5'§} :yfg klg /flvPsf] x'G5 . dtkq leq /x]sf] Boxdf dtbftfn] cfkm"n] OR5fPsf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd n]v]/ dt JoQm ug{ ;S5 .

-O_ Blank Vote : dtbftfn] s'g} klg pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg grfx]df Blank dtkq 5gf]6 u/L dt lbg ;S5 . o:tf] dtkq Joj:yflksf / gu/kflnsfsf] nflu ;]tf] /Ëdf /

sfpG6L (Council) sf nflu gLnf] /Ëdf 5flkPsf] x'G5 . Blank dtkqsf] aflx/ cGo dtkq;/x / leqkl§ lgDg jfSo n]lvPsf] x'G5 M Blank BALLOT Paper To be used when returning a blank ballot paper .

-p_ clu|d dtbfg M Electoral Committee n] cu|Ld dtbfg ug]{ ;do / :yfgsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5 . lgjf{rg x'g] jif{sf] h'nfO{ ! b]lv cu:6 ( ;Dd Advance Voting sf nflu ;do tf]lsP tfklg Electoral Committee n] dtbfgsf] lbg dt lbg g;Sg] dtbftfsf nflu cu|Ld dtbfg ug]{ Joj:yf ub{5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf, :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf

sfd ug]{nufot gj]{aflx/ /x]sf gful/sn] ;d]t cu|Ld dtbfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

-pm_ 3/df dtbfg M dtbfgsf] lbg ljz]if sf/0fjz dtbfgs]Gb|df hfg g;Sg] dtbftfn] Electoral Committee nfO{ cu|Ld hfgsf/L u/fPdf ;DalGwt dtbftfsf] 3/df cfP/ lgjf{rgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] dtkq ;ª\sng ug]{;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

-P_ Overseas Voting M gj]{aflx/ /x]sf gj]{lhog gful/sn] cfkm" a;]sf] b]zdf /x]sf] gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf; jf jfl0fHob"tfjf;df uO{ tf]lsPsf] lbgdf dt lbg;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

-6_ dtbfgsf nflu cfdGq0f M lgjf{rg x'g] jif{sf] h'g !! ;Dd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ePsf dtbftfsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df lgdGq0ff kq 5flkG5 / pQm lgdGq0ffkq Polling Committee n] dtbftfnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ ub{5 . Advance Voting ug]{ dtbftfsf] nflu eg]

40

of] lgdGq0ff kq k7fOFb}g . dtbftfnfO{ k7fOg] lgdGq0ffkqdf lgDg s'/f pNn]v ePsf x'G5g\M

dtbftfsf] gfd, 7]ufgf / hGd ldlt,

Electoral Committee sf] gfd / 7]ufgf

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ePsf] k]h, gDa/ / dtbfgs]Gb|sf] 7]ufgf

dtbfg x'g] lbg / ;do,

dtbfg ug]{ ;do / :yfg,

dtbftfn] cfkm\gf] kl/ro v'Ng] sfuhft Nofpg'kg]{ s'/f klg ;f] lgdGq0ffkqdf

pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 .

-7_ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg M lgjf{rgsf] lbg dtbfgs]Gb|df kl/rfng ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf]

Joj:yf sd{rf/L dfu u/L ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/g] / ;f]xL ;"rgfadf]lhd lgj]bg

lbg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf] cg'ej tyf Ifdtfsf cfwf/df 5gf]6 u/L dtbfgs]Gb|df

v6fOg] ul/G5 . c:yfoL¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] sfdsf nflu dfq lnOg] oL sd{rf/Lx¿df

lgjf{rgdf sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf]df pRr dgf]an tyf k|ltj4tf /x]sf] kfOof] .

dtbfgs]Gb|df /fhgLlts bnsf jf pDd]bjf/sf] k|ltlglw /xg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvPg .

dtbfgs]Gb|df ;/sf/L jf :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/L g} dtbfg clws[t tyf cGo

;xof]uL sd{rf/L x'g'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOPg . lgjf{rgsf] cg'ej ePsf h'g;'s}

JolQm dtbfg clws[t x'g;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] . dtflwsf/ k|fKt ljb]zL gful/s

klg cg'ejsf] cfwf/df dtbfg clws[t jf cGo sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf

/x]sf] b]lvof] . o;k|sf/ cfjlws¿kdf x'g] lgoldt lgjf{rgsf nflu :yfoL ;+/rgf tyf

:yfoL sd{rf/L ePsf] kfOPg .

-8_ dtbfgsf] ;do M :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf] cjlw ;fdfGotofM @ lbgsf] /x]sf] kfOof] .

gj]{df cfOtaf/ ljbfsf] lbg ePsf]n] cfOtaf/ ! ah]b]lv / ;f]daf/ ljxfg ( ah]b]lv /ftL ( ah];Dd dt lbg] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOof] . !@ 306fsf] ;do ePsfn] dtbftfn]

cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g] h'g;'s} ;dodf dt lbg;Sg] u/L nfdf] ;do /flvPsf] kfOof] . pQm lbg ;fj{hlgs ljbf gx'g] ePsf]n] sfdsfhL JolQmsf] dtflwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ /ftL

* ah];Dd dtbfg ug{;Sg] u/L dtbfgs]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg ePsf] b]lvG5 .

-9_ uf]Ko dtbfg sIf M dtbftfx¿nfO{ dtbfg ug{sf] nflu dtbfgs]Gb|df dtbftfsf] ;+Vof

x]/L Ps k6sdf % hgf eGbf al9n] dtbfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L 5'§f 5'§} uf]Ko dtbfg sIfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOof] . dtbfg sIfsf] ¥ofsdf ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf dtkqx¿nfO{ cnu cnu /flvPsf] / dtbftfn] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] dtkq lnP/ cfkm\gf] dt

lbg;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOof] .

41

-0f_ czQm dtbftfsf] nflu kx'Fro'Qm dtbfg sIf M zf/Ll/s¿kdf czQm dtbftfsf] nflu cGo dtbftfsf] eGbf s]xL xf]rf] dtbfg sIfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . JxLn lro/df a;]/ cfpg] dtbftfn] dtbfg ug{;Sg] u/L dtbfg sIfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / b[li6ljxLg dtbftfsf nflu lgjf{rg sd{rf/L jf lghsf] ;fydf cfPsf] ;xof]uLn] -sd{rf/L dtbftfsf] gft]bf/ ePdf dtbfg ug{ gkfOg]_ dtbfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / b[li6ljxLg dtbftfsf nflu a|]n lnlkdf bnsf] gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] dtkq /x]sf eP tfklg

pDd]bjf/sf] gfd eg] a|]n lnlkdf /fv]sf] b]lvPg .

-t_ dtu0fgf M pd]bjf/ Pjd\ /fhgLlts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] u0fgf b'O{r/0fdf ug]{

ul/G5 . klxnf]r/0fdf dtbfgs]Gb|df / bf];|f]r/0fdf dtkq / dtk]l6sf ;ª\sng s]Gb|df

dtkq :Sofg u/]/ ul/G5 . /ftL ( ah] dtbfgsf] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 dtbfgs]Gb|df

/fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt eP jf geP tfklg dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6Psf sd{rf/Ln]

dtbfg clws[tsf] lgb]{zgadf]lhd dtu0fgf ug]{ ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;j{k|yd s'n v;]sf]

dtsf] u0fgf u/L v;]sf] dtsf] olsg u/]kZrft\ bf];|f]r/0fdf /fhgLlts bn / :jtGq

pDd]bjf/sf] cnu–cnu dtu0fgf u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf OG6/g]6dfkm{t hfgsf/L k7fOg]

ul/G5 .

-y_ bf];|f] jf clGtdr/0fsf] dtu0fgf M dtbfgs]Gb|df k|f/lDes klxnf]r/0fdf dtu0fgf

ul/;s]kl5 u0fgf u/]sf ;a} dtkqx¿nfO{ l;naGbL u/L dtkq / dtk]l6sf ;ª\sng

s]Gb|df -;fdfGotofM cf]:nf]df gu/kflnsfsf] ejg_ nlug] / clGtdr/0fsf] dtu0fgfsf]

nflu ;a} dtkqx¿ Scan u/L u0fgf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L Scan ubf{ k|f/lDes u0fgfdf s'g} km/s kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g .

#= s]xL ;'wf/sf pkfo tyf cg's/0fLo kIfx¿

l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHosf] lgjf{rgaf6 k|efljt xfd|f] b]zsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ gj]{sf]

lgjf{rg;Fu t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g . ljsl;t b]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] gj]{ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ ljsl;t ePsf] d'n's ePsf]n] lgjf{rg Hofb} Jojl:yt, lgikIf, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo¿kdf ;DkGg

ePsf] b]lvof] . dtbfgs]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg tyf lgjf{rg ;~rfng ug]{ tLg ;b:oLo lgjf{rg ;ldltdf s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglw g/xg] / dtbfg u/fpg] sd{rf/Lx¿k|lt

dtbftf, /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/ Pjd\ cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cToGt} ljZjf; /x]sf] / dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6Psf sd{rf/Lsf] pRr dgf]an Pjd\ k|ltj4tf /x]sf] b]lvof] . dtbfgs]Gb|df /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw Pjd\ ;'/IffsdL{sf] pkl:ylt cfjZos gePsf],

laxfg ( ah]b]lv /ftL ( ah];Dd dt lbg ;lsg], dtk]l6sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lhDdfdf /xg], dtk]l6sf dtkqn] el/Pdf sd{rf/L cfkm}+n] dtkq csf]{ afs;df /fVg;Sg], dtbfgsf]

lbg ;fj{hlgs labf gx'g], dtbfg clws[tk|lt cGo dtbfg sd{rf/Ln] cfb/k"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{ h:tf /fd|f kIfx¿ /x]sf] kfOof] . tyflk, lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M

42

-s_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf nflu /flvPsf] dtbfg sIf ;xh kx'Fro'Qm gePsf]n] ;f]sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ M ckfËtf ePsf dtbftfsf] nflu cGoeGbf xf]rf] dtbfg sIf eP tfklg JxLn lro/df a;]/ ¥ofsdf ePsf dtkqx¿ lemSg ufx|f] ePsf] kfOof] . To;}u/L b[li6ljxLg dtbftfsf] nflu dtkqdf /fhgLlts bnsf] gfddfq a|]nlnlkdf ePsf]n] pgLx¿nfO{ dt lbg cGo JolQmsf] ;xf/f lng'kg]{ x'Fbf uf]Ko elgPsf] dtbfg ;fy{s b]lvPg . t;y{ pgLx¿sf] ;xhtfsf / uf]Ko dtbfgsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu /fhgLlts bnsf pDd]bjf/sf]

gfd;d]t a|]nlnlkdf 5kfO{ ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

-v_ h]i7 gful/s, ue{jtL dlxnf tyf ;fgf aRrf x'g] cfdfx¿sf nflu dtbfgs]Gb|df ljz]if

Joj:yf cfjZos M dtbfgs]Gb|df dt v;fNgsf] nflu h]i7 gful/s, ue{jtL dlxnf tyf

;fgf aRrf x'g] cfdfx¿sf nflu dtbfgs]Gb|df 5'§} nfOgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPg .

pgLx¿nfO{ cGo JolQm;/x nfOgdf a:g' gkg]{ u/L dtbfgs]Gb|df Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ / h]i7

gful/ssf] nflu dtkqdf 5flkPsf] cIf/ ;fgf] ePsf]n] s]xL 7"nf] cIf/df h]i7 gful/sn]

;d]t k9\g ;Sg] u/L 5kfO{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-u_ uf]kgLotf sfod /xg] u/L dtkq /fVg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ M ;a} bnsf] dtkqx¿ uf]Ko

dtbfg sIfsf] ¥ofsdf cnucnu /flvPsf] :yfgaf6 dtbftfn] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] /fhgLlts

bnsf] dtkq lems]/ dtbfg ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] a9L dt kfpg] /fhgLlts bnsf] dtkq

¥ofsaf6 36\b} hfg] ePsf] / ;f]df dtkq k6sk6s yk ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ePsf]n] dtbfgsf]

uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg ;lsg] b]lvPg . dtbfgs]Gb|df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] s'g bnn] a9L

dt kfpFb}5 eGg] s'/f klxn] g} ;lhn} hfgsf/L kfpg;Sg] b]lvof] . uf]kgLotf sfod

ug{sf nflu s'g} cGo j}slNks pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ h;af6 dtbftf Pjd\ dtbfgs]Gb|df

sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ v;]sf] dt ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L geO{ uf]Ko dtbfg ;fy{s x'g]

b]lvG5 .

-3_ dtbfgs]Gb|df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;do Hofb} nfdf]] M dtbfgsf] lbg laxfg ( ah]b]lv /flt ( ah];Dd dtbfg ug]{ ;do tf]lsPsf]n] Pp6] sd{rf/Lsf] ;d"xn] !@ 306f

sfd ug'{kbf{ Hofb} nfdf] ;do ePsf] b]lvof] . dtbfgsf] ;do ;lsPkl5 sd{rf/Ln] k|f/lDes dtu0fgf dtbfgs]Gb|df g} ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx¿df

w]/} ysfg x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu dtbfgsf] ;donfO{ b'O{ l;km\6df ljefhg u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ sd{rf/Lx¿ v6fpg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

-ª_ ;'/Iff vt/fnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ M dtbfgs]Gb|df ;'/Iffsf] nflu s'g} plrt k|aGw u/]sf] b]lvPg . dtbfg ug{ cfpg] dtbftfx¿n] cfkm\gf emf]nfx¿ ;fydf lnO{ dtbfg ug{ cfPsf]

/ To:tf] emf]nf r]s hfFr ug]{ JolQm tyf d]lzg gePsf]n] o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iff sfod ug{ hf]lvd /x]sf] b]lvof] .o;af6 lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ ;xh x'g] ePsf]n] dtbfgs]Gb| eGbf aflx/ emf]nf /fv]/dfq dtbfg ug{ cg'dlt lbg] Joj:yf ug{ jf ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw ug{

43

;s] /fd|f] x'g],

-r_ lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/, o;sf] kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf M lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/ Hofb} zfGt, eb| / Jojl:yt b]lvPsf] lyof] . /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf ;dy{s / Joj;foLx¿af6 rGbf lng] / ;/sf/af6 ;d]t cg'bfg /sd k|fKt ub{5g\ / ;f] /sd k|rf/k|;f/df vr{ u5{g\ . o;/L p7]sf] /sdsf] n]vfkl/If0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, tL /fhgLlts bn jf pDd]bjf/n] lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/df ug]{ vr{sf] clwstd xb tf]lsPsf] 5}g . kf/blz{tf

/ hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu /fhgLlts bnn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg /fh:j

sfof{no (Tax Offi ce) ;d]t k]z ubf{ /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} /sdsf] b'¿kof]u

sd ug{ /fhgLlts bnn] ug]{ vr{sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

-5_ c+u|]hL efiffdf ;d]t dtkq 5flkg'kg]{ M gj]{sf] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgdf ljb]zL

gful/sn] ;d]t dtbfg ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] gj]{lhog efiffafx]s c+u|]hL efiffdf ;d]t dtkq

5flkPdf cGo gful/snfO{ dtbfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .

-h_ dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpg'kg]{ M pRr ;fIf/tf, cfly{s ;zlQms/0f, ;r]tgf / kx'Fr

x'Fbfx'Fb} klg dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof sd b]lvPsf] / dlxnf dtbftfsf] ;+Vof;d]t sd

b]lvPsf]n] oL b'j} If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-em_ dt k|ltzt sd b]lvPsf]n] j[l4 ug'{kg]{ M gj]{ h:tf] ljsl;t b]zdf ;d]t dtbftfsf]

dtbfg k|ltzt %(Ü dfq b]lvPsf]n] o;af/]df cWoog u/L /fhgLltk|lt hgcf:yf a9fO{

dt k|ltzt a9fpg dtbftfx¿sf] dgf]an a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$= lgisif{

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngnfO{ dtbftf / /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+:sf/ tyf r]tgfsf]

l:yltn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf eGbf sl/a !%) jif{ cl3 g} gj]{df ;+ljwfg cfPsf]

xf] . To;/L g} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;n] ubf{ gj]{

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\ssf] b[li6n] pRr txdf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlt kl/kSj eOg;s]sf]

g]kfnsf] nflu ljsl;t d'n'ssf] lgjf{rgsf] cWoogaf6 eljiodf g]kfndf x'g] :yfgLo

lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf To:tf d'n'ssf /fd|f kIfx¿nfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

44

gofF ;+ljwfgcg'¿k lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/x¿

dl0f/fd cf]emf

!= k[i7e"ld

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿dWo] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{

cToGt hl6n k|lqmof dflgG5 . o; k|lqmofåf/f lgdf{0f ul/g] ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] Jofks

;xeflutf x'g], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf ;+ljwfgsf k|To]s cGt/j:t'dfly k|z:t 5nkmn

/ cGt/lqmofx¿ x'g], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDesr/0fb]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] k|To]If Pjd\

k/f]If¿kaf6 ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|To]sr/0fsf] sfo{ cToGt

kf/bzL{ 9ª\un] x'g] x'Fbf / ;a}n] ckgTj (Ownership) u|x0f ug]{ ePsf]n] of] k|lqmofnfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;j{>]i7 k|lqmof xf] eGg] ul/G5 . cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg cfkm}n] agfpg]

g]kfnL hgtfsf] bzsf}Fb]lvsf] rfxgfcg'¿k ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf

:yfkgfsf] p2]Zo;lxt ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;Dat\ @)&@ ;fn cflZjg #

ut] hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfgn] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{, ax'hftLo

ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft

ub}{ aflnu dtflwsf/ Pjd\ cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodåf/f ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL /

;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f1 ug]{ ;ª\sNk;d]t u/]sf]

5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfgcg'¿k ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf

u/]cg'¿ksf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ljBdfg lgjf{rg sfg'gx¿df ug'{kg]{

;'wf/x¿dWo] s]xL d'Vo a'Fbfsf af/]df rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

@= cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/

:jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ug{sf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ klxn] h:t} ;+j}wflgs

lgsfosf] ¿kdf gofF ;+ljwfgn] klg lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef, hgdt ;ª\u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf]

;x;lrj, sfg'g cfof]u1 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf

45

;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0fsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] lyof]2 eg] gofF ;+ljwfgn] o; cltl/Qm /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;fy;fy} ;+3Lo ;+;b / k|b]z;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ clwsf/ klg k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/df lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG53 . o;}u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts bnsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ cfof]u ;dIf bnbtf{ u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|ltj4 JolQmx¿n] /fhgLlts bn u7g

u/L bnbtf{ u/fpg'kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] g}

lj:tf/ ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . gofF ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts bn u7g u/L ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu

cfof]u;dIf clgjfo{¿kdf bnbtf{ ug'{kg]{ / o;/L btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bnn] lgjf{rgsf]

k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ cfof]u;dIf lgjf{rg cl3 k'gM bnbtf{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5

eg] cfof]un] klg To:tf] /fhgLlts bnbtf{ ug'{cl3 To:tf] bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL

nf]stflGqs eP gePsf], /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+3Lo / k|b]z txsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgjf{rg

x'g] Joj:yf eP gePsf], bnsf] ljleGg txsf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{

k|ltljlDjt ug]{ u/L ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/P gul/Psf]4 ;d]t x]g'{kg]{

x'Fbf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/df lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

#= lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]un] /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o,

k|b]z;efsf ;b:o, :yfgLo txsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg /

lgoGq0f ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|x;d]t u/fpg] sfo{, st{Jo

/ clwsf/ /fVb5 . plNnlvt lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu lgjf{rg;Fu

;DalGwt ljBdfg sfg'gx¿dWo] s]xLdf kl/dfh{g Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5

eg] sltko ljifosf ;DaGwdf gofF sfg'g g} lgdf0f{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cyf{t\, lgjf{rg;Fu

;DalGwt ljBdfg sfg'gx¿sf] PsLs/0f u/L lgjf{rg ;Dj4 PsLs[t sfg'gsf] th'{df

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . d\'n's s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|j]z u/L

;s]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lbzflgb]{z u/]cg'¿k /fHosf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf

nflu lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿df tbg'¿ksf] kl/j{tg ug{ cfjZos

5 . o; ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*, bn Tofu P]g, @)%$, /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%*, lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g,

@)^#, lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#, dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# cflb P]gx¿df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g Pjd\ PsLs/0f u/L oL sfg'gx¿nfO{ cBfjlws

2 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, wf/f !@(3 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^( / wf/f @&!4 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f -$_

46

jf ;+ljwfgcg's"n (Compatible with Constitution) agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, ;+3Lo ;+;b ;b:o, k|b]z;ef ;b:o txsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt gofF sfg'g g} lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L k|rlnt sfg'gx¿df ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]cg'¿ksf lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ tbg's"n Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ / gofF aGg] lgjf{rg ;Dj4 sfg'gx¿df ;+ljwfgåf/f lgb]{lzt ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{, lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ca aGg], ;+zf]wg ul/g], kl/dfh{g ul/g] jf PsLs[t ul/g] sfg'gx¿df cGo

ljifosf cltl/Qm d'Vo¿kdf lgDg adf]lhdsf ;'wf/x¿ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 M

-s_ aflnu dtflwsf/ (Adult Franchise)

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] d"n vDjf xf] aflnu dtflwsf/ . aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cefjdf

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf¿kL 3/ /fhgLlts e"sDksf] ;fgf]eGbf klg ;fgf] wSsfs} sf/0f

w/f;foL x'g ;S5 . dtbftfn] ;/sf/df cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf o;} k|lqmofdfkm{t ug{] xf] .

cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwåf/f cfkm}dfly zf;g ug]{ ljlw klg oxL g} xf] . …k|hftGq hgtfsf] lglDt,

hgtfåf/f hgtfsf] zf;gÚ eGg] plQm / dfGotfnfO{ ;fsf/ ug]{ pkfo / dfWod klg

aflnu dtflwsf/ g} xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg5 n] c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k|To]s g]kfnL

gful/snfO{ s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf]

dtbfg;DaGwL clwsf/ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf6 x]bf{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] g]kfn /fhkqdf

;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf] ldltdf c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] JolQmn] dfq cfkm\gf]

dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] b]lvG5 . of] sfg'gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ

gful/ssf] aflnu dtflwsf/;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs clwsf/dflysf] ;ª\s'rg xf] . lgjf{rgsf]

k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L7 ;+ljwfgn] g} lgjf{rg

cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] 5 . dtbftf;DaGwL ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{ cfof]un]

;b}j r':t b'?:t /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . cl3Nnf] lbg c7f/ jif{ k"/f u/]sf] k|To]s gful/sn]

ef]lnkN6 x'g] dtbfgdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ / ;+ljwfgsf] …:kLl/6Ú klg

oxL g} xf] . lgjf{rgsf] ldlt slxn] 3f]if0ff xf]nf / ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ gful/ssf] aflnu

dtflwsf/dfly ;ª\s'rg nufpg cfkm\gf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ (Discretionary Power) k|of]u u?Fnf egL s'/]/ a:g ;+j}wflgs bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] cfof]usf] nflu zf]egLo x'Fb}g .

To:t}, c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] gful/ssf] 7"nf] ;+Vof d'n'saflx/ /x]sf] tYo xfd|f] ;fd'

5n{Ë 5 . ljutdf ;DkGg lgjf{rgdf s]xL ;+Vofsf] dtsf] km/sn] pDd]bjf/sf] xf/hLtsf] km};nf ePsf] pbfx/0f klg xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfof]usf] ;fgf] :jljj]sLo

lg0f{on] ax'dt dtbftfsf] jf:tljs rfxgf d'vl/t gu/]sf] jf ug{ g;s]sf] jf ug{ g;Sg]

5 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$ -%_, !&^ -%_ / @@@ -%_6 dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf % -v_7 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf]] wf/f @$^

47

klg x'g ;S5 . t;y{ cfof]un] k|To]s dlxgf xf]Og, ;ftf xf]Og, lbgsf] u0fgfsf] lx;fan] dtbftf;DaGwL ljj/0f -d'n'sleq / aflx/ b'a}_ cBfjlws u/L dtbfgeGbf 7Ls cl3Nnf] lbg !* jif{ k"/f ePsf] gful/sn] ef]lnkN6 dtbfgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{;Sg] u/L sfg'gL ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .

-v_ cfjlws lgjf{rg (Periodic Elections)

aflnu dtflwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ xf], cfjlws lgjf{rg / o;sf] cefjdf

nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg . cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6} hgtfn]

/fHo ;~rfngdf cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ xf] . /fHo ;~rfngdf ;xefuL /fhgLlts

bnx¿ hgtfk|lt slt pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ 9ª\un] k|:t't ePsf 5g\ < /fhgLlts bn

/ ltgsf lqmofsnfk Pjd\ ultljlwx¿ slt k|hftflGqs / hgtfd'vL 5g\ < lgjf{rgsf]

;dodf 3f]if0fkqdfkm{t JoQm u/]sf k|ltj4tf / sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf /fhgLlts

bnx¿ slt lhDd]jf/L 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't ePsf 5g\ < bnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ Pjd\ sfo{stf{x¿

dtbftfk|lt slt ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / lhDd]jf/¿kdf ;lqmo 5g\ eGg] kIfsf] d'Vo

s;L g} cfjlws lgjf{rg xf] . cfjlws lgjf{rg nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{

Psdfq k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf xf], h;dfkm{t dtbftfn] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ cfkm\gf

k|ltlglwx¿sf] rog ub{5g\ . hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf]

:yfkgf aflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodåf/f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf]

k|Tofe"ltsf afjh'b klg g]kfnL dtbftfn] b'O{ bzsb]lv lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g gkfPsf]

cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg cfjlws lgjf{rg geO{ Ps ljlzi6 lgjf{rg dfq xf] .

cfh em08} #% jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] g]kfnL dtbftfn] Psk6s klg cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] d'v

b]Vg kfPsf] 5}g . o; cy{df !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf]] dtbftfn] k|To]s %÷% jif{df Psk6s

cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] lx;fan] klg p;n] sDtLdf klg tLgk6s ;+ljwfg

k|bQ dtflwsf/af6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g

Joj:yf cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] d'n'sdf aflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] o;/L dhfs

p8fOPsf] b[i6fGt cGoq zfob} xf]nf . lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf sfo{stf{ ;b}j

cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] lxdfotL x'G5, x'g}k5{ . bn / sfo{stf{sf] dtbftfn] k/v ug]{ ljlw

lgjf{rg g} ePsf]n] o;df v/f] pqg bn / sfo{stf{n] lxlRsrfpg' x'Fb}g . To;}n] ca aGg]

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] ;dosf] ls6fgL Joj:yf x'g cfjZos 5 .

-u_ lgjf{rg ldlt (Date of Election)

cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] ;'lglZrttf cyf{t\ lgjf{rg slxn] x'G5 eGg] ljifo lgjf{rg ldltsf]

;don] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . lgjf{rgsf] ldltsf] 3f]if0ff s;n] ug]{ / slxn] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljZjdf leGgleGg lsl;dsf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 . sltko b]zdf lgjf{rgsf] ldlt sfg'g jf lgjf{rg;DaGwL cEof;4f/f g} lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5, s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf]

48

3f]if0ff jf lg0f{o g} cfjZos kb}{g . k|To]s k6ssf] cfjlws lgjf{rg lglZrt dlxgfsf] lglZrt lbg jf af/ (Day) df g} ;DkGg x'G5 . h:tf], cd]l/sL /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg . sltko cEof; rflxF lgjf{rgsf] ldlt ;/sf/4f/f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ldltdf / sltko b]zsf] cEof; rflx+ lgjf{rgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf] lgsfo jf lgjf{rg cfof]u4f/f ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sl/a !% jif{ cl3b]lv dfq} cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf] u0ftGq OG8f]g]lzofdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf] ldltsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ u/]sf]

kfOG5 .8 oBlk lgjf{rg cfof]u4f/f lgjf{rgsf] ldlt lglZrt ug]{ d'n'sx¿df klg o;/L

lgjf{rgsf] ldlt to ug'{cl3 cfof]un] ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos k/fdz{ Pjd\ 5nkmn ug]{

u/]sf] kfOG5 . lsgls lgjf{rgsf] sfo{ cToGt hl6n / d'n'se/ -d'n'saflx/ klg_

;s];Dd Ps}lbg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf o;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm, cfly{s ;|f]t

tyf ;'/Iffnufotsf ljifox¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;'lglZrttf Pjd\ k|Tofe"ltsf nflu klg

cGo sltko lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] o:tf] 5nkmn Pjd\ k/fdz{nfO{ :jfefljs

dflgG5 . ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts bn-x¿_n] g} ;/sf/ ;~rfng

ug]{ x'g\ . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ bn-x¿_n] ;/sf/df /x]s} cj:yfdf

lgjf{rg ubf{ lgjf{rgdf cg's"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] jf ;/sf/df /xFbfs} cj:yfdf lgjf{rg

;DkGg u/fpFbf cb[Zo lxtx¿ (Hidden Interests) sf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] kIfdf lgjf{rgsf] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg ;lsg] ulx/f] ljZjf; cBlk klg /lx/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/df

;xefuL bn-x¿_n] cfkm\gf] dfq cg's"n jf k|lts"n cj:yfsf] cf+sng u/L lgjf{rgsf]

ldlt cl3 jf kl5 kfg]{ u/L to ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf lgjf{rg cfjlws¿kdf ;dod} ;DkGg x'g

g;Sg] jf l9nf] u/L x'g;Sg]tkm{ ;ts{ /xg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfndf lgjf{rg ldlt s;n] to ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yf

b]lvFb}g . t/ cfh;Ddsf] cEof; x]bf{ lgjf{rgsf] ldlt ;/sf/4f/f lglZrt ug]{ ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|ltlglw;ef, k|b]z;ef, ufpF;ef,

gu/;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo ljifo / hgdt ;ª\u|x ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd

x'g]59 egL pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf ca aGg] tt\tt\ kbflwsf/L / ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lgjf{rg

sfg'gdf k|To]s kfFrjif{sf] cjlwdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g]u/L lgjf{rg ldltsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{

clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-3_ lgjf{rg vr{ (Political Finance)

/fhgLlts bn ;~rfngsf] nflu lgjf{rg vr{ cfhsf] lbgdf cToGt rrf{ / rf;f]sf] ljifo

ag]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t /fhgLlts bnsf] cfo / Joosf] x/lx;fa dfq geO{ To:tf] bnn]

8 Electi on in words: An overview of the 2014 Legislati ve and Presidenti al Electi ons (Intro-ducti on Chapter) Komisi Pemilihan Umum, 2nd Editi on, May 2015

9 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^@ -&_, ^(, *$ -(_, *^-^_, !&^-!!_, @@@-&_ @@#-&_

/ @$^-@_

49

lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'Fbf bnsf] tkm{af6 u/]sf] lgjf{rg vr{;d]t ;dfj]z x'G5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf vDjf x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf s'g}] låljwf /xGg . /fhgLlts bn cfkm" :jod\df hlt nf]stflGqs, ;dfj]zL / kf/bzL{ 5g\, d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts hLjg klg Tolts} nf]stflGqs, ;dfj]zL / kf/bzL{ x'G5 . clxn] ;+;f/e/ /fhgLlts If]qdf cb[Zo¿kn], ;|f]t gv'n]sf], u}/sfg'gL /sd (Illicit Money) sf] k|of]u ePsf] eGg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf g} klg a]nfavt /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ df]6f] /sd lbP/ nfesf] kb k|fKt u/]sf]

eGg] ;"rgfx¿ ;fj{hlgs gePsf xf]Ogg\ . /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt

hg;fwf/0fsf] ;d{yg / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf] nflu / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fhgLlts bnn]

;~rfng ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]t /fHosf]ifaf6} bnx¿nfO{

k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df of] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . sltko

d'nsx¿df /fHosf]ifaf6} /fhgLlts bn ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfly{s cg'bfg

k|bfg ul/g] cEof; ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o; qmddf k|hftGqsf] hggL dflgg] a]nfot tyf

s]xL jif{ cl3b]lv dfq k|hftGqsf] cEof; ul//x]sf] u0ftGq O08f]g]lzofnfO{ pbfx/0fsf]

¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . sfg'gadf]lhd /fhgLlts bn u7g ePsf / lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL

x'g] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt dfkb08 (Criteria) sf] cfwf/df To:tf bnx¿sf] /fhgLlts hLjg lgoldt¿kdf ;~rfngfy{ / /fhgLlts ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{{ cfjZos

kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf /fHosf]ifaf6 k|fKt x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePdf bnsf] cfly{s

cg'zf;g sfod /xg'sf ;fy} bnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{;d]t x'g hfG5 / o;n]

/fhgLlts bnsf] 5lj tyf ljZj;gLotf hgdfg;df a9]/ hfg] x'G5 . lgjf{rg vr{ k|bfg

ug]{ cfwf/x¿ eg] ljleGg d'n'sn] ljleGg lsl;dn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf o; af/]df

5'§} rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] ca aGg] lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gdf /fhgLlts bnnfO{

/fHosf]ifaf6} /sd ljlgof]hg ul/g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-ª_ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj (Proportional Reprsentation)

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo ;+;b /10 k|b]z;efdf11 s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] PsltxfO ;b:o

dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g}kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;+3Lo ;+;b

/ k|b]z;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|To]s /fhgLlts bnleq klg ;f]xLcg'¿k ;dfg'kflts¿kdf

k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ . ;+3Lo ;+;bdf @&% hgf ;b:odWo] PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:o / Tof]

klg ;+3Lo ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bnx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt

x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (First Past the Post FPTP) cGtu{t lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] lgjf{lrt x'g] # hgf pDd]bjf/x¿ ;a} :jtGq pDd]bjf/ / tL ;a} k'?if pDd]bjf/ ePsf]

v08df o;/L lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:osf] PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:osf] ;'lglZrttf sxfFaf6 s;/L

10 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$ sf] pkwf/f -*_11 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&^ sf] pkwf/ -(_

50

ul/G5 < o;/L lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:osf] ;+Vof hlt a9L x'G5, dlxnf ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k|Zg emg\ hl6n aGb} hfg] b]lvG5 .

lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL bnx¿nfO{ FPTP cGtu{t k|fKt u/]sf] ;b:o ;+VofeGbf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (Proprotional Electoral System (PR) tkm{sf] ;b:o ;+Vof a9L k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf ePdf PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrtf ;xh} ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 . t/, s'g} cd's /fhgLlts bnsf] FPTP cGtu{t pDd]bjf/L lbg]dWo] pDd]bjf/x¿ s]an !@ hgf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt eP / tL ;a} k'?if /x] eg] To:tf] /fhgLlts bnn] PR cGtu{t hDdf # hgf ;b:o a/fj/sf] dt dfq} k|fKt u¥of] eg] tLg}hgf dlxnf ;b:o PR k|0ffnLdfkm{t lgjf{lrt u/fpFbf klg To:tf] bnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f lglb{i6 ul/Pcg'¿ksf] PsltxfO dlxnf cyf{t\ % hgf dlxnf ;b:osf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ s;/L < cem

o:tf] kl/l:ylt klg l;h{gf x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 ls /fhgLlts bnx¿n] PR cGtu{t k|fKt ug]{ ;b:o ;+Vofn] efu ubf{ cfpg] efukmnkl5sf] z]if 3ftfª\s jfktsf] ;b:o;Dd dfq

cfkm\gf] bnsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|ltztdf c8fg /fv]sf] v08df k|To]s bnleq

PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:otf ;'lglZrt gx'g] dfq xf]Og ls ;+3Lo ;+;bdf dlxnf ;b:osf]

k|ltlglwTj g} ;+ljwfgn] ls6fgL u/]h:tf] PsltxfO g} gx'g klg ;S5 . o:tf] ;d:of jf

hl6ntf s]an ;+3Lo ;+;bdf dfq geP/ k|b]z;efdf klg ;dfg¿kdf cfpg;Sg] b]lvG5 .

t;y{, ca aGg] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, /fli6«o;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg tyf k|b]z;ef

;b:o lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{tkm{ Wofg k'Ug'

cfjZos 5 .

-r_ dtef/ (Weightage of Vote)

s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf dtef/sf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . dtef/sf] k|of]u lgjf{rs d08ndfkm{t

ul/g] lgjf{rg k4lt;Fu dfq l;ldt x'G5 / dtef/s} cfwf/df lgjf{lrt x'g] / k/flht x'g]

pDd]bjf/aLrsf] dtcGt/sf] kl/0ffd lglZrt ug]{ ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«klt12 tyf pk/fi6«klt13sf] lgjf{rg / /fli6«o;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g] %^ hgf14 ;b:o lgjf{rgsf]

nflu lgjf{rs d08nsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] kfOG5 . lgjf{rs d08ndfkm{t lgjf{rg x'g] kbx¿df ef/tLo Pjd\ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z;efsf ;b:o dtbftf /x]sf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 x'g] / ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z;efsf ;b:osf]

dtef/ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd km/s x'g] egL :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf ca aGg] /fi6«kltsf]

12 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^@ sf] pkwf/f -!_13 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^( 14 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *^ sf] pkwf/f -@_sf] v08 -s_

51

lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gdf ;+3Lo ;+;b ;b:o / k|b]z;ef ;b:on] k|bfg ug]{ dtsf] ef/ slt xf] elg :ki6 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ ;+3Lo ;+;b ;b:osf] Psdt a/fa/ slt g]kfnL dtbftfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] xf] / k|b]z;efsf Pshgf ;b:osf] Pp6f dt a/fa/ slt hgf g]kfnL dtbftfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] dfGg] xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5 .

o:t} /fli6«o;efsf %( hgf ;b:odWo] %^ hgf ;b:ox¿ k|b]z;efsf ;b:o, ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v /x]sf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 dtef/

km/s x'g]u/L lgjf{rg ul/]g] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;ft k|b]zdf ljeQm ePsf] / k|To]s

k|b]zdf km/s km/s ;+Vofdf hg;+Vof /x]sf], k|b]z;efsf] s'g} Ps ;b:on] w]/} dtbftfsf]

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / To:t} csf]{ ;b:o p;sf] eGbf sd dtbftfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{, ;of+}sf]

;+Vofdf gu/kflnsfx¿ / xhf/f}Fsf] ;+Vofdf ufpFkflnsfx¿ /x]sf, k|To]s gu/kflnsf /

ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vofdf Ps¿ktf g/x]sf], sltko gu/kflnsfdfeGbf sltko

ufpFkflnsfdf hg;+Vof Pjd\ dtbftf g} a9L x'g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf], /fhwfgLdf cjl:yt

sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf / ef}uf]lns ljs6tf Pjd\ hg;+Vofsf] b[li6n] t'ngfTds¿kdf

sd hg;+Vof ePsf] cGo s'g} gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'vaLrsf] dtsf] ef/ olsg

ug]{ ljifo cToGt hl6n Pjd\ k]lrnf] b]lvG5 . tyflk, ;+ljwfgsf] …:kLl/6Ú x]bf{ k|b]z;efsf

;b:osf] dtef/, ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWofIf tyf gu/kflnsf k|d'v / pkk|d'vsf]

dtef/ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd km/s x'g] egL ;+ljwfgdf g} k|i6 Joj:yf eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf

ca aGg] /fli6«o;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gn] lgjf{rs d08nsf k|To]s ;b:osf]

dtsf] ef/ :ki6¿kdf olsg Pjd\ ls6fgL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

-5_ ;Ldf (Threshold)

…y|];xf]N8Ú o:tf] zAb xf] hf] g]kfnL /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] nflu clk|o nfUb5, vf;u/L

cfkm"nfO{ ;fgf /fhgLlts bnsf] sf]6Ldf 5' eGg]x¿sf] nflu . /fhgLlts bn ;b}a

;fgf] jf 7"nf] eGg] x'Fb}g . /fhgLlt eg]sf] ljrf/ / bz{gd'vL x'G5 clg To:tf] ljrf/ /

bz{gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{qmd, /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk / ultljlwn] To:tf] /fhgLltsf]

Jofkstfsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . /fhgLlts bnn] lnPsf] p2]Zo, gLlt, ljrf/ / bz{g hgd'vL

5, hgtfsf] OR5f cfsf+IffnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug{ pGd'v 5 eg] To:tf] /fhgLlts bnnfO{

hgtfn] ?rfpF5g\ . hgtfn] /fhgLlts bnsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ dfWod eg]sf] lgjf{rg g} xf]

/ /fhgLlts bnn] /fhgLlt ug]{ klg hgtf s} nflu xf] . cfhsf] 7"nf] /fhgLlts bn ;w}Fsf] nflu To:t} /lx/xg ;S5 eGg] xF'b}g eg] cfhsf] ;fgf] elgPsf] /fhgLlts bn

ef]ln uP/ hgdtsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] x'g klg ;S5 .

…y|];xf]N8Ú Pp6f o:tf] ;Ldf xf] jf Go"gtd dfkb08 xf], h;sf] cfwf/df /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] tTsfnsf] cj:yf / l:yltsf] klxrfg ul/G5 . lgjf{rgdf /fhgLlts bnn] k|fKt

u/]sf] dt dfq} klg y|];xf]N8sf] cfwf/ xf]Og, x'g ;Sb}g . ;+;f/df xfn k|rngdf /x]sf

52

y|];xf]8sf dfkb08x¿dWo] /fhgLlts bnn] lgjf{rgdf k|fKt ug]{ dt klg Ps xf] . of] dtsf] k|ltzt ! k|ltzt eGbf klg sd b]lv !) k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko d'n'sdf /fhgLlts bnsf] Jofkstf jf lj:tf/nfO{ ;d]t o;sf] cfwf/ dfGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . …y|];xf]N8Ú sf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] k5fl8 /x]sf] d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] /fHoåf/f /fhgLlts bnnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s cg'bfgnufot lgjf{rg vr{ (Political Finance) lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ / To:tf] bnsf] Jofkstfsf] PsLg g} xf] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfGtl/s nf]stflGqs/0f,

bnsf] ultljlw Pjd\ lqmofsnfkdf kf/blz{tf, bndf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf,

bnsf] s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/;Dd cfjlws¿kdf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg, bnsf] cfoJoo

tyf cfly{s ljj/0fsf] cBfjlws clen]vLs/0f tyf To;sf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f h:tf

ljifox¿n] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;b}j hgtf;dIf v/f] pqgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . cb[io

cfo;|f]tsf] cfwf/df jf u}/sfg'gL /sd (Illicit Money) sf] dfWodåf/f /fhgLlts bnx¿ kl/rflnt 5g\ jf To:tf] /sdn] bnx¿df k|j]z kfPsf] 5 -rGbf jf ;xof]usf] ¿kdf_

eGg] ;"rgfx¿ ;fj{hlgs ePsf] cj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ Pp6f lglZrt dfkb08sf]

cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] b}lgs kf6L{ ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fHosf]ifaf6 cfly{s

;|f]t k|bfg ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ klg Go"gtd ;Ldf;lxtsf] s'g} g s'g} :j¿ksf]

y|];xf]N8;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf casf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ug{ cfjZos 5 . !*)

eGbf a9L /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] btf{ Joj:yfkg, n]vf k/LIf0f;DaGwL ljj/0f nufot k|To]s

lbgh;f] bnsf] em08f, r'gfj lrGx, kbflwsf/Lx¿ kl/jt{g, sfof{no kl/jt{g h:tf

sfo{x¿df cfof]u cndlnP/ a:g ldNb}g, ;Sb}g . bnx¿ :jod\ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt

aGg ;Sg'k5{ . b]z / hgtfsf] nflu /fhgLlt ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy u7g ePsf] bn :jod\

cg'zfl;t x'g kg]{df emf]nfdf sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{, ToxL emf]nf af]Sg] klg a]kQf x'g],

cfof]usf] ;Dks{df g/xg], kqfrf/ jf ;Dks{sf] nflu Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g jf km\ofS; jf Od]n

7]ufgfsf] Joj:yfkg gug]{, sfg'g4f/f lgwf{l/t ljj/0fx¿ lglb{i6 ;dodf ga'emfpg] h:tf

u}/ lhDd]jf/k"0f{¿kdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bnsf] cfddtbftf ;dIf s'g} dfg] /xGg . To:tf

bn x'g' / gx'g'n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] /fhgLlts OR5f / cfsf+Iffk|lt s'g} km/s jf k|efj

kg]{ klg b]lvGg . t;y{, ca aGg] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf lglZrt k|ltzt dt gNofpg],

d'n'ssf] s]Gb|:t/, If]qLo:t/, k|b]z:t/ / lhNnf:t/df /fhgLlts bnsf] sfof{no,

kbflwsf/Lx¿;lxtsf] sfo{;ldlt :yfkgf ug}{kg]{ Joj:yf clgjfo{¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . To;}u/L

gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfx¿dWo] sDtLdf lglZrt k|ltztdf cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts bnsf]

sfof{no / kbflwsf/Lx¿;lxtsf] sfo{;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ clg k|To]s sfo{;ldlt u7g ug{sf] nflu sfo{;ldltdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+VofeGbf lglZrt u'0ff a9L ;+Vofdf

;fwf/0f sfo{stf{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] bnx¿aLr PsLs/0f x'g] ;Defjgfsf] 9f]sf vf]]lng] x'Fbf klg bnx¿ Psfk;df ;+ul7t / PsLs[t eO{ ;'b[9

53

Pjd\ ;an x'g ;S5g\ .

-h_ :jfot, :jtGq / ;Ifd cfof]u

;+ljwfgtM lgjf{rg cfof]usf] :jfotQf, :jtGqtf tyf ;Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg} ldNb}g . tyflk, oyf{yk/s 9ª\un] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] cfof]u ;Ifd /x]sf ;Ldfx¿sf ;DaGwdf s]xL jf:tljs tYox¿ sf]6Øfpg} k5{ . s] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] k"0f{tf lgjf{rgsf] ;+3f/df dfq} u/] x'G5 < lgjf{rgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;fwg;|f]t / ;dosf] cfjZostf gkg]{ xf] < cfjlws lgjf{rgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg;|f]t / Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfof]un] ;b}a ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfs} e/ kg'{kg]{ xf] < ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfof]un] cfkm\gf] nflu cfjZos :yfoL hgzlQm (Core) sf] Joj:yfkg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;÷k/fdz{df ug{ g;Sg] xf] < :jtGq, lg:kIf / ljZj;Lo lgjf{rg u/fpg] cleef/f kfPsf] cfof]un] To:tf] sfo{df cfFr k'¥ofpg] sd{rf/L÷/fi6«;]jspk/ sf/jfxL ug{ g;Sg] jf gkfpg] xf] < ;fd"lxs / Tof] klg ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o ug]{ cEof; u/L cfPsf] cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf] lg:kIftf / ljZj;gLotfdfly cfFr cfpg] sfo{ ug]{ /fi6«;]js pk/ sfg'gåf/f lglb{i6 ul/Psf] sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf g} gu/L 5fgljg, hfFra'em jf cg';Gwfg g} gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df sf/jfxL u5{ jf unf{ egL cBlk klg z+sf ul//xg'kg]{ k|Zg xf] < clxn] g} sl/j !*) sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfof]un] gLltut lg0f{osf] cfwf/df cg'udg ug{ ;Dej x'G5 < /fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs eP gePsf] cfof]un] k/LIf0f ug]{ j:t'lgi7 cfwf/x¿ s]s] x'g\ < bnsf] k|To]s txsf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf g]kfnsf] ljljwtf k|ltljlDjt eP gePsf] / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yfsf] k/v ug{] ljlw, k|lqmof / dfkb08 s] x'g ;S5g\ < k6sk6ssf] lnlvt tfs]tfsf] afjh'b klg sfg'gadf]lhd k]z ug'{kg]{ n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z gug]{ /fhgLlts bnsf] sfg'gL x}l;ot s] x'g] < xhf/f}+ nfvf}+ sfo{stf{sf] /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f / bz{gsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| dflgPsf] /fhgLlts bnsf] sfg'gadf]lhd k]z ug'{kg]{ ljj/0f s'g} kbflwsf/Lsf] u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k]z x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f xhf/f}+ nfvf}+ sfo{stf{sf] efjgf ljk/Lt To:tf] bnsf] sfg'gL x}l;ot w/fkdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf bnnfO{ s]xL ;o jf xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf ub}{df To:tf] kbflwsf/Ln] pGd'lQm kfpg' slt hfoh / Gofo ;+ut dflgG5 < s] To:tf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ lglZrt ;do;Ddsf] nflu bnsf] lhDd]jf/ kb jf lgjf{rg;DaGwL ultljlwdf efu lng gkfpg] u/L lgif]w ug{ g;lsg] xf] < dtbftf kl/rokqsf] tof/Lnufot lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk / ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf cfof]usf] ck]lIft cfsf+Iff dfly d'¶L s:g} k5{ < cfof]usf] k|zf;lgs Pjd\ cfly{s :jfoQtfk|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg] a]nf 3s]{sf] 5}g < oL o:tf k|Zgx¿ x'g h;sf] ;Daf]wg lgjf{rg, lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] u7g, btf{, ;~rfng / ;'ljwf tyf tT;DaGwL cGo ljifosf ;DaGwdf ca aGg] sfg'gn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

54

/fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿

v]d/fh 1jfnL

!= kl/ro

;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] cfb]zsf] ¿kdf /fHosf] tkm{af6 hf/L x'g]

h'g;'s} sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f d"ntM Joj:yflksfaf6 x'G5 . gLlt lgdf{tfn] h'g nIo / p2]Zo

k|fKt ug{sf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5, ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g]u/L ljwflosL

a'l4dQf (Legislative Wisdom) sf] k|of]u u/L sfg'g th{'df ug'{ jf eO/x]sf] sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{ ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' sfg'g th'{dfsf/sf]

u'0f / snf xf] . gLlt lgdf{tf / sfg'g th'{dfsf/sf] ;f]rdf cGt/ cfPdf ;j{k|yd ;xL

sfg'g g} aGg ;Sb}g / algxfn]df klg ag]sf] sfg'gdf qmdzM ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g x'Fb} hfg

;Sb}g . /fHon] sfg'g lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / hjfkmb]xL

agfpg'k5{ . ;do;fk]If ;f]rfO / Jojxf/df cfPsf :jfefljs kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{

hgtfsf] lxt / /fi6«sf] :jfy{nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

sfg'g th'{dfsf/n] sfg'g th'{df jf ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;f] sfg'g Gofok"0f{, ts{;+ut, ljj]s;Ddt

/ ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t x'g]u/L th'{df ug'{k5{ . sfg'g cfdhgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf nflu

lgdf{0f ul/g] ePsf]n] sfg'g th'{dfsf/n] cfkm\gf sdLsdhf]/L / q'l6nfO{ gn'sfO{ lg/Gt/

;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ cGoyf To;sf] gsf/fTds kl/0ffd /fHo, ;/sf/ / cGttM gful/sn]

ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .

ljutdf eGbf jt{dfg ;dodf sfg'g lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

sfg'g lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg ug'{eGbf klxn] jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{, ljutsf] cg'ej, jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf / eljiosf] ;f]rfO;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L tt\;DaGwdf ulx/f] lrGtg,

dgg, cWoog / ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;dfgtf, ;dtf, v'nfkg, kf/blz{tf / lje]bsf] cGt x'g] lsl;dn] ;xeflutfd"ns b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy hgtfnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL gful/s ;dfh,

;/f]sf/jfnf;d]tnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpFb} ;xdltsf] cEof;sf cfwf/df sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf]

sfg'g, ;dfhzf:q / /fhgLltzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/, @)%$ ;fndf g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]

;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t k/LIffdf ;j{k|yd, @)%% ;fndf g]kfn Gofo ;]jf Gofo ;d"xsf]] zfvf

clws[t k/LIffdf ;j{k|yd / @)^$ ;fndf g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, ;/sf/L jlsn ;d"xsf] pk;lrj -/f=k=lå=_ k/LIffdf ;j{k|yd, @)&) ;fndf g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, ;/sf/L jlsn ;d"xsf] ;x;lrj

-/f=k=k|yd_ k/LIffdf låtLo, xfn ;xGofoflwjQmf, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, 6+ufn,

sf7df8f+} .

55

cj:yf;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L sfg'g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ cEof;, k/Dk/f Pjd\ ;+:sf/nfO{ ljsl;t ub}{ nluPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg sfg'g cfkm}df k"0f{ xF'b}g . h'g;'s} d'n's jf ;dodf k|rlnt sfg'gdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, ;+zf]wg / k"0f{tfsf] u'~hfO; ;w}F /xG5 . ;+;f/ h;/L kl/jt{gzLn 5 To;}u/L s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gsf] ;'wf/, ;+zf]wg, PsLs/0f jf ;+lxtfs/0fsf] klg kl/jt{g cjZoDefjL 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] csNkgLo kl/jt{gn] klg sfg'gdf

;'wf/sf] vfFrf] lg/Gt/ kl//xG5 .

sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf ljleGg sf/0fn] x'g ;S5 . /fHodf sfg'g /

Joj:yf sfod /fVg jf sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod ug{ jf ljwflosfsf] OR5fsf] cleJolQmnfO{

sfg'gdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ jf /fHo / ;/sf/n] clVtof/ u/]sf gLltnfO{ sfg'gdf ¿kfGt/0f

u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ jf /fHon] cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ jf JolQm jf gful/ssf] xs

clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ jf s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o lnFbf jf sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg] sfo{ljlw

to ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf, sfg'g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtsf] ;Ldf / cfTd

lgolGqt ;Ldfleq /x]/ dfq d'n'sdf ljBdfg sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

log} s'/fx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ jt{dfg ;dodf /fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljBdfg

sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@= kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf

lj=;+= @))& ;fndf ePsf] /f0ff zf;glj?4sf] cfGbf]ngb]lvsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf]

rfxgfadf]lhd @)^@÷)^# ;fndf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkZrft\ @)^$ / @)&)

;fndf ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkZrft\ d'n'sdf xfn;Dd Jofks¿kdf /fhgLlts

kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ . h;sf] kmn:j¿k ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqaf6 u0ftGqtkm{, PsfTds

Joj:yfaf6 ;+3Lotftkm{, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgftkm{, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns

l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0ftkm{, nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t

;dfhjfbk|lt k|ltj4 /xL ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0ftkm{ d'n's cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf]

nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] rfxgfadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg kfl/t eO{ @)&@ ;fn

c;f]h # utb]lv k|f/De ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg kfl/t eO{ nfu" ePkl5 ljBdfg /fhgLlts

bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf Jofks ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg, k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg, :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg, hgdt ;ª\u|x;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{

/ /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{n] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bn tyf

56

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf Jofks ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 .1 eO/x]sf ljBdfg sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ dfq k'Ug] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{, ;DalGwt lgsfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ o;tkm{ ;r]t eO{ lg/Gt/ nflu k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg ug'{eGbf klxn] g} ;f];DaGwL ;+3Lo sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfnfO{

k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg;lxtsf] Ps ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf x'g]5 h;nfO{

;+3Lo ;+;b elgg]52 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf ;fy} k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:osf]

lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo ljifo ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]3 tyf /fli6«o;efsf ;b:osf]

lgjf{rg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]4 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg ug'{eGbf klxn] g}

;f];DaGwL ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgdf k|b]z Joj:yflksfnfO{

k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf Ps;btfTds x'g]5 h;nfO{ k|b]z;ef elgg]55 egL pNn]v ePsf]

5 . To;sf cltl/Qm k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]6

k|fjwfg 5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] :yfgLo Joj:yflksf;DaGwL Joj:yf

x]bf{ k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf Ps ufpF;ef /xg],7 k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf Ps gu/;ef /xg],8

ufpF;efsf] lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]9 tyf gu/;efsf]

lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]10 s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt hgdt ;ª\u|x;DaGwL Joj:yfdf /fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt

;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+3Lo ;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o

;+Vofsf] b'O{ltxfO ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o ePdf To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6

lg0f{o lng ;lsg]511 . hgdt ;ª\u|x / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd

1 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu *, !$, !*, @( / #@ . 2 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *# . 3 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$ sf] pkwf/f -(_ . 4 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *^ sf] pkwf/f -^_ .

5 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&% . 6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&^ sf] pkwf/f -!!_ . 7 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ . 8 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@# sf] pkwf/f -!_ .

9 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@@ sf] pkwf/f -&_ . 10 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@# sf] pkwf/f -&_ . 11 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&% sf] pkwf/f -!_ .

57

x'g]512 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|lta4 JolQmx¿n] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL /fhgLlts bn u7g u/L ;~rfng ug{ / bnsf] ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf nflu To;sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{, u/fpg jf ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug{;Sg]13 / To;/L u7g ePsf /fhgLlts bnn]

sfg'gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnbtf{ u/fpg'kg]{14 ;f] k|of]hgsf]

nflu lgj]bg k]z ubf{ ;DalGwt /fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg / 3f]if0ffkqsf cltl/Qm ;+3Lo

sfg'gadf]lhdsf cGo sfuhft k]z ug'{kg]{15 Joj:yfsf ;fy} lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu

lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd btf{ ePsf] k|To]s /fhgLlts bnn] ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{

u/fpg'kg]{16 tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] u7g, btf{, ;~rfng / ;'ljwf tyf tT;DaGwL cGo

ljifo ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]17 ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg 5 .

Dfly plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfadf]lhd ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfaf6 ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] th'{df

u/L ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ pQm sfg'gL Joj:yfadf]lhd /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] u7g, btf{ /

;~rfng, hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] lgjf{rg, k|ltlglw;ef Pjd\ /fli6«o;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg,

k|b]z;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg, ufpF tyf gu/;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{

x'G5 .

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf cfjlws lgjf{rg /xg]

x'Fbf d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf ljleGg tx / lgsfosf lgjf{rg ;dod} ;DkGg

u/L hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/, :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{] kydf

cu|;/ x'g dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L ;dod} lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{

sfo{df lgjf{rg cfof]u, sfg'g dGqfno, u[x dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfosf] k|of; ;fy{s

x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{, nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;d[4 /fi6«

lgdf{0f ug{, k|hftflGqs ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ cjnDag ug{, ax'dtsf] zf;g / cNkdtsf]

sb/ ug{, zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{nfO{ lta|tfsf ;fy cufl8

a9fpg, d'n'sdf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfod b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{, ljlwsf] zf;g sfod ug{, dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ / hgtfsf] :jfldTj u|x0f ug{;d]tsf nflu /fhgLlts bn tyf

12 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&% sf] pkwf/f -@_ . 13 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f -!_ . 14 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f -@_ .

15 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f -#_ . 16 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&! sf] pkwf/f -!_ . 17 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&@ .

58

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfsf k|d'v c+ux¿sf] lgjf{rgdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutfsf dfWodåf/f ul/g] ePsfn] hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff tyf hgk|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ :jtGq, lgikIf, :jR5, kf/bzL{ / wfFwnL/lxt lgjf{rg k|lqmof ;~rfng ug{ lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gn] lgjf{rgsf] cjlwsf] ;fy} lgjf{rg k|lqmofb]lv kl/0ffdsf] 3f]if0ff;Ddsf sfo{sf] ljj]rgf

ug]{ x'Fbf k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf o;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf cem a9L x'G5 . b]zsf] zf;g

Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ / hgpQ/bfoL hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] nf]stflGqs ljlwåf/f 5gf]6 ug]{ dfWod lgjf{rg g} ePsfn] cfw'lgs k|hftGqdf o;sf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf}+Nofpg ;lsG5 .

b]zdf k|hftflGqs k|lqmof / k|hftflGqs cEof;nfO{ lgoldt / ;'b[9 ug{, gful/ssf] /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, bnut /fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg, sfg'gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg, hgtfdf /fhgLlts r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug{, lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ Pjd\ lgjf{rgdf b]vf k/]sf lj;+ultx¿df qmlds ;'wf/ ub{} lgjf{rg sfg'gnfO{ kl/dfh{g, kl/:s[t / ;'b[9 ub}{ yk nf]stflGqs agfpg, /fHok'g;{+/rgf / ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{, gful/ssf] aflnu

dtflwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug{, nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;+/If0f

u/L clwsflws hg;xeflutfd"ns k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{

/fhgLlt bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cTolws dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] o;sf]

cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

#= kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿

d'n'ssf] zf;sLo:j¿k ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs

u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL x'g]18 k|Tofe"lt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf]n] g]kfndf k|rlnt ;du| /fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu lbOPsf

;'emfjx¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

lgjf{rg;DaGwL PsLs[t sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{,

/fhgLlts bn;DaGwL PsLs[t sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{, /fhgLlts bnbtf{;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ a9L Jofjxfl/s agfOg'kg]{, lgjf{rgsf] lglDt

/fhgLlts bnbtf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf lgj]bg lbg] /fhgLlts

bnn] aL; xhf/ ¿k}ofF w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{, To;/L /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ul/Psf] hDdf ;b/ dtsf] tLg

18 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ .

59

k|ltzteGbf sd ;b/ dt k|fKt ug]{ /fhgLlts bnsf] xsdf hkmt x'g] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{,

/fhgLlt bnbtf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu sDtLdf kfFr ;ohgf ;f] /fhgLlts bnsf ;fwf/0f ;b:o x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, sDtLdf klg PsfpGg hgfsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ePsf] x'g'kg]{ / lghx¿ ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] lgj]bg, lghx¿sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk / s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{o, ljwfg,

lgodfjnL, 3f]if0ffkq Pjd\ bnsf] gLlt / sfo{qmd;lxt lgjf{rg cfof]udf lgj]bg

lbg] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{,

bnn] ug{ gx'g] sfdx¿ yk x'g'kg]{ ;f] u/]df ;hfosf] Joj:yf P]gdf ylkg'kg]{, lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf

kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 k"0f{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df x'g'kg]{,

/fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfgdf /fhgLlts bnbtf{ ePkl5 u7g x'g] ;a} txsf

sfo{;ldltdf k"0f{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts x'g]u/L lglZrt k|ltzt jf ;+Vofdf

dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, lk5l8Psf] If]q;d]taf6

k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ v'nfpg'kg]{ clgjfo{ ul/g'kg]{, /fhgLlts bnsf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿df 5gf]6 x'gsf] nflu s'g} klg

kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]sf] jf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] JolQm x'g gkfpg] k|fjwfg

/flvg'kg]{,

lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf

kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{,

lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ x'g] ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf] cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg] sf]if / ;f]

sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf kf/bzL{ x'g] vfnsf] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{, /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cem a9L lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, nf]stflGqs / hjfkmb]xL

agfOg'kg]{,

/fhgLlts bn ljeflht x'gkfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ x6fO{ ;+o'Qm x'g jf ufleg kfpg]

Joj:yf dfq /flvg'kg]{,

bn lj36gkl5 ;f] /fhgLlts bnsf] ;DklQ :jtM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g] Joj:yf klg ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kg]{,

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o agfpg

gx'g] / To:tf] JolQmn] klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:otf lng gx'g] Joj:yfsf ;fy}

;f] ljk/Lt ug]{ /fhgLlts bn jf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

/fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg, lgodfjnL / 3f]if0ffkqsf] 9fFrf tf]lsg'kg]{,

bnsf] ljwfgdf v'nfpg'kg]{ ljifodf yk s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/g'kg]{, lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ x'g lgj]bg lbg] /fhgLlts bnsf] lgodfjnLdf v'nfpg'kg]{

60

s'/fx¿ P]gdf g} pNn]v x'g'kg]{,

/fhgLlts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] kl/jt{g ePsf] hfgsf/L ;f] ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq ;DalGwt /fhgLlts bnn] gu/fPdf lgjf{rg cfof]udf sfod /x]sf] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] klxn]sf] clen]vnfO{ dfGotf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

btf{ ePsf bnnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] / vf/]h;d]t ug{;Sg] clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ x'g'kg]{,

btf{ geP klg lgjf{rgsf] k|lqmof / ultljlwdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] bn, ;d"x, JolQmnfO{

lgjf{rg cfof]un] sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff ePb]lv lgjf{rg ;DkGg geP;Ddsf] lgjf{rg cjlwdf cfddtbftfdf

k|efj kg]{u/L aGb, x8tfn, rSsfhfd, ad la:kmf]6 ug]{ u/fpg] jf lgjf{rg alxisf/

ug]{ u/fpg] ;Da4 kIfnfO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ sfod ePsf /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL

ljjfbsf] lg¿k0f lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{kfpg] Joj:yf /flvg'kg]{, lgjf{rg cfof]un] lbPsf] cfb]z kfngf gug]{, /fhgLlts bnn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ st{Jo

/ bfloTj kfngf gu/]sf] h:t} M cfoJoosf] ljj/0f sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;doleq

k]z gug]{, lgjf{rg vr{sf] ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq k]z gug]{ jf unt ljj/0f

tof/ u/L k]zug]{, sfg'gadf]lhd a'emfpg'kg]{ ljj/0fx¿ ga'emfpg], vr{sf] kf/bzL{

ljj/0f ga'emfpg], cfo–Joo kf/bzL{ gb]vfpg], lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] a/fa/ uDeL/

pNn+3g ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPdf sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] k|fjwfg /fVg], P]gn] tf]s]sf]

Dofbleq lgjf{rg vr{ ga'emfpg] /fhgLlts bn jf pDd]bjf/nfO{ To;kl5 x'g]

lgjf{rgdf ^ jif{;Dd efu lng] gkfpg] k|fjwfg /fVg] ;fy} lglZrt zt{sf] clwgdf

/fhgLlts bnsf] btf{ g} vf/]h ug{;lsg] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{, lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhgLlts bnsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQm cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf

;+nUg ePsf] kfOP /fhgLlts bn vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

/fli6«o dfGotf k|fKt /fhgLlts bnsf] dfGotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo tyf k|b]z

Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ul/Psf] hDdf ;b/ dtsf] sDtLdf tLg k|ltzt

;b/ dt k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{, lgjf{rgdf sDtLdf tLg k|ltzt dt

k|fKt gug]{ / lgjf{rgdf efu glng] /fhgLlts bn :jtM vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, w/f}6L hkmt x'g] /fhgLlts bnn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{sf] s'g} klg l;6

k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{,

lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt x'g]u/L dlxnfsf] sDtLdf t]QL; k|ltzt / blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q;d]tsf] lglZrt k|ltzt pDd]bjf/Ldf geO{ lgjf{lrt÷dgf]lgt g} x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{,

;a} txsf lgjf{rgdf efu lng] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsg'kg]{, h'g;'s} lgjf{rgsf] nflu v8f x'g] pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/sf] dflyNnf] xb tf]lsg'kg]{,

61

h'g;'s} lgjf{rgdf v8f x'g] pDd]bjf/sf] s'g} klg kbsf] pDd]bjf/sf] cof]Uotf;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf e|i6frf/, hah{:tL s/0fL, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/, ;DkQL z'l4s/0f, /fxbfgL b'¿kof]u, rf]/L, 8fFsf, Hofg jf tLgjif{eGbf a9L s}b x'g] d'2fdf ;hfo kfPsf] JolQm tyf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f lgotjz glt/L k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd sfnf] ;"rLdf /x]sf] JolQm / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm;d]t /flvg'kg]{,

of]Uotf gk'u]sf jf cof]Uo ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ph'/L gk/] klg h'g;'s} avt cof]Uo

3f]lift ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{, lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f h'g;'s} lgjf{rgdf nfu" x'g]u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf,

@)&@ sf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf x'g'kg]{, kfngf gug]{nfO{ P]gd} ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf

x'g'kg]{,

cfrf/;+lxtfsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gstf{ kIf jf JolQmsf] gfd clen]v u/L /fVg] / ;f]sf]

gfdfjnL ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, lgjf{rgdf vl6g] sd{rf/L / ;'/IffsdL{;DaGwL Joj:yf / vl6Psf sd{rf/Ln] lhDd]jf/L

k"/f gu/]df lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;f]em} sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, lgjf{rg cg'udgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf

ldl8of cg'udg / ;'/Iff cg'udg lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;f]em} ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg ab/ x'g], ;f]df sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] / ab/ ePdf k'gM lgjf{rg u/fpg;Sg]

cfwf/nfO{ :ki6 ul/g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ ubf{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

sfof{nodfkm{t ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg'kg]{,

cfd;~rf/sf dfWodn] lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/sf] l;nl;nfdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] tf]s]sf]

dfkb08 ljk/Lt / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] a/fa/ uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] kfOPdf

sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf] ;fy} lglZrt zt{sf] clwgdf

cfd;~rf/sf dfWodsf] btf{ g} vf/]h ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg]{, lgjf{rg cjlw gAa] lbgleq ;Lldt ul/g'kg]{,

lgjf{rgdf ;'/Iffsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg h'g;'s} cfjZos k|aGw ug{;Sg] clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ lbOg'kg]{,

Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df afwf cj/f]w gx'g]u/L g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf tLgj6} ;d"xsf

/fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg clws[t lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg]

Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, ;dfg'kfltstkm{sf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d]t g]kfn Gofo ;]jfs} /fhkqf+lst

ljlzi6 jf k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[tnfO{ lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

:yfoL k|s[ltsf] l8lh6n dtbftf kl/rokq ;a} dtbftfnfO{ ;dod} ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

62

kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlwssf] sfo{ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbg'kg]{,

cgnfOg dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{, cgnfOg dtbfg / k"j{dtbfgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, b]zjflx/ /x]sf cg'kl:yt dtbftfx¿nfO{ gfd btf{ / dtbfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

d[To' ePsf, cGo d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf, cGo d'n'sdf a;fFO–;/fFO u/]sf, cGo s'g} sf/0fn] b]z 5f8L uPsf jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd /xg g;Sg];d]tsf cfwf/df dtbftfsf] kl/jf/sf h'g;'s} ;b:o jf cGo s'g}

;/f]sf/jfnfn] lghsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpgsf] nflu k|df0f;lxt lgj]bg

k]z u/]sf] v08df clwsf/ k|fKt sd{rf/Ln] hfFra'em u/L x6fpg;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

cGo ;'/Iff lgsfosf ;'/IffsdL{ ;/x ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn cGtu{t ljleGg

sfof{nodf sfo{/t ;'/IffsdL{sf] c:yfoL dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ Joj:yfsf] :ki6

pNn]v x'g'kg]{,

ko{j]Ifs / cfd;~rf/sdL{nfO{ vl6Psf] :yfgaf6 dtbfgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt

ug'{kg]{, dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sngsf qmddf tof/ ePsf] ljj/0f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo

k|of]hgsf nflu;d]t k|of]u ug{;lsg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / sd em0eml6nf] agfO{ ab/ dtsf] k|ltztnfO{ z"Godf

emfg{ ljB'tLo dtbfgoGqaf6 dfq dtbfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg'kg]{,

h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] lgjf{rgdf gg\ ckm b Pje (NOTA) ljsNk;lxtsf] dtkq

Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{,

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sngsf] k|d'v cfwf/ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ePsf]n]

;f] afx]ssf cGo cfwf/df dtbftf btf{ x'gg;Sg] P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf / ;Ddflgt

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd g} P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ldnfOg'kg]{, ;f] ljkl/tsf

P]gsf Joj:yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/g'kg]{, g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/ dtbftf gfdfjnL x'g] 5}g eGg] :ki6

Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf bf]xf]/f] gfd btf{ u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

cfkm\gf] gfd 9fF6L c?sf] gfdaf6 jf Psk6seGbf a9Lk6s dtbfg ug]{ sfo{lj?4 kof{Kt ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg lzIff / dtbftf lzIffnfO{ cem a9L Jofks agfOg'kg]{,

uf]Ko dtbfgnfO{ s'l07t x'g glbg] u/L ljB'tLo dtbfg oGqaf6 dtu0fgf ubf{ b'O{

jf ;f]eGbf a9L dtbfgs]Gb|sf] dt ld;fP/ dtu0fgf ug'{kg]{ jf ;f] x'g;Sg] ljB'tLo dtbfg oGqsf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{,

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]gdf kmf]6f] / afof]d]l6«s 8f6f;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng, cBfjlws / clGtd gfdfjnL k|sfzg;d]tsf Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]l6g'kg]{,

dtbftf gfdjfnL ;ª\sng / cBfjlBs ubf{ ;'/Iff lgsfon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ st{Jo

63

x'g] Joj:yf yk ul/g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]gadf]lhd s;"/ 7xl/g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|x/L k|d'vnfO{ tf]lsg] / To;sf] cleof]hg ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] lg0f{on] ul/g] t/ d'2f bfo/L tf]lsPsf] cbfntdf ug'{kg]{ xF'bf Dofb yknufotsf ljifodf sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g'sf] ;fy} ;dod} cbfntsf] u7g x'g g;s]df cGo P]gadf]lhd sf/jfxL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ jt{dfgsf] afWotfsf]

;Daf]wg x'g]u/L Joj:yf ldnfOg'kg]{,

lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]gadf]lhdsf] d'2f lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO{sf] dfWodaf6 l56f]

6'+UofOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg'kg]{, lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]gadf]lhdsf d'2f lgjf{rg ljz]if cbfntaf6 dfq x]g{] geO{

s]xL d'2f ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntn] x]g{;Sg] x'g'kg]{,

lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]gdf plNnlvt s;"/df d'2f rnfO{ ;hfo;d]t ug{ u7g

x'g] h'g;'s} lgjf{rg ljz]if cbfntdf sDtLdf b'O{hgf GofofwLzsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6

lg0f{o x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf x'g] k|d'v Pjd\ pkk|d'vsf] kbdWo] Pskbdf dlxnfsf]

5gf]6 x'g]u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg, k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg / :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf]

lgjf{rg k|To]s kfFrkfFr jif{df k"j{ lgwf{l/t ldltdf x'g] jf lgjf{rg cfof]un] 3f]if0ff

u/]sf] ldltdf x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, :yfgLo Joj:yflksf cGtu{tsf] ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] lgjf{rg Ps}r/0f jf ;f]eGbf

a9L r/0fdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

$= lgisif{

lj1fg / ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ;dfhsf] ultlzntf;Fu} d'n'snfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf sfg'gsf] cfjZostf k5{ . sfg'g ag]/ dfq x'Fb}g ;f] sfof{Gjog x'g'sf ;fy} hgtf

/ ;dfhnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . /fHon] sfg'g lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / hjfkmb]xL agfpg'k5{ . lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, l56f]–5l/tf],

kf/bzL{, cfw'lgs / k|ljlwd}qL agfpg ljZjdf k|rlnt cfw'lgs k|ljlw / ljB'tLo dfWod ;d]tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/L lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ub{} hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;do;fk]If

;f]rfO / Jojxf/df cfPsf :jfefljs kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ hgtfsf] lxt / /fi6«sf] :jfy{nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wg ul/b} nUg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfg'g th'{dfsf/n] sfg'g

th'{df jf ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;f] sfg'g Gofok"0f{, ts{;+ut, ljj]s;Ddt / ;b\ljj]sdf cfwfl/t x'g]u/L th'{df ug'{k5{ . sfg'g cfdhgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf nflu lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg

ul/g'k5{ .

h'g;'s} k|sf/sf sfg'gsf] klg ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxNofO{ ;'emfj lbg] sfo{ Tolt ;xh

64

5}g / eljiosf] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] klg k"0f{¿kdf cf+sng ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO{ ePsf]], d'n's ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf hfg nfu]sf], /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] sfo{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfndf lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf /x]sf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxNofpg] sfo{ lgs} s7Lg / r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fbfx'b} klg s]xL ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxNofO{ ;'emfj lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . lbOPsf ;a} ;'emfjx¿ efjL lbgdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gldNg ;S5g\ t/ klg lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf rf;f] /fVg] hf];'s}sf] nflu dl:tis dGygsf] nflu

;xof]u k'uf];\ egL ;fdfGo k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .

2. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)&)

3. ;+ljwfg;ef cbfnt P]g, @)^$

4. lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^#

5. dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^#

6. lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#

7. /fhgLlts bnbtf{;DaGwL P]g, @)%*

8. bn Tofu P]g, @)^$

9. :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*

10. sfg'g th'{df;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds kIfx¿, @)^$ kf}if, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u sfg'g

th'{df lbUbz{g ljsf; cfof]hgf, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ .

11. sfg'g th'{df lbUbz{g, @)^^ efb|, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/ sf7df8f}+ .

12. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] klxnf] / bf];|f] /0fgLlgs of]hgf, lgjf{rg cfof]u g]kfn, sflGtky,

sf7df8f}+ .

13. lgjf{rg cw{jflif{s klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿, lgjf{rg cfof]u g]kfn, sflGtky, sf7df8f}+ .

14. ljleGg j]j;fO6x¿ .

65

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTj

3gZofd cf]emf

ljifo k|j]z

k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] d"NodfGotf hu]gf{ ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cjojsf ¿kdf aflnu dtflwsf/sf

cfwf/df ePsf] :jtGq / lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rgnfO{ lnOG5 . lgjf{rg hgtfåf/f zf;g

;~rfngdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] dfWod xf] . hgtfn] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf ;/sf/df

;fd]n x'g of]Uo ;femf JolQmnfO{ lgjf{lrt u/L k7fpFb5g\ / ltg} k|ltlglwn] hgtfsf]

cfb]zcg'¿k /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng u/L /fi6«sf] ljsf; hgtfsf] ;'v ;d[l4df clej[l4

/ zflGt ;'/Iff k|Tofe"t ub{5g\ . log} k|ltlglwsf dfWodaf6 /fHo Joj:yfdf ;l/s x'g

Ps}lsl;dsf d"NodfGotf / bz{gaf6 kl/rflnt JolQmx¿n] hgtfsf cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{

;d"xa4 eO{ sfo{ ug{ p2]Zon] cfkm"x¿nfO{ /fhgLlts bn egL sfg'gL¿kdf pEofPsf x'G5g\ .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf log} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;xeflutfn] k|hftflGqs d"NodfGotfsf]

hu]gf{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] ub{5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿ /fhgLlts kl/rfngsf cjojsf

¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . h;sf] sfo{ Jojxf/, k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg / cfkm\gf] clwsf/k|lt /x]sf]

;hutf tyf To;n] lgefPsf] pQ/bfloTjsf] cfwf/df g} nf]stflGqs cEof;n] k"0f{tf k|flKt

ub{5 . ljZjJofkL¿kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZjsf ljsl;t / 7"nf k|hftflGqs d'n'sn] k|fKt u/]sf]

prfO To; b]zsf /fhgLlts bn / ltgdf ePsf] lgjf{rg k4ltk|ltsf] k|lta4tf ;xof]u

/ ;+:sf/s} pkh xf] . o;}sf/0f tL d'n's k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] lzv/df /x]/ cfkm\gf]

/fHonfO{ uf}/flGjt ug{ ;kmn ePsf b]lvG5g\ . tL /fHo hgtfnfO{ zf;g ;~rfngdf

;xefuL u/fpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ / hgtfn] cfkm" zf;sLo sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] dx;';

u/]sf 5g\\ . nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ;f]k|ltsf] ljZjf; clej[l4df /fhgLlts bnsf]

log} ;+:sf/o'Qm pQ/bfloTjn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 .

ctM /fhgLlts bnn] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf s] s:tf clwsf/k|lt ;r]tgf ckgfpg'kb{5

/ s] s:tf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kb{5, jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf s] s:tf Joj:yf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{ oxfF pNn]v ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

pkGofoflwjQmf, lgjf{rg cfof]u

66

/fhgLlts bnsf] cy{

nf]stflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ d"nwf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] d'n'sdf zf;sLo ;+/rgfdf hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ /fhgLlts bndfkm{t ul/G5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fhgLlts bnsf] k|lt:kwf{df hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf / dfGotf /x]sf] x'G5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df hg;dy{g kfPsf] /fhgLlts bnn] zf;g ;~rfng ub{5 eGg] dfGotf cWoIffTds

zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL jf ldl>t zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf ;a} nf]stflGqs

Joj:yfdf :jLsf/ ul/G5 .

nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts bn eGgfn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf]

k|Tofe"lt ub}{ /fi6«sf] ;jf{lu{0f ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lglZrt bz{g, sfo{qmd, p2]Zo

/ b[li6sf]0faf6 Pslqt ePsf cfkm\gf] ljwfg, lgodadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g k|ltj4 eP/

sfg'gadf]lhd /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ug{ kfpg] u/L btf{ ePsf gful/sx¿sf] /fhgLlts

;+u7gnfO{ a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn sfg'gnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] /fhgLlts bnsf] kl/efiff sfg'gdf

:ki6 gul/P klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @( wf/f @^( df, æ;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f,

bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|lta4 JolStx¿n] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL /fhgLlts bn u7g u/L

;~rfng ug{ hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf nflu To;sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{

u/fpg jf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] /

P] pkwf/f @ n] /fhgLlts bnn] sfg'gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf

bnbtf{ u/fpg'kg]{5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L x]g]{

xf] eg] ;dfg ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|ltj4 gful/sx¿n] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL

/fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ug{ btf{ u/fPsf] /fhgLlts ;+u7g g} /fhgLlts bn xf] .

zf;g Joj:yfdf bnLo cEof;

k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs cEof;lagf nf]stGq ;kmn gx'g], k|lt:kwf{ x'g /fhgLlts bn

ckl/xfo{ g} /xg] eGg] dfGotf Ps}k6s sfg'gL Joj:yfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] eg] xf]Og . o;sf]

ljsf; zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf;Fu;Fu} qmlds¿kdf ePsf]

xf] . /fhgLlts bnsf] kl/sNkgflagf nf]stGq ;'b[9 x'g ;Sb}g eGg] l;4fGtsf] ljsf;

x'g] qmd c7f/f}F ztfAbLaf6 eP klg To;a]nf ;f] ckl/xfo{ eg] ePsf] lyPg . /fhgLlts

bnsf ¿kdf geO{ bjfa ;d"xsf ¿kdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf oL ;d"x zg}Mzg}M zf;g k|4ltsf] dxTjk"0f{ / cfjZos ljifo aGb} uP . bnx¿sf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf cWoog ubf{ ;+j}wflgs jf

sfg'gL Joj:yfaf6 o;sf] hGd ePsf] b]lvFb}g . of] t cEof; / k|rngaf6 ljsl;t x'Fb} Pp6f:j¿k / 9fFrfdf tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dosf] cGt/fndf bnx¿sf] lqmofsnfknfO{

Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+ljwfg / sfg'gåf/f /fhgLlts bnsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . :j:Yo /fhgLlts cEof;k|lt k|ltj4 / lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx¿n] g} nf]stGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotfcg'¿k /fhgLlts bnx¿ :jod\sf]

67

cl:tTjsf] ;+/If0f, pgLx¿sf lqmofsnfk /fli6«o ;fj{df}d;Qf / nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{ sl6a4 /xg / /fhgLlts bnx¿af6 /fli6«o lxt / hglxt ljk/Lt hfn;fhLk"0f{ sfo{x¿ gx'g] eGg] h:tf p2]Zon] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .1

g]kfndf sfg'gadf]lhd bn vf]Ng kfpg] dfGotf @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq :yfkgfkl5 k|fKt ePsf] eP klg lj=;+= !(** df …k|r08 uf]vf{Ú / !((^ df …k|hf kl/ifb\Ú gfds k|hftGq

k|flKtsf nflu bafj lbg hg;r]tgf hufpg ul7t bnnfO{ g} ;'¿jft dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

To;kl5 qmdzM k|jf;df g]kfnL /fli6«o sfFu|];, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ cflbsf] ¿kdf

/fhgLlts bnx¿ u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf @))& ;fnb]lv @)^# ;fn;Ddsf]

nf]stflGqs cEof;df /fhgLlts bnx¿n] k|d"v e"ldsf lgefpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;+j}wflgs

/ sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf]

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] afx]s ;a} ;+ljwfg, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @))&,

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;a}n] bnLo dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

cem kl5Nnf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] sfg'gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf bnnfO{ cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]

nflu hgtf;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ /f]s nufpg] u/L sfg'g agfpg

gkfOg] / To:tf sfg'g agfP c;+j}wflgs eO{ cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

oL ;+ljwfgx¿ / log}sf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ag]sf sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfnL /fhgLltdf

/fhgLlts bnx¿ ;lqmo /x]sf x'g\ . xfnsf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf /fhgLlts bnx¿ k"0f{

nf]stflGqs cEof;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ ePsf x'Fbf logsf clwsf/, st{Jo / pt/bfloTj

:ki6 ug'{kg]{ b]lv ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lglZrt lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] kfOG5 .

nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgdf /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yf

k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs cEof;df /fhgLlts bn ckl/xfo{ x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf;

x'g'k"j{sf ;+ljwfgdf o; ljifodf s'g} Joj:yf gul/P klg ljZjsf kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿df

o; ljifodf pNn]vgLo Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

-s_ hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfg2

hgtfsf] /fhgLlts OR5f cleJotm ug'{kg]{ .

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;+u7gdf nf]stflGqs l;4fGtnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf]

x'g'kg]{ .

1 sfzL/fh bfxfn, æ/fhgLlts bn;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs dfGotfÆ lgjf{rg cw{jflif{s klqsf jif{

@, c+s !, c;f]h @)^(, lgjf{rg cfof]u, sf7df8f}+, k[=#$

2 ;+3Lo u0ftGq hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfg (The basic law of Germany's Constitution), wf/f @!

68

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ljQLo sf]ifsf] ;|f]t / n]vf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ .

nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt sdhf]/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt /fhgLlts bn j}wflgs gdflgg] .

-v_ k|mfG;sf] ;+ljwfg3

/fhgLlts bnx¿ hgdt cleJoQm ug]{ dfWod x'g\ .

bnx¿ :jtGqk"j{s ;+ul7t x'g / lqmofsnfk ug{;Sg] .

bnx¿n] /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf / :jtGqtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ . Parliament (The French National Assembly) cannot make a law that may abridge

the right of the political parties to carry on their activities freely.

-u_ u0ftGq lu|;sf] ;+ljwfg 4

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x

ug'{kg]{ .

-3_ :k]gsf] ;+ljwfg5

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;+u7g / lqmofsnfk nf]stflGqs x'g'kg]{ .

-ª_ kf]r{'unsf] ;+ljwfg6

/fli6«o :jtGqtf / /fhgLlts nf]stGqsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ bnsf] st{Jo x'g] .

bnsf p2]Zo hgtfsf] rfxgfnfO{ cleo'Qm ug{ ;+ul7t x'g] eGg] x'g'kg]{ .

/fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf / If]qLo cv08tfdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg wd{ /

;Dk|bfosf] cfwf/df ul7t /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dfGotf glbg] . The political parties shall assist in bringing about the organisation and expression

of the will of the people and shall respect the principles of national independence and political democracy.

No party shall be established with a name or stated aims that indicate a regional connection or fi eld of action.

-r_ ;]g]unsf] ;ljwfg7

bnx¿n] hgtfsf] OR5fnfO{ k|ltlalDjt ug'{kg]{ .

/fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf / nf]stflGqs l;4fGtnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ . /fhgLlts bn wd{, ;Dk|bfo hfthflt, efiff / If]qLotfsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ug{ gx'g] .

3 u0ftGq k|mfG;sf] ;+ljwfg (The Constitution of the Fifth French Republic), wf/f $4 u0ftGq u|L;sf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @(5 :k]g clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f ^6 kf]r{'unsf] ;+ljwfg (Constitution of The Portuguise Republic), wf/f !) / %!7 ;]g]unsf] ;ljwfg, wf/f %!

69

-5_ nfOj]l/ofsf] ;+ljwfg8

/fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfsf] /fhgLlts ljrf/nfO{ :jtGq¿kdf cuf8L a9fpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ .

Psdfq /fhgLlts bnn] dfGotf kfpg] sfg'g agfpg gkfOg] .

/fi6«sf] nf]stflGqs k4ltnfO{ wldNofpg] lsl;dsf] s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] nIf /

lqmofsnfk x'g gx'g] .

cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ef}lts an / zlQmsf e/df ha/h:tL

s/sfkdf kf/L sfd ug{gx'g], u/]df /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] ;Dklt / cfly{s ljj/0f

b]zeGbf aflx/ /fVg gkfpg] .

-h_ ;'l/gfdsf] ;+ljwfg9

/fhgLlts ;+u7gn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / nf]stGqsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ .

bnsf] cfkm\gf] cfoJoosf] aflif{s ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs¿kdf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ .

/fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{qmd /fHosf] lxtnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ p2]Zo cg'¿ksf] x'gkg]{ .

-em_ blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] ;+ljwfg10

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfkm\gf] ;+u7g / lqmofsnfk nf]stflGqs x'g'kg]{ (Political parties must be democratic in their objectives, organization, and activities) .

hgtfsf] OR5f JoQm ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kg]{ . /fhgLlts bnsf] p2]Zo / lqmofsnfk nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf k|lts"n x'g]

ePdf To:tf] /fhgLlts ;+u7g lj36g ug{;lsg] (If the purposes or activities of a political party are contrary to the fundamental democratic order, the Government may bring action against it in the Constitutional Court for its dissolution, and, the political party is dissolved in accordance with the decision of the Constitutional Court) .

The establishment of political parties is free, and the plural party system is guaranteed.

-em_ blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfg11

Political parties vf]Ng] / political party n] other activities ug{ kfpg]] . /fli6«o / k|fGtLo legislature df /x]sf kf6L{n] funding /fHoaf6 kfpg] .

o; lsl;d;Fu /fhgLlts bnnfO{ clwsf+z ;+ljwfgn] nf]stGqsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfsf]

¿kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o2lk ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;donfO{ x]bf{ kl5Nnf] ;dosf] nf]stflGqs

8 nfOj]l/ofsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f &&, &*, &(, *),9 ;'l/gfdsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @#10 blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f * -!,@,#,$_11 Constitution of the republic of South Africa, 1996, article 19, 236

70

;+ljwfgsf] sf]6Ldf kg]{ eP klg ef/t, a+unfb]z (Article 118) kfls:tfg (Article 218) sf] ;+ljwfgn] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ljifodf pNn]v u/] klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ljifodf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOFb}g .

g]kfn sfg'gdf /fhgLlts bn

hgtfsf] zf;gdf ;xeflutf bzf{pg] cjojsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] / b]zsf] ;jf{lË0f

ljsf; k|d'v rf;f] ePsf /fhgLlts bnsf clwsf/ / bfloTjnfO{ ;Ldfª\sg ug{

g;lsg] eP klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy o; ljifodf Joj:yf

ul/Psf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts bnsf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg, lgodg tyf ltgsf] clwsf/ /

bfloTjsf] ;Gbe{df ag]sf g]kfn sfg'g x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g,

@)^#, /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%*, lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g @)^#, bn Tofu

P]g, @)%*, dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^#, :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g,

@)$*, nufot ljleGg lgodfjnL cfrf/;+lxtf, lgb]{lzsf tyf lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ;do

;dodf hf/L cfb]z lgb]{zgdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:tfjgfdf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo

nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL x'g] :ki6 u/]sf] / wf/f !& -@_ u n] k|To]s gful/snfO{

/fhgLlts bn vf]Ng kfpg] :jtGqtfnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf Uof/]G6L k|bfg u/L hf/L

ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf g]kfn sfg'gdf ePsf /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿nfO{

bnsf clwsf/ / bfloTjsf ¿kdf ljetm u/L :ki6 ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnsf clwsf/

;dfg ljrf/wf/f bz{g sfo{qmdk|lt k|ltj4 JolQmx¿n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] clwgdf

/xL lgjf{rg cfof]udf sfg'gL /Lt k'¥ofO{ /fhgLlts bnbtf{ ug{ u/fpg kfpg] bnsf]

clwsf/,12

/fhgLlts bnsf ¿kdf ;+ljwfgadf]lhd u7g / btf{ ePsf /fhgLlts bn ;~rfng

ug{ kfpg], bnsf] bz{g, ljrf/wf/f / sfo{qmdk|lt ;dy{g / ;xof]u kfpg k|rf/k|;f/

ug{ kfpg],13

sfg'gL¿kdf btf{ ePsf bnn] bnsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf nflu ug{ kfpg], k|rf/k|;f/ aGb ug]{ u/L sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg] . To:tf sfg'g lgdf{0f eP :jtM ;+ljwfgk|lts"n

eO{ cdfGo x'g] ;+j}wflgs Uof/]G6L ul/Psf],14

/fhgLlts bnn] lgjf{lrt ;ef;b jf ;b:on] sfg'gadf]lhd bn Tofu u/]sf]

12 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^(-!_13 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&)-!_14 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&)-!_

71

hfgsf/L ;DalGwt ;efd'vnfO{ u/fpg;Sg],15 /Lt k'u]sf] /fhgLlts bnbtf{ x'g kfpg] clwsf/,16

tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ /fhgLlts bn ljefhg x'g kfpg] clwsf/,17

tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ /fhgLlts bn ;+o'Qm x'g] ;Sg] clwsf/,18

/fi6«klt, pk–/fi6«kltb]lv j8f ;b:o;Dd tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL pDd]bjf/L

lbgkfpg] clwsf/,

JolQm;/x cfk\mgf] gfdaf6 ph'/ gfln; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,19

JolQm;/x rn crn ;Dklt k|fKt ug]{, pkef]u ug]{, a]rljvg ug]{ jf cGo lsl;dn]

Joj:yf ug{kfpg] clwsf/,20 ]

bn Ps cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzflzt / ;+ul7t ;+:yf x'g] clwsf/ .21

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnsf] bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«otf / :jflwgtfdf vnn kfg]{,

/fi6«lj?4 hf;';L ug]{ /fli6«o uf]kgLotf eª\u ug]{, g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffdf cfFr cfpg]

u/L s'g} ljb]zL /fHo, ;+u7g jf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf /fHob|f]x ug]{ jf

;+3Lo OsfO{aLrsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kfg]{ jf hftLo ;fDk|bflos lj4]z km}nfpg]

jf ljleGg hft, efiff, wd{ / ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;'–;DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf s]an hflt, efiff, wd{ ;Dk|bfo jf ln+usf] cfwf/df /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:otf lbg] jf lng aGb]h nufpg], gful/ssf aLrdf lje]b ug]{ u/L /fhgLlts bn u7g ug{, lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{, b'?T;f;g u/fpg] qmddf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{ ug{ xF'b}g,22

k|ltlglw;efdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd pDd]bjf/L lbFbf hg;+Vofsf]

cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw]zL, yf?, d'l:nd,

lk5l8Psf] If]q;d]taf6 aGb;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{, pDd]bjf/L lbFbf

e"uf]n / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{,23

15 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *(, bn Tofu P]g, bkmf # / $16 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf @)-!_17 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf @!18 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf @@19 /fhlglts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf (-$_20 /fhlglts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf bkmf (-#_21 /fhlglts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ( -!_22 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f !& -@_ k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z #, /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf %23 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f *$-@__

72

;dfg'kfltstkm{ pDd]bjf/L lbFbf ckf+utf ePsf] JolQm;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{24

PsJoltmnfO{ PseGbf a9L If]qdf pDd]bjf/ p7fpg gx'g],25

=;+3Lo ;+;bdf /fhgLlts bnn] k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf sDtLdf PsltxfO dlxnf lgjf{lrt u/fpg'kg]{,26

k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v tyf /fHo;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf Pshgf dlxnf x'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ / ;Dej eP;Dd Ps}bnsf] JolQm b'j}kbdf lgjf{lrt u/fpg' xF'b}g,27

/fhgLlts bnn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/L lbFbf ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ngnfO{ Wofg lbFb} dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw]zL, yf?, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo;d]taf6 aGb;"rLsf cfwf/df lbg'kg]{,28

k|b]z;efsf ;efd'v / pk;efd'vdWo] Pshgf dlxnf / ;Dej eP;Dd km/skm/s bnsf x'g]u/L pDd]bjf/L lbg'kg]{,29

/fhgLlts bnn] sfg'gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnbtf{ u/fpg'kg]{,30

/fhgLlts bnn] bnbtf{ ubf{ 3f]if0ffkq, bnsf] ljwfg lgodfjnLnufotsf sfuhft k]z ug'{kg]{,31

/fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g'kg]{,32

/fhgLlts bnsf] ;+3Lo / k|b]z txsf] kbflwsf/Ln] r'gfj k|To]s %–% jif{sf x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{,33

bnsf] ;a} txsf] sfo{sfl/0fLdf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{,34

lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnsf] lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnbtf{ ug'{kg]{,35

lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu bnbtf{ x'g jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf tf]lsPsf cGo zt{ k"/f u/L cfof]un] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq

24 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f *$-#_, wf/f !&^ -&_25 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f *$-#_26 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f *$-*_27 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f (! / (@28 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f !&^-^_

29 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f !*@-@_30 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @^(-@_31 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @^(-#_32 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @^(-$_-s_33 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @^(-$_-v_34 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @^(-$_-u_35 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @&!-!_

73

k]z ug'{kg]{,36

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg'gljk/Lt x'g] sfo{ ug{gx'g],37

lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;do ;dodf hf/L u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug'{ /fhgLlts bnsf] st{Jo x'g],38

cGt//f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf / ljb]zL ;/sf/, JolQm tyf ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg jf rGbf lnggx'g],39

;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{u/L xftxltof/ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lnP/ k|bz{g ug{gx'g],40

u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ bnsf] ;b:o agfpg gx'g],41

bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf] gfd, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] 7]ufgf, bnsf] 5fk lrGx, jf em08f, bnsf] p2]Zo, bnsf] ;b:otf ;DaGwL Joj:yf, bnsf] k|To]s txsf] sfo{;ldlt u7gljlw, kbfjlw bnsf] kbflwsf/L ;+Vof / lgjf{rg ug]{ ljlw, bnsf] sf]if, n]vfk/LIf0f, bnsf] ljwfg ;+;f]wg;DaGwL k|lqmof, bn lj36g;DaGwL Joj:yf, bn lj36gkl5sf] ;Dklt bfloTj Joj:yfkg cflb ljifo Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{,42

g}lts ktg x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf b'O{ jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo 7x/ eO{ ;hfo e'Qmfg ePsf] ^ jif{ ggf3]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;b:otf k|bfg gug]{ bfloTj,43

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] :jzflzt ;+:yfsf] jxfnjfnf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;b:o agfpg x'Fb}g,44

bnbtf{ u/fpFbf bnsf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;j} kbflwsf/Lsf] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] @ k|lt

ljwfg;fy lgj]bg lbg'kg]{,45

sfg'gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf /fhgLlts bnn] bnsf] gfd, ljwfg, lgod, 5fk, lrGx jf

em08fdf ;+zf]wg u/]df !% lbgleq lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] bfloTj46

bnsf kbflwsf/L kl/jt{g ePdf !% lbgleq ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf

36 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f @&!-@_, lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (-s_37 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf %-r_, -~f_38 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf %-h_, lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^#, bkmf (-s_39 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf %-5_40 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf %-em_41 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf ^-s_42 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf $43 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf ^-u_44 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf ^-3_45 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf &-!_46 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf !)-!_s

74

lbg'kg]{ bfloTj,47

lgjf{rgsf] qmddf /fhgLlts bnåf/f hf/L ul/Psf 3f]if0ffkq jf sfo{qmdsf] k|dfl0ft k|lt To;/L k|sflzt ePsf] & lbgleq lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{,48

/fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] bnsf] n]vf k|rlnt sfg'gsf] 9fFrfdf /fVg'kg]{,49

bnn] dn]kaf6 dfGotf k|fKt n]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg'k5{,50

bnx¿n] cfoJoosf] lx;fa lstfadf lgjf{rg vr{x¿ pNn]v ug'{kg]{,51

bnn] cfkm\gf] cfoJoosf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ cf=j= ;dfKt ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq ljj/0f cfof]udf k]z ug'{kg]{,52

bnx¿n] cfkm\gf] cfoJoo ljj/0fdf @%))) eGbf a9L rGbf ln+bf rGbf lbg] JolQm ;+3 ;+:yf, gfd, 7]ufgf, k]zf;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{,53

bnsf] cfoJoosf] ljj/0fsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cf=j= ;dfKt ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq ;fj{hlgs ug'{k5{,54

lgjf{rgdf efu lng] /fhgLlts bnn] cfof]un] tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L /sd eGbf a9L /sd lgjf{rgdf vr{ ug{gx'g],55

lgjf{rgdf efu lng] /fhgLlts bnn] cfof]un] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf vr{sf] ljj/0f /fvL #% lbgleq ;DalGwt lgjf{rg vr{sf] ljj/0f cfof]u;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{,56

lgjf{rgdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ubf{ cfof]un] tf]s]sf] cfsf/ k|sf/sf krf{, kDkn]6, kf]i6/, leQ]n]vg, Jofg/ k|of]u ug'{kg]{,57

k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu d'b|0f ul/Psf krf{, kDkn]6 cflbdf d'b|0f ug]{, k|]; / /fhgLlts bnsf] gfd pNn]v ug'{kg]{,58

lgjf{rg cfof]un] tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L oftfoftsf ;fwg lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/df k|of]u gug]{,59

/fhgLlts bnn] s'g} ;b:on] bn Tofu u/]sf] ;"rgf lbFbf ;DalGwt bnsf]

47 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf–!)-!_ v48 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf–!)-@_49 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf !!-!_50 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf !!-@_51 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf -!!_#52 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf -!@_!53 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf -!@_@54 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf -!@_#

55 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf #)-#_56 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf #)-$_57 lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#, bkmf -!#_,!58 lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#, bkmf -!#_,#59 lgjf{rg -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^#, bkmf -!^_

75

sfo{;ldltsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dtaf6 ePsf] x'g'kg]{,60

gfafnsnfO{ bnsf] ;b:o agfpg gx'g],61

s'g} ;b:on] bn Tofu u/]sf] ;"rgf lbg'k"j{ bnn] ;DalGwt ;b:onfO{ ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ !% lbgsf] Dofb lbg'kg]{,62

;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lgjf{rg ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z kfng ug'{ /fhgLlts bnsf] st{Jo x'g],63

cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;'rf? agfpg tof/ u/]sf] lgb]{lzsfsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ .64

lgisif{

gjLgtd /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fn] nf]stlGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 zf;g Joj:yf dfg]sf] tyf /fhgLlts bn o;sf k|d'v cjoj x'g\ eGg] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts bn hgtfsf] ;'v, ;d[l4 / ljsf;sf] ;"qwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . sfg'gL hfdfleq /x]/ nf]stGqsf] cfb{zsf ¿kdf /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ub{5g\ . cfdhgtfsf cfjfhnfO{ d'vl/t u/L nf]stflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] k|d'v bfloTj /fhgLlts bndf g} /x]sf]df z+sf ug{ ;lsFb}g . jf:tjdf log} /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] 3f]if0fkq, gLlt / sfo{qmddfkm{t hgtfsf cfjfhnfO{ aflx/ NofpFb5g\ / lgjf{rgdfkm{t cg'df]bg u/fpFb5g\ . hgtfjf6 cg'df]lbt bnn] j}wtf k|fKt ub{5 / j}w ;/sf/ u7g ub{5 . o;sf nflu :jR5, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ / :jtGq lgjf{rg ckl/xfo{ 5 . :jR5, lg:kIf, kf/bzL{ / :jtGq lgjf{rg ta dfq ;Dej 5 ha /fhgLlts bn cfkm\gf clwsf/,

st{Jo / bfloTjk|lt ;hu / g}lts¿kdf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . /fhgLlts bnnfO{ lhDd]jf/ /

kf/bzL{ agfpg] nIo /fv]/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] /fhgLlts bnsf] cfo Joosf]

n]vf k/LIf0f u/fO{ cfof]udf k]z ug'{kg]{, ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg'gljk/Lt sfo{ ug{ gx'g]

h:tf bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg / sfgg'gn] ck]Iff u/]cg'¿k /fhgLlts bn

cfkm\gf] sfg'gL /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs bfloTjdf v/f] ;flat ePdf g} b]zn] Pp6f lbuf]

ult lng] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;St}g .

60 bn Tofu P]g, @)%$ bkmf &-s_61 /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL P]g, @)%* bkmf -^_-v_62 bn Tofu P]g @)%$,bkmf ^63 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf $%-!,@_64 lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# bkmf -$^_

76

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmdsf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿

rGb|axfb'/ l;jfsf]6L

!= ljifo k|j]z

lxhf]cfh ljZj/fhgLltdf clwstd k|of]u x'g] zAbfjnL g} nf]stGq xf] . nf]stGqsf] k"0f{

cEof;sf nflu cfjlws lgjf{rg, bnLo /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ / dtbftfnfO{ clt cfjZos

/ cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ¿kdf lnOFb} cfOPsf] 5 . j}wflgs¿kdf zf;g ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L

k|fKt ug]{ /fhgLlts bn jf hgk|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofdf ;xefuL

eO{ cfk\mgf] dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L lglZrt bn jf k|ltlglwnfO{ /fHo ;Qf;Dd k'¥ofpg

clt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/lbg] gful/sx¿ g} jf:tljs dtbftf x'g\ .

xfd|f] ;Gbe{df, dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf % adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/s

eO{ cfof]un] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf] ldltdf !* jif{{ pd]/ k"/f

ePsf] / s'g} lgjf{rg If]q leqsf] s'g} uflj;÷gkfsf] ;DalGwt j8fdf :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf]

JolQm dfq dtbftf x'g;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt of]Uotf eO{ tf]lsPsf]

;dofjlwleq gfdfjnL btf{ u/fO{ cfof]uåf/f hf/L clGtd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf kmf]6f] /

JolQmut ljj/0f ;dfj]z ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ g} dtbftf eGg ;lsG5 / of]Uotf k|fKt

dtbftfx¿sf] kmf]6f], cf}F7f5fk / JolQmut ljj/0f btf{ u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] dtbftfx¿sf]

;"rLnfO{ g} dtbftf gfdfjnL elgPsf] 5 .

:jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ;~rfngsf nflu dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ k|d'v

cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . To;}n] g} To:tf] cfwf/e"t / dxTjk"0f{ clen]vdf :jR5tf, z'4tf x'gfsf ;fy} cBfjlws eO/xg'kb{5 . o;nfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfk\mgf]

lgoldt sfdsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L ljleGg pkfo / sfo{qmddfkm{t Jojl:yt, ;do ;fGble{s / cBfjlws u/L /fVg' h?/L x'G5 .

@= dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{sf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf

lgjf{rg cfof]un] of]Uo dtbftfx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/L dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd

;dfj]z ug{ / u/fpg lgDgadf]lhdsf :yfoL ;+:yfut Joj:yf ckgfpb} cfPsf] 5 M

pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

77

kfFr If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no / ;Q/L lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿df sfof{no ;doleq hlxn];'s} cfk\mgf] gfd btf{ ug{, ljj/0fx¿df /x]sf] q'l6 ;Rofpg / 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

b]ze/sf &% j6} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿af6 gful/sx¿n] gful/stf k|fKt u/];Fu} dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] u/L btf{:ynsf] Joj:yf u/L hgzlQm kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

b]ze/sf tf]lsPsf @^ j6f Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿af6 gful/stf k|fKt u/];Fu}

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] u/L btf{:ynsf] Joj:yf ;lxt hgzlQm

kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nx¿af6 ;do ;dodf lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgsf gful/sx¿nfO{

nlIft u/L ;]jf;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;~rfng ul/g] PsLs[t 3'DtL lzlj/ sfo{qmddf

dtbftf btf{sf nflu lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿af6 btf{ sd{rf/L v6fO{ gfd btf{

ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dtbftf x'g of]Uo JolQmn] ;k|df0f g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|zf;g

sfof{no, tf]lsPsf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no jf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿df

pkl:yt eO{ (Out of District Registration) cfk\mgf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf btf{ u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

dtbftfsf] ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4sf nflu ;~rf/ dfWodsf ;fwgx¿ -/]l8of], PkmPd,

6]lnlehg cflb_ dfkm{t lgjf{rg ;/f]sf/ sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Ddsf] kx'Fr Go"g /x]sf uflj;÷gkf j8fx¿df a;f]af; ug]{

gful/sx¿sf] kx'Fr clej[l4 x'g uO{ gfd btf{ ug{sf nflu dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng

tyf cBfjlws -ljz]if_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#= dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws -ljz]if_ sfo{qmd

lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f @)^^ r}qaf6 @)^& j}zfv;Dd kl/If0fs} ¿kdf b]zsf ljleGg kfFrj6f

lhNnfsf & j6f uflj;x¿af6 ;'? ul/Psf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ lg/Gt/

sfof{Gjog ub}{ cleofgs} ¿kdf b]ze/s} ;a} uflj;÷gkf j8fdf lj:tfl/t sfo{qmd Pjd\

lg/Gt/ btf{ sfo{qmddfkm{t @)&) efb| d;fGt;Dddf ! s/f]8 @! nfv $& xhf/ *^%

hgfsf] clGtd dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kf/L ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) df ;kmn k|of]u eO;s]s} 5 . tTkZrft\ lg/Gt/ btf{, 3'DtL btf{, cBfjlws sfo{qmddfkm{t klg

gfdfjnLdf yk btf{ / cBfjlws ub}{ @)&@ k'; d;fGt;Dddf !^ jif{{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf sl/a ! s/f]8 ## nfv !% xhf/ #!^ -!^ jif{ pd]/dflysf] sl/a &% k|ltzt_ gful/ssf] gfdfjnL ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oBlk !^ jif{{dflysf sl/a @%=%* k|ltzt

hg;+Vofsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;d]6\g afFsL /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]un]

78

rfn' cfly{s jif{df pknAw ah]6sf] clwstd pkof]u x'g] u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ Pjd\ ljj/0f cBfjlws ug{sf nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df hgtfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 x'g] u/L b]zsf sl/a #)@$ uflj;÷gkf j8fx¿df btf{ s]Gb| /fvL lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿dfkm{t dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

d'n'se/sf &% lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, tf]lsPsf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no / 3'DtL lzlj/dfkm{t dtbftf btf{sf] Joj:yf ldnfP tfklg lgjf{rg

cfof]un] tof/ ug]{ kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf cfk\mgf] gfd ;dfj]z ug{ b]zsf

s'gfsfKrf;Dd 5l/P/ /x]sf ;a} of]Uo gful/sx¿nfO{ 3/b}nf]df g} /x]sf ;a} uflj;÷gkf

j8fx¿df btf{ u/fpg ;lsg] u/L ;xh / kx'Fro'Qm :yfoL ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{ eg]

;lsPsf] 5}g . h;sf sf/0f dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ x'g 5'6]sf, a;fO ;/fO{,

ljjfx btf{, d[To' ePsf sf/0f / ljj/0fdf /x]sf q'l6 ;RofO{ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf x'g;Sg]

cz'4tfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ sl7gfO eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}n] klg cfof]un] ;do;dodf ljz]if

sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmddf ;+nUg /xg]

;xfos gfd btf{ clwsf/L -uflj;÷gkf j8f ;lrj_, btf{ sd{rf/L, lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{

Pjd\ :jod\ dtbftfn] yk cle?rL / pT;fxk"j{s cu|;/tf lng'kg]{ x'G5 . h;sf nflu

;du| cfof]u / sfo{qmddf kl/rflnt x'g] ;a} txsf lgsfo Pjd\ kbflwsf/L lhDj]jf/ /

hjfkmb]xL aGg' cfjZos 5 .

gfdjfnL btf{s} qmddf btf{ sd{rf/L / dtbftf k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ eO{ b'?:t ljj/0f lbg] /

eg]{ sfd ePdf ;ª\slnt ljj/0fsf] z'4tf a9fpg ;lsg] 5 . ;+VofTds j[l4 ;Fu;Fu}

u'0ffTds¿kdf z'4 gfdfjnL ;ª\sng cfof]usf] k|fyldstf xf] . h;n] cfof]usf] ul/df /

ljZj;gLotfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{df d4t k'Ug]5 .

$= dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zox¿

5'6 ePsf of]Uotf k'u]sf gofF dtbftfnfO{ btf{ ug{ pTk]l/t u/L btf{ u/fpg] .

xfn;Ddsf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd gfd];L, y/, 7]ufgf jf lvlrPsf]

kmf]6f] jf cGo s'g} ljj/0fdf q'l6 e]l6Pdf jf c:ki6tf ePdf ;f] c:ki6tf jf q'l6x¿ ;RofO{ k"0f{ z'4 dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kfg]{ .

a;fO{ ;/]sf JolQmx¿sf] xsdf 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ug]{ / d[To' ePsf, ljjfx eO{ cGoq

uPsf dtbftfx¿sf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg] .

cfufdL :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgnfO{ dWogh/ u/L q'l6/lxt dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/

u/L :t/f]Gglt;lxtsf] dtbftf kl/rokq ljt/0fsf] nflu cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ .

79

%= dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng / cBfjlws sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf r'gf}tLx¿

lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng Pjd\\ cBfjlws u/L gful/ssf] dtflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;Gbe{df b]xfosf r'gf}tLx¿ /xsf 5g\ M

-s_ ef}uf]lns ljljwtf M cfof]uaf6 lglZrt ;do / :yfg -uflj;÷gkf j8f_ df ;~rfng ul/g] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmddf b]ze/sf ;a} uflj;÷gkf

j8fleqs} ef}uf]lns b'/L, kx'Fr / df};dL cg's"ntf ;dfg gx'Fbf ;a} of]Uo gful/sn] cfk\mgf]

gfd btf{ u/fpg / ljj/0fdf cBfjlws u/fpg sl7gfO{ Joxf]g{' kl//x]sf] 5 .

-v_ /fhgLlts pbfl;gtf M ut jif{{ uPsf] dxfe"sDk / To;sf c;/, aGb x8\tfn

Pjd\ c3f]lift gfsfaGbLaf6 cfdgful/sx¿sf] b}lgs hLjg si7s/ alg/x]sf] cj:yfdf

/fhgLlts g]t[Tj, k|0ffnL, Joj:yfk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; u'Db} hfg' / :yfgLo:t/df

/fhgLlts bn cfj4 :yfgLo g]t[Tj Ps xb;Dd knfog g} ePsf] xf] sL eGg] jt{dfg

cj:yfdf hgtf / /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] b'/L a9\g'n] klg cfof]usf] o; cxd\ sfo{df

gful/ssf] pbfl;gtf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

-u_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g M @)&) ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf]

;dokl5 :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g ug]{ ;/sf/L s;/tn] %* gu/kflnsfaf6

a9\b} !(! x'Fb} @!& gu/kflnsf sfod x'Fbf cfof]un] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng ug{

tf]lsPsf btf{ s]Gb| -uflj;÷gkf j8f_ $&@! af6 a9\b} %$!%, ^!!( x'Fb} xfn sl/a ^@))

sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . lglZrt ;doleq uflj;÷gu/kflnsfx¿sf] ;+/rgf Pjd\

l;dfgf kl/jt{g ubf{ sfg'gtM cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng'kg]{ eP tfklg ;/sf/åf/f cfof]u;Fu

s'g} k/fdz{ ug{ h?/L b]lvPem}F nfu]g, tfsL cfof]un] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng dfq

x}g :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rgsf nflu j8fut z'4 gfdfjnL tof/ ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L;d]t

c;xh aGb} uPsf] 5 .

-3_ ;"rgfsf] kx'Frdf sdL M lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f dtbftfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ;~rfng

ul/Psf lg/Gt/ btf{, PsLs[t 3'DtL lzlj/df gfd btf{, dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws -ljz]if_ sfo{qmd, lgjf{rg ;/f]sf/ h:tf k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmddfkm{t cfd of]Uo

dtbftfx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xofqL agfpg k|of; ul//xFbf;d]t ´08} @% k|ltzt gful/sx¿ s'g} g s'g}¿kdf 5'6\g hfg'n] klg o:tf ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L

Pjd\ ;"rgf ;a} tx tKsfsf gful/s;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

-ª_ Go"g ah]6 / ;fF3'/f] sfo{qmd M lgjf{rg cfof]un] o;cl3 b]ze/sf ;a} uflj;÷gkf

j8f;Dd dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L cfPsf] lyof] . rfn' cfly{s jif{df cfof]unfO{ ljlgof]lht ;Lldt ah]6 kl/lwleq /xL b]ze/sf ;a} btf{ s]Gb|x¿ ;d]6L a[xt¿kdf 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug] u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{;lsg] cj:yf /x]g

80

/ ;Lldt btf{ s]Gb|x¿df sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fbf To;sf] bfo/f / If]q ;fF3'/f] ePsf] 5 .

-r_ Jofj;flos hgzlQmsf] cefj M lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf:t/;Dd hgzlQmsf] kof{Kttf, tflndsf] pknAwtf, pTk|]/0ffsf nflu ;'ljwf / sd{rf/Lx¿df hjfkmb]lxtf x'g] eP tfklg lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf To;/L tof/ kfl/Psf hgzlQmx¿ cj;/sf] vf]hLdf cGoq uOlbgfn] ;Lko'Qm, bIf, pTk|]l/t nugzLn Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL hgzlQmsf] sdL /xg] u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmdnfO{ ;~rfng ug{

sltko :yfgdf btf{ sd{rf/Lsf] cefj b]lvg hfFbf rfx] adf]lhdsf] glthf k|fKt ug{

;lsg] 5}g .

-5_ ljb]zdf /x]sf gful/ssf] gfd btf{ M /f]huf/ Pjd\ cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf nfvf}+

g]kfnL gful/sx¿ ljb]zdf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . tL gful/sx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs

k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] ;Gbe{df b]zleq / aflx/ klg dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{

u/L dtflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg]{ cfjfh ;'lgFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] tkm{af6 klg o;

ljifodf ;Defjgfsf nflu cWoog ePsf 5g\ . tyflk, sfg'gL Pjd\ k|fljlws hl6ntfsf

sf/0f o; ljifonfO{ ulDe/tfk"j{s sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

^= cfufdL lbgdf cfof]un] rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws -ljz]if_ sfo{qmdnufot cfof]usf

cGo ultljlwx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;jfndf cfufdL lbgdf cfof]un]

lgDgadf]lhdsf ;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿ cjnDag x'g h?/L b]lvG5 M

-s_ P]g, lgod, sfo{k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ M ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]u ;Da4 ljBdfg P]g, lgodx¿ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ljleGg cWoog / cEof;af6 b]lvPsf sdLsdhf]/L

/ cJojxfl/s kIfx¿nfO{ x6fpFb} ;dofg's"n P]g, lgodx¿sf] th{'df, ;+;f]wg / kl/dfh{g

cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L cfof]un] cfk\mgf] sfo{k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;/nLs[t, r':t, b'?:t /

kf/bzL{ agfpg cfjZos gofF sfo{ljlw, dfkb08x¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

-v_ ;+:yfut ;'wf/ M xfn s]Gb|df lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;lrjfno dftxtsf, % j6f If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no, &) j6f lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nosf cltl/Qm, &% lhNnf k|zf;g

sfof{no / tf]lsPsf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿af6 ;d]t gfdfjnL ;ª\sng sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ uflj;÷gkf

j8f;Dd ;~rfng ug{ a]nfa]nfdf uflj;÷gkf j8f ;lrj, lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{ -;fdflhs kl/rfns_ x¿ kl/rfng ul/P tfklg sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+:yfut¿kd} :yfgLo lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsf :ki6 u/L a;fOF ;/fO+{, ljjfx btf{, d[To' btf{ / ljj/0fdf /x]sf q'l6 ;RofO{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] Vital Registration sf cfwf/df cBfjlws sfo{df ;xof]u ug{;Sg] u/L ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/L tf]lsg'k5{ . ;fy} ;+ljwfgadf]lhd k|b]z sfof{nosf] Joj:yf;lxt

81

lglZrt clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L k|bfg x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .

-u_ tYofª\s ljZn]if0fsf] k|of]u M lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu lgwf{l/t lgjf{rg If]qut hg;+Vofsf] cfFsng, j[l4b/, a;fO{ ;/fO{, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfg, n}lËs, dtbftf btf{ / 5'6 ePsf of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] cg'dflgt tYofª\s / To;sf] ljZn]if0fsf] k|of]u u/L k|fyldstfk"j{s sfo{qmd tof/ kf/L ;a} of]Uo gful/sx¿nfO{ gfdfjnL btf{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg kxn x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . tYofª\s ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/lagf cfjZostf

/ k|ultsf] dfkg ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf cfof]un] tYofª\ssf] k|of]unfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg

cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-3_ k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf gjLgtf M ;du|df lgjf{rg cfof]u k|ljlwd}qL /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljut

;dob]lv lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx¿df k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u u/L dtbftfx¿sf]

kmf]6f], cf}+7f5fk / ljj/0fnfO{ Jojl:yttj/df /fVg sf]lz; u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, cfufdL

lbgdf dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{nfO{ c´ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo

agfpg gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gful/sx¿sf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f] SofKr/

u/L ljj/0f ;fy ;+nUg ug{ Pjd\ lhNnf / s]Gb|aLrsf] clen]v cBfjlws k|lqmofnfO{

OG6«fg]6sf] k|of]u u/L l56f]5l/tf]¿kdf Data Sharing dfkm{t r':t ;]jf ;~rfngdf Wofg lbg' plrt x'g]5 .

-ª_ ah]6 sfo{qmd th{'df tyf vr{ ;DaGwL dfkb08df ;'wf/ M lgjf{rg cfof]un] s]Gb|Lo:t/af6}

lg0f{o u/fO{ cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfg / Ps¿ktfk"j{s b]zsf ;a} uflj;÷gkf j8fx¿df

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf, dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, ;LdfGts[t

cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]lztf, lzIff, ;~rf/, oftfoft, hg;+Vof, lgjf{rg If]q, btf{

s]Gb| / /fhgLlts r]tgf:t/nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lhNnf:t/af6} k|fyldstf klxrfg;lxtsf]

ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ug{' u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ;do ;fGble{s x'g] u/L hgzlQm

kl/rfng, ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u tflnd lzIff Pjd\ k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu

cfjZos vr{;DaGwL dfkb08df ;'wf/;lxt cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf;lxt sfof{Gjogdf

n}hfg plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-r_ s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfo aLr ;xsfo{ M cfh;Dd cfof]un] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng /

cBfjlwssf] sfddf Psn lhDd]jf/L / g]t[Tj lnFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgadf]lhd cfof]usf] o; lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;d]t e"ldsf / ;xof]u

clej[l4 x'g] u/L ;Da4 k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos 5 .

-5_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj M lgjf{rg cfof]usf sfdsf/jfxLx¿df

k|ToIf / k/f]If¿kdf ;DaGw /xg] /fhgLlts bn Pjd\ hgk|ltlglw, ;~rf/, gful/s, ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}x|;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf Pjd\ o'jfnufotsf] pRr ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 .

82

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{qmd s]an /fhgLlts bn÷k|ltlglw jf dtbftfsf nflu dfq xf]Og . o;n] ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / If]qdf dxTj /fVg] / c;/ ug]{ x'Fbf lgjf{rg;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng / cBfjlws sfo{qmddf ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfoL agfpg cled'vLs/0f u/fpg' cfjZos 5 .

-h_ Jofj;flos hgzlQmsf] ljsf; M lgjf{rg cfof]u / cGtu{t sfo{/t Pjd\ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng / cBfjlws sfo{qmd ;Da4 lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg /xg] hgzlQmnfO{

sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf ;fy} nugzLntf, tTk/tf /

lgikIftfnufotsf ljifodf pQ/bfoL aGg k|]l/t ug{'k5{ . dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf

cBfjlws sfo{qmdsf p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / cfof]un] /fv]sf] ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Dk|]if0f ug{;Sg]

u/L cled'vLs/0f ub}{ ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / Jofj;flos agfpg cfjZos

tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

-´_ ef}uf]lns k'gd{"Nofª\sg M dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{nfO{ ;xh,

;'ne / k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{ox¿dfkm{t sfod /x]sf

uflj;÷gkf j8fnfO{ lhNnfleq pknAw ;~rf/, oftfoft, ;'/Iffnufot ljsf; ;'ljwfsf

cfwf/df ef}uf]lns k'gd"{Nofª\sg u/L cfof]usf] vr{;DaGwL dfkb08df ;d]t kl/dfh{g ub}{

sfo{qmdnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg h?/L b]lvG5 .

-`_ ;dfj]zL / lbuf] sfo{df hf]8 M cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng /

cBfjlws sfo{qmddf b]zsf ;a} ef}uf]lns If]q dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd

;LdfGts[t cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d'bfosf] ;d]t ;xh kx'Fr / ;xeflutf

x'g]u/L ;~rfng x'g h?/L 5 . ;fy}, o:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ldtJooLtf ckgfpFb}

b]ze/sf ;a} uflj;÷gkf j8f;Dd sDtLdf jif{{sf] @ lbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ah]6

sfo{qmd;lxt ;a} lgsfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xof]u, ;xeflutf / ;b\efj clej[l4 k|fKt

ug{ Wofg hfg' h?/L b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

2. dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^*

3. kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^&

4. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cw{aflif{s klqsf …lgjf{rgÚ, …lgjf{rg a'n]l6gÚ / jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿

5. dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd, @)&@

6. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfo{qmd th{'df dfu{bz{g, @)&@

7. uflj; / gkf j8f:t/df dtbftf btf{ sfo{;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^( .

83

:jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg M g]kfnsf ;+ljwfgx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog

8f= rGb| sfGt 1jfnL

;f/f+z

lgjf{rg :jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo x'g'kb{5 . 8/, qf;, eo, dtbfgs]Gb| sAhf nf]stGqsf ljk/Lt s'/f x'g\ . cfjlws lgjf{rg / aflnu dtflwsf/sf dfWodaf6 dtbfgsf] clwsf/, lgjf{lrt x'g] clwsf/, ;/sf/ / /fHo ;~rfngdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/, /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf efu lng kfpg] kx'Fro'Qm clwsf/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdfkm{t k"/f x'G5 . To;}n] :jtGq, lgikIf lgjf{rg ug'{ g} hgtfsf] pRr ;Ddfg xf] / dxTj klg o;}df /x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{, ;fj{ef}d

hgtfn] cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm} ug]{ ePsfn] nf]stGqdf lgjf{rg / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] dxTj clws /x]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"dfly zf;g ug]{ k|ltlglw cfkm}n] /f]Hg] k|lqmof g} lgjf{rg k|lqmofdfkm{t x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] ;'lglZrttf ;+ljwfg, P]g sfg'g / dfGo l;4fGtn] to ub{{5 .

:jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgsf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf ljutsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL

k|fjwfgx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog lgDgadf]lhd ul/Psf] 5 .

!= j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$

lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] geP tfklg @))$ ;fndf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL

>L # af6 hf/L ePsf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ nfO{ klxnf] ;+ljwfg dflgG5 tyflk, of]

nfu" ePg . pQm ljwfgdf tNnf] ;bg h;nfO{ /fi6«;ef elgGYof], o;df $@ hgf

;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] / @* hgf >L # af6 dgf]lgt ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L

dflyNnf] ;bg h;nfO{ ef/bf/L;ef elgGYof], To;df @) b]lv #) hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . Joj:yfks ;Dd]ngsf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿;d]taf6 dGqL d08ndf

k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ^ b]lv !% lgjf{lrt ;b:o /x]sf] u|fd

k~rfot h;sf] k|wfgk~r lgjf{lrt x'g], gu/ k~rfotdf !) b]lv @) ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt

x'g] / lhNnf k~rfotsf] k|wfgk~r;d]t x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .

pQm ljwfgdf r'gfjsf] 5'§} ljlw to gul/Psf] eP tfklg r'gfj ug]{ ljlwdf s'g} afwf c8\sg k/]df >L # sf] cfb]zcg'¿ksf] sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . tyflk, lgod

agfpFbf of]Uo 7xl/Psf pd]/ k'u]sf hgtfsf] ef]6åf/f r'lgg] k|fjwfgsf] ;DaGwdf eg] Wofg

lk=Pr=l8= -;+j}wflgs sfg'g_

84

lbg'kg]{ Joj:Yff u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

>L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 ;Djt\ @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut]sf] 3f]if0ff4f/f cab]lv xfd|f k|hfsf] zf;g pgLx¿n] /f]h]sf] ljwfgkl/ifb\n] agfPsf] k|hftGqfTds ljwfgcg';f/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] OR5f / b[9 ;ª\sNk k|s6 ul/aS;]sf]1 b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf lgldQ Ps ljwfg agfpg]

ljwfgkl/ifb\sf] lgjf{rg ugf{nfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8} plrt kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ug'{ cGtl/d

;/sf/sf] Wo]o x'g]5 .2 lgjf{rgsf lgldQ dtflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfdsf]

/]vb]v, lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg ug]{, lgjf{rg u/fpg, lgjf{rg ;DjGwL z+sf / d'4f x]g{, Ps

cfof]u v8f ul/g]5, h;nfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]u elgPsf] lyof]3 .

;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf hf/L ePsf] klxnf] t/ bf];|f] lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

zf;g ljwfg, @))& nfO{ lnOG5 . /f0ff zf;gkl5 /fhf lqe'jgaf6 hf/L ePsf] / /fhfdf

Jofks clwsf/ ePsf] klxnf] k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfPsf] pQm cGtl/d

zf;g ljwfgn] klxnf]k6s lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;df x/]s k|fb]lzs

lgjf{rg If]qsf] nflu Pp6} lgjf{rg gfdfjnL /xg] / To;df h'g;'s} wd{, hft, hflt lnª\u

cflbsf] e]befj gu/L pDd]bjf/ x'gkfpg] Joj:yf, ef]6 lbg] clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/nfO{

dfGotf lbPsf], dtbftfsf] pd]/ @! jif{ dflgPsf] ;fy} ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ P]g

agfpg] Joj:yf;d]t /x]sf]4 kfOG5 .

#= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%

of] ;+ljwfg a]nfotL ;Nnfxsf/ Pjd\ t'h{dfsf/ ;/ cfO{e/ h]lgªsf] ;xof]udf tof/

kfl/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgdf >L % af6 df};'kmsf] :jljj]sdf k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ul/g]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ Tof] JolQm df};'kmsf] /fodf k|ltlglw;efdf tTsfn} cyjf csf]{

cfdlgjf{rg ePkl5 ax'dt k|fKt ug{;Sg] x'g'kg]{;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfdGqL

k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:ox¿dWo]jf6 lgo'Qm x'g]5g . t/ >L % sf] :jljj]sdf k|ltlglw;efdf

ax'dt k|fKt ug{;Sg] JolQm 5}g eGg] nfu]df df};'kmjf6 ;f] ;efsf] ;b:o gePsf JolQmnfO{

klg k|wfgdGqL kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . dxf;efsf] klg ;b:o

/x]g5 eg] To:tf] JolQmn] rf/ dlxgfleq dxf;ef jf k|ltlglw;ef @)!% ;fnsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgdf uf]Ko dtbftfaf6 k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pshgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt

x'g]u/L !)( j6f lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf lyP, h;df ef}uf]lns If]q, hg;+Vof,

1 k|:tfjgf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&2 pxL, wf/f $) 3 pxL, wf/f $!4 pxL wf/f $@, $#, $$

85

k|fs[lts agfj6, k|zf;lgs lx;fjn] ;'udtf;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L @! jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf, lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf, / lgjf{rg k|lqmofx¿ sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd x'g] eGg] /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljjfb k|wfg GofofwLzaf6 lgo'Qm lgjf{rg ljz]if cbfntaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf g+ !

klxnf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rg, @)!% sf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd

l;=g+= /fhgLlts bn k|fKt l;6 k|fKt dt k|ltzt

!= g]kfnL sfFu|]; &$ #&=@@

@= uf]]vf{ kl/ifb\ !( &=)#

#= ;+o'Qm k|hftflGqs % (=(

$= g]]kfn sDKo'lgi6 kf6L{ $ &=@

%= g]kfn k|hf kl/ifb\ # ^=@(

^= :jtGq $ !*=@

&= cGo ) *=&%;|f]t M lgjf{rg cfof]u

o;/L plNnlvttj/jf6 hgtfjf6 lgjf{lrt bnLo Joj:yf / ax'dt k|fKt bnsf] k|wfgdGqL

jL=kL=sf]O/fnfnfO{ tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] avf{:t u/L h]n k7fO{ lgjf{lrt ;+;bnfO{

lx6n/n] hd{gLdf lj36g u/]h:t} lj36g u/L k~rfotL Joj:yf ha{h:t nfb\g] sfd

eof] . o;}sf] hudf #) jif{;Dd g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( adf]lhd lg/s+'z /fhtGqn] zf;g

ug]{ df}sf kfof] .

$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(

@)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf !!@ hgf /fli6«o k~rfotdf ;b:ox¿ klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg

k4ltaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g];lxt >L % af6 dgf]lgt Psrf}yfO{ ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof],

h;df lhNnfnfO{ Pslgjf{rg If]q dfgL tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df @! jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf aflnu

dtbftfn] 5fg]sf ;b:ox¿ kfFrjif{sf nflu lgjf{lrt x'g] k|fjwfg lyof] . k|:t't ;+ljwfgn]

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] cfof]un] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ug]{ tyf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df lgjf{rg ljz]if

cbfntsf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 .

86

%= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

hgcfGbf]ng, @)$^ kl5 @)$& ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" ePkl5 g} k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eO{ ax'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePsf]n] ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DaGwL clwsf/ hgtfdf lglxt /xg uPsf] lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgdf >L % af6 k|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL

lgo'Qm ug{ / lghs} cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g5 ug{;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\df

k|wfgdGqLsf cltl/Qm cfjZostfcg';f/ pkk|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ /xg]5g\ elgPsf]

lyof] . >L % af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿dWoaf6 cfjZostfcg';f/

pkk|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pQm

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ adf]lhd ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / cNkdtsf] ;/sf/;d]t u7g ug]{ Joj:yfn]

ax'dtsf] ;/sf/, ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ / cNkdtsf] ;/sf/;d]t !@ jif{df !( k6s ;/sf/

u7g ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm ;+ljwfgn] ;+;bdf >L %, /fli6«o;ef / k|ltlglw;ef gfdsf b'O{

;bg;lxtsf] Ps Joj:yflksfsf] u7g6 u/]sf] lyof] . ltgsf] lgjf{rg klg km/skm/s

tl/sfn] ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L k|ltlglw;ef tNnf] ;bgdf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{

@)% lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg u/L !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf aflnu dtbftfsf] dtflwsf/sf]

cfwf/df klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] ax'dtLo k|0ffnLaf6 cyf{t\ a9L dt k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt

x'g] k4lt cjnDjg u/L k|ltlglw ;efsf] u7g7 u/]sf] lyof] .

/fli6«o;ef cyf{t\ dflyNnf] ;bgsf] ;DaGwdf eg] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'¿k -tNnf]

;bgaf6 Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtsf] cfwf/df #% hgf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug]{, kfFr ljsf;

If]qaf6 tLg tLghgf ;b:osf b/n] !% hgf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg :yfgLo -ufpF, gu/ /

lhNnf_ kbflwsf/Lsf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 ul/Psf] / !) hgf ;b:ox¿ >L % af6 dgf]lgt_

ug]{ Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o;efsf] u7g8 ul/Psf] lyof] . :jR5 / lgZkIf lgjf{rg u/fpgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf / lgjf{rg;DaGwL ph'/L sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] cbfntaf6 x'g]

k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] lyof] .

k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 @)$* ;fndf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg

eof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;+;bdf ax'dt k|fKt u¥of]] eg] g]skf Pdfn] alnof] k|ltkIf x'g k'Uof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;/sf/ rnfP klg ;f]xL kfl6{leqaf6 g} lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]

rsf]{ lj/f]wkl5 cGttM ;+;b lj36g x'Fb} g]kfnL sfFu|]; g} ljefhgsf] ;+3f/df k'Uof] . alnof] k|ltkIfsf] e"ldsfdf /xg'kg]{ Pdfn] klg k|ltkIfeGbf klg ;/sf/df hfg cft'/

5 wf/f #^, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&6 wf/f $$, pxL7 wf/f $%, pxL 8 wf/f $^, pxL

87

b]lvof] / cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ Pdfn]sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g x'gk'Uof] . cflv/ ;+;bdf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd kfl/t x'g g;Sg] b]v]kl5 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg clwsf/Ln] ;+;b g} lj36g ug'{eof] . cflv/ cbfntjf6 k'g:yf{kgf x'g k'Uof] . @)%$ ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf g]skf Pdfn] klxnf], g]kfnL sfFu|]; bf];|f] / cGo ;;fgf bnx¿ ;+;bdf b]lvg k'u] . cGo bnx¿sf] vf;} e"ldsf gePkl5 b'O{bnsf] cEof; b]lvg uPsf] kfOG5 . @)%^ ;fnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; klxnf] bn / g]skf Pdfn] bf];|f] 7"nf] bnsf] ¿kdf

b]vf k¥of] . g]kfnL sfFu]|;n] cfkm\gf] jr{:j ;+;bdf sfod /fVg g;Sbf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf,

nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb h:tf k~rfot ;dy{s dflg;x¿;d]tn] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ;dfNg] df}sf

kfP . ;f+;b vl/b laqmL, k'?if ;ef;b\åf/f ;'Ts]/L cf}iflw vl/b k|s/0f, kh]/f] ;+:s[lt

cflbn] /fd|};Fu df}nfpg] df}sf kfof] . cflv/ z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] lgjf{lrt ;+;bnfO{ lj36g

u/L ;ª\s6sfndf klg lgjf{rg x'G5 eGg] ;jf]{Rrsf] km};nfn] ubf{ lgjf{rg x'g ;s]g .

/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] o;} df}sfnfO{ cfkmgf] kf]N6fdf kfb}{ lg/s+'z /fhtGq @)%( b]lv @)^# ;Dd

hj{h:t rnfpg] w[i7tf u/] . cGttM hgtfsf] gf;f] hgtfnfO{ ;'Dkb} xfn b/af/ 5f8]sf]

x"F 3/jf/ 5f8]sf] xf]Og\ eGg] x}l;otdf af]Nb} lxF8]sf];Dd kfOPsf] 5 .

^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng b'O{af6 b]zdf rln/x]sf] hgo'4nfO{ ;dfKt u/L zflGt k|lqmofsf]

;'¿cftsf] qmddf th'{df ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# xf] .

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] u7g ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfd cl3 a9fpg] lhDd]jf/L

cfof]unfO{ k|fKt eof] . cfof]u u7gsf] o; cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

sf] k|f/lDes d;f}bf tof/ eO;s]sf] eP tfklg To;n] clGtd¿k kfpg ;s]sf] lyPg .

tyflk, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu @)^# dlª\;/ d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{

pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dtbfgsf] clwsf/

lbg] /fhgLlts ;xdlt alg;s]sf] x'Fbf cfof]un] k|ydtM tTsfnLg k|ltlglw;efaf6 dtbftf

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g hf/L u/fpg]tk{m sbd cl3 a9fof] . lgjf{rgsf] klxnf] cfwf/e"t

ljifo lgjf{rgdf dtflwsf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{ ePsfn] @)^#

k';df dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g hf/L ePkl5 cfof]un] dtbftfsf] gfd ;ª\sng ug]{

sfo{ ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . @)^# df3 ! ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L ePkl5 ;+ljwfgsf] efu & df ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/of] . ;+ljwfgn] k|i6¿kdf klxnf]

x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] / ;dfg'kflts u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ clËsf/ u/]sfn] ;f]xLadf]lhd ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf eof] . x'g t of] ;+ljwfg csf]{ ;+ljwfg gag];Ddsf] nflu cyf{t\ lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu th'{df ul/Psf] xf] .

/fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ nIo lnO{ ;dfj]zLtf / nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfdf k|lta4 x'Fb} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ;+ljwfg agfpg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] /

88

lgjf{rg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg;d]t eO{ gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] / ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf xfdL 5f}F . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf nflu lgDg k|0ffnL canDjg ul/of] M

klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL .

o; afx]s lglZrt ;+Vofdf dgf]gogåf/f ;b:osf] lgo'QmL klg ul/of] . o; ;+ljwfgdf

hg;+VofnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfOPsf] / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbO{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;DaGwL

k|fjwfg ckgfOPsf] 5 eg] dtbftfsf] pd]/ !* jif{nfO{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]

;b:osf] of]Uotf;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;ef cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf]

lyof] . lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{

cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL cGtu{t @$) :yfg, ;dfg'kflts

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ##% :yfg tyf @^ hgfsf] dgf]gog ;/sf/af6 x'g] Joj:yfn]

s'n ^)! ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg;ef u7g ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfndf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k4ltnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] vf;} pNn]vgLo Oltxf; g} 5}g .

@)!%, @)!( / @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg]

lgjf{rg k4lt ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . s]jn /fli6«;ef ;b:o eg] Psn ;+qmd0fLo dt k4ltsf]

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfnn] em08} !@ jif{;Dd cEof; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;'¿df

of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# -#_ df ;+ljwfg;efdf sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldl>t lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt $)( hgf / !^ dgf]lgt u/L $@% hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] u/L

Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;nfO{ klg @)% hgf k|To]s lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt

x'g], @)$ hgf ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ PsIf]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{rg x'g] ;b:o / !^ hgf /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjx¿dWo]af6

;xdltsf cfwf/df cGtl/d dGqLkl/ifb\af6 dgf]lgt x'g] !^ hgf ;b:o egL 5'§ofOPsf]

lyof] . klxnf] x'g]n] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{lrt @)% hgf ;b:ox¿ klg

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf

lyof] . To:t} ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k4ltdf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLs[t ubf{

dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t, hflt, hghflt, cflbjf;L, lk5l8Psf If]q, dw]zLnufot cGo ju{;d]tnfO{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] eg] dlxnfsf]

xsdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;+Vofdf klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k4ltsf] ;+VofnfO{ ;d]t hf]8]/ s'n ;+Vofsf] Go"gtd PsltxfO pDd]bjf/L lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] eg] ;L6 ;+Vofdf km]/abn u/]sf] lyof] .

-s_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg, @)^# M ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] -!_

pkwf/f # sf] ;§f pkwf/f -#_ /flvof] . pkwf/f -#_ df ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfg hg;+Vof

89

/ ef}uf]lns cg's"nttf tyf ljlzi7tfsf cfwf/df / dw]zdf hg;+Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'¿k lgjf{lrt / dgf]gog x'g] b]xfosf ;+Vofsf ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M

k|zf;sLo lhNnfnfO{ lgjf{rg lhNnf sfod u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g'eGbf cl3sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfaf6 lglZrt ePsf] hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df To:tf lhNnf / ;b:o ;+VofaLrsf] cg'kft oyf;Dej ;dfg x'g]u/L lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uaf6

lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd ;+Vof a/fa/ lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6

Pshgfsf] b/n] klxnf] x'g]n] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;b:o

eGg] pNn]v ul/of] .

;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Pslgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhdsf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf]

a/fa/ lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:onfO{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ckgfOPsf] b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ljlzi7 JolQmx¿dWo]af6 ;xdltsf

cfwf/df dGqLkl/ifbaf6 dgf]gog x'g] !& hgf ;b:o eg] tf]lsPsf] lyof] . lgjf{rg

If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ eg] ;Djt\ @)%^ ;fndf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf]

lgjf{rg x'Fbfsf] avt k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd sfod /x]sf] k|zf;sLo lhNnfsf]

lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+VofnfO{ oyfjt /fvL lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf hg;+Vof j[l4sf]

cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q j[l4 ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . To;/L lgjf{rg

If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ dw]zsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltztsf cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+Vof

sd ePsf dw]zsf k|zf;sLo lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q j[l4 ul/g] 5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

-v_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] -t];|f] ;+zf]wg_, @)^$ M cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] t];|f]

;+zf]wg;d]tn] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|4ltnfO{ c+ufn]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd Joj:yf ePsf] lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uaf6 …lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhdsf] ;+Vof a/fa/ eGg] zAbx¿sf] ;§f …lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhdÚ

klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k4ltsf] nflu @$) g} /flvPsf] lyof] . v08 -v_ df ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Pslgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{rg x'g] ##% ;b:o /flvPsf] lyof] . To:t} ljlzi7 JolQmx¿ ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]gog x'g] @^ hgf ;b:o u/L s'n ^)! sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]

u7g ug]{u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] / ;f]xLadf]lhd ^)! sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . ljZjsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] l;6 lgwf{/0f ;ª\Vof sf]l/ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L

^*&, a]nfotdf ̂ %(, O6fnLdf ̂ #) / g]kfndf ̂ )! u/L ̂ )) eGbf a9L l;6 ;ª\Vof ePsf d'n'sx¿sf] k+lQmdf g]kfn k/]sf] lyof] . cd]l/sf, /l;of, kf]Nof08, blIf0f clk|msf, ef/tdf

qmdzM $#%, $%), $^), $)) / %#* /x]sf 7"nf ljzfn ef}uf]lns, hg;+Vof, hfthflt,

90

efiff, If]q ePsf d'nsx¿nfO{ ;d]t g]kfnn] pl5g]sf]n] ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu d'n's c/af}+ ¿k}of vr{g' k/]sf] oyfy{tf /x]sf] lyof] . o;} sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/ cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfd cl3 a9fpFb} hfFbf lgjf{rg ;~rfngsf nflu lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwtb]xfosf sfg'gx¿ hf/L ePsf lyP, h;sf] cfwf/df d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

-u_ lgjf{rg kl/0ffd M lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf %$ j6f /fhgLlts bnx¿dWo] @% j6f /fhlglts bnx¿n] dfq ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{;s]sf lyP . oLdWo] ( j6f

bnn] ax'dtLo Pjd\ ;dfg'kflts b'a}tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug{;s] eg] afFsL !^ j6f bnn]

;dfg'kfltstkm{af6 dfq k|ltlglwTj ug{;s]sf lyP . @)^$ ;fndf g]kfndf klxnf]k6s

;ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . ldl>t lgjf{rg

k4lt ckgfPsf] sf/0faf6 klxnf] x'g] lhTg] k4ltdf ( bn / ;dfg'kfltsdf !^ bnnfO{

lgjf{rg ;kmntf xft nfUof] . dlxnf, blnt lk5l8Psf] If]q, hflt hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj

ljZjd} pbfx/0fLo aGof] . ;/sf/ u7g ug{ !)# / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf $)@ Nofpg'kg]{

afWotfn] g t ;+ljwfg aGof] gt !& k6s ;Dddf klg ;/sf/ aGg ;Sof] . cflv/

;+ljwfg;ef g} cj;fg x'g k'Uof] . @ jif{sf] Dofb yKbf;d]t ;+ljwfg aGg ;s]g . o;sf]

cjzfg;Fu} csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g k'Uof] . of] ;efdf t emg\ ;dfj]zL gf/fdf dfq

l;ldt x'g k'Uof] . of] x'g'sf] d"n sf/0f ldl>t lgjf{rg k4lt klg Ps lyof] .

pQm lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf %$ j6f /fhgLlts bnx¿dWo] @% j6f /fhlglts bnx¿n] dfq

;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{;s]sf lyP . oLdWo] ( j6f bnn] ax'dtLo Pjd\ ;dfg'kflts

b'a}tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug{;s] eg] afFsL !^ j6f bnn] ;dfg'kfltstkm{af6 dfq k|ltlglwTj

ug{ ;s]sf lyP .

tflnsf g+= @

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)^$ sf] glthf

/fhgLlts

bnklxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]tkm{ ;dfg'kfltstkm{ b'a} k|0ffnLsf] hDdf

k|fKt

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#!$%%!( (^ @$ !@) #!$$@)$ %) %) !)) !$^ &$ !=(& @@)

g]kfnL sfFu|]; @#$**() #% @ #& @@^(**# #& #^ &# &@ #* !=() !!)

91

/fhgLlts

bnklxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]tkm{ ;dfg'kfltstkm{ b'a} k|0ffnLsf] hDdf

k|fKt

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g]skf Pdfn] @@@()^$ #@ ! ## @!*##&) #% #% &) ^& #^ !=*^ !)#dw]zL

hgclwsf/

kmf]/d

%#$!%$ @* @ #) ^&*#@& !! !! @@ #( !# # %@

t/fO dw]z

nf]stflGqs

kf6L{

#$%%*& * ! ( ##*(#) ^ % !! !$ ^ @=## @)

;b\efjgf

kf6L{!&$)*^ $ ) $ !^&%!& # @ % & @ #=%) (

hgdf]rf{

g]kfn!#^*$^ @ ) @ !^$#*! # @ % % @ @=%) &

g]kfn dhb'/

ls;fg kf6L{%%()* @ ) @ &$)*( ! ! @ # ! # $

/fli6«o

hgdf]rf{(#%&* ! ) ! !)^@@$ @ ! # # ! # $

cGo !!#@$** @ ) @ !^!@!%# @^ !* $$ @* !* !=%^ $^s'n hDdf !)!(^!@) @!) #) @$) !)&#()&* !&$ !^! ##% #*$ !(! @=)! ^)!

@^ hgf dgf]lgt;d]t .

-3_ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|fKt kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df l;6 ;+Vof M lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]un] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgs} cfwf/df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k4ltdf

;d]t @$) l;6 ;+VofnfO{ klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] ;dfj]zL k4ltaf6 dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw]zL, cNk;+Vos, lk5l8Psf] ju{, ls;fg, dhb'/nfO{ 5'§fO{ bnx¿n] l;6 lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{

elgP klg t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] klxnf] x'g]df @$), ;dfg'kfltsdf ##% / dgf]lgtdf @^ u/L ^)! agfPsf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef P]g, @)^$ ;+zf]wg;d]t ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd

;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL, @)^$ klg agfOPsf] lyof] . kfl/t P]gadf]lhd blnt !#Ü, hghflt #&=*Ü, lk5l8Psf] If]q $Ü, dw]zL #!=@Ü, cGodf #)=@Ü tyf ;a}df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf %)Ü x'g] agfOPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ elgP klg

cflv/ t];|f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] .

-ª_ afwf c8\sfp km'sfpdfkm{t ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg M cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-

92

s_, ^# -@_df bf];|f]k6s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ^# -&_ adf]lhd @)^* ;fn r}q d;fGt;Ddsf aflnux¿ -!* nfv aflnu_, wf/f ^$ sf] rf/jif]{ sfo{sfn / !@(, !$@-%_, !$@-%_ / !%$ adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u, lgjf{rg cl3sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg];d]t ;+zf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] k|:t't ug]{ ljw]os ;+;bsf] @ ltxfOn] ;+zf]wg u/]kl5 dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] x}l;ot;d]t g/x]sf] cj:yf @)^( ;fn r}q ! ut] ;+ljwfgdf @% aF'b] afwf c8\sfp km'sfp cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQm afwf c8\sfp km'sfp cfb]zdf klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf @$), ;dfg'kflts

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ##% / ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt ug]{ @^ u/L bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf]

nflu hDdf ^)! ;+Vof g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf g+= #

bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef @)&) df ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgdf k|fKt l;6 ;+Vof

l;=g+= /fhgLlts bn k|fKt dt k|fKt l;6

!= g]kfnL sfFu|]; @$@!@%@ (!

@= g]skf Pdfn] @@$#$&& *$

#= g]skf dfcf]jfbL !$#*^^^ %$

$= /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ g]kfn ^@$@*! @#

%= dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d

nf]stflGqs

@%!@#* !)

^= /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ @%( @#* !)

&= dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d g]kfn @!@&## *

*= t/fO{ dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{ !*)$#% &

(= ;b\efjgf kf6L{ !##%@! %

!)= g]skf dfn] !#)@^! %

!!= cGo – #*

;|f]t M lgjf{rg cfof]u

o;/L plNnlvt sfg'gL Joj:yf eP klg dlxnfsf] pDd]bjf/L ;"rLs[t ubf{ blnt, plTkl8t

hflt hghflt, cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw]zL, v; cfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtcg'¿k ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x] klg o;nfO{ vf;} Wofg lbg ;lsPg . blnt, plTkl8t hflt hghflt, cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw]zL, v; cfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtcg'¿k k|ltlglwTj xfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]g . dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ## k|ltzt oxL sf/0fn] x'g ;s]g . blnt, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQm;d]tsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .

93

&= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@

hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnufotsf nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/L ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ k|lta4 /xFb}Ù9 eGg] s'/f pNn]v x'g'n] ax'bnLo nf]stGq / cfjlws lgjf{rgdfkm{t nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u o; ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]10 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg, kbfjlw tyf of]Uotf M /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z;efsf ;b:o dtbftf /x]sf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 x'g]511 eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z;efsf ;b:osf] dtef/ km/s x'g] tyf s'g} k|b]zdf k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rg gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rs d08n u7g ug{ s'g} afwf k/]sf] gdflgg] Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf{rs d08nsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] s'n dtsf] ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt x'g] / s'g} pDd]bjf/n] ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df ;a}eGbf a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ b'O{ pDd]bjf/x¿aLr bf];|f]r/0fsf] dtbfg u/L s'n ;b/ dtsf] krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/ /fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/, To:tf] lgjf{rgdf b'O{ pDd]bjf/x¿aLr dt a/fa/ ePdf uf]nf k|yfåf/f lg0f{o ul/g]5 eg] lgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQm x'g] /fhgLlts kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm /fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf lghsf] pQm kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5 . /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

/fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw12 kfFrjif{sf] x'g]5 . kbfjlw ;dfKt ePsf] /fi6«kltn] gofF lgjf{lrt /fi6«kltn] kbef/ g;Dxfn];Dd o; ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ 5 . ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] ;b:o x'g of]Uo ePsf], sDtLdf k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] / s'g} sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf] JolQm /fi6«klt x'g]u/L /fi6«kltsf] of]Uotf13 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L b'O{k6s /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt eO;s]sf] JolQm To;kl5 x'g] /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g;Sg] 5}g .

9 k|:tfjgf, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg10 wf/f @, pxL 11 wf/f ^@, pxL12 wf/f ^#, pxL 13 wf/f ^$ pxL

94

-v_ ;+3Lo sfo{kfnLsf] :j¿k, sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g M b]zsf] zf;sLo :j¿k14 ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/15 ;+ljwfg / sfg'gadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g]5 eg] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifbdf x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo sfo{sfl/0fL;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

/fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g16 x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{;Sg] k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:onfO{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ tyf k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm x'g;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . To;/L lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm" lgo'Qm ePsf] tL; lbgleq k|ltlglw;efaf6 ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df / s'g} cGo ;b:on] k|ltlglw;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{;Sg] cj:yf ePdf /fi6«kltn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw;efnfO{ lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g]u/L ldlt tf]Sg] tyf k|ltlglw;efsf] nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf k|wfgdGqLsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmof ;DkGg ug'{kg{] Joj:yf;d]t /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;2fGtadf]lhd a9Ldf kRrL;hgf dGqL /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g, sfo{sfn M k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg;lxtsf] Ps;+3Lo Joj:yflksf x'g] / To;nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+;b elgg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 .17

g]kfnnfO{ e"uf]n, hg;+Vof / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df Ps;o k+};7\7L lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pshgf /xg]u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] Ps;o k}+;7\7L ;b:o / ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ Pslgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] Ps;o

14 wf/f &$15 wf/f &%16 wf/f &^17 wf/f *# pxL

95

bz ;b:o u/L b'O{;o krxQ/ ;b:oLo k|ltlglw;efsf] u7g18 sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd x'g] k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lbFbf e"uf]n, hg;+Vof / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf?, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{, k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{, To;/L lgjf{lrt ubf{ klxnf] x'g]n] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿dWo] s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf lgjf{lrt gePdf To:tf] /fhgLlts bnn] ;dfg'kflts ;b:o lgjf{lrt ubf{ cfkm\gf] bnaf6 ;+3Lo ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:osf] sDtLdf PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g]u/L lgjf{lrt ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf;d]t /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] sfo{sfn19 kfFr jif{sf] x'g] t/ b]zdf ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff nfu" /x]sf] cj:yfdf Psjif{df ga9\g] u/L sfg'gadf]lhd k|ltlglw;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg ;lsg] / yk ul/Psf] k|ltlglw;efsf] sfo{sfn ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff vf/]h ePsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgf k'u]kl5:jtM ;dfKt x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

To;}u/L /fli6«o;ef Ps :yfoL ;bg x'g] / o; ;bgsf PsltxfO ;b:osf] kbfjlw k|To]s b'O{jif{df ;dfKt x'g] u/L /fli6«o;ef sf] u7g / ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw20 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

-3_ k|fb]lzs sfo{kflnsfsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ tyf k|fb]lzs dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g M ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|b]zsf] dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /xg] tyf ;ª\s6sfn jf ;+3Lo zf;g nfu" eO{ k|fb]lzs sfo{sfl/0fL sfod g/x]df k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f k|fb]lzs dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] / k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{x¿ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf gfddf x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g]5 . k|b]z;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|b]z;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|b]z;efsf] ;b:onfO{ k|b]zk|d'vn] d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq d'VodGqL lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{

18 wf/f *$ pxL 19 wf/f *% pxL 20 wf/f *^, pxL

96

d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . d'VodGqLn] cfkm" lgo'Qm ePsf] tL; lbgleq k|b]z;efaf6 ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . d'VodGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df s'g} ;b:on] k|b]z;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf k|b]z k|d'vn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug{]5 . d'VodGqL lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z;efnfO{ lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g]u/L ldlt tf]Sg]5 . k|b]z;efsf] nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf d'VodGqLsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq d'VodGqL lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmof ;DkGg ug'{ kg{]5 . k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z;efsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;2fGtadf]lhd d'VodGqL ;lxt k|b]z;efsf s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] aL; k|ltzteGbf a9L gx'g]u/L] k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{5 .

-ª_ k|fb]lzs Joj:yflksfsf] u7g tyf sfo{sfn M k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf Ps ;bgfTds x'g] / To;nfO{ k|b]z;ef elgg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s k|b]z;efdf ;DalGwt k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw;efdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] bf]Aa/ ;+Vofdf x'gcfpg] ;b:o tyf pQm ;b:o ;+VofnfO{ ;f7L k|ltzt dfgL afFsL rfnL; k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] ;b:o ;+Vofdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ tyf To;/L lgjf{lrt ubf{ lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿dWo] s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf lgjf{lrt gePdf To:tf] /fhgLlts bnn] ;b:o lgjf{lrt ubf{ cfkm\gf] bnaf6 k|b]z;edf lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:osf] sDtLdf PsltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g]u/L lgjf{lrt ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

k|b]z;efsf] sfo{sfn kfFrjif{ x'g] t/ ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff nfu" ePsf] cj:yfdf Psjif{df ga9\g] u/L k|fb]lzs P]gåf/f k|b]z;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

-r_ :yfgLo sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u M ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ufpFsfo{kflnsf jf gu/sfo{kflnsfdf lglxt /xg]5 eg] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/sfo{kflnsfdf /xg] 5 . ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{ ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] gfddf x'g]5 eg] ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 . ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfo{;~rfng ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/sfo{kflnsfaf6 :jLs[t lgodfjnLadf]lhd x'g]5 .

To;}u/L lhNnf leqsf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿aLr ;dGjo tyf cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ps lhNnf;ef /xg]5 . lhNnf ;efdf lhNnfleqsf k|To]s ufpF sfo{kflnsf k|d'v / gu/sfo{kflnsf k|d'v ;b:o /xg]5g\ . ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq lhNnf;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 . lhNnf;efn] k|fb]lzs sfg'gadf]lhd Pshgf k|d'v, Pshgf pkk|d'v / sDtLdf

97

tLghgf dlxnf / sDtLdf Pshgf blnt jf cNk;+Vos;lxt a9Ldf gf}hgf ;b:o /x]sf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg ug]{5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] lhNnf;efsf] tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5 . ;DalGwt lhNnfleqsf] ufpF;ef jf gu/;efsf] ;b:o lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] k|d'v, pkk|d'v jf ;b:o kbsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g of]Uo x'g]5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] k|d'v, pkk|d'v / ;b:osf] kbfjlw kfFrjif{sf] x'g]5 .

-5_ :yfgLo Joj:yflksf M ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ ufpF;ef / gu/;efdf lglxt /xg]5 eg] ufpFkflnsfdf Ps ufpF;ef / gu/kflnsfdf Ps gu/;ef /xg]5 .

k|To]s ufpF;efdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v, ufpFkflnsfsf x/]s j8faf6 kfFrhgfsf] b/n] sfg'gadf]lhd lgjf{lrt k}+tfnL;hgf ;b:o /xg] 5g\ . u7g x'g] ufpF;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 sDtLdf b'O{hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 . ufpF;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dtaf6 k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf kfFrhgf ;b:odWo] PshgfnfO{ ufpFsfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:o lgjf{lrt ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;b:o ;DalGwt j8fsf] kb]g cWoIf x'g]5 . k|To]s j8fdf j8f cWoIf / ;f]xL j8faf6 lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] j8f ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 . ufpF;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 . c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] ufpFkflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

To;}u/L k|To]s gu/;efdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v, gu/kflnsfsf x/]s j8faf6 kfFrhgfsf] b/n] sfg'gadf]lhd lgjf{lrt sDtLdf krkGghgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ . u7g x'g] gu/;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 sDtLdf b'O{hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 . gu/;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dtaf6 k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf kfFrhgf ;b:odWo] PshgfnfO{ gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:odf lgjf{lrt ul/g]5 / To:tf] ;b:o ;DalGwt j8fsf] kb]g cWoIf x'g]5 . k|To]s j8fdf j8f cWoIf / ;f]xL j8faf6 lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] j8f ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 . gu/;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 . c7f/jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] gu/kflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . gu/;efsf] lgjf{rg / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 .

*= lgisif{

lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs sfg'gx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ lgjf{rg :jtGq, :jR5 / ljZj;gLo agfpg lgjf{rg;DaGwL k|fjwfg hlt;'s} /fd|f eP klg lgjf{rg cfof]usf] :jtGqtf, ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf, hgtfsf] lgjf{rgk|lt ljZj;gLotf geP;Dd lgjf{rgsf] :jtGqtf / ljZj;gLotf sfod

/xg ;Sb}g .

98

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd

e]if/fh l/hfn

!= ;+ljwfg

;+ljwfg /fi6«sf] dfu{lrq / clwsf/sf] a8fkq xf] . o;n] /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng

ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 eg] gful/ssf nflu clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g x'gfsf ;fy} ;/sf/nfO{ zlQm k|bfg ug]{ / zlQmdflysf] lgoGq0f

ug]{ sfg'gL xltof/ klg xf] . ;+ljwfgn] hgrfxgfcg'¿k /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, /fHosf] gLlt,

sfo{k|0ffnL, ;/sf/sf cª\ux¿sf] l;h{gf, tL cª\usf] sfo{ ljefhg, cGt/;DaGw h:tf

ljifodf Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ zf;s / zfl;t ju{aLrsf] ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h tyf

sfg'gL, cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng] ul/G5 . d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs

;xcl:tTj tyf /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf sfod ug{df cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng] ePsf]n]

;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHosf] bL3{sfnLg 3f]if0ffkq (Manifesto) sf] ¿kdf ;d]t x]g]{ ul/G5 .

@= ;+ljwfgsf p2]Zo tyf sfo{x¿

tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/L /fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ng ug{ agfOg]

;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;df ljz]iftM zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8,

k|of]u / lgoGq0f (Share, Use and Control of Power) sf] Joj:yf x'G5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ The Governing and Regulating Charter of Nation klg elgG5 . sfg'gsf] zf;g /

;+ljwfgjfbdf cfwfl/t, aflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rg, zf;gdf hg;xeflutf,

:jtGq Gofokflnsf, zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ng, ;+zf]wgdf nlrnf]kgf h:tf tTjx¿

c;n ;+ljwfgdf x'g'kb{5 . Gofo, ;dfgtf, :jtGqtfsf] ljlzi6 Joj:yf u/L nf]stflGqs

k4lt lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHosf] cfwf/lznf dflgG5 .

;+ljwfgsf d'Vo p2]Zo tyf sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /xG5g\ M

zf;ssf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f ug]{ .

gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .

/fHosf cª\ux¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;lxt ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

/fHo / gful/saLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ .

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

99

#= ;+ljwfgjfb

;+ljwfgjfbdf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf /xG5 . :j]R5frf/L zlQmdflysf] lgoGq0f u/L ;/sf/sf ;a} cª\u / tL cª\udf cfj4 x/]s JolQmn] ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL sfd ug'{kg]{ / ;+ljwfgeGbf dfly sf]xL klg x'g gx'g] cjwf/0ff g} ;+ljwfgjfb xf] . ;+ljwfgjfbdf ;+ljwfgcg';f/ zlQmsf] k|of]u x'gfsf ;fy} ;+ljwfgk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt /xG5 . ;+ljwfgjfbdf lgDg s'/fx¿;d]t /xG5g\ M

;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf,

hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf,

zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf, :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo cfjlws lgjf{rg,

sfg'gL /fHo, ;+j}wflgs lgoGq0f,

clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,

;Lldt Pjd\ hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf GofoLs k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yf .

k/Dk/fut /fHoJoj:yfdf clwsf/sf] k|of]udf dfq hf]8 lbO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs

¿kfGt/0f x'g g;s]sf]n] ljsf;fTds clwsf/ (Developmental Rights) nfO{ :yfg lbg] qmddf gj ;+ljwfgjfbsf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t x'g uPsf] 5 . o;df ljz]iftM ljt/0ffTds

Gofosf] Joj:yf, ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] Joj:yf, a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf, lbuf]

ljsf; tyf :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt tyf ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt ljsf; h:tf ljifox¿

;dflji6 /xG5g\ .

$= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd

lj=;+= !*@% df g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePkl5 ;+ljwfglagf k|rlnt k|yf, k/Dk/f / wd{zf:qsf

cfwf/df zf;g ;~rfng ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] sf]tkj{kl5 /fhfsf] k~hfkqsf cfwf/df

zf;g ;~rfng;DaGwL clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] lj=;+= !(!) df g]kfnsf]

klxnf] sfg'gL ;+lxtf d'n'sL P]g hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . :j]R5frf/L /f0ff zf;glj?4

hgtfsf] c;'Gt'li6 Pjd\ tTsfnLg cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zn] ubf{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL kb\dzd;]/n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ hf/L u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;Dd & lsl;dsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" ePsf 5g\ . o; n]vdf ;'?b]lv xfn;Dd g]kfndf nfu" ePsf ;+ljwfgdf lglxt ljz]iftfsf]

cfwf/df ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]iftM ;fj{ef}d;Qf, gful/s clwsf/, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf, k|hftflGqs Joj:yf, zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf cflb cfwf/df ;d]t g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

100

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$

/f0ff zf;gnfO{ j}wflgstf lbnfpg g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfgsf ¿kdf @))% ;fn a}zfv ! b]lv nfu" x'g]u/L @))$ ;fn df3 !# ut] kb\d zd;]/af6 3f]lift ;+ljwfg g} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ xf] . o;n] g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;sf] yfngL ug'{sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] dfWodaf6 /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] k|f/De;d]t u/]sf] dflgG5 . s]xL ef/tLo ;+ljwfgljb\sf ;fy} g]kfnsf s[i0f;dz]/, u'~hdfg l;+x / ?b|/fh kf08] ldnL

o;sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . o; ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

/f0ff k|wfgdGqL clwsf/sf] k|d'v ;|f]t /xL lghdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/;d]t /x]sf]

lyof] .

JolQmut :jtGqtf, jfs tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf, ;ef;DaGwL :jtGqtf, wfld{s

:jtGqtf, ;'ne OG;fkmsf] :jtGqtf, JolQmut ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] xs cflb df}lns

xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

^) b]lv &) hgf /xg] /fi6«;ef -tNnf] ;ef_ / sfg'g d:of}bf ug{ @) b]lv #)

hgf /xg] ef/bf/L;ef -pkNnf] ;bg_ u/L lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /x]sf] lyof] .

sd{rf/L egf{sf nflu b/vf:t kl/ifb\ / cfo Joosf k/LIf0fsf nflu k|wfg hfFrsL

u/L b'O{j6f ;+j}wflgs cª\ux¿sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

u|fd k~rfot, clkn cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt;d]taf6 !# hgf ;b:o /x]sf]

Gofoflwsf/L ;ldlt u7g ug{;lsg] GofokflnsLo Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff >L # af6 x'g] tyf ;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg ;fwf/0f

sfg'g;/x x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] s]xL k|fjwfg /x]sf lyP .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

hgtfsf] k|ToIf dtflwsf/, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng, Goflos lgikIftf h:tf k|hftGqsf

;f/e"t s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] lyPg .

/fhfsf] e"ldsf, aflnu dtflwsf/, dtbfg cflbaf/] Joj:yf ePsf] lyPg .

/fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmsf] ;|f]t /f0ff k|wfgdGqLdf j}wflgs¿kdf g} :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf]

lyof] .

h'g;'s}a]nf k|wfgdGqLn] dGqLx¿sf] rog / avf{:t ug{;Sg], Joj:yflksf;efnfO{

eª\u ug{;Sg] tyf k|wfgdGqL ;]gfsf] k|d'v x'g] k|fjwfgn] ubf{ zf;g Joj:yf ;}lgs zf;gsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .

/fHo k|d'vn] hf/L gu/L k~hfkqsf cfwf/df >L # n] ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf k|lts"n

3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .

101

-v_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

of] ;+ljwfg /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ /f0ff, /fhf / sfFu|];sf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg gaGbf;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d Joj:yfkg ug{ NofOPsf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfg @))& ;fn r}q !& ut] kfl/t u/L r}q @( ut]af6 nfu" x'g]u/L /fhfaf6 hf/L ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ljwfg kl/ifb\sf] lgjf{rg ug]{ p2]Zon] NofOg'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf g/x]sf] eP tfklg cf7jif{sf] cjlwdf o; ;+ljwfgdf ;ftk6s ;+zf]wg

ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhfdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fhf / dlGqkl/ifb\\df lglxt

/fvL 'King in Council' sf] l;4fGt cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] ¿kdf k|wfg Gofofnosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg . nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] .

lgb]{zs l;4fGtleq l;ldt df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ub}{ ;fwf/0f P]g ;/x ;+zf]wg

x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] s'g} Joj:yf ePsf] lyPg .

klAns ;le{; sldzg, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, r'gfp cfof]u cflb lgsfosf] Joj:yf

ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'jfj u/fpg hf/L ul/Psf] eP tfklg kl5 k|of]hg kl/jt{g ePsf]

lyof] .

;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf geP klg /fhfn] k6sk6s ;+zf]wg u/]sf lyP .

df}lns xsnfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof] . /fhfn] dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g / lj36g ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . ljwflosf gePsf]n] zlQm k[ysLs/0f sdhf]/ eO{ sfo{sf/L0fLsf] zlQm a9]sf] lyof] .

-u_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%

;'j0f{ zd;]/sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t dlGqkl/ifb\af6 tof/ tyf kfl/t d:of}bfsf cfwf/df

lj=;+= @)!% ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] /fhfaf6 of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . of] ;+ljwfg a]nfotL

;+ljwfgljb\ ;/ cfOe/ h]lgª\;sf] ;Nnfxdf d:of}bf ePsf] lyof] . aflnu dtflwsf/,

:jtGq Gofokflnsf, lgjf{lrt ;/sf/, ax'bnLo k|hftGq, sfof{Gjogof]Uo df}lns xs h:tf ;+ljwfgjfbsf tTjx¿ ;dfj]z eO{ a]nfotL df]8ndf ag]sf] of] ;+ljwfg t'ngfTds¿kdf k|hftflGqs dflgG5 . k6sk6s u/L ;+ljwfgsf wf/f nfu" u/fOPsf] o; ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo

Joj:yfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

102

;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf :jljj]sLo clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt /x]sf] lyof] .

klxnf]k6s ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg'g dflgPsf] lyof] .

zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fhf, dxf;ef / k|ltlglw;ef;lxtsf] lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksf ePsf] ;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yf cª\uLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yfn] :jtGq Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofPsf]

lyof] .

j}olQms :jtGqtf, zf]if0flj?4sf] xs, kmf}hbf/L Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt xs,

gh/aGblj?4sf] xs, wd{, ;DklQ cflb;DaGwL df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

/fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhfdf /xL /fhfsf] ;lqmotf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /fhfaf6 hlta]nf klg s'l07t x'g;Sg] cj:yf lyof] .

/fhu2L pQ/flwsf/L;DaGwL sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

k|:tfjgfdf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq pNn]v eP klg k|wfgdGqL avf{:t ug]{, ;+s6sfn

3f]if0ff ug]{, ;+;baf6 kfl/t ljw]os c:jLs[t ug{;Sg], k|wfgGofofwLz lgo'lQmdf

:jljj]s /x]sfn] /fhfsf] ;lqmo e"ldsfnfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] lyof] .

-3_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(

of] ;+ljwfg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug{ @)!( ;fn k'; ! ut] /fhfaf6 3f]lift ePsf]

lyof] . of] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ Clifs]z zfxsf] cWoIftfdf 5;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g

ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ tLgk6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof], klxnf]k6s /fhfsf] l:ylt dha't

agfpg, bf];|f]k6s k~rfotnfO{ c¿ lgb]{lzt agfpg / t];|f]k6s l;ldt pbf/tf b]vfO{

k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ . @)#& ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xkl5sf] ;+zf]wgkl5

eg] s]xL pbf/tf cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yf b]xfocg';f/sf

lyP M

;fj{ef}d;Qf, clwsf/sf] ;|f]t / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt /x]sf] lyof] .

bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yfaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

Ps ;bgfTds /fli6«o k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu l/6 If]qflwsf/ eP tfklg Gofofkflnsf /fhfaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;dfgtfsf] xs, :jtGqtfsf] xs, b]z lgsfnflj?4sf] xs cflb df}lns xssf ;fy} st{Josf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

103

/fHosf] xf]Og k~rfot k|0ffnLsf] lgb]{zs l;2fGt Pjd\ juL{o ;+u7gsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg zfxL 3f]if0ffaf6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]usf ;fy} clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u / dxfGofoflwjQmf h:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

@)@# ;fnsf] k|yd ;+zf]wgn] k|:tfjgfd} bnljxLgtfsf] Joj:yf pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .

df}lns xsdfly k|ltaGw nufp;Sg] Joj:yfn] df}lns xs k|Tofe"ltdf ;d:of /x]sf]

lyof] .

;/sf/ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL geO{ /fhfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

;jf]{Rrsf] km};nf geO{ /fhfsf] cfb]z clGtd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]unfO{ clVtof/ b'¿kof]udf cg';Gwfg, txlssft u/L

d'2f rnfpg] dfq geO{ d'2f x]g]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/;d]t lbO{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf]

7f8f] pNnª\3g ul/Psf] lyof] .

k~rfot Joj:yf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ :j]R5frf/L¿kdf cleof]u nufpg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf]

lyof] .

-ª_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

lj=;+= @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ;+ljwfgjfbsf dfGotf, hgtfsf ;'emfj, ;+ljwfg ;'wf/

;'emfj ;ldltsf] d:of}bf tyf d:of}bfpk/ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] kl/dfh{gsf cfwf/df lj=;+= @)$&

;fn sflt{s @# ut] /fhfaf6 of] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu

ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf bdggfy 9'+ufgf, d's'Gb /]UdL, nId0f cof{n, dfwjs'df/

g]kfn, lgd{n nfdf, e/tdf]xg clwsf/L, /fdfgGbk|;fb l;+x, k|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/L ;b:o

/ ;"o{gfy pkfWofo ;b:o ;lrj /x]sf] ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] .

of] ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf lyP M

klxnf]k6s ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] lyof] .

aflnu dtflwsf/, ax'bnLo Joj:yf, sfg'gL zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ;+j}wflgs

/fhtGq, df}lns xssf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ s'/f k|:tfjgfd} Joj:yf u/L c;+zf]wgLo agfPsf] lyof] .

zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ng Joj:yfsf ;fy} ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgjfb cª\uLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

d[To'b08 lbg gkfOg], ;"rgfsf] xs, uf]kgLotfsf] xs, oftgflj?4sf] xs h:tf

yk df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

104

/fli6«o;ef Pjd\ ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm k|ltlglw;ef;lxtsf] lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;jf]{Rr, k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf u/L tLgtxsf] cbfntsf] Joj:yf / ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg tyf l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] lyof] .

/fhgLlts bnnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o ;fd"lxs tyf JolQmut¿kdf k|wfgdGqLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yf

u/L ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] efjgf cfTd;ft ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+j}wflgs cª\u, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\, Gofo kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

Gofofno / ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] :jR5tf / :jtGqtfsf nflu dxfleof]usf] Joj:yf;d]t

ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgsf] cfkm"v';L JofVof ug]{ tyf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog

gePsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg lbuf] x'g ;s]g .

/fhfn] lj=;+= @)$* ;fnsf] ;+;bLo cfdlgjf{rgkl5 /fli6«o;efsf bzhgf ;b:osf]

lgo'lQm tyf u0ftGq k|mfG;sf /fhb"tsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltlagf

u/L ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] ;Ldf pNnª\3g u/L ;+ljwfgjfbpk/ cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP .

;+j}wflgs /fhtGq eP klg sltko c:ki6tfn] /fhfn] :jljj]s k|of]u ug{;Sg]

cj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .

ljleGg k|hftflGqs d"NodfGotfsf] Joj:yf eP klg ;+zf]wgdf nlrnf]kgf g/x]sf]

sf/0f /fHosf cª\un] k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;s]gg\ .

pTs[i6 k|fjwfgsf afah'b /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;+:yfut x'g

;s]g .

;fdflhs Gofosf dfGotfnfO{ :ki6 Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] dflgFb}g .

-r_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

;Dat\ @)^@÷)^# ;fndf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng b'O{sf] efjgfcg'¿k /fhgLlts ;xdltsf

cfwf/df lgdf{0f u/L cGtl/d Joj:yfkgsf nflu @)^# df3 ! ut] of] ;+ljwfg nfu" ul/Psf]

lyof] . of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ul/Psf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg x'gfsf ;fy} o;n] g]kfndf åGånfO{ zflGtdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf cª\uLsf/ ug]{ k|f/lDes cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf /xL 7"nf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf]

;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yf b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

;fj{ef}d;Qfsf ;fy} klxnf]k6s zf;sLo zlQm hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] pb\3f]if u/]sf]

lyof] .

105

k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffk|lt k|:tfjgfd} k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] .

wd{ lg/k]Iftf cjnDag ul/Psf] tyf /fHo k'g;+{/rgf u/L ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cª\uLsf/ ug]{ ;+sNk lnOPsf] lyof] .

;dfj]zLs/0f / k"0f{ nf]stGq tyf /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgfdf hf]8 lbOPsf]

lyof] .

g]kfn :jtGq, cIIf'0f, ;fj{ef}d, ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf

¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog x'g] Joj:yfadf]lhd /fi6«fWoIfsf

¿kdf /fi6«klt :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{sf/L clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\df lglxt /fvL bnLo ;xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqd08n

u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] cfwf/df ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, /fhgLlts ;xdlt /

;xsfo{nfO{ lnOPsf] lyof] .

^)! ;b:oLo Ps;bgfTds ;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;d]t e"ldsf lgjf{x

ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] .

lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltsf cnfjf /fHosf bfloTjx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

5'jf5'tlj?4sf] xs, jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff,

dlxnfsf xs, ;fdflhs Gofo, >d;DaGwL xs;d]t @! j6f df}lns xssf] Joj:yf

u/L df}lns xsdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, cu|ufdL /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g,

e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGt, ;'zf;g, ;dfj]zL /fHo, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f,

;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo, j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/, vfB ;Dk|e'tf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff,

>lds xssf] Joj:yf, lje]bsf/L sfg'gsf] cGTo, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u

u7g cflb ljifox¿nfO{ /fHosf] bfloTj cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf cGo ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] lg/Gt/tf u/L dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fli6«o dxTjsf ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|x ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;jf]{Rrsf GofofwLz, /fhb"t, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lnufot ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmdf g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ;+;bLo ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

106

dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, ckfª\u, dhb"/, ls;fgnufotsf If]qsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g ug{ cfof]u u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] cª\usf ¿kdf cg';"rLdf /flvPsf] lyof] .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf lyP M

;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ /fhgLlts ;xsfo{ tyf ;xdlt x'gfn] sltko cj:yfdf cGof]ntf /x]sf] lyof] . of] ljifo l;4fGttM gldNbf] / cJofjxfl/s lyof] .

k|ltkIfljxLg Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] kl/sNkgf u/L /fhgLlts efua08fnfO{ k|>o

lbFbf /fhgLlts ;+:sf/df ;d]t cf3ft kf/]sf] kfOG5 .

cGtl/d k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] cfOkg]{ sltko ;d:ofsf] cf+sng ul/Psf] kfOPg .

sltko sfof{Gjog g} ug{ g;lsg] ljifo cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] lyof] .

/fHosf] ;|f]t;fwg Pjd\ ;fdflhs, cfly{s kIfsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L tyf xs k|rngsf]

nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/lagf df}lns xssf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rgaf/] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf gfddf Joj:yflksfsf] e"ldsf Go"g

kfl/Psf] lyof] .

k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ ;+;bLo ;'g'jfOaf6 u'h|g'kg]{ tyf /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] sfddf

v6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yfn] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfpk/ cf3ft k'¥ofPsf] dflgG5 .

nf]stflGqs ljZjf; / /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ k|j4{g ug]{, nf]stGqk|lts"n x'g]u/L

st}af6 x:tIf]k x'g glbg], d'n'ssf] ljv08g x'g glbg] h:tf :ki6 Joj:yfsf]

cefj /x]sf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg;efsf] cGTo;Fu} Joj:yflksf g/xg] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf nrstf /xFbf of] ;+ljwfg afx|k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] / afwf

c8\sfpsf] cfb]zn] ;+zf]wgsf] x}l;otdf nu]sf] lyof] .

-5_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

of] ;+ljwfg lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 kfl/t

g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf] . of] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efdf sl/a (!Ü ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o

;xefuL eO{ sl/a *%Ü ;b:oaf6 kfl/t;d]t ePsf] 5 . oxL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)^$ / ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf

b'O{j6f lgjf{rg ePsf lyP eg] lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] /fi6«kltaf6 hf/L ePsf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo Joj:yf b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

of] ;+ljwfgn] u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut u/]sf] 5 .

k|wfgdGqLn] ;+;b lj36g ug{ gkfpg] / ;+;bn] @ jif{ gk'uL cljZjf; k|:tfj

Nofpg gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L ;'wfl/Psf] ;+;bLo Joj:yf cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .

107

;+3Lotfsf] 9fFrf to u/L ;xsfl/tf / ;dGjo / ;xcl:tTj lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:tfjgfdf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL, cfjlws lgjf{rg, sfg'gL /fHo, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, gful/s :jtGqtf, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq, lgikIf, ;Ifd GofokflnsfnfO{ nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfsf] ¿kdf ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg'g cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{, ;+3 / k|b]z, k|b]z / k|b]z,

k|b]z / :yfgLo tx tyf :yfgLo txx¿aLrsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] ljjfb tyf ;+3Lo

;+;b jf k|b]z;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg / ltgsf] ;b:ox¿sf] cof]Uotf;DaGwL ljifodf

lg0f{o ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLgtxsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /xg] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 .

/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg b'O{r/0f / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL,

;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgdf ;dfgfGt/ ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL tyf :yfgLo

txsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ul/g] Joj:yf

ul/Psf] 5 .

/fi6«klt–pk/fi6«klt, ;efd'v–pk;efd'v, ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;ef tyf :yfgLo txdf

dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q,

cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm nufotsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ub}{

;dfj]zLtfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfnnfO{ :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, ;dfj]zL, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfhjfbpGd'v,

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .

df}lns xs lj:tf/ u/L @! af6 #! k'¥ofOPsf] 5 eg] gful/s st{Jo;DaGwL Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg

a'emfpg'kg]{ tyf sfof{Gjogaf/] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug{ ;+;bdf ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;fljssf ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ cf7j6f ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ yk u/L

lk5l8Psf ju{, If]q, ;d'bfosf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbk|lt k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgsf c;+zf]wgLo ljifodf hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf,

ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jflwgtf /x]sf 5g\ eg] tL afx]s cGo ;a} ljifo ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

j+zh, c+uLs[t, u}/cfjf;Lo / ;Ddfgfy{ u/L $ k|sf/sf gful/stfsf] Joj:yf

108

ul/Psf] 5 . gful/stf ;Gbe{df l5d]sL d'n'sdf eGbf g/d k|fjwfg /x]sf 5g\ .

o; ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v b'a{n kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

;+3Lotfsf] :ki6 vfsf lbg ;s]sf] 5}g .

;Ldfª\sg ljjfb sfod} /x]sf] 5 .

zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf sltko dfGotf eTsfPsf] kfOG5 .

%= lgisif{

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ ;fnsf] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ j}wflgstf lbO{ l6sfpgsf

nflu NofOPsf] lyof] eg] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt eO{ d'n'sdf

k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] kl/k|]Ifdf /fhfsf] zlQm dha't agfpg] p2]Zon] nfu" ul/Psf]

lyof] . @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg aGg] k|lqmof ca?4 ePsfn] ;+;bLo

Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ NofOPsf] lyof] eg] @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{

k|ltaGw nufO{ k~rfotL Joj:yf Nofpg /fhfaf6 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L @)$&

;fnsf] ;+ljwfg k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{, @)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hgcfGbf]ngsf]

efjgf tyf a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ljb|f]xL zlQmnfO{ d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg tyf @)&@

;fndf hf/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt, ljsf; / ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ lgdf{0f

ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf xfn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs ;|f]t klg k[ys k[ys /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn

;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ k~hfkqsf cfwf/df /f0ffaf6, cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg,

@))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( /fhfaf6 tyf g]kfn

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / @)&@ ;fnsf] g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg g]kfnL hgtfaf6 lg;[tM ePsf 5g\ .

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ lglxtsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df >L # df, cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

df /fhf / dlGqd08ndf, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df /fhfdf, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df Joj:yfksLo / Goflos;d]t /fhfdf, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df /fhf

/ dlGqkl/ifb\\df, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / @)&@ ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf dlGqkl/ifb\\df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df ef/bf/L / /fi6«;ef u/L lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] ;+zf]wg, @))( af6 Ps;bgfTds

;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df dxf;ef / k|ltlglw;ef u/L lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /x]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg, @)!( df Ps;bgfTds /fli6«o k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L

109

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df /fli6«o;ef / k|ltlglw;ef u/L lå;bgfTds, g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# Ps;bgfTds Joj:yflksf–;+;b / @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfgdf lå;bgfTds ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf, Ps;bgfTds k|b]z Joj:yflksf tyf :yfgLo Joj:yflksfsf] ¿kdf ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

lj=;+= !((& ;fndf sfo{kflnsfaf6 GofokflnsfnfO{ cnu kf/L :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] dfGotfnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{ cfPcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ / cGtl/d

zf;g ljwfg, @))& df klg k|wfg Gofofnosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . @)!# ;fndf

;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g hf/L ePcg';f/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,

@)!(, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / @)&@

;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Joj:yf oyfjt\ sfod} /flvPsf] 5 .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf lx;fan] x]bf{, g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ / cGtl/d zf;g

ljwfg, @))& df ;+zf]wg;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf g/x]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, cGtl/d zf;g

ljwfg, @))& 5k6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df

;+;baf6 kfl/t ljw]osdf /fhfaf6 nfndf]x/ nflu ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] eg]

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df zfxL 3f]if0ffaf6 ;+zf]wg x'g;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfn

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df c;+zf]wgLo cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfafx]s ;+;bsf] k|To]s ;bgdf

b'O{ltxfO{ pkl:yt eO{ b'O{ltxfO{n] kfl/t u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu /fhfdf k]z ug{] / /fhfn]

Psk6s lkmtf{ k7fpg ;s] tfklg k'gM ;+;baf6 k]z ePdf #) lbgdf :jLs[lt lbg'kg]{

Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]

b'O{ ltxfO{af6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] eg] @)&@

;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf

/ :jflwgtf afx]ssf wf/f ;+zf]wgsf nflu ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bgdf k]z ug{

;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df /f0ffaf6, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df /fhfaf6, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

;Nnfx / ;xdltdf /fhfaf6, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df

/fi6«kltaf6 / @)&@ ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«kltaf6 ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ k|of]u

x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf xfn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgdf lglxt s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ ljsf;qmd cGtu{t cWoog

ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df k|wfg hfFrsL, b/vf:t kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf, g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g, @))& df k|wfg Gofofnosf] Joj:yf, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df ;+;bLo Joj:yf, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, g]kfn

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df /fHosf]

110

k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ Joj:yf / @)&@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;xsfl/tfdf cfwfl/t ;+3Lotfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf dfGg ;lsG5 .

hxflgofF /f0ff zf;g l6sfpg 3f]lift g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdn] 7"n} v'l8\snf] kf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f eO{ lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg xfn sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{

;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGTo ePsf]n] d'n'ssf] lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4 :yfloTj,

dfgj clwsf/ / nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; casf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,

2. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

3. g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

4. g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(

6. cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

7. g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$

8. dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;, ;f]kfg, @)&! h]7, jif{ !), cª\s

!@, k"0ff{ª\s !@)9. 8f= /fds[i0f ltdN;]gf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg M Ps l;+xfjnf]sg, g]kfnL

k|zf;gn] vf]h]sf] gofF g]kfn, ljz]if ;+ufnf], ;DklQ cfly{s klqsf, @)^$ r}q

10. uf]lkgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^&11. /fdk|;fb zdf{, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;dLIff,

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg bf];|f] ;+:s/0f, cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&@

12. 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf, zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^*13. ‘lgjf{rg klqsf’ / ‘lgjf{rg a'n]l6g’ sf ljleGg cª\sx¿, lgjf{rg cfof]u, axfb'/

ejg, sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

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111

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog

/fh]Gb| k|;fb s8]n

!= ljifo k|j]z

/0fgLlt eGgfn] lglZrt nIo k"/f ug{ pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] dxQd pkof]u Pjd\ kl/rfng

ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;n] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{, nIo k|flKtsf nflu pko'Qm lqmofsnfkx¿

klxrfg ug]{ / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf / kl/rfgsf

aGbf]a:t;Ddsf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . /0fgLlt of]hgf eg]sf] ;+u7gsf] eljionfO{ dfu{bz{g

ug]{ Pjd\ nIonfO{ p2]Zo / lqmofsnfkdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ OlR5t uGtJodf k'Ug] Jojl:yt

k|lqmof xf] . /0fgLlts of]hgfn] ;+u7gsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;xL

pkof]u / pTkfbgd"ns agfpg, sfo{;~rfngnfO{ ;an / ;'b[9 agfpg, ;+u7gdf sfo{/t

sd{rf/L / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] nIo / p2]ZonfO{ PsLs[t ug{ / kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;+u7gsf]

lbzf / ultnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o; cy{df /0fgLlts of]hgf eg]sf] s'g} klg

;+u7gsf] dfu{lrq (Road Map) xf] .

@= k[i7e"ld

lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfkm\gf] klxnf] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^%–)&) df cfwfl/t /xL

h}ljs ljj/0fo'Qm -afof]d]l6«s_ dtbftf gfdbtf{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/df dtbftf kl/rokq tof/L

Pjd\ ljt/0f, lhNnf tx;Dd ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] ;anLs/0f, bIf tyf tflnd k|fKt

hgzlQmsf] ljsf;, lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb| (Electoral Education and Information Center : EEIC) sf] :yfkgfdfkm{t\ cfdkx'Fr tyf dtbftf÷lgjf{rg lzIffdf lj:tf/af6 ;du| lgjf{rg ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;kmn /Xof] . klxnf] kfFrjif]{

/0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog kIfsf] Jofks ;dLIff u/L To;af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fVb} To; qmddf k|f/De ul/Psf /fd|f sfo{x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / gofF kl/jlt{t

;Gbe{df ljsl;t ePsf gjLgtd ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ cfof]unfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo¿kdf lgjf{rg ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfut¿kdf ;an agfpg] lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] Wo]on] of]hgf th'{dfsf] qmddf /0fgLlts of]hgfsf nflu

pknAw cGt/f{li6«o ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog / g]kfn;lxt cGo d'n'sx¿sf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

112

of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] cg'ej / cfof]u / cGtu{t sfof{nosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lsf ;fy} lgjf{rg;Da4 cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;d]t cGt/lqmof u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df cfof]usf] bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!÷)&@–@)&%÷)&^ th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .

o; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ /fhgLlts cj:yf Pjd\ ;+:yfut kl/j]z / ;dosf] ;LdfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;s];Dd ljlzi6 lqmofsnfk s]lGb|t agfpg k|of;:j¿k cfof]uaf6 ;Dkfbg

ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;do ;Ldf;Fu cfj4 ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgf

Ps ultzLn b:tfj]h ePsf]n] of] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g x'Fb} hfg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{

/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, sfg'gL tyf ;+u7gfTds jftfj/0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{g;Fu}

o; /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ klg cfjZostfcg';f/ yk kl/jt{g÷kl/dfh{g tyf ;fGble{s

;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o; of]hgfdf cfof]usf] b'/b[li6, nIo / dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿, cfof]usf] ;an kIf, b'a{nkIf

/ cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats : SWOT) sf] ljZn]if0f, klxrfg ul/Psf /0fgLlts :tDe / ;f]sf] cf}+NofOPsf cfwf/:tDe / nIox¿;Fu

;DalGwt /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ / cGtdf /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{sf avt

ul/g] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] cjwf/0ff / sfo{ljlwut dfu{bz{g pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

klxnf] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 cfof]un] lgjf{rg k|lqmof, k|0ffnL tyf

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf Jofks ;'wf/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / of] bf];|f] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6

oL ljifodf cfof]usf sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ yk kl/is[t agfpg 6]jf k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

#= lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf

cfof]usf] bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!÷)&@–@)&%÷)&^ n] klxrfg u/]sf lgDg

b"/b[li6 (Vission), cleofg (Mission) / nIo Pjd\ p2]Zo (Goals and Objectives) n] cfof]usf clxn]sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ b"/b[li6 (Vision) M pTs[i6 lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfof]unfO{ ;Ifd lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;+:yfut ug{] .

-v_ cleofg (Mission) M ;+ljwfg lglb{i6 lgjf{rgnfO{ Jofj;flos, s'zn, kf/bzL{ / ljZj;gLo 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{] .

-u_ dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿ (Guiding Principles) M /0fgLlts of]hgfn] cfof]usf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿df :jfoQtf, lgikIftf, ;dfj]lztf, kf/blz{tf, ;]jf pGd'vtf, Jofj;flos bIftf,

113

lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutfd"ns k4lt, ljZj;gLotf, nfut k|efjsfl/tf, k"j{ lqmofzLntf / gjk|jt{gnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

-3_ /0fgLlts :tDe, nIo / lqmofsnfkx¿

kfFrj6f /0fgLlts :tDe / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt klxrfg ul/Psf !& j6f nIo / To; cGtu{tsf (! j6f lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df cfof]usf] sfo{ ;~rfngnfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ qmddf

klxnf] b'O{ jif{, @)&!÷)&@–@)&@÷)&# -;g\ @)!%–@)!^_ / kl5Nnf] tLg jif{ @)&#÷)&$–

@)&%÷)&^ -@)!&–@)!(_ df sfof{Gjog ul/g] x/]s lqmofsnfksf] nflu cfof]usf lhDd]jf/

clwsf/L, cg'dflgt nfut, /sdsf] ;|f]t / ;f]nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg] ck]lIft ;do

pNn]v ub}{ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljBdfg jftfj/0f, ;do / pknAw ;|f]tsf cfwf/df !,@,#

u/L k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . / ;f]xLadf]lhd clxn]sf cfof]usf ultljlwx¿ cufl8

al9/x]sf] 5g\ . /0fgLlts nIo cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog eO;s]kl5

cfof]un] rfx]sf] jfl~5t pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5 . bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf,

@)&!–@)&^ -@)!%–@)!(_ sf] /0fgLlts :tDe, nIo / k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd

/x]sf 5g\ M

-ª_ bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!–@)&^ -@)!%–@)!(_ sf] /0fgLlts :tDe, nIo /

k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿

:tDe ! M lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;+:yfut ljsf;

nIo ! M ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug{]

1. gofF ;+ljwfgdf cfof]usf] sfo{;+rfngdf k"0f{ :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt ug{

k|of; ug]{ .

2. cfjZostf cg';f/ cfof]usf] ;+/rgf gofF ;+ljwfgcg's"n agfpg] . 3. ;+u7gfTds gLlt / dfu{bz{gdf n}+lus tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f gLltnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f

ug]{ .

4. cfof]usf] ;+:yfut :d/0f ;+oGqnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, yk kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / hjfkmb]xL agfpg dfgsx¿ tof/ ug{] .

nIo @ M of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

5. of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg tYofª\sLo cfwf/ tof/ ug{] .

6. cfof]uaf6 ;+rfng x'g] of]hgf / jflif{s lqmofsnfknfO{ /0fgLlts of]hgf;Fu tfnd]n u/fpg of]hgf lgdf{0f;DaGwL lgb{]lzsfx¿ tof/ ug{] .

7. /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] PsLs[t sfo{ljlw tof/ ug{] .

nIo # M gofF ;+ljwfg;Fu cg's"n x'g] u/L lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'g ;'wf/ ug{]

114

8. lgjf{rg;DaGwL PsLs[t sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] / :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;+;b;dIf k]z ug{] .

9. lgjf{rg ljjfb lg¿k0f;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k|efjsf/ltf j[l4 ug{] .

:tDe @ M ;ª\u7g / Ifdtf ljsf;

nIo $ M lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ ug{]

10. cfjZostf cg';f/ sfof{nosf nflu hUuf k|flKt ug]{, ejg lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ ug]{ .

11. ef}uf]lns ljljwtf, hUufsf] cfsf/ / lgjf{rg If]q ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df lhNnf lgjf{rg

sfof{no ejgsf] ;+/rgf l8hfOg ug]{ .

nIo % M dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{]

12. ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg] .

13. cfof]usf] sfddf Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug{ / sd{rf/Lsf] :yfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{

sd{rf/L l/6]G;g gLlt tof/ ug]{ .

14. j}b]lzs dgf]gogsf] nflu 5gf]6 ug{] j:t'ut / kf/bzL{ cfwf/x¿ tof/ ub}{ cfof]udf

sfo{/t x/]s sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ sDtLdf Pp6f cfGtl/s jf cGt/f{li6«o tflnd

pknAw u/fpg] .

15. a9'jf, k'/:sf/, lje'if0f, jif{sf] pTs[i6 sd{rf/L cflb h:tf sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an

a9fpg] k|f]T;fxgx¿ k|bfg ug{] .

nIo ^ M ;~rf/ dfWod;Fusf] ;xsfo{ ;'b[9 ug{]

16. lgjf{rgsf] ljifo x]g{] ;~rf/sdL{x¿sf] nflu lgjf{rgcl3 lgjf{rg cfof]u /

lgjf{rg;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{zfnf ug{] .

17. ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f -sG6]G6 PgfnfOl;;_ k4ltdf cfwfl/t ;~rf/ cg'udg ;+oGq

/ ;~rf/ dfWod cg'udg Dofg'cn tof/ ug]{ .

18. lgjf{rg;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / l/kf]l6{Ë Pjd\ k|rf/k|;f/sf] nflu lgjf{rg xft]k'l:tsf

tof/ ug]{ .

:tDe # M dtbftf btf{ / lgjf{rg k|ljlw

nIo & M ;a} of]Uo dtbftfsf] gfd btf{ lg/Gt/¿kdf x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{]

19. PsLs[t dtbftf btf{ lgb{]lzsf agfpg] .

20. ;g\ @)!^ sf] cGt;Dd -lj= ;+= @)&# sf] dWo;Dd_ df d'n'sleqsf dtbftf x'g

of]Uo ;a} JolQmsf] gfd btf{ ug{ k|of; ug{] .

115

21. ;g\ @)!% sf] cGt;Dddf ;'/If0f k|ljlw;lxtsf] gofF dtbftf kl/rokq tof/L tyf ljt/0f ;'¿ ug]{ .

22. btf{ ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df g]kfnLx¿sf] ;3g pkl:ylt /x]sf zx/x¿nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf ljb]zdf /x]sf dtbftfsf] btf{ k|f/De ug]{ .

nIo * M /fhgLltsbnbtf{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jojl:yt ug{]

23. lhNnf:t/df /fhgLlts bnbtf{ clgjfo{ ug{] / ltgLx¿sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug{] .

24. /fhgLlts bnbtf{sf] nflu cfjZos ljj/0fx¿ sDKo'6/s[t ug{] .

25. /fhgLlts bnbtf{ ubf{ ;dy{g ug{] JolQmx¿sf] x:tfIf/ j}1flgs¿kdf k/LIf0f ug{]

Joj:yf ug{] .

nIo ( M ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ;'b[9 ug{]

26. k|To]s lgjf{rgdf qmlds¿kdf÷r/0fa4¿kdf ljB'tLo dtbfg oGqsf] k|of]u a9fpFb}

n}hfg] .

27. cfof]u / lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿aLr b|"t ultdf 8f6f ;Dks{ -xfO{ :kL8 8f6f

sg]S6Lle6L_ Joj:yf ug{] .

28. ;a} ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] OG6/g]6, Od]n / lel8of] sGkm]/]G;df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .

29. OG6/g]6 tyf P;PdP;af6 dtbfg ug{] ;DaGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog ug{] .

:tDe $ M lgjf{rg lzIff / ;ª\u7gfTds kx'Fr

nIo !) M dtbftf lzIff ;'wf/ ug{]

30. dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{cl3 ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{ / If]q ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L

lnOPsf] nIodf cfwfl/t eO{ cfjZostf d"Nofª\sg ug{] .

31. ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePkZrft\ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] pkef]unfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ;r]tgf

cleofg ;'¿ ug{] .

32. lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf gd"gf dtbfg sfo{qmdnfO{ dtbftf lzIffsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{] .

33. dtbftf lzIffsf] nflu tflnd lbg] sl/a #@))) k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] .

34. dfWolds ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf dtbftf lzIff;DaGwL zLif{s ;dfj]z ug{] k|of;

ug{] .

35. ;a} lhNnfdf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd / 3'DtL 6f]nLdfkm{t\ dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lx¿ ljt/0f ug{] .

nIo !! M lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{ If]qLo:t/df lj:tf/ ug{]

116

36. lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{ If]qLo txdf lj:tf/ ug{] .

37. dtbftf lzIffsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu If]qLo lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿n] 3'DtL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug{] .

38. cGo lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd ;~rfng ug{] .

39. jflif{s¿kdf ;fs{:t/df lgjf{rg lzIff;DaGwL cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .

nIo !@ M nf]stGq / lgjf{rgsf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{]

40. FEMBoSA sf] kfFrf}+ a}7ssf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] a'Fbf g++ # df pNn]v ePadf]lhd blIf0f

Pl;ofnL If]qdf lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljifodf z}lIfs tyf cg';GwfgfTds lqmofsnfk

;~rfng ug{ lgjf{rg;DaGwL cWoog÷cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] .

nIo !# M lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf ;a} txdf n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf ;'lglZrt ug{]

41. lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/ u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf dlxnf

tyf cNk;+Vosx¿sf] clwsf/ / :yfgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k|of; ug{] .

42. lgjf{rg sfg'gdf ;'wf/ / Ifdtf ljsf;dfkm{t\ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf krf;

k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg kxn ug]{ .

43. lgodgfTds afwf c8\rg km'sfO{ dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw]zL / km/s Ifdtf ePsf

JolQmsf] /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj a9fpg] .

44. ;a} lhNnfdf dlxnf ;d"xx¿ -cfdf ;d"x, j8f gful/s d~r, dlxnf ;xsf/L cflb_

nfO{ nlIft u/L dtbfg lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .

45. k|f}9 dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf dtbftf lzIffsf]

ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu k|of; ug{] .

nIo !$ M lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, d'Vo u/L /fhgLltsbn tyf pDd]bjf/x¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ;'b[9 ug{] .

46. ;/f]sf/fjfnfx¿;Fu s]Gb| / lhNnf txdf sDtLdf jif{sf] b'O{k6s ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg

ug{ a}7s cfof]hgf ug{] .

47. /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu lgoldt k/fdz{ tyf cGt/lqmofsf] nflu ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] .

48. /fHon] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ cfly{s /sd k|bfg ug{] ;DaGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog ug{] .

:tDe % M ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg / lgjf{rg ;~rfng

nIo !% M dtbftf / lgjf{rg clwsf/L d}qL lgjf{rg ;~rfng ug{]

49. d'n'saflx/af6 x'g] dtbfg / j}slNks dtbfg Joj:yfsf] nflu of]ubfg ug]{ .

117

50. ;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u u/L lgjf{rg kl/0ffd ;Dk|]if0f ug{] Joj:yf ug{] .

51. ;dfg ;'ljwf / k"jf{wf/ x'g]u/L dtbfgs]Gb| ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dtbfg:ynsf] :t/f]Gglt ug{] .

52. dtbfg:ynx¿df ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu ckfËd}qL k"jf{wf/ qmdzM tof/ ub}{ hfg] .

nIo !^ M ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg yk k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{]

53. kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qx¿df If]qLo uf]bfd 3/ :yfkgf ug{] .

54. lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] u'0f:t/sf] :k]l;lkms]zg tof/ ug{] .

55. sd ;+j]bgzLn lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k'gM k|of]u ug{];DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug{] .

56. lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lx¿ vl/b ug{] sfo{ljlw k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] .

nIo !& M lgjf{rg hf]lvd Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ug{]

57. cfof]u / k|b]z÷If]q÷lhNnfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL tflnd lbg'sf

;fy} lgjf{rg hf]lvd;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;DaGw ljsf;

ug{] .

58. lgjf{rgcl3 ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cled'vLs/0f u/fpg] .

59. lgjf{rg ;~rfngdf sfdsf] cj:yf klxNofpg] k|0ffnL (Event Tracking System) sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .

$= /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

/0fgLlts of]hgf k|foM dxTjfsf+IfL b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xG5 . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f]

/0fgLlts of]hgf klg ckjfbdf 5}g . of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] bf];|f] jif{;Dd cfOk'Ubf klxrfg

ul/Psf (! j6f lqmofsnfkx¿dWo] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] qmddf xfn

%# j6f lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf / tLdWo] sltko lqmofsnfkx¿ ;DkGg klg

eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] #* j6f lqmofsnfkx¿ cem} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

-s_ /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf ;an kIfx¿

o; /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf ;an kIfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

(1) ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Jofks ;xeflutfdf th'{df ul/Psf] b:tfj]h M of] /0fgLlt of]hgf

th'{dfsf qmddf cfof]un] cfof]un] cffof]u / cGtu{t sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf cltl/Qm, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglw, k"j{ k|d'v÷lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ lgsfo / g]kfn ;/sf/sf dxTj"0f{ dGqfnosf

k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt / k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ clGtd¿k lbOPsf] lyof] .

(2) ljut\sf k|efjsf/L sfdsf] lg/Gt/tf M o; /0fgLlts of]hgfn] klxnf] /0fgLlts

118

of]hgfn] ;'¿jft u/]sf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd\ cfofdx¿ h:t} M h}ljs ljj/0fo'Qm -afof]d]l6«s_ dtbftf gfdbtf{ / kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL, dtbftf kl/rokq tof/L / ljt/0f, ;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtf ljsf;, lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb| (Electoral Education and Information Center: EEIC) sf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/, lgjf{rgdf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u h:tf ljifonfO{ o;n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .

(3) cGt/f{li6«o ljlwsf] cjnDag M of]hgf th'{dfsf] qmddf cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftfsf]

;xeflutfdf /0fgLlts of]hgfsf nflu pknAw cGt/f{li6«o ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog /

g]kfn;lxt cGo d'n'sx¿sf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] cg'ej;d]tsf] cfwf/df

:t/Lo ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .

(4) lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f M cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds ;an kIf, b'a{nkIf /

cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats:SWOT) sf] ljZn]if0f;lxt klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kfFrj6f /0fgLlts :tDedf

ljefhg u/L tL lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] u/L

k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} x/]s lqmofsnfksf] nflu cfof]usf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L,

cg'dflgt nfut, /sdsf] ;|f]t / ;f]nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ nfUg] ck]lIft ;do;d]t

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

(5) cfof]usf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;/sf/ Pjd\ ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u M cfof]usf]

s]Gb|b]lv lhNnftx;Dd ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . cfof]u / cGtu{t

sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]sjif{ s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] :jb]zL jf j}b]lzs tflnd,

cWoogdfkm{t\ bIftf Pjd\ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] cj;/ pknAw ePsf] / /0fgLlts

of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, ljsf;

;fem]bf/ lgsfo / ;/f]sf/jfnsf] ;fy / ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}tLx¿

/0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu dfly pNn]v ul/Padf]lhdsf ;an kIfx¿ ljBdfg

x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu r'gf}tLx¿ klg ;Fu;Fu} /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo]

k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

(1) dxTjfsf+IfL M /0fgLlts of]hgfsf s]xL k|fjwfg c;fWo} dxTjsf+IfL /x]sf 5g\ .

o;df ;dfj]z ePsf sltko lqmofsnfkx¿ xfd|f] nflu dfq geO{ l;+uf] blIf0f PlzofnL If]qdf g} k|efj kfg]{ vfnsf] 5 h:t}, SAIDES :yfkgf / ;~rfng, blIf0f PlzofnL If]qsf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfon] k|of]u ug{;Sg] u/L ;~rf/ dfWod cg'udg Dofg'cn, k|]; clkm; ;~rfng;DaGwL Dofg'cn cflb . To;}u/L s]xL lqmofsnfkx¿ of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd;Dd klg sfof{Gjog ug{ c;Dej k|foM x'g] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;a} lhNnfdf dtbftf lzIffsf] nflu dlxnf sd{rf/L

b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf, dtkqdf a|]n lnlk /fVg], dtbfgs]Gb|df ljB'tLo dfWodaf6

119

dtbftf klxrfg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; cflb .

(2) /fhgLlts bn tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xof]u Pjd\ k|ltj4tf M lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf] sfd cfof]u PSn}n] eGbf klg ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf / ;xof]uaf6 dfq} ;xh / ;kmn aGg ;Sb5 . cfof]usf] /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ lgjf{rgsf ljlw, k|0ffnL / k|lqmof;Fu hf]l8g] ePsfn] o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;fy, ;xof]u / k|ltj4tf clgjfo{ x'G5 .

(3) ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf M /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 7"nf] ef}lts tyf

ljQLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] h¿/t kb{5 . of]hhf th'{dfsf qmddf cfjZos ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg

ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;|f]t k|flKtsf] cfwf/ eg] :ki6 5}g . t;y{ sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf

;|f]t cefj kg{ ;Sb5 .

(4) ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; M klxnf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 cfof]usf]

;+:yfut Ifdtfdf a9f]Q/L t ePsf] 5 oBlk cem} klg o;df lglb{i6 sfo{qmdx¿nfO{

;kmn agfpg xfd|f] ljBdfg bIftf / Ifdtf ck'u x'g] b]lvG5 . o;}aLr gofF ;+ljwfg

hf/L ePkl5sf] kl/k|]Iodf cfof]usf] jt{dfg ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L

;+3Lo 9fFrfcg's"n agfO{ gofF ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfadf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd

agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

(5) sfo{If]qdf bf]xf]/f]kgf M o; /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;dflji6 sltko lqmofsnfkx¿sf]

sfof{Gjogdf PseGbf a9L dxfzfvf÷zfvfsf] ;+nUgtf b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ sfof{Gjogsf]

qmddf låljwf jf c;dembf/L k}bf ug{ ;Sb5 .

(6) /fhgLlts ;fdflhs jftfj/0f M o; /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df ubf{ / clxn]sf] kl/j]z

km]l/Psf] 5 . of]hgf th'{df ul//xFbf d'n's g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# af6

lgb]{lzt lyof] / cfof]u / o;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ klg To;}af6 lglb{i6 lyP . t/

ldlt @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]kl5 b]zsf] zf;sLo

:j¿k tyf cfof]usf] ;+ljwflgs e"ldsf Pjd\ lhDd]jf/Ldf klg kl/jt{g ePsf]n] o;df

ePsf sltko ljifox¿ c;fGble{s ePsf] / sltko lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ k'gn]{vg u/L

cfof]uaf6 cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

(7) P]g sfg'gdf ;'wf/ M gofF kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfof]usf sfdfsf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ lgjf{rg;Fu ;DalGwt gofF P]g, sfg'gx¿sf] d:of}bf u/L k]z ug'{kg]{ /

ljBdfg P]g, sfg'gdf ;d;fdlos k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfof]usf] tTk/tfsf ;fy} /fhgLlts bn / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u /

;dy{g /xg' h¿/L x'G5 .

%= lgisif{

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120

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k|efjsfl/tf NofpFb} cfof]unfO{ ljZjsf] pTs[i6 lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfosf] ¿kdf kl/lrt

u/fpg] Wo]osf ;fy bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!÷)&@–@)&%÷)&^ th'{df eO{

sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .

;/f]sf/jfnsf] Jofks ;xeflutf / cGt/f{li6«o lj1sf] ;xof]udf :t/Lo ljlwsf]

cjnDagdfkm{t\ tof/ kfl/Psf] o; /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf % j6f /0fgLlts

:tDe, !& j6f nIo / (! j6f lqmofsnfkx¿dWo] clwsf+z clxn] sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\

/ o;n] kl/nlIft u/]sf kfFrjif{sf] cjlwsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog

eO;s]kl5 cfof]un] rfx]sf] jfl~5t pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5 . of]hgf j}1flgs ljlw

/ k4ltsf] dfWodaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf], ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;'emfj / efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf],

of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ lgsfonufot ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;fy

/ ;dy{g /x]sf] sf/0f cfof]usf] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;sf/fTds

jftfj/0f /x] tfklg ablnFbf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f, ;+:yfut Ifdtf, ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgsf]

pknAwtf h:tf ljifox¿ o;sf k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

2. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

3. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] klxnf] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^%–@)&)

4. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!÷&@–@)&%÷&^

5. bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&!÷&@–@)&%÷&^ sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] Status Paper -d:of}bf_

6. lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt cw{jflif{s klqsf …lgjf{rgÚ sf ljleGg cª\sx¿

7. www.election.gov.np 8. www.businessdictionary.com/www.forbes.com/wikipedia.org

121

lgjf{rgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf

Clif/fd e';fn

!= ljifo k|j]z

dlxnfsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / l;h{gfnfO{ lgjf{rgsf lqmofsnfkdf pkof]u ug]{] sfo{ jf

k|lqmof g} lgjf{rgdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf xf] . lgjf{rg;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog

tx;Dd dlxnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ ckgTjaf]w u/fpg]b]lv k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt u/fpg];Ddsf

ultljlwx¿ o; sfo{df kb{5g\ . ;f/df o:tf] ;xeflutf lgjf{rg rqmsf x/]sr/0fdf

/xG5 .

k/Dk/fut¿kdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ljsf; lgdf{0fnufotsf lqmofsnfkdf

dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff ul/Fb}g lyof] . kl/jt{gsf] qmddf ljsf; lgdf{0fb]lv

;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfnfO{ klg cj;/ lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf]

ljsf; eof] . ;doqmddf dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf leGgtfsf ;Ldfx¿ /fVg' x'Fb}g eGg] ;f]rsf]

ljsf; eof] . dlxnf ljsf;sf dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf ljZjJofkL¿kdf ljleGg

;Dd]ngx¿ ;DkGg eP . ljZjJofkL¿kdf dlxnfpk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng

ug]{ dxf;lGw Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), !(&( df x:tfIf/ eof] . CEDAW sf] bkmf & n] dlxnfnfO{ /fhgLlts / ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{, dtbfg / r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{df

;dfg¿kdf ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkq, !($* dlxnflj?4sf ;a} e]befjsf] cGTo ug]{ cfwf/kqsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljZj:t/df klg w]/} kl5;Dd dlxnfnfO{ dtflwsf/ glbPsf], pDd]bjf/L x'gaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] / /fhgLlts¿kdf kl5 kfl/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . o'/f]k / cd]l/sf h:tf b]zdf klg ;g\ !(#) kl5 dfq dlxnfn] dtflwsf/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k/Dk/fut¿kdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsfdf g]kfnL dlxnfsf] :yfg

lgs} ;Lldt lyof] . lg0f{o ug]{, g]t[Tj ug]{, hgtfdfem hfg] h:tf ljifox¿ lj=;= @))& cufl8 Go"g dfqfdf lyof] cem} eGg'kbf{ 5Fb} lyPg eGbf klg x'G5 . lj=;= @))& ;fnsf]

kl/jt{gkZrft\ dlxnfx¿ /fhgLlts¿kdf s]xL ;lqmo ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] cEo'bokZrft\ g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] dtflwsf/ / pDd]bjf/ kfpg'kg]{ egL cfjfh

p7fpg yfn] . ljz]if u/L ;xfgf k|wfg;lxtsf dlxnfx¿ ;xefuL eP/ h'n'; k|bz{g u/] .

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

122

oL cfGbf]ng ;d]tsf] sf/0f lgjf{rgdf dt lbg] clwsf/ hgk|ltlglwTj P]g -@))* sflt{s !_ n] @! aif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/ ePsf / @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv g]kfn /fHoleq sDtLdf ;f7L lbg a;]sf g]kfnsf gful/s -/}tL_ :qL k'?ifnfO{ dt lbg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . oxL clwsf/sf] cfwf/df lj=;= @))( / @)!) ;fndf ePsf] nlntk'/, eQmk'/ / sf7df8f}+sf] gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgdf dlxnfn] klxnf]k6s dtflwsf/ k|fKt u/L pDd]bjf/L lbO{ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj;d]t u/]sf lyP . o; lgjf{rgaf6 klxnf] dlxnf hgk|ltlglw

;fwgfb]jL r'lgPsL lyOg\ . lj=;= @)!% ;fn kmfu'gdf ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgdf

åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL lgjf{lrt eP/ :jf:Yo tyf :jfoQ zf;g pkdGqL ePsf] kfOG5 . pgL

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] dlxnf dGqL;d]t lyOg\ .

lj=;= @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkZrft\ ljleGg If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf ;lqmo x'Fb} uof] .

ljz]if u/L lj=;= @)^@÷@)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft\ dlxnfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg

u/fpg ljleGg k|oTgx¿ ePsf 5g\ . lj=;= @)^# h]7df k|ltlglw;efn]] /fHosf ;a} cËdf

dlxnfsf] sDtLdf PsltxfO k|ltlglwTj;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf]

lyof] . oL / o:fkl5 ag]sf P]g, lgod;d]tn] dlxnfsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;xeflutfdf j[l4

ePsf] s'/f tnsf] tYofª\s;d]tn] b]vfpF5 .

lgjf{rgaf6

;+;bdf dlxnfsf]

k|ltlglwTj

@)$* @)%! @)%^ @)^$ @)&)^hgf

-#=$%_^hgf -#=$%_

!@ hgf-%=*^%_

!^! hgf -@*%_!&@ hgf -@

(=(! %_

;/sf/L ;]jfdf@)^$ ;Dd !) % eGbf sd

sl/a !^%

cGt/f{li6«o:t/df :jLsf/ ePsf dxf;lGwx¿df ;d]t g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L sfof{Gjogsf

nflu /fli6«o / cGt//f{li6«o k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ dlxnfpk/ x'g] e]befjhGo Jojxf/nfO{

x6fpFb} n}hfg] / ljsf;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] nflu

k|lta4tf JoQm ul//x]sf] 5 . lj=;= @)&@ c;f]h # ut] hf/L ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f !* df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] tyf

s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt gul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;fdflhs

jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5fl8Psf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ckf+utf

ePsf JolQm, uef{j:yfsf JolQmnufot gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu

sfg'gadf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g egL dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* df dlxnf xssf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;f]cg';f/ ;dfg j+zLo xs, ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL xssf ;fy} /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL x'g] xs k|bfg

u/L dlxnfsf] /fhgLlts xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;'/lIft u/]sf] 5 .

123

@= lgjf{rgdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf

dlxnfsf] Ifdtf / >dsf] pkof]u ug{, lgjf{rgsf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg,

lgjf{rgsf lqmofsnfkdf ;dfgtfsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{,

cfkm"n] rfx]sf] /fhgLlts bn jf pDd]bjf/nfO{ :jtGq / uf]Ko¿kdf dtbfg ug{, pDd]bjf/L lbg / ljhoL eO{ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ h:tf xssf] sfof{Gjog ug{,

/fhgLlts bnnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ / ;f]sf] vr{ x]g{, pDd]bjf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{,

lgjf{rg k|lqmof tyf csf{sf] gfdaf6 dtbfg ug{ vf]Hg] JolQm lj?4 ph'/L ug{,

zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf lgjf{rgsf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g .

#= dlxnf ;xeflutfsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ePsf] gLltut / cGo Joj:yfx¿

-s_ gLltut Joj:yfx¿

/0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^% M gLlt lgdf{0f txdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k lgjf{rg

Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ klg cg's"n agfOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, @)&) M cfof]un] of] gLlt @)&) ;fn >fj0f @! df :jLs[t

u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf d'Vo k|fjwfgx¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5g\ M

kl/nIo M lgjf{rgnfO{ :jR5, lgZkIf, ljZj;gLo / kf/bzL{ agfpgsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zL b[li6«sf]0faf6 Pp6f ;+j]bgzLn ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf;

ug]{ .

p2]Zox¿ M lgjf{rgsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿df n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{, lgjf{rg;DaGwL

;a} k|lqmofx¿df ;dfj]zL b[li6sf]0f ;dfj]z ug]{, lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn

tyf ;dfj]zL ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

pQm p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg gLlt tyf /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt sfof{Gogsf nflu n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zL ;dGjo ;ldlt, n}lËs tyf

;dfj]zL PsfO{ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . of] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]un] n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zL /0fgLlt, @)&) / Psjif]{ sfo{of]hgf, @)&@ nfO{ :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} n}lËs

;Dks{ laGb' (Focal Point) ;x;lrjnfO{ tf]lsPsf]] 5. lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿df ;Dks{ laGb'x¿sf] :yfkgf / n}lËs ;jfnx¿sf] l;w} ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;'¿jft ePsf]

5 . cfof]udf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug{ clws[t:t/sf] dlxnf ;Dk{s clwsf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .

bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)&!÷)&@–)&%÷)&^_ M lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf ;a} txdf n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLtf ;'lglZrt ug{] / o;sf nflu b]xfocg';f/ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

124

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/ u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf dlxnf tyf cNk;+Vosx¿sf] clwsf/ / :yfgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] .

lgjf{rg sfg'gdf ;'wf/ / Ifdtf ljsf;dfkm{t\ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf krf; k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg kxn ug]{ .

;a} txdf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ kfg{] k|of;dfkm{t\ cfof]unfO{ n}lËs¿kdf ;dfj]zL agfpg] .

n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zL PsfO{ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm tyf ah]6 Joj:yf

ug]{ . dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw]zL / cGo ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj a9fpg] . lgodgfTds afwf c8\rg km'sfO{ km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQmsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf

;xeflutf a9fpg] .

;a} lhNnfdf dlxnf ;d"xx¿ -cfdf ;d"x, j8f gful/s d~r, dlxnf ;xsf/L cflb_

nfO{ nlIft u/L dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] . k|f}9 dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf dtbftf lzIffsf]

ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug{] . cfof]usf] s'n ah]6sf] @)=% k|ltzt /sd n}lËs ;dfj]zL sfo{qmdsf] nflu 5'6\\ofpg] .

-v_ cGo Joj:yfx¿

dtbfgs]Gb| ;DaGwdf

dtbfgs]Gb|df sd{rf/L v6fpFbf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbO{ v6fOg] . pknAw

eP;Dd %) k|ltzt dlxnf sd{rf/L v6fpg] gLlt /x]sf] .

dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] gËdf d;L nufpg] k|of]hgfy{ :j+o;]js /fVbf

dlxnf :j+o;]js /fVg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf / k'?ifn] u/]sf] dtbfgsf] v08Ls[t tYofª\s tof/ ug{ clgjfo{¿kdf

tYofª\s kmf/d eg'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dtbfgs]Gb|df dlxnf dtbftfsf] nfOg Jojl:yt ug{ dlxnf :j+o;]jssf] Joj:yf

ldnfOPsf] 5 ;fy} dlxnfnfO{ dtbfgdf ;xhtfsf] nflu dlxnfsf] 5'6\6} nfOgsf]

Joj:yf ldnfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

dtbfgs]Gb|df pkl:yt ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, ;'Ts]/L, ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ dtbfg ug{

k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /x]sf] 5 . dtbfgdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] dlxnfsf] dfq} ;d"x agfO{ dtbfgs]Gb|df v6fpg]

h:tf Jofjxfl/s cEof; klg ePsf 5g\ .

dtbftf lzIff ;DaGwdf

lhNnf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / dtbftf lzIff lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdf dlxnf

ljsf; clws[t ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

125

dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js 5gf]6 ubf{ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo :j+o;]ljsf jf k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnosf dlxnf lzIfsdWo] sDtLdf P;Pn;L= pQL{0f ePsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .

k|To]s lhNnfdf tf]lsg] :jod\;]jsdf sDtLdf %) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf ;DaGwdf

lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/ ubf{ n}lËs tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmk|lt ;+j]bgzLn eP/

ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

pDd]bjf/L / cGo k|fjwfg ;DaGwdf

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lbOg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vofdf klxnf] x'g]

lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg';f/ lbOg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof hf]8]/ s'n ;+Vofdf Go"gtd PsltxfO -## k|ltzt_ dlxnf pDd]bjf/ x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{ aGb;"rL k]z ubf{ sDtLdf %) k|ltzt dlxnf

pDd]bjf/ x'g]u/L pDd]bjf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 .

o;/L lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng, dtbftf

lzIff, ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/, lgjf{rgdf dtbftfsf] clwsflws ;xeflutf tyf

hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmddf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t If]q tyf ju{sf]

clwstd ;xeflutfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .

cfof]u / cGtu{t dlxnfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf dlxnf dtbftf M ^!^^*@( -k'?if %(*)**!_

kl5Nnf] lgjf{rgaf6 ljhoL ePsf dlxnf M klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

/ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL b'j}af6 !&@ hgf cfof]udf ePsf] pkl:ylt M gLlt lgdf{0f txdf cfo'Qm @ hgfdWo] Pshgf dlxnf

-%) k|ltzt_,

If]qLo÷lhNnf lgjf{rg clwsf/L M &% dWo] ( hgf cfof]udf sfo{/t !^$ hgf sd{rf/LdWo] ljleGg kbdf #%= hgf cfof]u cGtu{t sfo{/t hDdf %^( sd{rf/LdWo] $! hgf

cfof]u / cGtu{t s'n hDdf &## sd{rf/LdWo] dlxnf sd{rf/L &^ hgf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L, cGt/lqmofnufotsf sfo{qmddf

dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt sl/a %) k|ltzts} xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] .

o;/L x]bf{ kl5Nnf lbgdf cfof]udfkm{t dlxnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;xeflutfsf nflu lgs}

/fd|f / ;/fxgLo sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ nf]stGqdf ;dflxt x'g, cfkm\gf]

126

dtflwsf/sf] ;lx k|of]u ug{ / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf cufl8 a9\g cfof]un] k|]l/t ul//x]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] k|oTg;d]taf6 ljutsf lgjf{rgsf kl/0ffddf ^ b]lv !@ hgf lgjf{lrt x'g] dlxnfsf] ;+VofTds nutdf j[l4 eO{ xfn !&@ hgf dlxnfx¿n] hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf] 5g\ . ToxL k|ltlglwTjdWo]af6 /fi6«klt, ;efd'v h:tf ul/dfdo kbdf dlxnfx¿ k'Ug ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

$= efjL ;Defjgfx¿

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@@ / @@# adf]lhd ufpF;ef / gu/;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg

ePkl5 ufpF;ef, gu/;efdf k|To]s j8faf6 sDtLdf b'O{hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]

Joj:yfn] xfn sfod #!%& uflj; / @!& gu/kflnsfsf j8faf6 dfq %*))) eGbf

a9L dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ljleGg txsf] g]t[Tjdf dlxnfx¿ k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/Lsf] dgf]gogkq k]z ubf{ /fhgLlts bnn]

ufpFsfo{kflnsf cWoIf, pkfWofIf, j8f cWoIf, gu/sfo{kflnsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v, j8f

cWoIf / lhNnf;ef k|d'v, pkk|d'vdWo] sDtLdf %) k|ltzt kbdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/

/xg]u/L dgf]gogkq k]z ug'{kg]{ u/L :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*

df ;+;f]wg;DaGwL ljw]os, @)&@ sf nflu cfof]un] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . oBlk, pQm

ljw]os ;+;baf6 :jLs[t x'g afFsL g} 5 .

;+ljwfgn] /fHosf ljleGg cËx¿df dlxnfsf] bl/nf] pkl:yltsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5

/ pQm k|fjwfgdWo] lgjf{rg cfof]un] x/]s lgjf{rgdf dlxnfsf] pDd]bjf/L / ljhoL

k|ltzt a9fpg /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ul//x]sf] 5 .

o;n] ubf{ klg efjL lbgdf lgjf{rgsf lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt a9\g]

cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

;+3Lotfdf ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ / ljleGg txsf ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] /fd|f] pkl:ylt

x'g] ;Defjgf phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .

%= ;d:ofx¿

k/Dk/fut d"NodfGotf / ;+:s[lt -3/wGbfdf Jo:t /xg'kg]{ jfWotfsf] sf/0f dlxnf

dtbftfsf] ;+Vof w]/} eP klg dtbfgdf Go"g ;xeflutf /xg'_ n] 3/ aflx/sf

lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfsf] sd pkl:yt /xg',

/fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] bl/nf] pkl:ylt x'g g;Sg', dlxnfsf] ;+:sf/, wf/0ff, afgL / Jojxf/n] klg lgjf{rgdf pgLx¿sf] kof{Kt kx'Fr

x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt,

r]tgfsf] sdL, pDd]bjf/L / lgjf{rgsf sfo{qmddf nfUbf kof{Kt cfly{s x}l;ot x'g g;Sg' ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] sdL -eod'Qm jftfj/0fsf] cefj_,

127

/fhgLlts bfu -lgjf{rgsf sfo{qmddf lxF8\bf klg kmnfgf] bnsf] sfo{stf{ xf] egL s'/f sf6g] k|j[lt_,

sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' -## k|ltzt dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg eP klg klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ;d]t @(=(! k|ltzt dfq dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt /xg',

dlxnfnfO{ nlIft u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g g;Sg',

kof{Kt ah]6sf] cefj, ;fdflhs aGwgaf6 dlxnfx¿ d'Qm x'g g;Sg',

dlxnfsf] ljifodf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;dfg wf/0ff gx'g' .

^= ;'wf/sf pkfox¿

lgjf{rgsf x/]s lqmofsnfknfO{ n}lËs d"n k|jfxLs/0fcg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{,

sfg'g, lgod / lgb]{lzsfdf;d]t n}lËs b[li6«sf]]0fcg'¿k kl/dfh{g ug]{,

sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf cfof]u ;lqmo /xg'kg]{{,

k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltsf] hfnf]af6 dlxnfnfO{ d'lQm u/fO{ lgjf{rgdf ;lqmo /xg dtbftf

lzIff, dlxnfsf] nflu cfdkx'Frsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,

dlxnfnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ -cGt/lqmof, uf]i7L cflb_,

Jofjxf/df dlxnf nlIft sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg],

dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,

dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g / pDd]bjf/L lbg k|f]K;flxt ug]{,

dtbfgsf] ;dodf dlxnf, :j+o;]js / ;'/IffsdL{sf] k|of{Kt k|aGw ldnfpg],

/fhgLlts bnsf lqmofsnfkdf ;dfj]zLtfsf af/]df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,

dlxnfd}qL sfo{:yn / sfo{jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;r]t /xg],

cf/If0faf6 dfq ;'ljwf lng'sf] ;6\6f dlxnf :jod\ ;Ifd, k|lt:kwf{ x'g clek|]l/t eO{ nfUg' .

&= lgisif{

k/Dk/fut¿kdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLltsnufotsf If]qx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] jf:tf lyPg . ;dosf] ablnFbf] qmddf dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf leGgtfsf ;Ldfx¿ /fVg'

x'Fb}g egL ljleGg dlxnf cfGbf]ng / ;Dd]ngx¿ ljZjJofkL¿kdf x'Fb} cfP . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg cfGbf]ngx¿ eP . ljZjJofkL¿kdf :jLsf/

ul/Psf ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ u¥of] . kl/0ffdtM /fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df

128

dlxnfsf] km/flsnf] pkl:yltnfO{ ;xh agfOlbof] . o;} qmddf lgjf{rg cfof]un] klg gLlt, sfo{qmd / Jojxf/af6 dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL u/fpg cgj/t k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rgdfkm{t dlxnfx¿sf] JolStTj ljsf; u/L pgLx¿sf] l:ylt ;'wfg{ / dlxnfsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf;df lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] k|of; sf]z]9'+ufsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf ljljw lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltdf j[l4 ug{ / pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cfof]u, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / :jod\ dlxnfx¿sf] ;lqmotfsf] lg/Gt/ vfFrf] b]lvG5 . o; sfo{df

k'?ifsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u klg plQs} ckl/xfo{ 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

2. g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f, efu–! u[idaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f -k]h !@@_

3. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf @)&!–@)&^

4. n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, @)&)5. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)&)

6. g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rg bk{0f, nf]sbz{g kl08t

7. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)^$ lgjf{rg kl/0ffd k'l:tsf

8. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&), klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] tyf ;dfg'kflts

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{sf] kl/0ffd k'l:tsf, @)&)9. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] j]j;fO6 / cfof]uaf6 k|sfzg ePsf ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿ .

129

lgjf{rgsf] s;Ldf ;d[4 g]kfn

x]d/fh cof{n

!= ljifo k|j]z

nf]stGqnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf dfGg] d'n'sx¿n] cfjlws / txut lgjf{rgnfO{ ckl/xfo{ k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf x'G5g\ . ljsf;sf ljljw cfodx¿dWo] hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; k|lqmofsf] k|d'v c:q lgjf{rgnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf lgjf{rgsf k|lqmofdf x'g] hg;xeflutfdf b]lvg] ;dfj]zLs/0f cGo ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿sf] t'ngfdf cToflws /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;r]tgf:t/nfO{ ljsf;sf] k|yd kb dfGg] xf] eg] /fhgLlts r]tgf:t/df xfdL kSs} klg k5fl8 5}gf}F . :jR5, :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgnfO{ olb ;d[l4sf] ;]t' dfGg] xf] eg] ljutdf ;DkGg ePsf cGo lgjf{rgx¿sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgx¿nfO{ ljZjn] dfgssf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . sd{rf/Ldf Jofj;flostf / k|ljlwd}qL Joj:yfn] ljsf;sf] k|ltljDj ljlDjt ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf ;fob} c? ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿ xf]nfg\, g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo h:tf] . o;sf cltl/Qm ;|f]t;fwfgsf] pknAwtf, sfo{jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿, cg'ej k|fKt hgzlQm cflbsf] klg plQs} pknAwtf g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo;Fu /x]sf] 5 . oBlk lgjf{rg cfof]u sd{rf/Lx¿dfem sd cfsif{s dflgO{ l/6]G;gsf] ;d:of, cj;/x¿df ;dfg afF8kmfF8sf] cefj, ;|f]t;fwgdf s]Gb|Los/0f, ;Lldt ah]6, c:ki6 sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{ afF8kmfF8df tfbfTDotf sfod x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ Pjd\ ;+3Lo :j¿kcg';f/ k'g;+{/rgf ug'{kg]{ h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .

nfdf] ;dosf ljljw ;ª\3if{kZrft\ d'n'sdf gofF / ;+ljwfg;efåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg

sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 . gofF /fHo;+/rgfdf gofF sfo{lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 Pjd\ gofF kl/j]zsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg sfg'gx¿sf]

klg sfg'g ePs} sf/0fn] ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ klg ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g} sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 ug]{ clenfiff

;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf Joj:yfcg';f/ dflyNnf] txdf /fi6«kltb]lv ;a}eGbf tNnf] txdf ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f ;b:o;Ddsf ljljw

k|sf/sf lgjf{rgx¿sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5, h'g nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f

g} xf] . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhdsf lgjf{rgx¿ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;s]df :yfgLob]lv ;+3Lo tx;Dd nf]stGqsf] cEof; x'g kfpFb5, h;sf dfWodaf6 ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 .

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

130

;d[l4sf s]xL ;"rsx¿df cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;, dfgj ljsf;, lbuf] ef}lts ;+/rgf, lbuf] ljsf;, ;an cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, ;'zf;g, k|efjsf/L / e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g, ;dGjofTds sfo{k|0ffnL, ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;"rsx¿sf] kl/k"0f{tfsf nflu cfjlws / ;+ljwfgk|bQ lgjf{rgsf] ljlzi6 ckl/xfo{tf :d/0fLo 5 .

lgjf{rg cfkm}df k|ltlglw rogsf] lg0f{o dfq geO{ Jofks hg;xeflutf, /fhgLlts

clwsf/sf] pkof]u, ;r]tgfsf] clej[l4, nf]stGqsf] cEof;, cfly{s ;dflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf]

cfwf/, /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/, cfly{s s'6gLlt, ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf / /fi6« ljsf;sf]

;an dfu{bz{g;d]t xf] . lgjf{rg ;dli6df ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfn] cfkm"df lglxt

/x]sf] clwsf/sf] ;xL pkof]u u/L cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t\ zf;g ;~rfngsf] d"nwf/df

;dflxt x'g] d'Vo dfWod xf] .

lgjf{rg /fHosf] k|d'v t/ cf]em]ndf k/]sf] lqmofsnfk cGtu{t kb{5 . hgk|ltlglwd"ns

x'g'kg]{ lgsfox¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd l/Qm /xFbf lgoldt ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿ ;f}xfb{k"j{s

;~rfng x'g g;sL lkml8l;o/L l/:ssf] ;Defjgf klg TolQs} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf

kl5Nnf]k6s lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkZrft\ @)%^ ;fndf

k|ltlglw;ef, @)^$ / @)&) ;fndf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . lj=;+=

@)%* ;fnaf6 l/Qm /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ xfn;Dd klg sfdrnfp 9ª\uaf6 lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf 5fl8Psf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf :yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu lgoldttf k|bfg

ug]{eGbf gjLgtf yk ug]{ ;f]r ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5}g .

lj=;+=@)%% ;fndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] k|f/De

ePsf] tLgjif{ klg sfof{Gjog x'g gkfpFb} hgk|ltlglwd"ns zf;g Joj:yfdf ljljw

sf/0fx¿n] cj/f]w x'g k'Uof], h;n] ubf{ cfdhgtfn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cEof;sf] dx;';

ug{ kfPgg\ . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] leGgleGg ljlzi6tfo'Qm of]ubfg

cfjZos kb{5 . /fhgLlts lg0f{o k|zf;gaf6 x'Fbf / k|zf;lgs lg0f{o tyf ;f]sf]

sfof{Gjog /fhgLltaf6 x'Fbf sfo{;Dkfbgdf c:ki6tf, j}dgZotf, hl6ntf / ;d:of

pTkGg x'g hfG5 . o;y{ ;+j}wflgs¿kdf Joj:yf ePsf] /fhgLlts kbsf] k"lt{ :jR5,

:jtGq / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 ;dod} x'g' h?/L 5, h;af6 d'n'sn] cfly{s

ljsf;sf] gjo'udf k|f/De u/]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb5 .

@= ;d[l4 eg]sf] s] xf] <

s'g} klg /fi6«n] ljsf;sf] clGtd nIo k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d[l4 eGg ;lsG5 . ljsf;sf ljleGg cjojx¿dWo] ;d[l4n] k|d'vtM cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ Olª\ut u/]sf] kfOG5 .

t/, ljsf;sf gjLg cjwf/0ffx¿n] ;d[l4nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, /fhgLlts,

131

s'6gLlts h:tf w]/} ljifox¿sf] ;kmn k|flKtnfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;du|df, ;d[l4nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd lrqdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

lrq M ;d[l4sf tTjx¿

#= d'n'ssf] ;d[l4sf nflu lgjf{rgsf] e"ldsf (Role of Elections for prosperity of Nation)

d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, s'6gLlts, /fhgLltsnufotsf If]qx¿df ;dfg'kflts¿kdf ljsf; x'g] k|lqmofsf] ;dli6ut¿knfO{ g} ;d[l4 eGg] a'lemG5 . lgjf{rgn] /fhgLlts ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg k|d'v of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . ;du|df d'n'ssf] ;d[l4sf nflu lgjf{rgn] v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ :yfgLo:t/df nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] nflu d}bfg (Democracy platform in Local Level)

;+3Lo txsf] lgjf{rgn] ;/sf/ agfpg, ljsf;sf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ Pjd\ ljsf; ug{sf nflu hgdtsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ j}wflgstf /fhgLlts bn tyf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 eg] :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgn] /fHon] lgdf{0f u/]sf gLltsf cfwf/df sfo{;~rfng:t/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ Pjd\ :yfgLo:t/df hgk|ltlglwx¿n] pQ/bfoL / 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub{5 . /fhgLlts k|lqmof tyf nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] ;+:yfut ug'{ ;d[l4sf] Ps k"jf{wf/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo:t/df nf]stGqsf] cEof;fy{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf nflu v'nf d}bfgsf] k|fjwfg lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 g} x'G5 .

132

-v_ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] cEof; (Financial and Cultural Transformation)

cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Ps lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 /fhgLlts r]tgf:t/df clej[l4 ub}{ ;dfhsf ljs[lt, lj>[ª\vntfx¿nfO{ cGTo ug{ Pjd\ cfly{s ultljlwx¿df ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof ;xh¿kdf b]Vg ;Sg] gx'g klg ;S5, of] t nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fnkZrft\ kl/0ffd jf k|ltkmn:j¿k b]vf kb{5 .

-u_ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWod (Means of Inclusion)

lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf x/]sr/0fdf ;dfj]zLs/0fn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg kfPsf] x'G5 . dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfdbtf{ ug]{ sfo{b]lv dtbfgsf] lbgdf dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;do;Dd x'g] ;a} lqmofsnfkdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;fdfGo l;2fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L k|ToIf b]lvg] ;dfj]zLs/0f lgjf{rgdf dfq} ;Dej b]lvG5 . ljutsf lgjf{rgx¿nfO{ x]bf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf dlxnf tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cfwf/df qmdzM ;'wf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf cfwf/df ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;a} ju{, If]q, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, efiff cflbsf] klxrfg ;'lglZrt u/]/ .

lgjf{rg lzIff tyf dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]/ .

klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{'kg]{ If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ pDd]bjf/ x'g k|f]T;flxt u/]/ .

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf aGb;"rL Pjd\ ljhoL ;L6 jfF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cfwf/;DaGwL clgjfo{ zt{x¿ /fv]/ .

;dfj]zLs/0f dfq} geO{ ;anLs/0fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbP/ .

-3_ ljjfb ;dfwfg tyf zflGt :yfkgfdf ;xof]u (Assist to Confl ict Management and Establishment of Peace)

/fHo ;~rfngdf ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfh tyf ju{nfO{ /fHon] ;dfg¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jf /fhgLlts gjpbosf] sf/0fn] klg ljleGg k|sf/sf ljjfbx¿ pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ . ljjfbn] pu|tf / /fhgLlts l;2fGtn] h8tf k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgoldt¿kdf x'g] zflGt tyf ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿df cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g ;S5, h;af6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, s'6gLlts, Jofj;flos, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df tLa| cj/f]w x'g hfG5 . ;du|df, ;d[l4sf] af6f] g} cj?4 x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L /fHonfO{ ;xL dfu{bz{g / ult k|bfg ug{sf] nflu lgjf{rgsf] ckl/xfo{tf x'G5 . ljutsf] cg'ejnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ nfdf] ;do;Dd b]zdf ePsf] o'4, czflGt / j}dgZotfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)^$ / @)&) n] ubf{ ;dfwfgsf] dfu{k|z:t u¥of] . d'n'sn] gofF / nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg klg k|fKt u¥of] / zflGt, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf lqmofsnfkx¿ qmdzM

133

cufl8 a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ .

-ª_ ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog (Implementation of Constitution)

lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ljleGg If]q, ju{, ;d'bfo, /fhgLlts bn tyf ;+u7gx¿sf] dfu ;Daf]wgsf] y'k|f] dfq} geO{ /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] dfu{bz{s b:tfj]h xf] . o;sf] kfngf ug'{ x/]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'G5 . ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf w]/} Joj:yfx¿dWo] :yfgLo txb]lv ;+3Lo tx;Ddsf ljleGg lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{ /fHosf] k|fyldstf qmddf klxnf] x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;y{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNgf u/]sf] ;+3Lotfsf] k|d'v sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmof lgjf{rg g} xf] .

-r_ cfly{s s'6gLltsf] ljsf; -Development of Economic Diplomacy)

s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf nflu To;sf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿df ;3gtf / cfTdlge{/tfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . cfly{s kIf cfkm}df ultzLn kIf xf], o;nfO{ ljleGg jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿n] ;Lldt ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . oBlk jftfj/0fLo kIfcg's"n /fHosf] cfly{s gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf s'6gLltsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] ;Defjgf :ki6 b]lvG5 . lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 pko'Qm hgk|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 ul/G5 / cfjlws lgjf{rgn] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] cGTo u5{ . g]t[Tjdf gofF Ifdtf ePsf / ;Defjgfo'Qm, s'6gLlts Ifdtfo'Qm h'emf? JolQmsf] cfudg x'G5, h;n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s s'6gLltsf] ljsf;df ;s/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

-5_ ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / kf/:kfl/s lxt (Coordination, Cooperation, and Mutual benefi t)

cfjlws lgjf{rgn] /fHosf c+ux¿aLr ulx/f] ;dGjo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u;Fu ;xsfo{ Pjd\ ;xof]u tyf cfk;L lxt clej[l4 ug]{ ;Gbe{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos Pjd\ ;xsf/L h:tf If]qx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;xof]usf] ;Defjgf cGo ;/sf/sf] t'ngfdf cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] ;/sf/sf] a9L x'G5 . o;y{, ;+ljwfgdf tf]lsPsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lgoldt¿kdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L /fHosf lgsfox¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf kf/:kfl/s lxt clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

-h_ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt (Ensure Good Governance)

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;xh, ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'Fbf ;]jfu|xLdf ;Gt'i6L k|fKt x'g ;S5 . k|zf;gnfO{ Jofj;flos / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu kf/blz{tf, ljZj;gLotf, hjfkmb]lxtf, e|i6frf/ z"Gotf Pjd\ 5l/tf]kgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;a} lgjf{rgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;'zf;go'Qm agfpF5g\ g} eGg] 5}g . t/, ;'zf;gsf] k|f/De :jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg g} xf] . lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 ;xL k|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 eO{ pko'Qm gLlt lgdf{0f x'G5

134

/ pko'Qm gLltsf] sfof{Gjog pko'Qmtj/af6 ePdf ;'zf;gnfO{ 6f9f vf]lh/xg' kb}{g .

-em_ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/ntf, ;xhtf / hgs]lGb|t k|0ffnL (Simple, Accessible and people Centric Service Delivery)

sfo{;Dkfbg / ;]jfk|jfxdf txut ljljwLs/0f x'Fbf /fHosf s'g txn] s] sfd ug]{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|f¿knfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ xfd|f] ;+3Lotfdf :yfgLo txsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ;]jf k|jfx /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]cg'¿ksf lgjf{rgx¿ ;dod} ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+3Lo txdf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ / k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ;f]xL gLlt cg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ to u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ ljZj;gLo / hjfkmb]xL tl/sfaf6 x'G5 . gful/sn] /fHoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf /fHosf lgsfox¿af6 lagf s'g} em~em6 k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwn] cfkm\gf] ;fvnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg klg hgtfnfO{ g} s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ ub{5g\ .

-`_ hgefjgfcg'¿ksf] ;/sf/ (Government by the Peoples' Choice)

;/sf/ lgjf{rgsf] kof{jfrL zAb h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . lgjf{rgkZrft\ ljhoL /fhgLlts bnn] ;/sf/sf] u7g ub{5 . ;/sf/n] /fHosf] gLltcg'¿k lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L cfkm\gf ;+oGq tyf ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L /fHosf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{df k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . lgjf{rgnfO{ jf:tljs nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe dfGg] xf] eg] lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 u7g ePsf] ;/sf/n] hgtfsf efjgfsf] ;xL ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

$= lgisif{

lgjf{rg cfkm}df /fi6« ;d[l4sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf jf cj:yf b'j} xf]Og . oBlk, d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu lgjf{rgn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . lgjf{rgsf

dfWodaf6 g} d'n'sdf ;d[l4sf] pb\3f]if ug{ ;lsG5 . cfly{s ljsf;, ;dfj]zLs/0f,

cGt/lgsfo ;DaGw tyf ;dGjo, ;'zf;g tyf e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g, hgk|ltlglwd"ns

Joj:yf, ultzLn Pjd\ l;h{gzLn k|zf;g, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df cfwfl/t k|zf;g, ;xh

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, Jofj;flos lxtsf] k|a4{g hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/ cflb ;d[l4sf s]xL

cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . h'g cfwf/x¿ cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 ;Dej 5g\ . /fHosf ;a}

hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfox¿df /x]sf] l/QmtfnfO{ tTsfn lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 k"lt{ u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ePsf] cj/f]wnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ / cfdhgtfdf ;d[l4sf] dx;'; x'g] cj:yfsf]

l;h{gf ug{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf lgjf{rgx¿ ;dod} ;DkGg ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 .

135

gful/s lzIff, o;sf cfofd / If]qx¿

6f]n/fh pkfWofo

!= gful/s

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] afl;Gbf h;;Fu /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL xs, clwsf/ k|fKt 5, pm

ToxfFsf] gful/s xf] . gful/sx¿sf] ;Ël7t x'g] rfxgf / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df g} /fHosf]

lgdf{0f x'G5 . gful/sx¿sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/ / cGo gful/s ;+oGqx¿ lgdf{0f

x'g] ub{5g\ . gful/ssf ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts clwsf/;Fu} /fHo / ;dfhk|ltsf]

bfloTjx¿ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ .

@= lzIff

lzIff JolQmdf 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / rl/q lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . ;dfhdf /xgsf nflu vf; zLn, :jefj / ;Lk cfjZos x'G5, h;sf cfwf/df dflg; ;fdflhs cfrf/ tyf Joxf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5 . lzIff, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cgGt k|lqmof xf] . lzIffn] g} ;DefjgfnfO{ ;fdflhs cfbz{ k|flKtsf nflu cfwf/ v8f ub{5 . s'g} JolQm lzlIft eP5 eGg'sf] dtna p;n] hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / Jofjxfl/s ;Lk xfl;n u/]5 eGg] a'lemG5 . lzIffn] ;+/If0ffTds, l;h{gfTds, k|ultzLn / t6:y sfo{dfkm{t ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;Dej agfpF5 . o;y{ lzIffn] ;fdflhs, d"No, ;dfgtf, efOrf/f, cfTd;DdfgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ ;Lksf] sfd ub{5, h'g gful/s e"ldsf lgjf{xsf vf; of]Uotfsf ¿kdf lrlqt ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= gful/s lzIff

JolQmnfO{ gful/ssf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ clwsf/ / st{Josf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs jf /fhgLlts dt jf ljsNksf] lgdf{0f ug{;Sg], tL ljsNksf] d"Nofª\sg

ug{;Sg], tL ljsNkaf/] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o nfu" u/fpg;Sg] / cfkm\gf] st{Joaf]w ug{;Sg]

cj:yf l;h{gfsf nflu ;r]tgf / ax; ug'{ gful/s lzIff xf] . gful/s lzIffn] ;xeflutf, ;dfgtf, ;dembf/L ljsf;af6 gful/s / /fHoaLrsf] cGt/lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5 . Pd= P;= a|fG;g gful/s lzIffnfO{ :jzf;gsf] lzIff eGb5g\ . gful/s lzIffn] JolQmnfO{

;zlQms/0f u/L cfkm\gf ljifodf lgSof]{ndf k'Ug ;Ifd agfpF5 . gful/s lzIff gful/ssf] :jod\ Joj:yfkg, :jod\ lg0f{o / :jod\ lgoGq0fsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f k|lqmof xf] . ctM

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

136

gful/s lzIffn] zf;gdf gful/s ;xeflutf / lgoGq0f ug]{, /fHok|ltsf] gful/s st{Jo / bfloTjsf ljljw cfofdx¿af/] ;';"lrt u/fpg], zfGt / ;d'Ggt ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] k|a4{g ug]{, ;Ifd gful/ssf] tof/L / ljsf; ug]{, ;Ifd / :yfloTjo'Qm b]z lgdf{0f ug]{, /fhgLlts¿kdf ;xeflutf, cfly{s¿kdf cj;/sf] vf]hL, ;fdflhs¿kdf eft[Tj / ckgTj lj:tf/, dfgjLo¿kdf g}lts d"NodfGotf k|a4{g, JolQm / ;dfhsf] aLrdf ;Ldf / ;Defjgfx¿sf] af]w u/fpg] tyf 1fg / ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; u/fpg] lzIff g} ;du|df

gful/s lzIff xf] .

;fdflhs ck]Iffcg'¿k nf]stGqnfO{ ;';+:s[t / sfo{d"ns agfpg, nf]stGqnfO{ Jofjxfl/

s¿kdf hghLjg;Dd k'¥ofpg tyf ;';"lrt / lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] ljsf; ug{ gful/s

lzIffsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . gful/s lzIffsf] cjojsf ¿kdf dtbftf lzIff, lgjf{rg

lzIff, /fhgLlts ;fIf/tf, clwsf/ / st{Jo;DaGwL lzIff, dfgjclwsf/, zflGt, ljsf;,

k|hftflGqs k4ltsf af/]df lbOg] lzIff, gful/s 1fg, ;Lk / rl/q lgdf{0fsf lzIffx¿

kb{5g\ .

$= gful/s lzIffsf cfofdx¿

o;}u/L gful/s lzIffnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr cfofdx¿df afF8]/ klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;f+:s[lts

cfofd h; cGtu{t efiff, ;flxTo, snf, k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf] ;+/If0f / pTyfgsf ljifox¿sf

af/]df hfgsf/L lbOG5 . g}lts cfofd h;df ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf, Gofo, dfgjclwsf/,

ljZjaGw'Tj, c?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ / ;Ddfg ug]{ ljifo l;sfOG5 . ljsf;;DaGwL

cfofd cGtu{t lbuf] ljsf;, cfly{s kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf tyf cNk;+Vossf] enfOsf

ljifox¿af/]df hfgsf/L lbOG5 . ;fdflhs cfofd cGtu{t ;lxi0f'tf, dfgjLotf, Pstf,

;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljifox¿af/]df yfxf lbOG5 . /fhgLlts cfofd cGtu{t ;'zf;g,

ljlwsf] zf;g, :j:Yo /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ tyf ;dtfd"ns ;xeflutfsf lzIffsf ljifox¿

kb{5g\ . o;/L g} gful/s lzIffn] j}olQms gful/ssf ¿kdf Ifdtf ljsf; / ;fdflhs

bfloTj, ;b\efj, ;dembf/L / ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu ;r]tgf clej[l4 ub{5 . ;du|df

gful/s lzIffn] 1fg / ;dembf/L, ;Lk / b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; u/L lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{

k|f]T;fxg ub}{ c;n gful/ssf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 .

ax'nafbL ;dfhdf gful/s lzIffn] cem a9L dxTj / cy{ /fVb5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf

gful/s lzIffsf] vf;u/L ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb k|j4{g ug{, ax'ljrf/, cfb/efj / ljZjf; ljsf; u/fpg, ;femf d"No / l;4fGt lgdf{0f u/L To;k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf km/flsnf] kfg{ tyf ;fdflhs Pstf / ;fd"lxs klxrfg ;'lglZrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

/fli6«o efjgfnfO{ ;an kfg{, ax'n ;+:s[lt km:6fPsf] ;dfhdf ;d 'bfosf ;b:ox¿ Pscsf{sf b[li6sf]0fk|lt cfb/ / k|z+;fefj bzf{pg, l/ltl/jfh / k/Dk/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg, ;fdflhs ;b\efj ;+:yfut u/L cGttM /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;anLs/0fsf]

137

k|lqmofnfO{ dha't kfg{ klg gful/s lzIffsf] plQs} dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . k/Dk/fut ;dfhsf ?9LjfbL ljrf/ / d "NodfGotfx¿ h:t} 3[0ff, k"jf{u|x, e]befj, /Ëe]b, c;lxi0f 'tf, l/; / j}/efjsf] ;+:s[lt cflb h:tf unt k|j[lQ h;n] ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;EotfnfO{ pkxf; ul//x]sf x'G5g\, oL / o:tf k|j[lQx¿ x6fpg] cr's pkfosf] ¿kdf ;d]t gful/s lzIffnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .

c;n gful/sdf vf;u/L ;xof]uL efjgf, ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;+nUg / k|lta4, OdfGbf/,

b]zk|]daf6 cf]tk|f]t ePsf], ;lxi0f', Pstf sfod ug{;Sg], k|hftflGqs, ljsf; / k|s[ltk|]dL

tyf x/]s laifodf ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] cflb u'0fx¿

x'g'kb{5 .

%= gful/s lzIffsf If]qx¿

ljåfgx¿ gful/s lzIff oL kfFr If]qdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 eGb5g\ M

-s_ c;n gful/s (Good Citizen) M c;n dflg; x'g' eg]sf] c;n Jojxf/n] o'Qm x'g' xf] . ?;f]n]] JolQmnfO{ What best for me af6 What best for all df k'¥ofpg gful/s lzIffsf] p2]Zo xf] eg]sf 5g\ . gful/s lzIff ;w} c;n gful/s agfpg s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .

-v_ c;n k|hftGqjfbL (Good Democrat) M dtbfg / cledt lgdf{0f ug'{ gful/s hLjgsf k|fylds lqmofsnfk x'g\ . c;n k|hftGqjfbL x'g ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ljrf/,

rl/q / pknlJwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf cfjZos x'G5 . gful/s lzIff To;tkm{

lgb]{lzt x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

-u_ c;n JolQm (Good Person) M c;n JolQm aGgsf nflu JolQmut cfr/0f / Jojxf/ klg c;n x'g'kb{5 . ctM gful/s lzIffn] g}lts lzIffnfO{ ;d]t hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .

-3_ /fhgLlts sfo{sf ¿kdf gful/s lzIff (Civic education as a political action) M /fhgLlts sfo{ dtbfg jf o:t} cf}krfl/s lqmofsnfkeGbf a[xt s'/f xf] . /fhgLlts sfo{ ;xeflutf, ;dembf/L, ;xsfo{, ;lqmotf, /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f;Fu

;DalGwt /xG5 . o;sf nflu l;h{gfTds cfnf]rgfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ctM gful/s lzIffdf /fhgLlts lzIffdf ;d]t Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L x'G5 .

-ª_ jf}lZjs lzIff (Cosmopolitan Education) M ljZjJofkLs/0fn] k/Dk/fut ;dfh ax'njfbL / ax';f+:s[lts aGb} uPsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;LdfeGbf k/ ljZj gful/s (Global Citizens) sf] efjgf ljsf; e}/x]sf]n] gful/s bfloTj;d]t a9]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o txdf eft[Tj /

;dembf/L ljsf;sf] nflu;d]t gful/s lzIff k'Ug' h?/L 5 .

gful/s lzIffn] c;n gful/s, c;n k|hftGqjfbL / c;n JolQm agfpg] ;jf{ËL0f k|of;

ub{5 . nf]stGqdf /fhgLlts¿kdf s;}n] lhTg] jf xfg]{eGbf klg zlQm, ;|f]t, e"ldsf

138

/ pQ/bfloTjsf] ;Ldf ;Defjgf ljrf/ u/L Ps}k6s ;a}n] lhTg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . gful/s lzIff ;Defjgfsf] oxL v]nsf] oyfy{jf]w xf] . lsgls gful/s lzIffsf] ;f/ g} JolQm / ;dfhaLr ;Ldf / ;Defjgfaf/] af]w u/fpg' xf] .

g]kfndf gful/s lzIffsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿tkm{ b[li6ut ubf{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] /fHosf dfu{bz{s l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿n] gful/s lzIffsf If]qdf ;d]t dfu{bz{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L gful/s st{Josf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;j{k|yd ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 pNn]v u/L

o;k|lt yk ;hu;d]t agfPsf] 5 . df}lns xsx¿, dfgj clwsf/, nf]ssNof0fsf/L

/fHosf] cjwf/0ff / ;fdflhs GofonfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . ljBfno kf7\oqmddfkm{t

ljleGg k|of; ePsf 5g\, cgf}krf/Ls k|f}9 lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\,

ljlwsf] zf;g k4ltsf] kfngf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu sfg'gL, ;+:yfut,

/ Jofjxfl/s k|of;x¿ hf/L 5g\ . o;afx]s klg ljleGg u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fd'bflos

;+:yfx¿dfkm{t ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

^= gful/s lzIffn] k|a4{g ug]{ ljifox¿

k|hftflGqs ;+/rgf, ltgsf sfd, lgjf{rgsf] ;do / ljj]ssf] k|of]u, /fhgLlts

k|0ffnL / zlQm tyf clwsf/ ;+oGqx¿ cflbsf af/]df 1fg k|bfg ub{5 .

/fhgLlts ;xeflutfnfO{ an k'¥ofpF5 .

k|hftflGqs d"Nosf] ;Da4{g / /fhgLlts ;r]tgfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .

/fHo ;+oGqk|ltsf] ljZjf; a9fO{ n}lª\us lzIff / cGo ;Da4 d'4fnfO{ phfu/ ug{

;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]N5 .

o'jfx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ub}{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs kf/blz{tf k|j4{g u/L hjfkmb]xL

;+:sf/sf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .

&= gful/s lzIffsf If]qdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿

ljleGg k|of;x¿ /xFbf/xFb} klg g]kfndf cem} gful/s lzIff k|efjsf/L x'g g;ls/x]sf] tyf gful/s r]tgf Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]sf] sf/0fdf Jofjxfl/s lzIff x'g g;Sg', gful/s lzIffsf ljifox¿n] kf7\oqmddf sd dxTj kfpg', b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfpg', ul/aL, c;dfgtf, k5f}6]kg, e|i6frf/ df}nfpg', gful/s ;dfh t6:y x'g g;Sg', ;sf/fTds gful/s dgf]j[lQ ljsf; x'g g;Sg', o'jfx¿df ;sf/fTds sfo{;+:s[lt, ;f]r, z}nL, lrGtgsf] sdL cfpg' cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . To;}u/L o;df cGo sf/0fx¿ klg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . gful/sx¿ cfkm\gf] bfloTj / st{Jok|lt ;r]i6 ePgg\ . df}lns xs sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df sfg'g agfO{ sfo{Gjog ug]{ elgP klg cfjZos sfg'g ;dodf aGg ;s]gg\ . st{Jokfngf gubf{ xs clwsf/ s'li7t x'G5 eGg] ljifodf gful/sx¿ ;hu ePgg\ . /fHon] gful/s lzIff k|bfg ug'k5{ eGg] ljifodf pbfl;gtf JoQm u/]sf] b]lvof] . gful/s

139

lzIffsf ljifoj:t', nlIft ju{, Delivery Method h:tf kIfdf /fHosf] oy]i6 tof/L ePg . gful/s lzIffsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t cg'dfg / vf]hL x'g ;s]g . ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/, lx:;]bf/;Fu kof{Kt ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ ePg . gful/s lzIffnfO{ nlIft ju{df k|efjsf/L¿kdf k'¥ofpg] cg'ejL, :jod\;]jL ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf] klg sdL x'guof] .

*= gful/s lzIffsf If]qdf /x]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt gful/s st{Jo / bfloTjsf] kfngfsf] nflu gful/snfO{ hfu?s agfpg' gful/s lzIff;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] klxnf] pkfo x'g]5 . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf kf7\oqmdx¿sf] 9fFrf, ljifoj:t', dfWod, ljlw, nlIft ju{, ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf, ;do, :yfg, sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg JolQm tyf ;+:yf, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg, k[i7kf]if0f;lxtsf] sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt tof/ ug'{kb{5 . To;}u/L lgjf{rg lzIff / dtbftf lzIffsf dfWodaf6 pko'Qm k|ltlglw 5gf]6sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{'sf ;fy} /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] kfngf / lgdf{0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ klg plQs} h?/L 5 . sd{rf/L, ;"rgf k|ljlw, Ifdtf ljsf; ;fdfu|Lnufotsf ;|f]t h'6fpg] tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrfg / :yfkgf ug]{, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bnx¿, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ lgsfox¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnufot;Fu ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ug]{ sfo{ tTsfn yfngL gu/L gful/s lzIff k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . ljleGg ;ldltx¿dfkm{t sfdsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] k|aGw ldnfpg], st{Jo / bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf gug]{nfO{ b08sf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu" ug]{ cflb h:tf sfo{x¿;d]t u/]sf] v08df gful/s lzIffaf6 /fHon] cfzfltt ck]Iff k"/f x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

(= lgisif{

gful/s lzIff ;a}vfn] ;dfh Joj:yfdf cfjZos k5{ t/ hxfF /fhgLlts ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] :t/ Go"g 5 ToxfF o;sf] ;fk]lIfs dxTj cem a9L x'G5 . ax'njfbL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;xefjsf nflu o;sf] cfjZostf 5 eg] ev{/} nf]stGq k|fKt u/]sf d'n's (Emerging Democracy) df o;dfkm{t gful/s st{Jo / clwsf/sf] af]w u/fpg ;lsG5 . To:t} åGåzLn ;dfhdf åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu / åGbf]Q/ ;dfhdf lbuf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf / zflGt k|lqmofsf nflu gful/s lzIff cgGt;Dd rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . gful/s lzIffn]

nf]stGqk|Ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ km/flsnf] agfO{ pko'Qm ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ lgdf{0fdf

zlQm k|bfg u/L ;d[4 / ;d'Ggt /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] clei6f k"/f x'g] cfzf /flvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg 2. uf]lkgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^^

3. s[i0f axfb'/ /fpt, k|zf;g, ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg, cflzif a'S; xfp; k|f=ln=, @)^*4. …lgjf{rgÚ klqsfsf ljleGg cª\sx¿, lgjf{rg cfof]u .

140

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Joj:yfkgdf lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] e"ldsf

6'sgfy clwsf/L

!= ljifo k|j]z

g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] s'n b/aGbL ;+Vof !,)#,))) /x]sf] / ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xdf u/L xfn sl/a *!,%)) sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sl/a !* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug{] sfo{df lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsf cxd\ /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] clen]v Jojl:yt ug{] dfq geO{ ;]jflgj[Q x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clen]vnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] / ;]jflgj[Q kZrft\ lgodfg';f/ kfpg] ;]jf;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL lstfavfgf lj=;+= !()% df /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf d'n'sL lstfavfgfsf] gfddf :yfkgf eO{ lj=;++ !(## df sdf08/ Og lrkmsf] dftxt /xg]u/L sdf08/L lstfavfgfsf] gfddf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] . lj=;++ !((& ;fnkl5 ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/LnfO{ k]G;g lbg] Joj:yf nfu" ePsf] / j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fd klg e/fpg ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L lj=;++ @))( ;Dd g]kfnL ;]gfsf] / lj=;+= @)#% ;Dd g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;d]t clen]v /fVg] sfo{ lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 qmdzM u[x dGqfno, dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno, k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefu / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] clen]v Joj:yfkg ub}{{ cfPsf]df lj=;+= @)@@ df lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] gfddf :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . lstfavfgfn] sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ cfPsf]df lj=;+= @)^^ r}t ! ut]b]lv sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL (PBIS) nfu" eO{ sfo{k|0ffnLdf u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .

@= lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;'/lIft¿kdf /flvg] clen]v tyf sfuhftx¿

1= ;'? lgo'lQmb]lv l;6/f]n, ;?jf, a9'jf, tflnd -/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o_ cflb k|fdfl0fs sfuhftx¿,

2= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;a} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lznaGbL uf]Ko ;DklQ ljj/0f;DaGwL vfdaGbL kqx¿,

3= ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clgjfo{ cjsfz, :j}lR5s cjsfz, /fhLgfdf / ;f] sf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf lgj[Qe/0f -k]G;g_, pkbfg, ;l~rt ljbf / cf}iflw

n]vf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

141

pkrf/ nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ clen]vx¿,4= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'? lgo'lQmb]lv ;]jflgj[Q x'Fbf;Dd / ;f]kl5 klg cfk"m / cfkm\gf]

xsjfnf kl/jf/n] kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf;DaGwL sfuhftx¿, 5= ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kl/jf/n] kfpg] ;'ljwf;DaGwL z}lIfs j[lQ, ;Gtlt j[lQ

cflb dxTjk"0f{ sfuhftx¿,6= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gful/stf tyf 7]ufgf;DaGwL clen]v k|df0f / z}lIfs of]Uotf,

ljz]if of]Uotf Pj+ cg'ej;DaGwL ;a} lsl;dsf sfuh k|df0fx¿,7= g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfosf] :jLs[t ;+u7g ;+/rgf, b/aGbL, kb btf{ /

sfo{/t tyf l/Qm kb;DaGwL clen]vx¿ .

#= lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] clen]v Joj:yfkgdf ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

1= kb btf{ ug]{ .

2= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] l;6/f]n k|dfl0ft ug]{ .

3= sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleqsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnaL k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug]{ .

4= sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ .

5= cf}ifwf]krf/sf] ljj/0f /fVg] / ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] .

6= cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k7fpg] .

7= a;fOF ;/fO{sf] clen]v /fVg] .

8= pkbfg c+s ls6fg ug]{ .

9= lgj[lQe/0f, kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f, c;Qm j[lQ, z}lIfs tyf ;Gtlt j[lQ;DaGwL kqfrf/ ug]{ .

10= gf]s/L hf]8\g] . 11= k|ltlnlk lbg] .

12= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / cGo dGqfno Pj+ lgsfonfO{ sd{rf/L ljj/0f lbg] . 13= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] clen]v /fVg] .

14= sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f ljZn]if0f ug]{ .15= dfly plNnlvt clen]v tyf k|fdfl0fs sfuhftx¿ Joj:yfkgsf lglDt lghfdtL

lstfavfgfn] ;'/lIfttj/n] k|df0f a}+ssf] ¿kdf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/cfPsf] 5 .

$= lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] ub}{ cfPsf sfg'gL tyf Jofjxfl/s s]xL yk / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿

1= ;]jflgj[Q kl/rokq k|bfg ug]{ .

2= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfu ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/L;DaGwL clen]v k|df0f cflb sfuhftx¿ pknAw u/fpg] .

142

3= Goflos 5fgljg / sfaf{xLsf nflu cbfnt;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ k|df0f sfuhftx¿ / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 dfu ePsf k|fdfl0fs sfuhftx¿ pknAw u/fpg] .

4= k|To]s jif{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|:t't ug]{ ah]6 -cfo–Jojsf] ljj/0f_ sf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿sf] df}h'bf b/aGbL;DaGwL Joj:yf / sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cj:yfsf ;fy} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tna eQf, k]G;gnufotsf] ;'ljwfsf lglDt rflxg] cg'dflgt ah]6 /sd;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

5= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j}olQms clen]v k|0ffnL (PIS) sf] ;do;fk]If ;'wf/, kl/dfh{g / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} xfnsf] cTofw'lgs sDo'6/fOH8 k|ljlwnfO{ k|ltikwL{, e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo agfpFb} n}hfg] .

6= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^s / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod $ adf]lhd k|lqmof k"/f eO{ cfPsf] s'g} ;+u7g, ;+/rgf / b/jGbLdf kbx¿sf] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, >]0fL, tx / ;+Vof v'Ng] u/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^ adf]lhd lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] kb btf{ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ .

7= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @@ df pNn]lvt l;6/f]n kmf/fd e/L ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] a'emfpg' kg]{ / To;kl5 lstfavfgfn] k|dfl0ft ul/lbg] .

%= lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmof

-s_ tnjL k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug]{ sfo{ / k|lqmof

1= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & v sf] pkbkmf @ adf]lhd efb| d;fGtleq k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] tnjL k|ltj]bg kfl/t ug'{kg]{ .

2= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & v-@_ df ædGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u / ljefu tyf pkTosfleq /x]sf sfof{ndf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghfdtL lstfavfgf / lhNnfl:yt sfof{nosf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 tnaL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/fO{ tna v'jfpg x'Fb}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

3= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & v -#_ df ætnaL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/L tna v'jfPsf] ePdf To;/L tna v'jfpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf] tna, eQf / cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ul/g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

4= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @@ -!s_ cg';f/ gofF lgo'lQm x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lgo'lQm ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq clgjfo{¿kdf j}olQms ljj/0f -l;6/f]n_ e/L ;Sg' kg]{5 . pQm Dofbleq klg a}olQms ljj/0f geg]{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna /f]Ssf ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

143

-v_ cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k7fpg] k|lqmof

1= lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf clen]v /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf;DaGwL P]g, k|x/L P]g, ;}lgs P]g tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:Yff ePcg';f/sf s]xL kbx¿sf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf ( dlxgf cufj} ;DalGwt sfof{no / sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k7fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

2= cjsfz x'g] ^ dlxgf cufl8 ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] lghfdtL lstfavfgfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ .

-u_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{

1= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) lgod !) cg';f/ ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfno tyf ;DalGwt sfof{nodf ;d]t lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] clen]v cg';f/ b'?:t x'g] u/L clen]v cBfjlws x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] .

2= lg=;]=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$ª cg';f/ cfk"m jxfn /x]sf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j}olQms ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no k|d'v / ;DalGwt sdrf/Lsf] x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

3= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) lgod !)s cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/ /sdsf] e'QmfgL lbFbf e'QmfgL lbg] /sd ;DaGwL clen]v lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf cBfjlws gu/L e'QmfgL lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

4= lg=;]=lgodfjnL, @)%), lgod % cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] j}olQms ljj/0fdf s'g} ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug'{ k/]df To:tf] ljj/0f cfk\mgf] sfof{no dfkm{t lghdtL lstfavfgfdf k7fpg' kg]{ / ;f] ljj/0f j}olQms ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L sfof{no / sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

-3_ lgj[Qe/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf

1= lg=;]=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf #& adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'Fbf kfpg] pkbfg lgj[lQe/0f, kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f cGo ;'ljwf / j[lQsf] /sd k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ kq ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;df lghfdtL lstfavfgfn] lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf lg=;]=lg= @)%), lgod !@(s df /x]sf] .

2= s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf x'Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfn]sf] ;ft jif{ gk'Ub} d[To' ePdf lghsf] kl/jf/ jf gfjfns efO jf cljjflxt lbbLalxgLnfO{ lg=;]=P]g bkmf #^ jf #& df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f jf pkbfg lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 t/ cfhLjg lgj[lQe/0f >Ldfg jf >LdtLn] dfq kfpg] x'Fbf >Ldfg jf >LdtL afx]sn] & jif{kl5 of] ;'ljwf gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

3= a]kQf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f jf pkbfgsf] /sd x/fO{ a]kQf ePdf jf d/] afFr]sf] @ jif{;Dd kQf gnfu]df lgh sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .

144

-ª_ clen]v / cBfjlws Joj:yfkg

lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf /x]sf clen]vx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If cBfjlws u/L ;a} lsl;dsf sd{rf/Lx¿;DaGwL ;"rgf, cj:yf / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]un] dfq k"0f{tf x'g] ePsf]n] ;a} lsl;dsf yk36 ePsf tkl;nsf ljj/0fx¿ ;dod} cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ .

1= ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / kb btf{;DaGwL sfo{,

2= lghfdtL lstfavfgfnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf ;a} lsl;dsf ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg];DaGwL sfo{,

3= ;dod} tnaL k|ltj]bg kfl/t u/fO{ e'QmfgL lbg];DaGwL sfo{,

4= P]g÷lgoddf pNn]v ePadf]lhd l;6/f]n e/L a'emfpg'kg]{ sfo{,

5= ;l~rt ljbfsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{ .

^= lgisif{

dfly pNn]lvt sfo{x¿ ;DalGwt lghfdtL sd{rf/L, lgh sfo{/t lgsfo / lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'g ;s] nfdf] ;dob]lv cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] pQ/f4{;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jf u/L ;]jflgj[[Q x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] j}olQms clen]v cw'/f], ck'/f] /x]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} emGem6 Joxf]g{ gkg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . cfkm\gf] clen]v;DaGwL lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf /x]sf] j}olQms ;"rgf k|0ffnL (PIS) sf] ;'ljwf lnO{ ;dod} o;sf] pkof]u u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] j}olQms clen]vnfO{ cBfjlws u/fpg ;s] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjn] ;fy{stf kfpg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) .

@= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf kl/kqx? .

#= lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g, @)&@ .

145

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgdf If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nosf] e"ldsf

>Ls'df/ /fO{

!= kl/ro

nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf lgikIf, :jR5 / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .

;xeflutfd"ns tyf k|lt:kwf{d"ns zf;g ;~rfngnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'lglZrt ug]{ Psdfq

dfWod g} lgjf{rg xf] . To;}n] nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ ;+oGq eg]s} lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg

lgsfo xf] . b]z, sfn kl/l:yltcg's"n lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo km/skm/s

tl/sfaf6 km/skm/s gfdaf6 :yflkt / ;~rflnt x'g] ub{5g\ . lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg

ug]{ lgsfo lg/k]If¿kdf s'g} Psdfq x'g] geP tfklg gLltut tyf d"n Joj:yfksLo

e"ldsfsf] nflu c:yfoL jf :yfoL, sfo{sf/L dftxt jf ;+j}wflgs, ;ldlt jf cfof]u cflb

cGtu{tsf ;+/rgfx¿ k|rlnt 5g\ . ljZjsf b]zx¿df ;/sf/L, :jfoQ÷:jtGq / ldl>t

u/L tLgk|sf/sf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfox¿ k|rngdf 5g\ .

cy{k"0f{ Pjd\ ;xeflutfd"ns k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu ;fy{s, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ckl/xfo{ zt{ xf] . o;sf] nflu cem lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo ;+j}wflgs, kf/bzL{, lgikIf / :jR5 x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;}nfO{ b[li6ut u/L hgtfx¿af6 g]kfndf /fHo ;~rfngsf] Joj:yfksLo c+udf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|ltlglwx¿sf] ljZj;gLo 5gf]6sf] nflu lj=;+= @)@# ;fnb]lv ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO{ lgjf{rg cfof]u cl:tTjdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$&, lj=;+= @)^# / @)&@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgx¿n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ckl/xfo{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/sf 5g\ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfkl5 lj=;+= @)$*, lj=;+= @)%! / lj=;+= @)%^ ;fndf k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg tyf lj=;+= @)$( / lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgx¿ o;} lgsfoaf6 ;DkGg ePsf lyP . lgjf{rg cfof]un] :yfgLo txdf klg cfkm\gf] :jfoQ lgsfosf] cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tf dx;'; u/L lj=;+= @)%% ;fnb]lv lj=;+= @)^! ;fn;Dd &% j6} lhNnfx¿df lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul/P .

;f]eGbf klxn] lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] lgoldt sfo{x¿ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿af6 ;Dkfbg ul/Gy] . lj:tf/} lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfo{ k|s[lt, sfo{af]em /

zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u

146

k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/sf] k|efj:j¿k lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf x]/km]/ ub}{ nluPsf] kfOG5 . xfn kfFr ljsf; If]qdf g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf pk;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf % j6f If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no / ;f]xL ;]jf, ;d"xsf zfvf clws[tsf] g]t[Tjdf &) j6f lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h # df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs Joj:yf ;'lglZrt eP;Fu} k|To]s k|b]zdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] k|fb]lzs OsfO{ /xg] lglZrtk|foM 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]usf % j6f If]qLo

lgjf{rg sfof{no / &) j6f lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/]sf sfo{ tyf

e"ldsfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] of] n]v tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

@= If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/]sf sfo{ tyf e"ldsf

lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;+If]k ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd

lgjf{rgsf] tLgj6} r/0fx¿ k"j{ tof/L, lgjf{rg cjlw / lgjf{rgkZrft\ dWo] ljz]iftM

klxnf]r/0fdf ul/g] dxTjk"0f{ / k|d'v sfo{ g} lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{ dtbftfx¿sf] klxrfg,

btf{, cBfjlws / k|sfzg xf] . dtbftfx¿sf] z'4 / oyfy{ klxrfglagf :jR5 / ljZj;gLo

lgjf{rgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n] If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿nfO{

tf]lsPsf] sfddWo] k|fylds / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ g} dtbftf gfdfjnLsf] ;ª\sng tyf

cBfjlws xf] . z'4 dtbftf gfdfjnLsf] tof/Lsf] nflu If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg

sfof{nox¿sf] k|fylds / lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xG5 . t;y{ a9L ;+j]bgzLn eO{ cfkm\gf]

lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ l;nl;nfdf z'4 gfdfjnLsf] nflu lgDg dfkb08x¿sf] Vofn u/L

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws ug'{kb{5 M

dtbftf klxrfgsf] :ki6 cfwf/ to x'g'kg]{, gfdfjnL ;ª\sng sfo{ j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{, q'l6 ;Rofpg], ;fg]{, x6fpg], yKg] cflb sfo{ u/L lg/Gt/ cBfjlws ug'{kg]{,

;"rgf, k|ljlw, btf{s]Gb|, ;dofjlw cflb tTjx¿nfO{ Wofg lbO{ gfdfjnL ;ª\sng,

btf{, kl/dfh{g h:tf sfo{df ;a}sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{, jf:tljs dtbftfaf6 dfq dtbfg u/fpg'kg]{, cflb .

xfn lgjf{rg cfof]un] to u/L If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

lg/Gt/ btf{ / cBfjlws sfo{qmd M kfFr If]qLo / ;Q/L lgjf{rg sfof{no, ;a} lhNnf

k|zf;g sfof{no tyf tf]lsPsf Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nodf lg/Gt/ btf{ / cBfjlws sfo{qmd ;~rflnt eO/x]sf] 5 .

147

ljz]if btf{ tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd M jflif{s¿kdf tyf lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff ePkl5 o:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . Go"g dtbftf btf{ ePsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx¿sf] klxrfg u/L b]ze/sf #)@$ :yfgdf dtbftf btf{:yn /fvL xfn;Dd gfd btf{ ug{ 5'6 ePsf sl/a @ nfv %) xhf/ dtbftfsf] gfd btf{ ug]{ nIo;fy rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# df o:tf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

3'DtL lzlj/df btf{ M dtbftf btf{ Go"g /x]sf b'u{d :yfgx¿df lhNnfl:yt cGo

sfof{nosf sfdx¿;Fu PsLs[t u/L 3'DtL lzlj/ ;~rfng u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{

sfo{qmd;d]t ;DkGg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

afXo lhNnf btf{ (Out of District Registration, ODR) M ljleGg sfd ljz]ifn] cGo lhNnfdf /x]sf dtbftfx¿n] cfkm\gf] :yfoL a;f]af; /x]sf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] ufpF tyf

gu/kflnsfsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g]u/L ;~rfng ul/Psf] afXo lhNnf

btf{ sfo{qmd klg k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ lgjf{rg tyf dtbftf lzIff ;~rfng

w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿n] lgjf{rg lzIff / dtbftf lzIffnfO{ kof{ojfrLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ oL b'O{ zAbx¿sf] cy{nfO{ ljlzli6s[t u/L x]g'{kb{5 . lgjf{rg lzIffn] dtbftf x'g of]Uo JolQmeGbf c?n] ;d]t kfpg] lgjf{rg;DaGwL hfgsf/L, ;"rgf, 1fg xf], h;n] lgjf{rgsf ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL tyf ultljlwx¿sf] lzIffnfO{ hgfpF5 . dtbftf lzIffn] eg] ;fdfGotofM dtbfg ug{ of]Uo / dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] JolQmnfO{ nlIft u/]/ lbOg] lzIffnfO{ hgfpF5 . o:tf lzIff gful/s lzIffsf cjojx¿ x'g\, h;n] c;n gful/s agfpg gful/ssf sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 . lgjf{rg / dtbftf lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ lgjf{rg cfof]un] lg/Gt/¿kdf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ :yfgLo:t/df lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;+:yfut u/]sf x'G5g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] k|ToIf¿kdf dtbftf, ljBfyL{, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn tyf ;~rf/ hutnufotsf cfd;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu lgjf{rg / dtbfgsf] af/]df lgDg sfo{x¿ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 M

ljBfnodf dtbftf / lgjf{rg lzIff M o:tf] lzIff ljz]iftM kf7\ok':tsdf lgjf{rg;DaGwL kf7 ;dfj]z u/]/, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s sIff ;~rfng u/]/, lzIfsx¿tfnfO{ lgjf{rg lzIff;DaGwL tflnd lbP/ tyf ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿sf] e|d0f u/fP/ lbg ;lsG5 . cfof]un] oL ;a} tl/sf cjnDag u/]/ lgjf{rg lzIff k|j4{g ul//x]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf ;fd'bflos tyf lghL ljBfnosf dflj / pdflj:t/sf lzIfsx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f lgs} k|efjsf/L dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

;~rf/ dfWod dfkm{t\ dtbftf / lgjf{rg lzIff M /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf tyf kqfrf/, df]afOndfkm{t\ P;PdP;, ;fdflhs ;~hfn h:tf dfWod cjnDag u/L dtbftf / lgjf{rg lzIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . cfof]un] o:tf dfWod cjnDag

148

ub}{ cfPsf] eP tfklg k|efjsf/L tyf nfut k|efjL gePsf] s'/f :jLsfg}{ kb{5 . cGt/lqmof M a}7s, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cflbsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu cGt/lqmof

u/]/ klg dtbftf / lgjf{rg lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . cGo M xf]l8{ªaf]8{, krf{, kf]i6/ tyf dfOlsª cflb dfWodaf6 klg dtbftf / lgjf{rg

lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 tyflk oL dfWod Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf xfn cjnDag ul/Psf] 5}g .

-u_ lgjf{rg ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg

dtbfg tyf lgjf{rg lzIff Pjd\ dtbfgs]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg ;fdu|L eGg] ul/G5 . lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lsf cGtu{t lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf dtbftf lzIff ;~rfng ug{ krf{, kf]i6/, gd"gf dtkq af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf pQ/, lgb]{lzsf, cfrf/;+lxtfnufot kb{5g\ . dtbfgs]Gb|df cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿df dtkq, dtk]6Lsf, l;n, :jl:ts5fk, 5]sfaf/f, 5fkbfgL, nfxf, y}nL, vfd, ljleGg cg';"rL kmf/fdx¿, l;of], wfuf], 8f]/L, afF;nufot ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ kb{5g\ . o:tf sl/a kfFrbh{geGbf a9L k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ljutsf lgjf{rgdf k|of]u / Joj:yfkg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:tf ;fdu|Lx¿s]f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|flKt, e08f/0f, afF8kmfF6, ljt/0f tyf k'gMlkmtf{ u/fpg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L klg :yfgLo txdf If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿sf] xf] . o; cGtu{t lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ M

lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lsf] cg'dfg u/L lgjf{rg cfof]u;dIf dfu ug'{ / k|fKt ug{', :yfgLo¿kdf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ jf v/Lb ug'{kg]{ ;fdu|L ;'ne tl/sfn] ;dod} k|fKt ug{', ;fdu|Lx¿sf] plrt e08f/0f, afF8kmfF6 ug'{, lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ / sfo{;DkfbgkZrft\ lkmtf{ dufpg'kg]{ ;fdu|L lkmtf{

lng', ;fdu|Lx¿sf] nut /fVg', cflb .

-3_ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sngb]lv lgjf{rg tyf dtbftf lzIff ;~rfng ug{, lgjf{rg ;~rfng ug{ / dtu0fgf ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+efJotf ;"rL tof/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf sfof{nox¿af6 k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy} cfjZos k/]sf] avt pko'Qm sfdsf] nflu pko'Qm sd{rf/Lx¿ kl/rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfdsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm}+n] tf]lsPsf] sfdsf] nflu kl/rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[t tyf lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfof{nox¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L lhNnf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dfkm{t kl/rflnt ul/G5g\ . lgjf{rg sfo{sf] nflu lhNnfdf cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{df ;xfos gfd btf{ clwsf/L, btf{

sd{rf/L, ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L, lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{,

149

lgjf{rg lzIffsf nflu M If]qLo k|lzIfs, lhNnf k|lzIfs, dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js, lgjf{rg lzIff :jd\;]js, dfWoflds ljBfnosf ;fdflhs lzIfsx¿,

dtbfgs]Gb|sf] nflu M dtbfg clws[t, ;xfos dtbfg clws[t, ;xfos tyf ;xof]uL sd{rf/L,

dtu0fgfsf] nflu M dtu0fgf clws[t, ;xfos dtu0fgf clws[t, ;xfos tyf ;xof]uL sd{rf/L .

-ª_ dtbfg:ynx¿sf] lgwf{/0f

lhNnfl:yt ljBdfg dtbfg:ynx¿sf] ;+zf]wg, yk36sf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]u;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lhNnf:t/Lo dtbfg:yn l;kmfl/; ;ldlt /x]sf] x'G5 . o; ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg clwsf/L /xG5 . lgjf{rg cfof]un] th'{df /x]sf] gLlt tyf dfkb08sf] kl/lwdf /xL Go"gtd dtbftf ;+Vof, dtbfg:yn k'Ug] b"/L tyf ;dosf] cfwf/df ;a} dtbftfx¿sf] dtflwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ k|To]s lgjf{rgdf dtbfg:ynx¿sf] k'gd"{Nof+sg ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] nflu If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] lgDg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 M

dtbfg:ynx¿sf] cj:yf cBfjlws ug{] . dtbfg:ynx¿sf] e"–;"rgf k|0ffnL (GIS) ;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf GPS d]lzgaf6 lnO{

;f]sf] ljj/0f lgjf{rg cfof]udf k7fpg] . w]/}h;f] dtbfg:ynx¿ ljBfno, ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8f sfof{nosf

ejgnufotsf ;/sf/L ejg /x]sf] :yfgdf /flvg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ltgLx¿sf] :t/f]Ggltsf] plrt kxn ug]{ .

/fhgLlts bnnufotsf lhNnfl:yt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf

dtbfg:ynx¿sf] yk36 tyf k'g/fjnf]sg;DaGwL l;kmfl/; lgjf{rg cfof]udf

k7fpg] .

-r_ ;dGjo

lgjf{rgcl3, kl5 / lgjf{rgsf] cjlwdf If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] lhNnfl:yt

ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;'b[9, :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo ;dGjo u/]/

sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g ug]{ :yfgLo dfWodsf] ¿kdf sfo{

ub{5g\ . lhNnfdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf :yflkt ug'{kg]{ lgsfo tyf kIfx¿ b]xfocg';f/

5g\ M

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff lgsfox¿, d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[t tyf lgjf{rg clws[tsf sfof{nox¿,

/fhgLlts bnsf :yfgLo k|ltlglw, lgjf{rgsf pDd]bjf/ tyf ltgsf k|ltlglw /

pgLx¿sf] sfo{stf{x¿, lhNnfl:yt ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿,

150

lhNnfl:yt ;~rf/sdL{ tyf ;~rf/u[xx¿, cflb .

-5_ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

cfkm\gf] dftxt ;~rflnt sfo{qmd / kl/rflnt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ultljlwx¿sf] plrt¿kn] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ klg If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿sf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿ dftxt ;~rflnt sfo{qmd tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]

cg'udg d"Nofª\sg cGtu{t lgDg sfo{If]qx¿ kb{5g\ M

dtbftf tyf lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{qmd M dtbftf;dIf dtbftf lzIff, ljBfnodf lgjf{rg lzIff, ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t\ dtbftf tyf lgjf{rg lzIff, dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js, lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{, dtbftf tyf lgjf{rg lzIff;DaGwL tflnd, uf]i7L, cGt/lqmof cflbsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

dtbftf btf{ sfo{qmd M btf{:yn tyf btf{s]Gb|x¿sf] 5gf]6, :yfgLo dtbftfx¿sf] kx'Frsf] cj:yf / pkl:ylt, :yfgLo sfo{qmd ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;xof]u, ;xfos gfd btf{ clwsf/L, btf{ sd{rf/L, ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

;fdu|L Joj:yfkg M dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ tyf dtbfgs]Gb|x¿df cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ ;dod} k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf eP gePsf], ph'/L k/] ph'/L lnO{ ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ tyf

;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] .

#= lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ubf{ :yfgLo:t/df cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx¿

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgsf] qmddf :yfgLo:t/df cg]sf} ;d:of tyf cK7\of/f cj:yfx¿ cfOkg{ ;S5g\ . jf:tjdf tL ;d:ofx¿ geO{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf o; n]vdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;do;fk]If ;dfwfg ug{;s]df 5f]6f] ;dodf Joj:yfkg ul/g] lgjf{rg klg ;kmn / ljZjf;gLo aGb5 . tL r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf d'Vo e"ldsfs} lqmofsnfkx¿ cGtu{t lgDgadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf cBfjlws sfo{qmd

dtbftfx¿sf] kx'Frsf] :yfg tyf ;dosf] klxrfg tyf 5gf]6 ug'{, ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgdf lgoldt tyf cfjlws¿kdf dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng tyf

cBfjlws ug{', bIf sd{rf/Lx¿ k|fKt u/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{, lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ePsf] cjlwdf afx]s cGo ;dodf lgjf{rgsf] sfdk|lt hgrf;f]

hufpg / ;xeflutf a9fpg' .

-v_ lgjf{rg tyf dtbftf lzIff ;~rfng sfo{qmd

nf]stGq / lgjf{rgk|lt hgrf;f] clej[l4 ug'{, dtbftf tyf lgjf{rg lzIff ;a}df kx'Frof]Uo agfpg',

151

dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js tyf lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{x¿sf] e"ldsf lgikIf / ljZj;gLo agfpg',

lgjf{rg lzIffdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] st{Jo k|Tofe"lt ug'{ u/fpg' .-u_ lgjf{rg ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg

lgjf{rg cjlwdf dtbfg lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L k|fKt u/L ;a} dtbftfx¿;dIf tTsfn k'¥ofpg',

dtk]6Lsfx¿sf] e08f/0f, ljt/0f tyf dtkqx¿sf] k|flKt u/L ;DalGwt lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg',

lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k"0f{¿kdf ;dodf ;b'kof]u ug'{, ;du|df &! k|sf/sf lgjf{rg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|flKt, e08f/0f tyf ljt/0f ug'{ .-3_ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng

lgjf{rg tyf dtbftf lzIffsf] nflu lgjf{rgk|lt lgikIf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 tyf kl/rfng ug'{,

lhNnf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dfkm{t kl/rfng ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] ;lx JolQm ;lx 7fpF jf kbdf 5gf]6 tyf kl/rfng ug'{,

lhNnfsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿af6 lgjf{rgdf sd{rf/L gk'u ePsf] cj:yfdf lzIfsx¿sf] 5gf]6 tyf kl/rfng ug'{,

:jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]un] vf]h] h:tf] sd{rf/Lx¿ v6fpg' .

-ª_ dtbfg:ynsf] lgwf{/0f

k|To]s lgjf{rgdf dtbftfx¿sf] kx'Frsf cfwf/df lglZrt b"/L tyf ;dosf] dfkb08df dtbfg:ynx¿sf] k'gd"{Nofª\sg u/L x]/km]/ ug{' -ljz]if u/L lxdfnL tyf kxf8L b'u{d lhNnfx¿df_,

;a} /fhgLlts bn tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf yk36 ug'{kg]{ dtbfg:ynx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ .

-r_ ;dGjo

w]/}j6f ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L hgzlQm kl/rfng ug'{, lgjf{rgsf ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿df ;'/Iff lgsfox¿;Fu r':t ;dGjo sfod ug'{, ;~rf/ dfWod, /fhgLlts bn tyf ltgsf pDd]bjf/ Pjd\ g]tf sfo{stf{x¿;Fu

ax'cfoflds ;DaGw tyf ;dGjo ;xh agfpg', dtbftf lzIff, hgzlQm kl/rfgng, ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg, dtbfg tyf dtu0fgf

sfo{x¿df ;a} kIfx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo dha't agfpg',

lgjf{rg ;"rgf, ko{j]If0f tyf cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ .

-r_ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

;Lldt hgzlQm tyf ;|f]t;fwgsf afjh'b a[xt\¿kdf, 5f]6f] ;dodf k|efjsf/L

cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{,

152

sfo{qmdut, Jojxf/ut tyf cfrf/0fut pknlAwsf] dfkg ul0ftLo¿kdf u0fgf ug{',

;+:yfut ;Demgf sfod /fVb} cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f csf]{ lgjf{rgdf k|of]u ug{' .

$= lgisif{

lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ lg/k]If¿kdf leGgfleGg} ;do / cj:yfdf cfpg] geO{ lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf w]/}h;f] vlK6P/ cfpg] ub{5g\, h;nfO{ ;xh¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ emg\ ufx|f] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . oL ;a} r'gf}tL tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] ;xh¿kdf ;dfwfg ub}{ :yfgLo txdf lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq / ljZj;gLo agfpg' g} If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nosf] cxd\ e"ldsf xf] . oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf u/L cfkm\gf] / lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;fvnfO{ pRr agfpg] 7"nf] cj;/ klg oL sfof{nodf /xG5 . cem ;a}eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/L tyf e"ldsf t lgjf{rg sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /xG5 . pgLx¿sf] lgikIftf, ljZj;gLotf tyf sfo{bIftfdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Jofj;flostf dfkg x'G5 . of]eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xeflutf g} xf] . :yfgLo txdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ dha'b agfpg If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿sf] Joj:yfksLo bIftfn] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 . ;fy} o;sf] nflu :ki6 / k|efjsf/L lgjf{rg sfg'gx¿sf] Joj:yf / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog klg xf] . o; cGtu{t lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngdf lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pp6f cr's c:q xf] . ;a} lgjf{rg sfg'gx¿sf] kfngf ug{ / u/fpg'sf ;fy} lgjf{rg ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg / nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ;anLs/0fdf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . If]qLo tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut¿kdf b}lgs sfof{no ;~rfng / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;fdfGo lbgrof{sf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] sfof{nosf] ¿kdf dfq x]l/g' x'Fb}g . lhNnfdf :yflkt cGo ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] sfo{ k|s[lteGbf k[ys / ljlzi6 sfo{k|s[lt ePs}n] logLx¿sf] e"ldsf klg k[ys / ljlzi6 /xG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^#,

2. dtbftf gfdfjnL P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^*,

3. :yfgLo lgsfo -lgjf{rg sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$*4. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&!, lgjf{rg cfof]u,

g]kfn5. lgjf{rg cfof]usf] klxnf] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf / bf];|f] kfFrjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, 6. lgjf{rg sfg'g;DaGwL ljleGg lgod tyf lgb{]lzsfx¿, 7. lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf, @)&@ .

153

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg @)&) M sf:sL lhNnfsf] cg'ej

xl/ZrGb| l3ld/]

@)&) ;fn dªl;/ $ ut] ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgaf6 u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efn]

@)&@ c;f]h # ut] sl/a () k|ltzt hgk|ltlglwsf] ax'dtn], ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt

ug{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL ljz]iftf;lxtsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg, @)&@ hf/L u/L xfn pQm ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . pQm

;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ^# cg';f/ sfod klxnf] x'g]

lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf @$) lgjf{rg If]qaf6 @$) hgf / g]kfnnfO{ Pp6}lgjf{rg

If]qsf] ¿kdf lnO{ ckgfOPsf] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ##% hgf ;ef;bx¿ aflnu

dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg ePsf lyP eg] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljleGg

If]qsf ljlzi6 JolQmTjx¿dWo]af6 /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;+ljwfg;ef

;b:osf] ¿kdf 5flgg] @^ hgf JolQmx¿;d]t u/L ^)! hgf /xg] ;+ljwfg;ef u7g x'g]

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

s'g} klg txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ dtbftf gfdfjnL, dtbftfnfO{ ;xh x'g] dtbfg:yn÷s]Gb|,

k|lzlIft hgzlQm, dtbfg ;fdu|L, plrt ;'/Iff cj:yf, cg'udg, ko{j]If0fsf] Joj:yf

cTofjZos s'/fx¿ x'g\ . log} s'/fx¿nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sf:sL lhNnfdf ;+ljwfg;ef

;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) sf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cfn]vdf sf:sL lhNnfdf

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) sf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf qmddf ;Dkfbg ul/Psf

ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!= dtbftf

tTsfn, $# ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, @ gu/kflnsfsf ## j8f ePsf], @)!& ju{ ls=ld= ef}uf]lns If]qkmnsf] sf:sL lhNnfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu hg;+Vof /

ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf cfwf/df $ lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf ;Gbe{df dtbfgs]Gb|df k|of]usf nflu /ª\uLg kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL Ps;]6 / sfof{noLo k|of]hgsf nflu ;]6;]6 kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL lgjf{rg

cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;/f]sf/jfnf /fhgLlts bnnufotnfO{ dtbftf gfdfjnLsf]

k"j{ If]qLo lgjf{rg clwsf/L, If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no, sf:sL

154

ljB'tLok|lt jf d'lb|t slksf] 5fFofk|lt tf]lsPsf] z'Ns lnO{ pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) sf nflu @)&) c;f/ d;fGtleq btf{ ul/Psf] / ljz]if sfo{qmd cGtu{t @)&) efb| ! b]lv & ;Dd btf{ ul/Psf] ;d]t u/L dlxnf, k'?if, t];|f] lnª\uL u/L sfod s'n dtbftf lgjf{rg If]qutsf] ;+VofTds cj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] lyof] M

lgjf{rg If]q dtbftf ;+Vof hDdf

dlxnf k'?if t];|f] lnª\uL

! @(,&*% @$,*&^ @ %$,^^#

@ @^,*^$ @!,&^! – $*,^@%

# @@,@$$ !*,(&# ! $!,@!*

$ @*,$@^ @$,&#$ @ %#,!^@

hDdf !,)&,#!( (),#$$ % !,(&,^^*

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgdf ;/sf/L, ;+:yfg, ;ldlt, ;]gf, k|x/Ldf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js

sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf j[Wbf>ddf /x]sf j[4j[4fx¿ / sf/fuf/df /x]sf aGbLx¿nfO{ dtbfgdf

;xefuL u/fpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg lgb{]lzsfadf]lhd lgDg

;+Vofsf] c:yfoL dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] M

qm=;+= dtbftfsf] If]q dtbftf ;+Vof

!= lghfdtL÷;+:yfg÷;ldltsf sd{rf/Lx¿ #,))^

@= g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an #,!((

#= sf/fuf/sf y'g'jf s}bL aGbLx¿ ^$#

hDdf ^,^^*

@= dtbfg:yn tyf dtbfg s]Gb|

dtbftf ;+Vof, ;xh ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, ;~rf/, vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, cfjthfjt ug{{] af6f]sf] ;d]t cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL, dtbftfnfO{ dtbfg:yndf cfpg / hfg u/]/ % ls=ld=eGbf a9L b"/L gkg{] u/L /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw;d]t /x]sf] lhNnf:t/Lo dtbfg:yn l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dtbfg:yn sfod ul/G5 . oxL gLltcg';f/ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf nflu sf:sL lhNnfdf !$& dtbfg:yn sfod ePsf lyP . Psdtbfgs]Gb|df clwstd (%) dtbftfn] dtbfg ug{;Sg] u/L Psdtbfg:yndf PseGbf a9L dtbfgs]Gb| sfod ul/g] gLltcg';f/ dtbftf ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df sf:sL lhNnfdf @(@ dtbfg s]]Gb| sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg, @)&) sf ;Gbe{df sfod /x]sf lgjf{rg If]q, lgjf{rg If]qleq kg{] uflj;/gu/kflnsfsf j8f, dtbfg:yn, dtbfgs]Gb|x¿ / If]qut dtbftfsf] ;+VofTds

155

ljj/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

lgj{frg If]q uflj;/gkf j8f dtbfg:yn dtbfgs]Gb| dtbftf

! #) -!% /!%_ %@ *^ %$,^^#

@ !% -% /!)_ @* &! $*,^@%

# !) -# /&_ @^ %^ $!,@!*

$ @! -@)/!_ $! &( %#,!^@

hDdf &^-$#÷##_ !$& @(@ !,(&,^^*

rf/lgjf{rg If]qdWo] If]q g+ ! / $ sf clwsf+z efu u|fdL0f If]qdf km}lnPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] If]q g+= @ / # sf clwsf+z efu zx/L If]qdf kb{5g\ . If]q g+= ! sf %@ dtbfg:yn ^$$ ld6/sf] prfOb]lv !&*) ld6/sf] prfO;Dddf /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf] ;a}eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] kfr{] uflj;sf] :yfgfklt lgdflj lvnfª !&*) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf @* dtbfg:yn &@& ld6/ b]lv !!&^ ld6/sf] prfOdf /x]sf 5g\ . lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf @^ dtbfg:yn ^$* ld6/ b]lv !!$( ld6/sf] prfOdf /x]sf 5g\ . lgjf{rg If]q g+= $ sf $! dtbfg:yn &(^ ld6/b]lv @!&* ld6/sf] prfOdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf] ;a}eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] 3fGb|'s uflj;sf] wf}nf>L dflj 5'd/fª @!&* ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 .

#= hgzlQm

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] ;+Vof dtbftf ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df s]Gb|ut¿kdf

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6g] dtbfg clws[t / ;xfos dtbfg clws[tnfO{

lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{noaf6 k|lzIf0f lbOG5 . cGo ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dtbfg

clws[tn] g} cg'lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf 5 . dtu0fgfsf] ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/

dtu0fgf ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 5'§} k|lzIf0f lbOG5 . oxL gLltnfO{ cg';/0f ub{} sf:sL

lhNnfdf dtbfg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ vl6g] sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L

v6fOPsf] lyof] . sf:sL lhNnfdf dtbfgs]Gb|x¿df kl/rfng ul/Psf] hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f

o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

lgjf{rg If]q

dtbfgs]Gb|df vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx¿

dtbfg clws[t;xfos dtbfg

clws[t;xfos sd{rf/L ;xof]uL sd{rf/L hDdf

dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDDff dlxnf k'?if hDdf! @ *$ *^ # *# *^ @& @!^ @$# !% !%& !&@ $& %$) %*&@ & ^$ &! ( ^@ &! %$ !%$ @)* #! !!! !$@ !)! #(! $(@# ^ %) %^ !! $% %^ ^% !)# !^* @% *& !!@ !)& @*% #(@$ – &( &( ! &* &( ^ @@$ @#) ^ !%@ !%* !# %## %$^

c:yfoL d=s]Gb|

– & & – – – @ % & ! ^ & # !* @!

hDdf !% @*$ @(( @$ @^* @(@ !%$ &)@ *%^ &* %!# %(! @&! !&^& @,)#*

156

cfddtbftf ;dIf dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ / lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;"rgf / lzIff k'¥ofpg k|To]s uflj;÷gu/kflnsfsf j8fsf nflu PsPs lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{ tyf k|To]s dtbfg:ynsf nflu PsPs dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js / dtbfg x'g] lbgsf nflu :yfgLo:t/df g} :jod\;]js /fVg]] gLltcg';f/ sf:sL lhNnfdf vl6Psf lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{, dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js / dtbfg :jod\;]jssf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{stf{ dtbftf lzIff :jod\;]js dtbfg :jod\;]js

dlxnf k'?if hDDff dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf

^@ !# &% !$@ % !$& !,!@! #@@ !,$$#

$ ;'/Iff Joj:yf

dtbfg sfo{ l;ª\uf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofs} d'6' xf] . dtbfgeGbf cl3sf] tof/L Joj:yf hlt;'s}

r':tb'?:t eP klg dtbfgsf lbg x'g;Sg] ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;fgf] 5'6n] ;du| tof/Lsf

;|f]t;fwg / ;do v]/hfg] ;Defjgf 68\sf/f] /xG5 . o;} ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;'/Iff

lgsfoaf6 dtbfgeGbf cl3sf lbgx¿df ;du| lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf sfod

ug{ :yfgLo:t/df ;'/IffsdL{ kl/rfng ul/G5 eg] dtbfgsf lbg dtbfg:ynut¿kdf g}

tf]lsPsf] dfkb08cg';f/ ;'/IffsdL{{ v6fOg] gLltcg';f/ sf:sL lhNnfsf dtbfg:ynx¿df

hDdf !!** hgf ;'/IffsdL{{ v6fOPsf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} dtbftf cfpg] hfg] af6f]df

;d]t dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;'/Iffdf ljZjf; lbnfpg k]6«f]lnªsf] Joj:yf afSn}¿kdf ePsf]

lyof] .

%= ko{j]If0f

lgwf{l/t ljlw / k|lqmofcg';f/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgjf{rg u/]]/ lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug{]

lgsfodfq ;Gt'i6 eP/ x'Fb}g . :jtGq n]vfhf]vf ug{] ko{j]Ifsx¿af6 ljZj;gLotfsf] dfkg

ul/g] cfdk|rng 5 . sf:sL lhNnfdf :jb]zsf * tyf ljb]zsf @ lgsfoaf6 ko{j]If0f

ePsf] lyof] . ko{j]If0fdf dlxnf @%& / k'?if !!( hgf ;l/s ePsf lyP .

^= dtbfg ;fdu|L

dtbfg sfo{ ;xh / ljZj;gLo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ug{ dfkb08cg';f/sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf x'g h?/L x'G5 . lgjf{rgsf cEof;sf qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf cTofjZos 7flgPsf ^* k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿dWo] s]xL ;fdu|L lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{noaf6 g} Joj:yf

ePsf] lyof] . afFsL ;fdu|Lx¿ lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . dtbfg;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt ;fdu|L h:tf], dtbftf gfdfjnL, dtkq, :jl:ts 5fk, dtk]6Lsf, :6\ofDk Kof8,

gªdf nufpg] d;Lnufot sltko ;fdfg Ps¿ksf Ps}:t/sf x'g cfjZos ePsf]n]

157

lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 g} tf]lsPsf] dfkb08cg';f/ Joj:yfkg ug{] ul/G5 .

&= lgjf{rg kl/j]z

g]kfn ;/sf/ / tTsfnLg g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df @* r}q @)^$ df ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgaf6 u7g ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g . !$ h]i7 @)^( df pQm ;+ljwfg;efsf]

Dofb ;dfKt eO{ :jtM lj36g x'g k'Uof] . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ef/

k"/f ug{ ljleGg ldltdf lgjf{rg ldlt tf]lsPtf klg /fhgLlts ;xdlt tyf sfg'gL

Joj:yf x'g g;Sgfn] aNntNn ePsf] /fhgLlts ;xdltkZrft\ #) h]i7, @)&) sf lbg

cfP/ $ dª\l;/ @)&) df ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg ug{] ldlt tf]lsof] . o;kl5, klxnf]

;+ljwfg;efsf] c;kmntfaf6 lzIff lnP/ cfddtbftfx¿ /fhgLlts bnnfO{ va/bf/L ub{}

;r]ttfk"j{s lgjf{rgdf xf]ldg k'u] . Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ bnsf] cfGtl/s åGbsf sf/0f cnu

;d"xsf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf] g]skf–dfcf]jfbLsf] lj/f]w tyf sltko Wj+;fTds lqmofsnfksf

afjh'b;d]t cfddtbftfsf] nx/df /fhgLlts bnx¿ r'gfjL k|rf/k|;f/df nfu] eg] lgjf{rg

cfof]u cfkm\gf dftxtsf lgsfo tyf sd{rf/Ldfkm{t dtbftf btf{ tyf dtbftf lzIffsf]

sfo{qmd lnP/ dtbftfsf] 3/b}nf]df k'Ug] sfddf lqmofzLn aGof] . kmn:j¿k dtbfgsf]

lbgdf ;d]t ljb|f]xL bnaf6 ePsf] la£gafwfsf afjh'b dtbftfx¿n] ;fx;sf ;fy

dtbfg u/L cfkm\gf] gful/s clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u u/] . o;qmddf, /fhwfgLkl5sf] bf];|f]

7"nf] zx/;lxtsf], ;r]t / ;Eo lhNnf sf:sLdf ;d]t ;fgbf/¿kdf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef

;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof] . o; lgjf{rgdf sf:sL lhNnfsf @(@ :yfoL dtbfgs]Gb|

/ & c:yfoL dtbfgs]Gb|x¿df dtbfg sfo{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eO{ ;f]xLlbg ;Dk"0f{

dtbfgs]Gb|x¿sf dtk]6Lsfx¿ ;'/Iff;fy k|fKt ePsf lyP . dtbfgsf] ef]lnkN6 dª\l;/

% ut] laxfg !) ah] ;a{bnLo a}7s a;L laxfg !! ah]af6 dtu0fgf sfo{ k|f/De u/L

dª\l;/ ^ ut] a]n'sf dtu0fgf ;DkGg u/L glthf k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .

*= lgjf{rg kl/0ffd

-s_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{sf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd

klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{sf] /fhgLlts bnut pDd]bjf/L / k|fKt dtsf] cj:yf If]qut¿kdf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

lgjf{rg

If]q

pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof ljhoL pDd]bjf/ k|fKt dt bnsf] gfd

/fhgLlts

bn

:jtGq hDdf

! @! ! @@ >L o1 axfb'/ yfkf !%,*#@ g]kfnL sfFu|];

158

lgjf{rg

If]q

pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof ljhoL pDd]bjf/ k|fKt dt bnsf] gfd

/fhgLlts

bn

:jtGq hDdf

# !^ # !( >L /ljGb| clwsf/L !#,!!) g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{

-Pdfn]_

$ !$ @ !^ >L ;Ltf lu/L -cf]nL_ !%,$#* g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{

-Pdfn]_

bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf nflu /fli6«o¿kdf !#) /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf

nflu bnbtf{ u/fPsf]df sf:sL lhNnfsf ljleGg lgjf{rg If]qdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ljleGg @& bnn] pDd]bjf/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . rf/lgjf{rg If]qsf

dtbftf, v;]sf] dt, ;b/ dt / ab/ dtsf] cj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

lgjf{rg If]q dtbftf

;+Vof

v;]sf]

dt

v;]sf] dt

k|ltzt

;b/ dt ;b/

dt

k|ltzt

ab/ dt ab/ dt

k|ltzt

! %$,^^# $@,!(( &&=!(* $),^&$ (^=#( !,%@% #=^!

@ $*,^@% #&,)$) &^=!&$ #%,$#) (%=^% !,^!) $=#%

# $!,@!* #@,)%$ &&=&^( #!,))* (^=&$ !,)$^ #=@^

$ %#,!^@ $),(!( &^=(&) #*,(@$ (%=!@ !,((% $=**

hDdf !,(&,^^* !,%@,@!@ &&=))# !,$^,)#^ (%=($ ^,!&^ $=)^

-v_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgtkm{sf] kl/0ffd

bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o k|of]hgsf nflu /fli6«o¿kdf btf{ ePsf !#) /fhgLlts

bndWo] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb ;"rL a'emfpg] !@@ bndf sf:sL lhNnfdf !@@ /fhgLlts bndWo] clwsf+zn] s'g} g s'g} If]qdf jf ;a} If]qdf dt k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .

;dfg'kfltstkm{sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu s'n dtbftf, s'n v;]sf] dt, ;b/ dt, ab/ dt / ;"Go dt /xg] /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+Vof;DaGwL ljj/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

lgjf{rg

If]qdtbftf

v;]sf] dt

v;]sf] dt k|ltzt

;b/ dt

;b/

dt

k|ltzt

ab/ dtab/ dt

k|ltzt

! k|ltzteGbf sd dt kfpg]

/fhgLlts bn ! %$,^^# $#,*#* *)=@) $@,((^ (*=)* *$@ !=(@ !)@ $*,^@% #*,!$# &*=$$ #&,!$$ (&=#* ((( @=^@ &# $!,@!* ##,()$ *@=@^ ##,@&( (*=!^ ^@% !=*$ !%$ %#,!^@ $!,&## &*=%) $),$&! (^=(* !,@^@ #=)@ %hDdf @,)$,##^* !,%&,^!* &(=&$ !,%#,*() (&=^# #,&@* @=#& #&

c:yfoL dtbftf ^,^^* ;d]t

159

(= e"ldsf lgjf{x

@,)!& ju{ ls=dL= If]qkmn / $,(@,)(* s'n hg;+Vof tyf ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tf Pjd\ Jofj;flos ;DefJotfsf sf/0f sf:sL lhNnf, vf;u/L kf]v/f pkTosfdf cGo &$ lhNnfsf dflg;x¿ Joj;fo / cWoogsf nflu cf]Ol/Psf] kfOG5 . sltko afXo lhNnfaf6 cfpg] JolQmx¿ sf:sLd} :yfoL 3/hd u/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;a} gful/s lgjf{rgsf ;/f]sf/jfnf x'g\ . dtbftf btf{, dtbftf lzIffnufotsf sfddf lgjf{rg sfof{non] ;a} dtbftf / efjL dtbftf;Dd ;fIffTsf/ ug}{kb{5 . lhNnfdf lqmofzLn kGw| aL;j6f /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/ dfWod, k|zf;lgs tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo, cGt//f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfnufot;Fu ;d]t lgs6 ;Dks{, ;DaGw / ;dGjo ul//xg'kb{5 . lgjf{rg sfo{nfO{ ljZj;gLo agfpg ljleGg lgwf{l/t sfg'gL k|fjwfg cIf/zM kfng ug{'kg{], tf]lsPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ tf]lsPsf] cj:Yffdf k|of]u ug{kg{] tyf tf]lsPsf] JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L b'?:t k"/f ug'{kg{] x'G5 . lgjf{rgsf] nflu ;dokfngf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfd tf]lsPs} ;do ;Ldfleq ;DkGg ug{}k5{, ef]ln eGg] g} x'Fb}g . ;fy}, ljZj;gLotfsf nflu lgjf{rgsf ;a} k|lqmofx¿ kf/bzL{ x'g}kb{5, dtbftfn] uf]Ko dtbfg ug{] sfo{afx]s . cfddtbftf, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ko{j]Ifs, cGt//f{li6«o ;d'bfok|lt ;d]t hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg{] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{;DkGg ug{] lgsfo tyf JolQm clt ;r]t, OdfGbf/ / nugzLn x'g}kb{5 . ljleGg kIfnfO{ ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{] p2]Zoleq Psfsf/ u/fO{ ;xof]u k|fKt ug{;Sg' uDeL/ ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ;jfn xf] . t;y{, ;+;f/el/s} cEof;df lgjf{rg 7"nf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

sf:sL lhNnfdf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{] qmddf sf:sL lhNnfl:yt ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+3;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, dtbftf, /fhgLlts bn / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;xof]u ;dGjosf/L, ;sf/fTds / pNn]vgLo /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfddf ljljw e"ldsfdf vl6g] /fi6«;]jsaf6 cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L ;Gtf]ifhgs¿kdf lgjf{x ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rg ldlt tf]lsPsf lbgb]lv g} ;du| lhNnfsf] ;'/Iff l:yltsf] ult, lbzf tyf aGbf]a:tLdf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ PsLs[t¿kdf lg/Gt/ nfu]sf]n] k|efjsf/L zflGt ;'/Iff x'g ;s]sf] xf] . ;'/Iff lgsfox¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{ / lgb{]zg ug{ sf:sL k|zf;g x/If0f v/f]¿kdf ;lqmo /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgjf{rg h:tf] /fli6«o kj{df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ x/sf]0faf6 lgjf{rg cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ cu|;/ /xg] sf:sLsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf klg k|z+;gLo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;dfhdf JofKt lgjf{rg lj/f]wL e|dnfO{ lrg{, lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf nflukg{ k|]l/t ug{] sfddf sf:sL lhNnfdf lqmofzLn gful/s ;dfhn] kof{Kt ;xof]u k'¥ofP . dtbfgsf] cl3Nnf] lbgdfq dtbftf kl/rokq ljt/0f sfo{ ul/Fbf dtbfg:yn;Dd k'uL cf–cfkm\gf] kl/rokq lng, lng nufpg dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;+odtf wf/0f u/fpg gful/s ;dfhaf6 ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x eof] . olb dtbfgsf] cl3Nnf] lbg kl/rokq ljt/0f ug{] sfo{df lj/f]wsf]

160

dl;gf] lemNsf] st}af6 lg:s]sf] eP To;n] kl/l:yltdf 89]nf] nfUg ;SYof] . lgjf{rg layf]Ng ¥ofn sf9]/ a;]sf] kIf /dfpYof] xf]nf . ;a}sf] ;xof]u, ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{n] ubf{ To:tf] l:ylt cfpg kfPg .

sf:sLdf lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx¿ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lg/y{s cj;fgaf6 clt g} ljl:dt ePsf lyP . c;xdlt, c;xhtf / låljwfnfO{ s'Nr]/ /fhgLlts ;d:of ;dfwfg ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] af6f]df cu|;/ u/fpgsf nflu lgjf{rg ;kmn u/fpg nflukg{]] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] OdfGbfl/tf / cu|;/tfnfO{ dfGg}kb{5 .

nf]stGqsf] k|f/lDes kfOnf] dflgg] dtbfg ug{] k|lqmofdf aflnux¿sf] 7"nf] hdft ;xefuL ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ dtbfgdf P]ltxfl;s pkl:ylt ;Dej x'g uPsf] xf] . cfddtbftf ;fFrf] cy{df dtbfg u/L cfkm\gf] eljio lgb{]z ug]{ b:tfj]h lgdf{0f ug{] cleoGtfx¿ 5gf]6 ug{] sfo{df dg, jrg / sd{n] nfu]sf]n] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ljZj hutn] cg's/0fLo dfGg] u/L ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] xf] .

!)= s]xL dggLo s'/fx¿

s'g} klg ;Dkflbt sfdsf ;an / b'a{n b'a}yl/ kIfx¿ x'G5g\ . lgjf{rgdf klg k|of]u ul/g] pknJw ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, k|flKtsf] ;do tyf ;fdu|Lsf] Jofjxfl/stfn] ;d]t sfddf k|efj kfb{5 . o;}u/L, sfd;Dkfbg ubf{sf cj:yfdf klg ;a} sd{ lgVv/¿kdf p2]Zo s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . JolQmut :jfy{, dfgjLo sdhf]/L, dxTjfsf+Iff, Oiof{k"0f{ efjgf, cfu|x–k"jf{u|x, k]nfxf k|j[lQ, cxdtf, cfTds]lGb|t :jefj, j:t'lgi7 / ;do;fk]If kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg gug{] / ;dosf] k|jfxnfO{ ga'em\g] k|j[lQ cflbn] lgjf{rg h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{df afwf Nofpg;Sg] x'gfn] To:tf k|j[lQ Go"gLs/0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg cleofgsf qmddf klg ljz]if e"ldsfdf /x]sf ;+:yfsf JolQmx¿sf oL sf/s tTjn] cleofgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg gvf]h]sf] xf]Og, t/ PsLs[t¿kdf JoQm x'g] cj;/ gx'Fbf d"n p2]Zo k|flKtdf wSsf k'Ug uPg .

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf] cleofgdf d'n's g} xf]ldPsf] cj:yf Psflt/ lyof] eg] csf{lt/ lgjf{rg x'G5 / < eGg] e|d / qf;do jftfj/0fsf] vnanL klg JofKt lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|af6 k7fOg] lgjf{rg ;fdu|L Ps}k6s b'?:t¿kdf k|fKt x'g' h?/L x'G5 . ;fdu|L ?h' ug{], dtbfgs]Gb|ut¿kdf Koflsª ug{] ;donfO{ Vofn u/]/ lgjf{rg ug{] d'Vo Joj:yfkg lgsfoaf6 dftxt sfof{nox¿nfO{ lgjf{rg ;fdu|L pknJw u/fpg'kb{5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL / kl/rokq ?h' u/]/ dtbfg clws[tnfO{ pknJw u/fpg ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dtbfg clws[tnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xh x'G5 . kl/rokq dtbfgsf] cl3Nnf] lbg dfq dtbfgs]Gb|df k'¥ofpFbf c;xh dx;'; ul/of] . o;n] dtbftf nuftf/ b'O{lbg dtbfgs]Gb|df wfpg'kg{] cj:yf cfof] .

lhNnfdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ;du| ultljlwsf]] ;dGjo, lgb{]zg

161

/ lgoGq0f ug'{kg{] bfloTj /xG5 . lgjf{rgsf] d'Vo sfd dtbfg ;~rfng u/fpg] sfo{ d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[t tyf lgjf{rg clws[tsf] x'G5 . hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg ug]{, tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ cflb sfo{ lgjf{rg sfof{noaf6 ul/G5 . Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] oL tLgkIfsf] dha't Pstf / ;+o'Qm sd{af6 dfq lgjf{rgdf ;kmntf xfl;n x'G5 . tyflk, kbLo x}l;ot tyf zlQmsf] bDe;lxtsf kIfx?nfO{ ;dGjo ug{ lgjf{rg sfof{no nflu/xg'kg]{ Pp6f lttf] cg'e"lt xfnsf lgjf{rgdf ug'{k/]sf]] 5 .

lgjf{rg s'g rl/qsf] eof] < k|df0fLs/0f ug{] dfWod ko{j]If0fnfO{ dflgG5 . ko{j]Ifs lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'g, ljlw / k|lqmof a'em]sf] x''g'kb{5 . /fhgLlts t6:ytf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] x''g'kb{5 . la8Djgf, ko{j]Ifsx¿ ;+:yfut Hofs]6 nfP/ cfk"mnfO{ kfos kg{], cfkm\gf] /jfkm emNsg] :yfgdf dfq hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ko{j]Ifssf] lhDd]jf/Ldf vl6g] JolQmx¿sf] gfdfjnL dtbfgsf] lbgeGbf s]xL lbg cufl8 dfq k7fOg] ugf{n] p;sf] of]Uotf, /fhgLlts t6:ytfaf/] klxrfg ug{ sl7gfO x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

cfddtbftfnufot ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xL ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f u/L :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ ;a}sf] Wofg cfslif{t u/fpg] uxg e"ldsf ePsf] ;~rf/ dfWod slxn]sflxF lgikIftf / ;Totfsf] wd{af6 ljrlnt ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts bn ljz]if, pDd]bjf/ ljz]if lgs6tf k|i6 emNsg] u/L ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ug]{, kqsf/sf] Hofs]6 6f]kL nufP/ bn ljz]ifsf] k|rf/df jQmfs} ¿kdf vl6g] clg nuQ} lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ ul7t ;+oGqdf :jtGq JolQmTjsf] x}l;otdf ;xefuL x'g] s'/f nfhdbf{] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 .

cGTodf, nf]stflGqs k2ltdf lgjf{rg klxnf] kfOnf xf] . lgjf{rg x'Fb}df jf dtbfg ub{}df nf]stGqsf] k|flKt eof] jf pkof]u ul/of] eGg] s'/fsf] cy{ /xFb}g . o;}u/L, lgjf{rg

Joj:yfkg ug{] lgsfon] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpFb}df nf]stGqsf] v'8\lsnf] r9fOof] eg]/ bfaL

ug'{sf] klg cy{ /xFb}g . dtbftfdf dt s] xf] < lsg dt lbFb}5' < dt lbPsf] kIf;Fusf

cfkm\gf ck]Iff s]s] x'g\ < eGg] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] cj:yf x'gkb{5 . o;sf nflu lgjf{rg

Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo tyf cfd;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ dtbftf ;r]ttfnufotsf k|fyldstfdf a9L

s]lGbt x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. lgjf{rg cfof]u, P]g, @)^#

2. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)&) / lgodfjnL, @)&)3. dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^*4. hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg, cfly{s Joj:yfkgnufot ljleGg lgb{]lzsfx¿

5. lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf, @)&) 6. ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg kl/0ffd k'l:tsf, @)^$ / @)&@

7. lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt lgjf{rg klqsf / a'n]l6gsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .

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Use of Money in Politics in Nepal

Dr. Ayodhee Prasad Yadav

Introduction

The money has immense role in all walks of life. Its use in human's life in different forms are very wide and deep. In the modern electoral democratic politics, the role of money is so large that without money political party cannot stand and candidate cannot compete in the election. Its role has been so deepen and broaden in every aspects of political life that it is almost impossible to live without money. But the use and misuse of money depends on human beings. Proper use of money maximizes the human equality and happiness whereas its misuse has an adverse effect on the entire socio-economic system i.e. social, cultural, and economic and politics.

Historical evidence shows that independence and democratization not also been possible without the use of money. Modern electoral politics entirely depends on the monetary resource. For the representative democracy periodical election is a must. So, money is a necessary commodity for all the contenders i.e. political parties and candidates. Since political party is the life of democracy, it needs money and matter for political party management and election campaign. Money is a necessary instrument for politics. A saint election campaign cannot be imagined in a competitive multiparty democracy. In a representative democracy, the process of representation has become too much expensive both for party and candidate contesting in the elections. Political parties and candidates strive to win the election 'anyhow'. This phrase has inherent meaning of 'muscle power, cash money' and 'political power' in most of the cases. So, whenever there is election, the political parties and their candidates envisage it as an opportunity not only to win the election using money but also collect money from different sources in the name of elections and making the election campaign festive. So, they try to collect money from different sources i.e. legal or illegal and in different manners. Money, thus, collected from legal source can be easily audited but the money collected from illegal or black-door cannot be audited which ultimately creates corruption and fi nally has a corrupt representation.

Sources of Fund of Political Party

Political parties need money to manage the party’s activities throughout the year. Party development and its popularity among the people is the sole objective of a party. Every party wants to be more popular and representative among the mass of people. These regular activities need some resources either in cash or kind. On the other hand, to contest in the national or local government election, the party requires campaign money. For regular expenditure of party development and election campaign, a party receives fund

Chief Election Commissioner, Election, Commission of Nepal

163

either of these sources: Membership fees and other charges from the party members, Party's cultural shows, Party's publications, Contribution made by business houses/trademen, Donation from Nepalese citizens, Volunteer fi nancial or in kind assistance, Donation from registered organizations/fi rms within the fi nancial limits published

in the Nepal's Gazette each year, State fi nance or public fi nance, Party’s own business, Loans from banks or individuals, and Subsidized services by different organizations.

Support to the Political parties by the ECN

There are no direct legal provisions regarding state fi nance to the parties and candidates. However, the Election Commission of Nepal provides the following supports to the political parties:

Free air time is being made available to political parties proportionally 1 to 10 minutes on state owned radio and television.

Some documents of voter education made available. Electoral roll is being availed with subsidy rate. Trainings are offered with no cost. Advices and suggestions with no cost. Electoral materials such as-ballot box, in party elections as per party request with

no cost, Expenses for removing posters, Expenses for holding policy debates, Expenditures for tea/breakfast/food to the ballot counting witness of the party

and candidate.

Restriction on Donation

According to Political Party Act, 2058 (2010) section 5 (g) "any....grant or donation from international organization, institution, foreign government, person, association or institute" is restricted. Thus, political parties and candidates cannot receive any support in kind or cash from foreign institutions and persons.

Use of Money in Electoral Politics

As we know the fi rst parliament election was held in 1959. The campaign ceiling in the election was Rs. 5000.00 for each candidate in each constituency. The election campaign was not much expensive. The election was free and fair. During autocratic Panchyat, two partyless elections of Rastrya Panchyat were held in 1981 and 1986. Candidacy was on individual basis and generally affl uent candidates were competing on money and caste basis. The trend was followed even in multiparty democratic elections of House of Representatives which held in 1991, 1994 and 1996. The money, muscles and socio-

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politico power were used. There was crying need to curb money politics.

In 2008 and 2013 Constituent Assembly elections were held on the basis of Mixed Electoral System-Proportional Representation (PR) and First-Past-The-Post (FPTP). Campaign ceiling for Proportional Representation (PR) and First-Past-The Post (FPTP) is different. Proportional Representation had party-based campaign. Campaign was launched on the national basis. The whole nation was one constituency. On the other hand, First-Past-The Post was constituency-based. There were 240 constituencies in the country for Constituent Assembly election. So, it was candidate-based campaign. Let’s have study on the use of money under these two different electoral systems.

Proportional Representation

According to the Constituent Assembly Election, 2013 Code of Conduct, political parties were allowed to spend NRs. 75 thousand per candidate. In the Constituent Assembly Election, 2013, 122 political parties submitted closed list of the candidates to the Election Commission of Nepal. But only 104 political parties submitted their election campaign expenditure. The grand total of the expenditure made by the 104 parties constitute a sum of NRs. 288,020,488.00. In PR race, 92 parties forfeited their deposit money (each party had to deposit NRs. 10,000.00). It was also a part of their election campaign cost. If the forfeited money of 92 parties is to be added in the total expenditure submitted by 104 parties, the grand total election outlay of the parties’ accounts for NRs. 288,940,488.00.

To the 130 political parties, 122 political parties contested in the Constituent Assembly election. But only 30 political parties could represent in the Constituent Assembly and their total expenditure was sum of NRs. 162,809,099.00. It means per party expenditure stood at NRs. 5,426,969.98. The campaign expenditure made by these parties is represented by the following table:

1.1 Election Campaign Expenditure of 30 parties

S.N. Political Parties Campaign Outlay (in NRs.)

No. of candidates

No. of elected candidates

1. Nepali Congress 24,283,167.00 334 912. CPN (UML) 22,820,000.00 333 843. UCPN (Maoist) 18,039,998.00 332 544. Rastriya Prajatantra Party 1,121,000.00 318 105. Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party 2,726,322.00 98 36. Samajbadi Janta Party 7,500,000.00 273 17. Rastriya Janmorcha 1,973,207.00 100 38. Rastriya Janmukti Party 5,169,860.00 176 29. Rastriya Prajatantra Party

Nepal7,645,500.00 330 24

10. CPN (M-L) 1,405,843.00 332 5

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S.N. Political Parties Campaign Outlay (in NRs.)

No. of candidates

No. of elected candidates

11. CPN (Sanjukta) 970,000.00 100 312. Dalit Janjati Party NA 85 213. Madhesi Janadhikar Forum

Nepal6,200,000.00 100 8

14. Nepali Janta Dal 5,647,500.00 98 115. Sadbhavana Party 1,072,000.00 100 516. Terai-Madhesh Loktantrik

Party1,290,150.00 100 7

17. Nepal Parivar Dal 4,335,500.00 198 218. Nepa: Rastriya Party 1,824,228.00 54 119. Madhesi Janadhikar Forum,

Nepal (Loktantrik)17,550,000.00 271 10

20. Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (Gantantrik)

2,782,545.00 97 1

21. Sanghiya Sadbhavana Party 528,135.00 99 122. Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya

Manch (Tharuhat)1,288,645.00 58 1

23. Rastriya Madhesh Samajbadi Party

5,841500.00, 100 3

24. Khambuvan Rastriya Morcha, Nepal

2,490,400.00 58 1

25. Janjagaran Party Nepal 3,090,500.00 100 126. Tharuhat Terai Party Nepal 3,092,025.00 97 227. Madhesh Samta Party Nepal 1,195,500.00 99 128. Akhand Nepal Party 3,169,524.00 99 129. Sanghiya Samajbadi Party,

Nepal3,485,550.00 330 5

30. Terai Madhesh Sadbhavana Party Nepal

4,270,500.00 97 2

Total 162,809,099.00 4966 335Average -------- 32,784.76 485,997.31

Note: The share of campaign cost goes to each elected PR member NRs. 485,997.31

The above table shows that over 16 crores money was used up in the Constituent Assembly election, 2013 by 30 political parties. This is only expenditure list just to submit for legal formality in the Election Commission. But the actual expenditure as shown by the party leaders seems more.

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Campaign Expenditure by Major Heads

Campaign expenditure is an important component of party's expenditure. Major heads have been outlined by the Election Commission and given to the political parties and candidates to represent their respective expenditure. In the Constituent Assembly elections, there were 122 political parties contesting in the election and 30 parties could represent in the Constituent Assembly. Here, to study the trend of expenditure only four parties have been taken. Item-wise expenditure made by the parties are represented by the following table:

1.2 Forms of Expenditure of the Four Parties

S.N. Items\Par-ties NC CPN (UML) UCPN (Mao-

ist) MJF (Lok) MJFN

1. Voter List Procurement 1,500.00 360,000.00 1500.00 2646000.00 ---

2. Vehi-cles\Horses 5,336,470.00 4,995,000.00 6168880.00 405,000.00 ---

3. Fuel\Folder 265,420.00 2331000.00 300000.00 2,700,000.00 1,000,000.00

4. Printing Poster\Leafl et 7,364,333.00 1,998,000.00 2,154,345.00 810,000.00 2,300,00.00

5. Transporta-tion 390,800.00 --- --- 324,000.00 200,000.00

6. Public Mass Meeting 926,765.00 --- 40,000.00 2,700,000.00 2,000,000.00

7. Publicity by Media 5,334,340.00 2,813,000.00 1309273.00 270,000.00 ---

8. Offi ce Opera-tion 2,101,369.00 1,665,000.00 500,000.00 1,350,000.00 200,000.00

9. Cadre Mobi-lization 540,900.00 6,660,000.00 7,500,000.00 675,000.00 ---

10. Booth Expen-diture 565,400.00 666,000.00 --- 810,000.00 ---

11. Miscella-neous 1,445,870.00 333,000.00 66,000.00 1,215,000.00 500,000.00

Total 24,283,167.00 22,820,000.00 18,039,998.00 17,550,000.00 6,200,000.00No. of Candidate 334 333 332 271

Average 72,704.10 68,528.53 54,337.34 64,760.15 62,000.00

The above table reveals that: There is no consistency in the expenditure. Expenditures are not sequential. Expenditures are not logical. Expenditure lists are not practical. There is lack of accountability in maintaining account. There is lack of skill in maintaining expenditures. There is lack of seriousness in maintaining law and order. It is quite amazing that Madhesi Janadhikar Forum Nepal has not reported

expenditure incurred on vehicles and procurement of voter list which are very important items of election campaign.

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Chairman or the senior leader of the party under PR campaign makes larger movement, campaign and addresses rally and mass meetings. But party as MJF Nepal has not made any expenditure on these headings.

There is lack of credibility in the expenditure lists submitted by the parties. One of the major party CPN (UML) has not mentioned public meeting expenditure

which, of course, happens very frequently during election campaign. Likewise, there is no transportation cost shown by the CPN (UML) and UCPN

(Maoist).

Reasons behind this There is no legal binding to keep regular election account. There is no banking account system. There is no provision to produce bill\voucher of expenditures. Auditing of the expenditure not yet executed by the Election Commission. There is lack of proper monitoring by the Election Management Body. Party leaders feel impractical to maintain daily account of expenditure.

First-Past-The-Post (FPTP)

For 240 Single Member Constituency seats a total of 6126 candidates had contested in the Constituent Assembly Election held in 19th Nov. 2013. The ceiling of campaign expenditure for each candidate in each constituency was fi xed by the Election Commission to NRs. 1 million. Of the total 6,126 candidates only 4,628 (75.5%) have submitted election campaign expenditure list to their respective District Election Offi ces as per the article 30(4) of the Election Commission Act, 2007. The campaign expenditure of each candidate should be either equivalent to 1 million or less than that.

The expenditure lists submitted by the candidates are found inaccurate. They simply maintained the legal provision as a ritual. Over expenditure was reported unoffi cially from various sources. For the study we cannot take into account it rather we have to depend on the expenditure list submitted by them. Some candidates may have done under ceiling expenditure but many affl uent candidates have made millions of expenditure. Some Constituent Assembly Members very regretfully claimed that they had to spend more than 5 million or even 20 or 30 million in one constituency. A former Prime Minister (Elected CA member) told me that he could not contest the coming up election. He further said that no money no election. Thus, undocumented campaign expenditure cannot be studied. A random study (meetings and discussions with candidates and CA members) shows that over NRs. 5 billion were invested in the FPTP campaign fi eld by the entire candidate taken together.

The documented expenditure of the FPTP candidates (4,628) has been calculated NRs. 2,776,800,000.00. On an average, it is around NRs. 600 thousand. It is interesting to note that a contester did not need to submit any bill/vouchers for his/her expenditure proof.

A study of the nature of the item-wise or head-wise expenses shows that more money has been incurred on hiring vehicles/horses and fuel/fodder (on an average 33.00%) followed by public meetings (15.00%), leafl et/poster printing (12.00%), and cadres mobilization and booth expenditure (20.00%). Some candidates have made outlay on vehicles and fuel

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over 50.00% but less than 60.00%.

Legal Obligations of the Party

The expenditure lists submitted by the candidates, by law, need to be audited. According to the Election Commission Act, 2007, Section 30, sub-section (4) and (5) “A person who has the obligation to submit returns of election expenses shall submit the returns of election expenses to the concerned District Election Offi ce, in the format prescribed by the Commission, within thirty-fi ve days after the date of publication of the fi nal results of election. The returns of election expenses submitted may get audited by a recognized auditor on such conditions as specifi ed by the Commission”.

According to the Political Party Registration Act, 2058, the registered party shall have to maintain the following obligations:

The political parties must maintain the fi nancial statement as per the prescribed format.

Political parties are required to submit annual fi nancial reports to the commission no later than six months after the end of the fi scal year.

Auditing of the income-expenditure by a recognized auditor. Financial statement should also include the election expenditure. Financial statement should include the name, address and the profession of the

organized institutions and individuals who donate more than NRs. 25,000.

Punishment Provision

According to the Election Commission Act, 2007 “if a person makes expenses in excess of the ceiling specifi ed by the Commission pursuant to sub-section (1) of Section 30 or fails to submit the returns of expenses within the period prescribed pursuant to sub-section (4) of the same Section, the Commission may punish such a person with a fi ne of a sum which is equal to the election expenses made by such person or the ceiling of expenses specifi ed by the Commission, whichever is the higher. If it appears from the audit report under the sub-section (5) of Section 30, of the returns submitted pursuant to sub-section (4) of the Section, that the concerned person has made expenses in an unsuitable manner or in such a manner to prejudice the fairness of the election or in an undue or illegal manner for illegal purposes, the Commission may make a decision to disqualify such a person for being a candidate in any election for a maximum period of six years with immediate effect.” The legal provision is quite clear and obvious in taking lawful steps against the candidates who declared over expenditure. But the Election Commission has not taken any strong legal step against to those who have not submitted expenditure list and auditing report.. The Election Commission has been making soft decisions such as simply fi ning NRs. 500.00 to the candidate who did not submit expenditure list.

According to Election (Offences and Punishment) Act, 2007, the sanctions relating to campaign fi nance are as follows:

Any person commits any following acts shall be punished with a fi ne from ten thousand rupees to fi fty thousand rupees or with impriosonnment for a term not exceeding two years or with both, depending on the gravity of offence:

169

prohibition on making infl uence, Prohibition on damaging character, Prohibition on propgation, Prohibition on exchange of cash or kind, Employee not to infl uence election, Prohibition on receiving or giving ballot paper illegally, and Prohibition on divulgence of secrecy.

As per the said act,where any person who is not a citizen of Nepal cast vote, such person shall be punished with a fi ne not exceeding fi fty thousand rupees or with imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or with both.

Code of Conduct Concerning Election Expenditure

According the Election Code of Conduct, 2015, political parties or candidates shall maintain the following election expenditure behaviour:

Candidates or political parties shall, for the purpose of election expenditure, open separate accounts in a bank or fi nancial institution and carry out all election related transactions through such accounts;

Amounts shall be expended from the accounts opened in a bank or fi nancial institution for meeting election expenditure pursuant to the Statute in the case of political parties and by the candidates themselves or through their authorized agents in the case of candidates;

Candidates or political parties shall not spend beyond the limit fi xed by the Commission;

Operation of the accounts opened in a bank or fi nancial institution for the purpose of election and the transaction thereof shall be transparent;

Candidates or political parties shall receive donation through a bank or fi nancial institution if the amount is more than NRs. 5000;

Candidates or political parties shall give receipt or voucher to donor giving person or institution if the donation is received in the form of cash;

Candidates or political parties shall compulsorily maintain the bills and receipt of the expenditure;

Candidates or political parties shall furnish all the details of election expenditure to District Election Offi ce or the Commission within the time frame as specifi ed in the prevailing law in such a format as prescribed by the Commission;

In case the Commission deems unsatisfactory if the details of election expenditure submitted by the candidates or political parties unsatisfactory if orders to submit bills, receipts and the statements of accounts maintained in a bank or fi nancial institution, the concerned candidates or the political parties shall submit the original bills, receipts and the statements of accounts of a bank or fi nancial institution accordingly.

Possible Challenges of Money in Politics Selfi shness of rich people makes undue infl uence on politics, Tradesmen's fi nancial contribution for campaign creates corruption, Politicians and its cadre’s psychology is inclined towards money,

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More importance of money than political thoughts and ideals, Winning election using money than manifesto, Rich candidates are preferred and recommended to contest the election, Wealthy business interests and mafi as to control political system, Corrupt practices of media and paid news, Infl ow of illicit funds to the political system-tainted governance and rule of law

undermined, Vote buying practices are encouraged, State resources--fi nancial, institutional, enforcement and regulatory, are used in

favour of the party in government, According to Nelson Mandela:"Money does not create success but it is

independence.", Poor voters can easily be led by money, Lack of account maintenance of campaign money, Marginalized and female eligible candidates are deprived.

The above challenges are being faced by almost all representative democratic countries of the world. But this is more acute in developing countries. The countries of Asia and Africa continent have great challenge to overcome the misuse of money in periodical elections. Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Srilanka, Afghanistan, Bhutan and Maldives (Member of FEMBoSA) are also suffering from the corrupt practices in elections. Though there is free and fair elections but the role of money still dominates the fairness of the poll. Most of the candidates take it as a gambling. In Lok Sabha election of India in 2014, the Election Commission of India seized cash Rs. 3038 million, liquor seized worth Rs. 918 million and drugs worth Rs. 8045 million (Dr. Nasim Zaidi, 2014). Such type of unequal, unseen and unfair practices are also common in the country like Nepal.

Therefore, to regulate and control the use of money in politics, a Regional Conference on "The Use of Money in Politics and Its Effects on People's Representation" was held on 15th and 16th December, 2015 in New Delhi with the collaboration of III DEM, ECI and International-IDEA. The Conference passed a resolution of Principles on Political Finance Regulation in South Asia. The Resolution is called New Delhi declaration which is as follows:

New Delhi declaration on Political Finance Regulation in South Asia

Narration and Background

In today’s dynamic world, democracy has come to be recognized as the best form of governance. Various forms of democratic structures across the globe govern lives of the governed. Irrespective of the electoral system that a country may have adopted suitable to its felt-needs and aspirations of its citizenry, free and fair elections are the corner stone of all democratic elections.

It cannot however be gain said that no system is perfect and all electoral systems suffer from one or the other form of malpractices. Money power and its pernicious effects on electoral outcomes is one such malpractice, universally affecting all countries. Hence, a strong need is being felt all around for regulating the use, or rather abuse of money power

171

in electoral frays.

With the avowed object of deliberating on this disturbing phenomenon, a two-day Regional Conference on “The Money in Politics and its effects on Peoples’ Representations” was held jointly by the International IDEA and IIIDEM at New Delhi (India) on 15th and 16th December 2015. This conference followed a series of similar conferences held by International IDEA at Paris in December 2014, at Brasilia in June 2015 and at Mexico in September 2015 as well as a conference on “Regulating Campaign Finance: Ensuring Free and Fair Elections” held by FEMBoSA (Forum of Election Management Bodies of South Asia) on 29th - 30th November, 2014 at Kathmandu, Nepal.

After detailed in-depth discussions on all aspects of the problems, the conference unanimously endorsed the following declaration as New Delhi Declaration on Political Finance Regulation.

PREAMBLE

Representatives of Political Parties, Elections Management Bodies, Civil Society Organizations, Media and representatives from International and Regional organizations, who gathered in a two-day Regional Conference on the Use of Money in Politics and its Effects on People’s Representation, held in New Delhi on 15-16 December 2015, having recognized the importance of effective regulation of fi nancing of the activities of political parties and elections, hereby recommend the following guiding principles:

A. Overarching Principles

A.1 Adopt a holistic approach to regulations

i. A holistic and integrated approach to the regulation of political fi nance that takes into account how regulations work in combination with each other is more likely to deliver the intended results than a piecemeal one.

A.2. Uniform Coverage

i. Regulations will be undermined if loopholes are allowed to exist. Regulations should cover both routine party activity and the campaign period, and apply to both parties and candidates. Both central and local levels of political parties including all elections should be subject to regulations.

A.3. Close Monitoring Gaps

i. Regulations will be undermined if loopholes are allowed to exist. It is also important to ensure that no gaps exist in monitoring the implementation of regulations.

A.4. Recognize the limitations

i. A healthy relationship between money and politics also depends on other elements and stakeholders/agencies, such as a vibrant civil society and media, protected by rule of law and an independent judiciary.

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A.5. Design constructive interventions

i. While designing political fi nance regulations, constructive interventions to address the existing challenges are needed. The required ingredients for the regulatory framework should be tailored to the particular context.

A.6. Coordinate efforts with other stakeholders/agencies

i. Political fi nance regulations should be designed and implemented to work in synergy and coordination with political parties and other stakeholders and institutions, such as the tax authorities, banking sector and anti-corruption agencies etc.

A.7. Facilitate /provide equal opportunities for participating in political life

i. Creating a level playing fi eld in elections is widely recognized as a priority of the highest order for political fi nance regulation. This implies appropriate regulation and facilitation giving each party, candidate, citizen an adequate opportunity to participate in political life and put across its message.

ii. Political parties and candidates need access to funds in order to play their essential role in a democracy. Maintaining a party offi ce and membership base, informing voters of policies and running a campaign all require funds. The fl ow of party and candidate funds should only be regulated where it is necessary to prevent money from adversely impacting upon the underpinning principles of democracy such as a level playing fi eld, equality of the vote and representation of the people.

A.8. Facilitate the participation of Women in electoral democracy

i. Recognizing the differential access to, and impact of money which limit women’s participation in politics , gender sensitive regulations should be put in place to facilitate women’s participation.

A.9. Be Reasonable

i. Regulations should be realistic and implementable and not unnecessarily stifl e or hamper competitive multi-party politics, or place unreasonable burdens on parties or candidates.

B. Regulation and Implementing Guidelines

B.1. Maintain Reasonable Levels of Spending

i. In order to strike a balance between the need for a healthy competition and the level playing fi eld, the fi nancial regulations should be realistic, protecting every legitimate need of political parties, candidates and the citizens. These should take into account the realistic costs of campaign materials, services and advertising.

173

ii. While designing the limit, local context needs to be accounted for. iii. The maximum spending limit usually consists of an absolute or relative sum

determined by factors such as the voting population in a particular constituency and the costs for campaign materials and services. Limits can be fi xed annually and based on the number of registered voters.

iv. Capping and limiting paid electoral and advertising in the electronic and print media is one measure to reduce spending that is both effective and enforceable. Such a ban has been effective in keeping campaign costs down.

v. Spending limits should also be balanced with the equally legitimate need to protect other rights, such as those of free association and expression.

vi. Limits on campaign spending should cover expenditure by different party branches; apply to parties and candidates alike, and ideally also to third parties.

vii. Funds from candidates’ own private fi nances should also be included in overall campaign spending limits.

viii. In order to be able to effectively regulate spending, there needs to be a clear distinction between the different types of expenditure and the rules applicable to them, e.g. campaign expenses and general party expenses; third party spending; spending of public funds, etc.

B.2. Regulate private contributions in order to protect the integrity of electoral democracy

i. To ensure that the citizen remains at the heart of a democracy and not the interests of large donors, it is reasonable to limit the amount of private funding that an individual or corporation may donate.

ii. Anonymous donations should be strictly regulated and if not banned outright, then should be limited to an amount that is considered acceptable and not at risk of unduly infl uencing the political process. Many established democracies have in place such a threshold. There should be a cap on individual and total donations.

iii. Donations should not be allowed from foreign citizens and foreign entities. Donations from dual citizens may be allowed wherever applicable.

iv. Strict vigilance must be exercised on the possibility of quid-pro-quo between donors and political parties.

v. Any limits should apply to both fi nancial and in-kind contributions.

B.3. Provide Public Funding for Political Parties i. The provision of public funding (both monetary and in-kind) can reduce the

dependency of political parties on large, private donors and make funding more transparent and accountable. Public funding is most effective, however, when it is introduced in conjunction with other regulatory measures, such as spending caps, decriminalization of politics, internal democracy and fi nancial transparency of political parties, and compliance of anti-corruption laws. The risk otherwise is that public funding merely adds to the overall amount of money already being spent.

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ii. Public funding should not be disbursed unconditionally. Its provision can be an effective tool to further improve the role of money in politics and infl uence the behavior of political parties and or candidates.

iii. Ear-marking of public funding for certain activities should be considered. iv. For any conditions to be effective the amount of public funding must be

meaningful. v. Conscious efforts should be made to support political pluralism. For example, it

is good practice that the eligibility threshold for public funding is set at a lower level than that for entering parliament, although a minimum level of support should be required.

vi. The provision of free time or space in media channels to parties/candidates can complement a ban on paid media advertising.

B.4. The Abuse of State Resources i. A clear distinction should exist between the State and political parties. ii. Measures should be taken against the abuse of state resources. It is unacceptable

for parties to use state funds, resources or positions of power to their undue advantage.

iii. Banning donations from state-owned or partially state-owned companies can also help prevent the indirect abuse of state resources.

iv. Election campaign coverage from public-owned media sources should be conducted in an objective, impartial and balanced manner.

v. A General Code of Conduct for print and electronic media (including social media) should be formulated to streamline the campaign coverage by them, of all political parties, candidates and others during election period, so as to provide and maintain a level playing fi eld for all stakeholders.

vi. Public employees should not be coerced into activities or making fi nancial contributions for any political party.

vii. The use of state resources by parties and candidates during election time should be monitored by an appropriate and independent body.

B.5. Transparency guidelines and public disclosure of political fi nance i. Transparency of party and candidate fi nances is crucial to a healthy relationship

between money and politics. It helps fi ght corruption and assists voters in making informed choices. The effectiveness of many political fi nance regulatory measures is dependent on transparent disclosure of information and the possible scrutiny it engenders.

ii. Transparency requires that campaign fi nancing information is disclosed to the public as soon as possible, with suffi cient detail, and in an accessible format. Both campaign and non-campaign political party fi nance data should be made available to the public via the oversight agency’s website in a searchable and machine-readable format.

iii. In this way, non-state actors can help to identify inaccuracies or violations,

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use the data to raise awareness and recommend reforms, thereby changing the expectations of voters and, hopefully, as a result, the behavior of politicians.

iv. During non-campaign periods, political parties should be required to submit disclosure reports to the oversight body on at least an annual basis. Reports should contain both itemized and summary information and should be made available on the oversight agency’s website.

v. Appropriate technology should be used for ensuring greater transparency.

B.6. Reporting requirements i. Reports should include both routine political party fi nance and campaign fi nance

of both political parties and candidates. Any expenditure incurred by third parties should also be covered.

ii. Reports should include all contributions and expenses - fi nancial, in-kind and service. Reports should contain itemized as well as summary information.

iii. Reporting templates for parties and candidates (and any other stakeholders/agencies required to report) should be in a standardized format so that data is comparable.

iv. All parties and candidates should fi le a public disclosure of assets and liabilities. v. Financial reporting should include consolidated audited accounts of a political

party. vi. Where appropriate, reporting should be done online or via dedicated software to

reduce the administrative burden and facilitate the verifi cation of data. vii. Campaign reports for both parties and individual candidates should be submitted

to the proper authorities within reasonable and stipulated timeframe.

B.7. The Regulatory Authority i. The authority (-ies) charged with overseeing and enforcing political fi nance

regulations should be granted the mandate, independence, and resources required to fulfi l their role. The regulatory authority should be non-political in nature and independent of both political parties and government. The law should clearly specify which institution(s) is responsible for the receipt of political fi nance reports and the monitoring and enforcement of political fi nance regulations.

B.8. Compliance i. Steps should be taken and measures should be in place to adequately monitor and

verify the accuracy of party and candidate fi nancial information submitted. The designated authority should have the power to audit party and candidate fi nancial reports. Clear and unbiased procedures should be established for auditing.

ii. The oversight agency should facilitate compliance, by providing parties and candidates with information, advice and assistance on how best to implement and comply with political fi nance regulations. There are instances of Electoral Commissions providing a range of such assistance and advice, online, offl ine,

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onsite and through telephone helplines.

B.9. Enforcement i. In the event that regulations are violated there needs to be in place a clear and

proportionate system of sanctions that can be imposed in practice within a reasonable time frame. A range of sanctions should exist to refl ect the seriousness of the particular violation, sanctions should be dissuasive in nature and issued in a timely manner to be of relevance.

ii. Appropriate civil and criminal sanctions as per law should be put in place to ensure the enforcement effectively

(New Delhi declaration on Political Finance Regulation in South Asia Wednesday, December 16, 2015)

Concluding Remarks

Money politics now seems to be endemic. It has become mired in corruption. Abuse of money in politics and corruption tends to go hand in hand, whether it is in a developing or developed democracy. Prospective candidates rack up big debts to bribe voters and political parties. Then, they resort to embezzlement in offi ce to pay the debts.

Election is the price of democracy which involves extensive expenditure. Some expenditures are legitimate and essential while some are excessive and ostentatious and therefore wastful and unacceptable. Some of the costs incurred are prohibited by law and guidelines issuued by the Election Management Body. Such prohibited and unseen expenditures have pervasive ramifi cations in conducting a secure election. Because payments and spending which are in pursuit of corrupt practices and against accepted norms of society are also prevalent in a nascent democracy.

To curb the infl uence of black money in elections has been one of the recurring challenges in democracy like ours. All deliberations on getting honest and competent candidates elected to the parliament through a credible election are underpinned by the concern that high fl ow of unaccounted money in favour of certain candidates adversely affects public welfare.

Money has very dominant role in democracy. It is now becoming money democracy. In Nepalese context, one of the important criterion for candidacy has been realised to be richer and able to afford resources in election campaign. For example, in the last Constituent Assembly election, some of the leading political parties had submitted closed of some big businessmen of different sectors as: industry, trade, transport, medicines, school owner etc in the PR race. Nearly 13 persons from these sectors could represent in the then Constituent Assebly from different parties. So, to alleviate the rampant use of money in politics and to make the democracy more lively and likely, the New Delhi Declaration should be adopted and implemented effectively.

The expenditure of political parties and candidates, which are not disclosed at any stage, include extravagant spends not affordable in a low income country, should better be prevented by common agreement. The abuses of state resources and various other hidden

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costs including political corruption, related spending must be controlled and eliminated. The Commission, the Government and Law Enforcement Offi cials, Monitoring Groups, Political Party leaders and civil society must collectively commit to introduce and ensure compliance by all the best practices acceptable by society at large.

A stong and well-authorized legal monitoring team equipped with IT should be deployed in each election constituency to monitor and curb the expenditure of political parties/candidates, and if found illegal activities, legal activites should be taken against them.

Elected member either of the parliament or of local bodies represent the people as a whole and also the geography. Therefore, they should be accruable to their electorate and their problems, rather than on their own interests. This inherent objective of the people's representation is best be understood by parties and candidates.

References

Election Commission Act, 2007, Nepal.

Political Party Registration Act, 2001.

Election (Offences and Punishment) Act,2007.

Report on Constituent Assembly Election, 2013, Nepal.

Election Code of Conduct 2015, Nepal.

Dr. AP Yadav, Election Cost in Nepal, 2010.

Report on Fifth FEMBoSA Meeting, 2014.

Regional Conference on the Use of Money and its Effects on People’s Representation, December 15-16th, 2015.

The Economist, March 19th-25th, 2011, p. 31.

Rafael Lopez-Pinter and Jeff Fischer, 2005, Getting to the Cost of Registration and Elections (CORE), UNDP/IFES.

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Election and Technology

Laxmi Prasad Yadav

The introduction of information and communications technologies (ICT) into the electoral process is generating both interest and concern among voters, as well as practitioners across the globe. Today, most election management bodies (EMBs) around the world use new technologies with the aim of improving the electoral process. These technologies range from the use of basic offi ce automation tools such as word processing and spreadsheets to more sophisticated data processing tools, such as data base management systems, optical scanning and geographic information systems.

Some of these tools have been available for some time and their strengths and weaknesses are well known. Every year, however, new technologies and tools that are not as well known are introduced to the market. As this is being written, for instance, there are several voting systems in use that automate the recording and/or counting of votes cast. Other systems verify voter eligibility and voter authentication. Some countries are also experimenting with internet voting as a way to facilitate voting and to increase voter participation in elections. All of these efforts aim to ensure the credibility of the democratic process and the reliability of elections results.

While these technologies open up new frontiers and offer new possibilities for the electoral process, especially for voting operations, there may be unforeseen risks involved, such as an increase in vote selling or diffi culty in auditing election results. Careful consideration also needs to be given to the risks of inappropriate or untimely introduction of technology, especially if it has the potential to compromise transparency, local ownership or sustainability of the electoral process.

Among all of the new technologies being introduced, public attention is focused mainly on those that support electronic voting (E-voting), and the EC Nepal has prepared a "Focus On" E-Voting. However, the aim of the Elections and Technology topic area is to introduce technologies that have an impact on a variety of activities related to the administration of elections.

Guiding Principle of Election and Technology

Whenever an election management body (EMB) considers the use of technology to facilitate and improve the electoral process, it is necessary to follow several guiding principles that have been identifi ed over the years and that can help to establish and maintain public confi dence in the electoral process.

Joint Secretary, Election Commission, Nepal

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These guiding principles are: take a holistic view of the new technology consider the impact of introducing new technologies maintain transparency and ensure ethical behavior while adopting new technology consider the security issues related to the new technology test the accuracy of results produced by the use of technology ensure privacy ensure inclusiveness consider the technology cost-effectiveness evaluate effi ciency evaluate sustainability evaluate the fl exibility of the technology to adapt to new election regulations consider the service provided to the users and their trust in the new technology

Take a holistic view of the new technology

Technology is just a tool and therefore it is not an end in itself. When technology is applied to any activity related to electoral administration and elections, it is important to consider carefully the electoral context in which the technology is used. For example, if technology is being considered for vote counting, the guiding principles that apply to vote counting also apply to the technology.

It is also good to keep in mind that electoral processes involve more than just operations and technology. They include relevant laws, regulations and guidelines, social and political context, organizational culture, procedures developed to complement the technology and training of technicians and users.

Consider the impact of introducing new technologies

When a new system is being considered to replace another, an evaluation is needed to assess the impact of the change on all stakeholders.

Once the system is adopted, the transition phase needs to be carefully managed to ensure that problems do not occur and that all functions can continue to be effectively carried out.

These are some strategies that can be used by electoral administrators to minimize the impact of new systems, new technology and changes on electoral processes: Allow plenty of time for implementation and avoid starting avoid starting

implementation too close to Election Day. Keep in mind that implementation of a new project often takes longer than expected. Plan for new systems to be fi nished well before the earliest practicable election date

and enforce cut off dates after which no system changes are allowed. Have alternatives ready to be implemented in case the new system cannot be used

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for whatever reason. Manage information about the technology and changes so that stakeholders do not

have unrealistic expectations and do not impose impossible deadlines. Avoid imposing a new, untried or unsuitable technology. Schedule enough time to thoroughly test new systems. Provide training for staff and users as needed.

A system implementation schedule can be infl uenced by whether there is fi xed term or variable term election systems. With fi xed term elections, implementation schedules can be set around a known election date while with variable term elections, new systems should ideally be in place and ready to go before the earliest likely date for the election.

Maintain transparency and ensure ethical behavior while adopting new technology

Transparency, meaning openness and accountability, is a key feature for the credibility of democratic elections. An indicator of transparency can be the access by electoral observers, both domestic and international, to all procedures at every stage of the electoral process.

With manual processes, transparency is relatively straightforward, as the processes are usually visible and it is not diffi cult to provide meaningful access to observers. By contrast, with the use of some technologies it may be more diffi cult or even impossible for observers to testify that the outcome is correct. Electronic voting systems are one example where in some cases it is almost impossible to insure that the vote that is registered is indeed the vote cast by the voter and, therefore, that the resulting vote counting is accurate. On the other hand, the use of technology may enhance transparency once the data entry into the respective system is proved to be accurate and large quantities of data can produce meaningful reports with very few errors.

With the use of technologies, transparency may have to be provided in completely different ways depending on the technology. This may involve the use of techniques, such as creation of audit trails, creation of log fi les, code verifi cations, digital signatures and compilation checks, among others.

As a result, the skills needed by observers of electoral processes using various technologies, may be completely different than those needed to observe manual processes. To ensure transparency, the election management body may seek the assistance of specialized experts or auditors able to verify the accuracy of their systems and to provide special training to observers.

Related to the issues of transparency and trust, EMBs are expected to follow appropriate ethics when implementing new technology. For instance, when choosing technology suppliers, EMBs are supposed to ensure that the tendering processes are fair and open, without favoritisms or corruption and that all government purchasing procedures applicable to the selection of technology are followed.

When buying hardware and software, EMBs have to ensure that proper licenses are obtained. Apart from the legal and ethical problems with using unlicensed or unregistered

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software, users also run the risk of not being notifi ed of known bugs, software fi xes or upgrades.

Consider the security issues related to the new technology

Computer systems used for elections must include high levels of security. Unauthorized persons must be prevented from accessing, altering or downloading sensitive electoral data. Demonstrable security levels are another way of ensuring that election systems are transparent and trustworthy.

Various mechanisms exist to provide for computer security. These include password protection, encryption, verifi cation programs and physical isolation.

Test the accuracy of results produced by the use of technology

Accuracy is vital to the credibility of an election, particularly voters' lists, vote recording, vote counting and the reporting of election results. To ensure that technological systems are trustworthy, there must be ways to test and verify that data is recorded properly and that the manipulation of this data produces accurate outputs.

System accuracy may be tested by randomly entering known data into the system and verifying that the resulting outputs are correct. In addition, for voting systems, a test is supposed to be performed to verify that the same set of data processed through several randomly chosen, similar but independent systems produces the same results.

On the whole, it would be expected that accuracy would increase as new and improved technology was adopted.

Ensure privacy

Electoral computer systems often contain sensitive personal data on large numbers of individuals, which can include names, addresses and other personal details. While many countries have privacy laws and policies that place restrictions on access to personal information, as a general principle, every person has the right to personal privacy. If a person's privacy is invaded by improper use of electoral data, both the person and the respect accorded to the electoral process may suffer.

Accordingly, security built into electoral computer systems should take account of the need to protect the privacy of personal data held on them. Audit trails can be built into systems containing personal data to track and monitor which individuals have accessed or modifi ed personal data and to prevent any unauthorized invasion of privacy.

Ensure inclusiveness

Where a technology with impact on internal and/or external users is being adopted, it is advisable to organize a consultation process with those users or their representatives to ensure that their needs are met and that they are satisfi ed that the new system is acceptable and reliable. It is important to provide suffi cient information to users to enable them to feel included in the process and therefore increase the likelihood that the new technology

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will be successfully implemented.

Since election technology has the potential to directly affect the political process, it is important to engender a sense of ownership in its users, much more so than might be considered for other government systems.

In addition, access and equity considerations are to be taken into account when adopting new technology to ensure that people with special needs are included.

Consider the technology cost-effectiveness

Depending on the application, the use of technology may imply a substantial upfront investment, even if the benefi ts are considerable and possible long-term savings can outweigh the initial cost. In addition, relatively low-cost technology can also replace high cost, low-tech processes, leading to savings in the long-term. Costs with ongoing maintenance also need to be considered and may be much higher than expected.

Therefore, before making a commitment to implement new technology, it is important to determine whether it is fi nancially viable by getting a complete account of all likely costs and savings, namely: basic up-front costs of the technology itself expected costs with add-on equipment such as peripherals and communications installation and implementation costs expected on-going troubleshooting and maintenance (addition of new features, and

performance and capacity optimization) costs over system life span expected costs of warehousing related equipment expected costs related to documentation, design of new procedures, staff training

and user training expected fi nancial benefi ts from increased effi ciency comparative costs of other available technologies that offer the same functionality

In addition, the following related studies might also prove useful: cost-benefi t survey assessment of expected improvements in effi ciency or service versus extra costs likelihood of funding during the project life span evaluation of likelihood of sharing the new system and related maintenance costs

with other agencies or organizations assessment of the opportunity for joint ventures that could reduce costs without

compromising integrity evaluation of similar solutions, if they exist, implemented by either other election

management bodies or other organizations

These considerations and the results of these studies can help to identify additional functions, benefi ts and user satisfaction to be provided by a technology under investigation. These considerations can also help to provide a realistic estimate of expected costs or

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savings needed for a thorough evaluation of a technology’s cost /effi ciency ratio. This, in turn, can help determine whether the technology is worthwhile, viable and affordable.

Relatively minor improvements may not justify the extra cost and by the same token, if a low-cost, low-tech solution is available and it is acceptable for the specifi c task, there may not be a need to implement a proposed high-cost, high-tech solution.

Whenever possible, the expected life-span of the technology is also supposed to be determined. In principle, a technology that can be re-used for more than one purpose or for more than one election is more cost-effective than one that can only be used once before it needs to be replaced.

In addition, before accepting a technology purchase, there is a need to ensure that there are available funds to cover implementation costs as well as ongoing maintenance. Generally this implies commitments through the relevant government budgetary process.

Evaluate effi ciency

Although it is often expected that a new technology is more effi cient than the old one, it might not be the case in practice. It is possible to replace an effi cient manual process with an ineffi cient automated one if the new process is not carefully thought through. When deciding to implement a new technology, it is important to ensure that the new system is more effi cient than the one it replaces.

One of the anticipated benefi ts of technology is the ability to perform accurately large complex tasks in a relatively short time compared to the time needed to undertake the tasks manually. While this may enable EMBs to reduce costs by deploying fewer staff, it may also lead to additional pressure on staff as productivity rises and more is expected of them.

Evaluate sustainability

Technology is generally expensive to acquire, but if it is sustainable, and able to be used for more than one purpose or more than one election, it can be more cost-effective in the long term.

New technology may also require the use or availability of other technologies or specifi c infrastructures, such as communications and electrical energy networks. For example, if a country has an intermittent power supply, implementing a network of personal computers may not be the best choice. High humidity or high levels of dust or sand may also restrict the choice of appropriate technology.

In general, local infrastructure must be capable of supporting a chosen technology. If it is not, it could mean that the technology being considered is not appropriate or that there is a need to upgrade the infrastructure, in which case costs and benefi ts should be carefully assessed.

There is also a need to evaluate the technical and fi nancial capacity of the electoral management body (EMB) to maintain a new system during an agreed upon or required

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time span. Usually, it is desirable for an adopted technology to be used for several years; therefore funds will need to be secured, not only for initial implementation, but also for the foreseeable life of the technology. These funds need to be budgeted for and guaranteed before committing to a new technology.

Another aspect related to the sustainability of a new system is the availability of appropriately skilled staff to run and maintain it, either by the EMB or by outside service providers. The costs associated with keeping staff skills up-to-date and the capacity of both EMB and service providers to retain trained staff need to also be considered.

Another potential pitfall is attempting to do too much too quickly. Instead of implementing a radically new technology (compared to the existing local technology) in one step, it may be more appropriate to gradually implement change over a series of electoral events.

Evaluate the fl exibility of the technology to adapt to new election regulations

A technology that is fl exible is also more likely to be cost-effective and sustainable. It may be desirable to adopt a technology that has the potential for more than one use if this does not compromise the primary need for the technology.

In cases of transitional environments, where the future of election management methods is uncertain, it is desirable to avoid purchasing technology that is highly specialized and infl exible, and to purchase instead more generic products that can facilitate the use of a wide range of applications.

Another of the perceived advantages of using technology for elections is its ability to provide users with greater fl exibility and more options. Therefore, procedures may be implemented to ensure that the new technology does not reduce fl exibility by limiting the number of options available. For example, it may be more desirable to introduce electronic voting as another option to using manual ballots, rather than completely replacing manual ballots with electronic voting, to ensure that users without electronic skills or access are not disadvantaged.

Consider the service provided to the users by the technology

Elections are largely about providing a service for its clients, the voters. When choosing a new technology, the level of client service—ease of use and voters’ satisfaction—as well as how the technology is perceived by its users needs to be a priority consideration for the EMB in order to ensure that the credibility of the electoral process is not jeopardized.

There are a number of strategies that can be adopted to reduce users’ unrealistic expectations or suspicion and ensure trust: assessment of stakeholder receptivity to review specifi c technologies clear defi nition of technology objectives use of open and regular consultation process with all relevant stakeholders verifi cation of legal implications of adopting a specifi c technology use of rigorous technology evaluation processes including need for and

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implementation risks provision of appropriate levels of security for the electoral process different tasks verifi cation of funds availability to cover all implementation, maintenance and

training costs setting up transparent tendering and purchasing processes accepted by all

stakeholders organization of effective training strategies both to electoral administrators and

users assessment of references, use of external audits and verifi cation checks to assert

the trustworthiness of external vendors, technical staff, software programmers and consultants involved in supplying and/or maintaining technology

Besides a rigorous and well-structured implementation process, the successful adoption of a new technology requires the acceptance, trust and satisfaction of its users.

Context of Election and Technology

The context in which a technology is applied is an important consideration. This is particularly true when choosing a new technology for electoral processes, where additional factors such as political and social issues can prevail over technological ones.

As different technologies are made available, electoral management bodies (EMBs) evaluate not only their usefulness in performing tasks related to electoral administration but also the impact they can have on the citizens. As a result, there are technologies specifi c to offi ce automation and accounting that are used by EMBs for administration and management issues. Other technologies, such as those specifi c to voter registration and voting systems have a direct impact on the way citizens perceive the overall electoral process.

In addition, not all countries evaluate a new technology in the same way. Different countries choose different technologies and adapt them to their specifi c election systems. A technology trusted by one country may be completely mistrusted by another due to different political, social and cultural contexts.

This means that when an EMB is evaluating a technology for use in its country’s electoral administration, and particularly in its voting operations, it needs to be sensitive to the country’s social, cultural and political environment. Depending on the environment—for example, when a society is in political transition—people may either expect more from a specifi c technology than it can realistically deliver or be suspicious of the use of a new technology.

Political opposition to innovation or change is also possible. Elections by nature are politically sensitive, and the implementation of a new technology may have a political impact. When political parties and voters distrust a technology, there can be delays in implementing a project or it may be halted altogether. For example, introducing Internet or telephone voting may increase access to voting facilities, but it may also increase suspicion of fraud and vote buying.

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There may also be bureaucratic opposition to innovation or change, especially when there are vested interests in retaining the current system. Adoption of technology often changes the nature of a workplace—without necessarily reducing the workforce—by changing the needs for specifi c skills.

Proposed changes in technology may also be subject to public inquiries, which are a good way to gauge citizen reaction and generate media interest. EMBs effective cooperation with public inquiries and independent evaluations at an early stage of the process is likely to promote trust and understanding among all stakeholders.

Security

Security also has an impact on the likely success of the electoral process particularly when a country is in transition to democracy. If there is a risk that an election process may be disrupted by civil unrest or sabotage, the technology chosen must be robust and fl exible enough to function, even if part of the system becomes inoperable. This may involve employing strategies such as maintaining multiple backups of data at several different sites or ensuring that networks can operate even when one or more links are down. It may be best to have manual back up systems available to be used in the event of unrecoverable system failure.

Legislative framework

Depending on electoral systems and the legal instruments that regulate elections, there may be restrictions on the adoption of new technology and on the way it is procured. Therefore there may be a need to request a review of those legal instruments before the adoption of such technology.

In addition, specifi c government regulations may impact the adoption of technology by: limiting procurement of goods by type or place of manufacture limiting the type of applications that may be developed, implemented and maintained

in-house and/or those requiring various functions to be outsourced requiring technology purchases to be vetted or approved by appropriate authorities

external to the election management body (EMB) requiring that purchased hardware or software is compatible with those used by

other government agencies to facilitate integration of data, if needed setting minimum standards and quality controls to be followed when implementing

new systems

This means that the applicable regulatory environment may have a signifi cant impact on the implementation of technology by the electoral administration bodies. Any standards and restrictions on technology acquisition needs to be identifi ed early on in the planning stages to avoid confl icts and to ensure not only that appropriate technology is considered and adopted, but also that the implementation process can take place smoothly.

Implementation of digital voter registration systems and use of electronic voting systems, for instance, usually implies change of the legislative and regulatory framework.

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If needed, legislative changes are supposed to have been approved prior to commitment of funds to develop and implement new systems and new technologies.

Since legislation can have a signifi cant impact on the type of technology that can be used for an electoral process, it is advisable to request legislators to use language that allows some fl exibility in the choice of technology by the Electoral Management Bodies.

Historical review

Elections as we know them today date from electoral processes developed in the mid- to late 1800s in the world’s then fl edgling democracies. At that time several new electoral concepts were introduced. One was the secret ballot, which required an anonymous voting interface, usually a printed ballot paper. Another was the gradual extension of the franchise—eventually to near-universal suffrage—requiring an authority to keep printed records of the names of eligible electors. The extension of the franchise, in turn, created the need to manage a process of communicating with, and taking and counting the votes of, the great majority of the adult population.

The history of the use of technology for elections is concerned with meeting these three needs — a voting interface, a list of eligible electors and the management of the voting process.

In the 1800s these needs were met using the available technology of the day, including printing presses and writing implements, such as steel-nib pens, fountain pens and, in the late 1800s, typewriters. However, most processes were then (and in some places still are today) manual. Electoral rolls were written by hand or manually typed, and kept in books and on cards. Ballot papers were distributed, marked and counted manually. Election results were manually calculated and communicated by tally board and print.

The mid- to late 1800s marked the beginning of a technological revolution that has continued to this day. As technology advanced, electoral management bodies (EMBs) applied the various innovations to electoral management.

The invention of electricity and the development of power stations led to electric typewriters, more effi cient printing processes, and electronic voting devices and, eventually, computers, in addition to all those other lifestyle benefi ts we now take for granted, such as better-lit and better-heated workplaces. The invention of the internal combustion engine revolutionised transport, making rapid movement of large quantities of material and personnel possible on an unprecedented scale.

The development of mass communication techniques that took place in the 1900s also had electoral implications. Sound and vision recording and transmission, leading to radio, television, telephones, facsimiles, audio tapes, video tapes, compact discs and the Internet, have all been used for electoral purposes.

While these technological innovations gradually improved the management of the electoral process from the 1800s to the mid-1900s, it took the development of the computer to revolutionize it.

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Today's computers were inspired by punch-card tabulating machines invented in the late 1800s. These in turn were inspired by punch-card weaving systems, fi rst invented in 1801 by Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French weaver.

The fi rst modern electronic computers were developed in the 1940s and 1950s, to the point where they became commercially viable. One of the earliest electoral uses of a computer was the tabulation of the election results for the 1952 United States presidential election.

By the 1960s many large businesses relied on computers. While the development and use of transistors and integrated circuits had by then shrunk computers from the giant valve-based prototypes of the 1950s, it took the development of the personal computer in the 1970s to make computers accessible to large numbers of users. A parallel advance was the development of user-friendly computer programming, or software, putting the power of computing in the hands of the general user. As advances in computer design continued at an accelerated rate through the 1980s and 1990s, computers became an indispensable part of life in developed countries around the world, both at work and at home.

From their beginning as relatively simple automatic calculating machines, computers today are capable of a huge range of functions, including statistical tabulation and analysis, data collection, storage and manipulation, electronic publishing and printing, word processing, communication and entertainment.

Computers did not begin to have a signifi cant impact on election management until the 1970s and 1980s. With the exception of the use of mechanical voting machines in the United States, up until the 1970s most election processes still relied on the use of printed ballot papers and laboriously compiled hand-written or typed electoral rolls.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the increasing use of computers in business, fi rst the large main-frame computers, and then the smaller more affordable personal computers, led to more and more use of computers for electoral applications. Early uses included election result tabulation, and electronic storage and retrieval of electoral roll data. As computer systems developed further, electoral uses kept pace, so that computers are today used for virtually every part of the election process in some parts of the world.

Most technological applications that have electoral uses are general in nature, and can be used for many different tasks beyond election management. That said there is at least one branch of technology that is election specifi c: mechanical or electronic voting machines. These have largely been confi ned to elections in the United States.

The fi rst mechanical voting machines used levers to turn counting wheels. The fi rst offi cial use of a lever type voting machine was in Lockport, New York in 1892. Their use was gradually extended, and by 1930, lever machines had been installed in almost every major city in the United States. By the 1960s over half of the votes in the United States were cast on lever machines.

Another type of mechanical voting machine was the punch-card machine, developed in the 1950s and 1960s. Voters used a supplied device to punch holes opposite their preferred

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candidates' names on the ballot cards. After the polls closed, the results were tabulated by mechanical card counters.

Optical scanning voting systems were developed in the 1970s. Voters make marks on paper ballots to indicate their choice of candidates. A scanning device then reads the marked entries to calculate the results.

In the 1990s, advances in computer technology led to the introduction of Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems. These systems allow the voter to directly record votes using a computerized ballot display provided via mechanical or electro-optical devices. Once the voter has made his or her ballot selections, the device processes the data with a computer program and records voting data and ballot images into internal memory devices that are used to tabulate the results.

By 1996, over 98 percent of the ballots in the United States' local and presidential elections were cast using one of these mechanical or electronic methods.

Beginning in the 1990s the telephone was also used as a type of DRE voting system. Voters were able to record their votes directly into computer systems using the key pad on the telephone. They could identify themselves with Personal Identity Numbers (PINs) and record their choices by following recorded messages.

By the end of the 1990s the Internet ushered in a new medium for voting. Again, the United States led the way in electoral technological innovations, when Internet voting was used for the presidential primary elections in 2000.

It is important to note that today, different parts of the world are on vastly different points of the technology continuum. The level of sophistication of technological applications for elections varies widely from country to country. While electronic and mechanical voting systems are commonplace in the United States and in some Asian, South American and European countries, and computers are used for general election management in many developed countries, many less developed countries still conduct elections using manual techniques similar to those used in the 1800s.

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Electoral Management System in India : At a Glance

Surya Prasad Sharma

Nepal has just promulgated the new constitution adopting the federal democratic system of governance. In order to prepare for free, fair and credible election management in the future, Election Commission of Nepal felt the necessity for reviewing existing Constitutional, Legal, Organizational, Operational, and technological aspects in the new context. Exposure of some international best practices, especially of SAARC region, regarding election management seemed to be desirable. For that particular purpose Election Commission of Nepal nominated a three member delegation team to study on some particular issues in India from 28-29, December, 2015. India, being the largest Democracy, has a very good experience of Federal system since its independence.

So as a member of study team I would like to share some facts of Indian Electoral Management System that may be helpful to its stakeholders to make some ideas and to help Election Commission of Nepal to conduct elections of Federal, Provincial and local level in the near future.

Introduction of Election Commission of India

Election Commission of India was set up on 25 Jan 1950, a day before India became republic. The commission is a constitutional entity and is independent of executive. The commission is given the responsibility of preparation and revision of electoral roll and conducting elections to the Indian Parliament, State Legislatures and election of President and Vice-President of India. (Article no. 324 of the constitution)

For elections to local self government bodies, there are separate and independent State Election Commissions in each State.

The Election Commission of India constitutes a Chief Election Commissioner and such number of Election Commissioners fi xed by the president. When any other Election Commissioner is appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner acts as the chairman. The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are appointed for a period of 6 years or till the age of 65 years whichever is earlier. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only through a manner like that for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge. Other Commissioners can be removed only on recommendation of Chief Election Commissioner.

The President or the Governor of a State should provide necessary budget and human resource which may be necessary for the discharge of functions conferred on the Election Commission.

Joint Secretary, Election Commission, Nepal

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Constitutional Provisions for different Tires

The constitution of India, under Part XIV, Articles 324-329, has the following provisions related to Election Commission of India, State Election Commissions and Election management:

324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.

(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offi ces of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution shall be vested in a Commission.

325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.

326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.

327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.—

Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State including the preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies and all other matters necessary for securing the due constitution of such House or Houses.

328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.—

Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and in so far as provision in that behalf is not made by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, the elections to the House or either House of the Legislature of the State including the preparation of electoral rolls and all other matters necessary for securing the due constitution of such House or Houses.

329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

(a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 327 or article 328, shall not be called in question in any court;

(b) no election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature.

330. Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the house of the

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people.

332. Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the legislative assembly of the states.

Administrative/Organizational structure

Election Commission of India has its unique administrative structure. Mainly, there is separate administrative machinery for electoral roll management and separate administrative machinery for conducting election. Some of the staffs are permanent to election commission while some others are from All India Service especially for roll management. The administrative and Organizational structure of Election Commission of India is as follows:

Power and duties (for different tiers)

The election management body of India is found to be highly decentralized. Power, duties and authority has been divided into different tiers. Election Commission of India, at the centre, holds election to president, vice-president and elections of parliament for the union. While elections to local bodies and state assemblies are managed by state Election Commission, Chief Electoral Offi cer and District Election Offi cers. The power and duties for different tiers can be listed as:

Election Commission of India The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls,

and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and election of President and Vice-President.

Deciding the dates of elections in Consultation with political Parties, government, media and other stakeholders. In case of premature dissolution elections within six months.

Conducting bye-elections when a seat falls vacant. Bye-elections are normally held within 6-months of vacancy. No bye-elections if vacancy for less than one year.

Election Commission of India also tenders opinion to the President of India in the matters of disqualifi cation of elected MPs and to the Governor in the matters of disqualifi cation of elected Members of Legislative Assembly.

Registration of political parties and recognizing them as national and state parties. Allocation of symbols to the candidates and parties. Disqualify candidates who do not submit accounts of election expenses for each

election according to law. Removal of disqualifi cation on above matters. Make available Central and State Security forces as needed for States and Union

territories. The ECI ensures full optimization of the State Security Forces, Comprising the State Armed Police (SAPs), Home Guards, and the Districts Police and so on.

There is the clear distribution of the work under different divisions in Election

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Commission of India at the centre.1) Functional Divisions: Planning, Judicial, Administration, Information Technology,

Election Materials, Finance, Expenditure Monitoring, Voter Education (SVEEP) and Training.

2) Territorial Divisions: Election divisions looking after specifi c states.

Election of President and vice president

Election Commission of India conducts the election Of the president and vice-president. As per the constitutional provision the election process is as follows:

The presidential and vice presidential Election Act,1952 and the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules 1974, the Election Commission is required to maintain a list of members of the electoral college referred to in Article 54 with their addresses corrected up to date.

The list will contain the names of elected members of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha and the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies in that order. The names will be numbered in a continuous series. The names will be arranged in alphabetical order of the State/Union Territory. Members in respect of whom the appropriate Court i.e. High Court or Supreme Court has given a limited stay of operation of the order of setting aside of his election by the Court, are not entitled to vote the election, though their names would have been included in the electoral college. The list of Electoral College for the Presidential Election will be made available for sale to public shortly.

The total numbers of members in the Electoral College for the Presidential election in 2012 was 4896, as detailed below:

House Seatsa) Rajya Sabha 233b) Lok Sabha 543c) State Assemblies 4120

Total 4896

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 2012

Statement of value of votes of elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament as per provisions of article 55(2) of the constitution of India

sl.no.

Name of the state Number of assembly seats

(elective)

Population (1971 census)

Value of vote of

each m.l.a.

Total Value of votes for the state

1. Andhra pradesh 294 43502708 148 148×294=435122. Arunanchal pradesh 60 467511 8 008×060=4803. Assam 126 14625152 116 116×126=146164. Bihar 243 42126236 173 173×243=420395. Chhattisgarh 90 11637494 129 129×090=116106. Goa 40 795120 20 020×040=800

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sl.no.

Name of the state Number of assembly seats

(elective)

Population (1971 census)

Value of vote of

each m.l.a.

Total Value of votes for the state

7. Gujrat 182 26697475 147 147×182=267548. Haryana 90 10036808 112 112×090=100809. Himachal pradesh 68 3460434 51 051×068=346810. Jammu & kashmir 87 6300000 72 072×087=626411. Jharkhand 81 14227133 176 176×081=1425612. Karnataka 224 29299014 131 131×224=2934413. Kerala 140 21347375 152 152×140=2128014. Madhya pradesh 230 30016625 131 131×230=3013015. Maharashtra 288 50412235 175 175×288=5040016. Manipur 60 1072753 18 018×060=108017. Meghalaya 60 1011699 17 017×060=102018. Mizoram 40 332390 8 008×040=32019. Nagaland 60 516449 9 009×060=54020. Odisha 147 21944615 149 149×147=2190321. Punjab 117 13551060 116 116×117=1357222. Rajasthan 200 25765806 129 129×200=2580023. Sikkim 32 209843 7 007×032=22424. Tamil nadu 234 41199168 176 176×234=4118425. Tripura 60 1556342 26 026×060=156026. Uttarakhand 70 4491239 64 064×070=448027. Utter pradesh 403 83849905 208 208×403=8382428. West bengal 294 44312011 151 151×294=4439429. Nct of delhi 70 4065698 58 058×070=406030. Puducherry 30 471707 16 016×030=480

Total 4120 549302005 549474

Value of each vote of members of parliament

Total Members : Lok Sabha (543) + Rajya Sabha (233) = 776

Value of each vote = 708

Total value of votes of 776 members of parliament = 708 ×776=549408

Total Electors for the Presidential election= MLAs(4120) + M.Ps(776) = 4896

Total value of 4896 Electors for The presidential election 2012 = 549474 + 549408 = 1098882

The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.

Place of Poll

A room in the parliament house in New Delhi and a room in the State Legislative Assembly Secretariats are generally fi xed as place of vote.

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State Election Commission

Each State has a State Election Commissioner who is an independent authority and the Commission is charged and fully empowered to conduct free and fair elections. The State Election Commissioner has the status of a High Court Judge and can be removed only by way of impeachment by the Parliament and not otherwise. Thus, State Election Commission is independent of State Government.

The constitutional provisions for Election Commission of India and State Election Commissions seem to be identical so far as their plenary powers for superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of all elections are concerned, though the domains are distinctly separate. The State Election Commission is given the full authority for conducting local bodies’ election and other election management issues. The commissions have got the following power and duties: 1) Conduct the free fair and credible Elections in the Local Level The entire electoral process for Municipalities/Panchayats is similar to the process

in elections to the Lok Sabha or the State Assemblies. 2) Delimitation of constituencies: State Election Commission works for the

delimitation of constituencies. It is done as per guidelines provided by the state legislation and the rules. Delimitation is carried out under the directions of the State Election Commissions unless otherwise prescribed under the law. Last published census is the base of delimitation.

3) Reservation of seats: State Election Commissions direct and control in the work of reservation of seats in panchyat and municipal for the members of scheduled casts, scheduled tribes and backward classes unless otherwise provided under the law. It is done as per the proportion to their population in the last census published. Reservations are made for women in each of above categories. Reservations are done as prescribed under law on rotational and quota basis

and detailed guidelines are provided for rosters. Special provisions of law are made for Scheduled Areas.

4) Preparation and maintenance of electoral rolls for conduct of elections to Panchayats and Municipalities. State Election Commissions adopt the electoral rolls of Assembly constituencies which are prepared by the Election Commission of India. The aforesaid electoral rolls are disintegrated Panchayat/Municipality

constituency wise as per prescribed guidelines of the SEC. Such rolls are published in a prescribed manner and fi nal rolls are prepared

and used in the elections. The work is carried out at the district level according to the direction of state Election Commission.

5) Election monitoring through model code of conduct.6) Election Observation Management: Appointment of election observers so as to

ensure free, fair and credible elections.7) Deployment of the manpower for conduction of elections.

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Structure of Local bodies There is a Zilla Parishad at district level, Panchayat Samiti at block level and Gram

Panchayat at Village level. A Gram Panchayat is divided into territorial constituencies called Wards with near

about 500 population. A member is elected from each of the wards and one Mukhiya is elected from a Panchayat directly as head .

Each Panchayat Samiti is divided into territorial constituencies of about 5000 population each, one member is elected from each of the constituencies, and the Block Pramukh is elected by these members.

Each Zilla Parishad is divided into territorial constituencies of about 50000 populations each and one member is elected from each constituency and these members elect Chairman, Zilla Parishad.

Thus each voter in Panchayats casts simultaneous four votes for the following : 1) Ward member 2) Mukhiya 3) Member of Panchayat Samiti 4) Member of Zilla Parishad.

Block Pramukh and Chairman Zila Parishad are elected by the elected Members under indirect election.

In Municipalities each voter casts simultaneous two votes for the following: 1) Head of a Municipality 2) A Ward Member.

Deputy Chairperson of a Municipality is elected by the elected Members.

Staffi ng: Designation, naming and duties(at different tiers-Federal provincial and Local level)

Election Commission of India has permanent secretariat of 375 offi cers and staff that consists of:1) Deputy Election Commissioner and Director General (7) 2) Principal Secretary and Director3) Secretary4) Under Secretary5) Section Offi cer6) Staff (Assistant and Clerk)

• Deputy Election Commissioner, Director General and Directors are appointed on deputation basis from amongst offi cers belonging to All India Services or Central Services

• Others are permanent offi cers of ECI.

Offi cers at State Level:1) Chief Electoral Offi cers

• Senior IAS offi cer of the State is appointed as Chief Electoral Offi cer in consultation with State Government. There are 35 CEOs.

• The CEO is supported by as small secretariat having approximately 15 – 25

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offi cers and staff.• The above positions are the only full time staff available to the ECI to conduct

elections. All of them work under Election Commission of India.2) District Election Offi cers:

They are the district magistrate, not permanent offi cial of ECI. During election period they are appointed as DEOs and work under election commission. There are 601 District Election offi cers in total.3) Returning Offi cers (Parliament) – 5434) Returning Offi cers (Assembly) – 4120 (Electoral Registration Offi cers)5) Asstt. Electoral Registration Offi cers - 4800

Offi cers at District Level:

The major work of ECI is done by the regular state bureaucracy, at the district and sub-district level. Regular State Government functionaries are given the responsibility of preparation and revision of electoral roll. These offi cers are not full time offi cers of ECI. They are under superintendence, direction and control of ECI. Offi cers at District Level work in different positions, normally:1) Preparation and Revision of Electoral Roll:

• District Election Offi cer(total no.601) – Appellate Offi cers for electoral roll matters

• Electoral Registration Offi cer – In-charge of electoral roll of one or two assembly constituency

• Assistant Electoral Registration Offi cer – In-charge of electoral roll of one assembly constituency

• Designated Offi cer – permanent offi cer who receives claims and objections round the year

• Booth Level Supervisor – responsible for 8-10 polling stations• Booth Level Offi cer – responsible for one polling station.

2) Conduct of Assembly Elections:• District Election Offi cer – provides all kind of supports to Returning Offi cers• Returning Offi cer – The Electoral Registration Offi cer in-charge of electoral

roll of an assembly constituency functions as Returning Offi cer for that constituency

• Assistant Returning Offi cer – The Assistant Electoral Registration Offi cer of an assembly constituency functions as Assistant Returning Offi cer for that constituency

• Sector/Zone Offi cer– Responsible for 10 polling stations• One Presiding Offi cer and three Polling Offi cers are appointed for each polling

station for conducting poll• Booth Level Offi cer – Sits outside polling station to assist voters.

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3) Conduct of Lok Sabha Elections:• Returning Offi cer for Parliamentary Constituency – District Election Offi cer

becomes now RO• Assistant Returning Offi cer – The Electoral Registration Offi cer in-charge of

electoral roll of an Assembly Constituency now functions as ARO • Sector/ Zonal Offi cer/Magistrate – Responsible for 10 polling stations• One Presiding Offi cer and three Polling Offi cers are appointed for each polling

station for conducting poll• Presiding Offi cers are from central government. • Booth Level Offi cer – Sits outside polling station to assist voters. The Booth

Level Offi cer are generally school teachers, municipal clerks, Anganwadi workers etc. This was introduced from the year 2006. The Booth Level Offi cers are assigned the polling station area in which they reside. They are appointed by Electoral Registration Offi cer of the Constituency.

4) Offi cers and Staff during elections Police Offi cers: As soon as the ECI notifi es the elections, the police personnel

right from Director General of police (DGP) to Constabulary comes under superintendence direction and control of ECI.

Observers: They are senior executives from other States and are deputed during the election period as observers to oversee the electoral process. To ensure neutrality and fairness of the electoral process, the ECI deputes observers in each constituency.

Types of Observers: General Observer, Expenditure Observer, Roll Observers, Awareness Observers, Police Observers

Micro Observers are appointed to assist general and expenditure observers. There no any provisions for international observer but observer may come for observation on their own.Electoral system with Election Operation mechanismElectoral System: The electoral system of India seems to be the mixture of FPTP and Indirect voting System. There is the provision of Reservation for scheduled casts and scheduled tribes only in the lower houses.

FPTP system Indirect voting system.

Election Operation:

Election commission of India has the fi nal authority to call for elections. The commission does it by making a planned schedule. The Election Operation is carried out in the following ways:1) Election process starts with issue of notifi cation, although Model Code of Conduct

starts from the date of announcement of election Schedule. 7 days for fi ling nominations

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Scrutiny a day following the last date for nominations. Thereafter 2 days provided for withdrawal Final list prepared after withdrawal Campaign period of 14 days or more Ends 48 hours before polling close

2) Staff, Drawn from various Central and State Government departments, are mobilized & deployed by the CEO under Commission’s instruction.

3) Different types of database like polling personnel database, Police force database, ROs and AROs database etc are generated for Human Resource and Training management in elections.

4) Randomization of Polling Personnel, EVMs & VVPATs is done.5) EVM have been used since 1998. Last botton on the EVM is kept for NOTA.6) There are checks on party in power through model code of conduct.7) There is the system of proxy votes only for the armed forces.8) Election Monitoring Mechanism:

ECI does overall monitoring of all elections. ECI Observers monitor the campaign process, election expenditure by the

candidates, poll day events, post-poll document verifi cation and the counting process

Micro-observers deployed at sensitive PSs to observe the Poll Process at Polling Station

Model code of conduct is made and operated during elections.9) Expenditure Monitoring: Expenditure Monitoring Division set up and Expenditure

Observers are appointed to monitor that the prescribed ceiling is not exceeded. Election Expenditure Statement of all candidates put in public domain, after

30 days of declaration of results. Tax offi cials engaged to track money movement in the constituency during

elections and also investigate expenditure account. Regulations to monitor expenses incurred on Paid News.

Elections in the Local Level

The election process in the local level starts once the Governor issues the notifi cation of elections as per the recommendation of the State Election Commission. State Election Commission also issues simultaneous notifi cations of detailed election programme.

In some state, there are independent candidates systems. There is not the provision of party wise candidates .State Election Commission provides them independent symbol for each candidates for election purpose. In some states there is party wise competition also. It is determined by the respective state what system should be applied. The process of nomination, scrutiny, acceptance of nominations, allotment of

symbols and ballot preparation is identical to the Lok Sabha/State Assembly.

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Simultaneous election process follows for multi member/post elections. All District Magistrates are notifi ed as District Election Offi cers, then there are

Deputy Election Offi cers in each district. Returning Offi cers and Assistant Returning Offi cers are appointed for each

constituency. Polling parties, Polling Station, training of personnel, deputation of security forces,

management of law and order is similar to that of the Lok Sabha/State Assembly Elections.

Electronic Voting Machines/Ballot Papers are used for polling purposes. In Panchayats simultaneous polling takes for four posts. In case of Municipalities simultaneous polling takes place for two posts.

Model Code of Conduct is brought in place from date of declaration of elections by the State Election Commission This ensures fairness in election for all the stakeholders. The model Code of conduct regulates campaign and is enforced till the declaration of the results.

All the polling materials, ballot papers and other high security items are arranged in a well organized exercise so that all actions are completed on time.

Generally same Polling Stations are listed for conduct of polling. Besides Polling Stations, strong Rooms for storage of polled EVM’s and Counting

Centers are set up. As per Article 243 K (3) of the constitution, the Governor of a state has to provide

adequate number of staff for conduct of elections when so requested by the State Election Commission.

The staff deployed for elections work under the control of the State Election Commission. Their deputation is made as per a special software programme so that no one can indulge in any malpractices. Well designed Training follows.

Election Observers are appointed by the SEC to ensure free and fair elections. They act as eyes and ears of the SEC. Their reports are important.

Expenditure Observers are also appointed by the SEC to ensure proper checks on expenditure.

Entire polling process is conducted in a transparent manner, voters exercise their franchise through a secret ballot.

Security Arrangements District deployment plan is prepared under the chairmanship of District

Magistrate/DEO in consultation with Police Offi cers and to be approved by Observers – No deviation without express prior approval of Observer.

State deployment plan and district deployment plan would be fi nalized at least one week before the poll.

State deployment plan is prepared in consultation with Chief Electoral Offi cer taking into account the available forces of State Police and Central Police Forces which will be made available by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

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Voter Education

Voter education is found to be given high priority in India for that particular purpose the following provisions are made: Separate Division is set up to strengthen voters awareness and increase participation. Scientifi c survey of Voters behaviour and targeted interventions is done. Special campaigns launched to increase voters’ registration, updating of electoral

rolls, voter ID card distribution and voter turnout. Collaboration with NGOs, Educational Institutions and Media is given importance. The awareness programmes are organised at the state level, district level and sub

district level. Structured information (both print and electronic)are publicized through media. Awareness programme also include making public alert against any malpractices

and publicizing the help lines. Training programmes are organized at state, district and sub-district levels. State level training institutions have been built with infrastructures. Training manuals are prepared and disseminated in printed and e copies. Candidates are also given training/education for the electoral process. Electoral campaigns as per regulations of State Election Commission. Continued efforts have been put in order to improve the process. Financial through regular Budgetary support/Finance Commission grants besides

developing own resource of the local governments ; Monitoring of the system on continued basis at all levels.

Voter Registration System

The process of voter registration is also found to be the easier one. Once the voters drop application for registration, an epic number is given to every one of them which is the permanent identifi cation out of which the detailed information can be seen at any time. The registration system has the following features:1) Four different types of forms are developed, mainly for:

New Registration ( form no. 6) Deletion ( form no. 7) Correction ( form no. 8) Transfer ( form no.8 A)

2) National voters' service Portal has been created where thirty eight varieties of Applications are well-connected. Big server is created for data security.

3) Online registration is also done. The offi ce registers the forms got to the offi ce by any means like postal. Moreover, house to house visit is done once in the year for the verifi cation of electoral rolls.

4) Voter Identity Document (EPIC) is generated and EPIC distributed but biometric information is not given.

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5) Final Electoral Rolls is published in January each year. Electoral Registration offi cer has got the fi nal authority for electoral Roll management.

6) Overseas voter Registration has just started.7) Computerization of Electoral Rolls/Photo Electoral Rolls since mid 90s for process

improvement. 8) Voter’s slip is distributed.9) Constituency wise, VDC/ward wise electoral Rolls is prepared for conducting local

level election.

Use of technology in Election Management & Voter Education

There is the engagement of technology in all parts of the polling process. This includes webcasting from a large number of polling stations to get a fi rst-hand picture of the polling stations, especially in vulnerable areas. Use of video and digital camera during elections process. All major meetings and

speeches are captured in videos. Videos are watched every evening and report is given to the Observer.

Video/digital photography of proceedings inside the critical polling stations is taken. Computerization of Electoral Rolls was found to be started since mid 90s. From Ballot to Button: Universal use of EVMs in general elections in 2004, 2009

& 2014. COMET (Communication for Election Tracking) has been used. Direct connectivity

with all Polling Stations (landline telephones, mobile phones, HF, VHF wireless networks, Sat phones and even runners) is assured. Proved an effective tool for tracking poll day events. It is deterrent for trouble makers.

‘Safety-Net’ & Security is applied for vulnerable persons. 'Tracking’ of Intimidators is done for that purpose.

Poll day strategy is made to facilitate vulnerable persons to vote. Identifi cation of Critical Polling station and Security arrangements for those Polling

Stations is done.• Control room arrangements are made.• Arrangement for escorting of the polling personnel, EVMs and poll material are

made.• Storage of polled EVMs at Collection Centre is done.• Polled EVM are guarded by Central Police Force and State Police.

It was found that all most all the processes of electoral management, from voter registration to polling station monitoring, decision making to day to day offi cial functioning are done with the use of well managed software and programme.

Finance allocation Govt. of India shares all the Expenditure for elections to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha

and to the offi ces of the President and Vice President.

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Govt. of India share 50% of the Expenditure for simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

Govt. of India share 50% of the Expenditure for annual revision of Electoral Rolls. State Government share 100% of the Expenditure for elections to local bodies. State Government share 50% of the Expenditure for simultaneous elections to Lok

Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. State Government share 50% of the Expenditure for annual revision of Electoral

Rolls.

Budgeting

Central and State Governments make necessary budget proposals every year for the conduct of elections and annual revision of Electoral Rolls. Some other provisions are as follows: Necessary allocations are made under the relevant heads of accounts for each

purpose. Allocations are made under the relevant minor heads of account under the major

head. Token provisions will be made in the budget under the heads of account related to

elections every year, to provide money for any elections, be it elections to the Lok Sabha or State Legislatures that may be needed in case of contingencies.

If suddenly the Central or State Government falls before the completion of its tenure, additional authorization is made under the respective heads under which token provisions are made in the budget, by the Central/State Government.

The Chief Electoral Offi cers of the States, under the direct control of the ECI, are the offi cers competent to utilize the budget provisions under the Election heads of accounts in the Budget.

The State Election Commissioners are also authorized to utilize the funds provided for the conduct of elections in the State and for preparation of electoral Rolls for that purpose.

The Chief Electoral Offi cers will allocate the funds provided in the budget for each purpose to the DEOs after assessing the requirements of each district.

The DEOs will submit necessary proposals to the CEO with proper justifi cation for the expenditure to be incurred by them for each purpose.

The DEOs will allocate funds to the EROs as per the requirements on getting requests from them.

Proper accounting will be done by EROs for the expenditure incurred for each purpose.

Proper accounting will be made by CEOs for the allocation made to DEOs. The expenditure incurred by the DEOs will be closely monitored by the CEOs

through the accounting procedure prescribed by the statutes laid down for the purpose.

The expenditure incurred from the budgeted funds by each DEO will be reconciled

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by the offi cials of the CEO/DEO with the books of account. Audit teams from the offi ce of CEO will conduct preliminary audit in the offi ce of

EROs and DEOs. A team from the offi ce of Auditor General Conduct audit in the offi ce of CEO,

DEOs and EROs.

Findings and recommendations Election Commission of India decides the dates of elections in Consultation

with political Parties, government, media and other stakeholders. Moreover, the Commission also has got the fi nal authority of making any rules and orders, whenever necessary. It seems inevitable Election Commission of Nepal has that authority as well.

Chief Election Commissioner of Election Commission of India has the special authority that other Election Commissioners cannot be removed from their offi ce without his recommendation.

Election Commission of India conducts directs and controls the election of president, vice-president; all election to parliament and to the legislature of every state and State Election Commission directs and controls the election of local bodies.

Out of the 453 seats in Lok Sava about 80 members come from reservation. The commission allocates certain constituencies for the scheduled casts and scheduled tribes.

State Election Commissions do the work of reservation of seats in panchyat and municipal for the members of scheduled casts, scheduled tribes and backward classes unless otherwise provided under the law. It is done as per the proportion to their population in the last census published.

Reservations are made for women in each of above categories. Reservations are done as prescribed under law on rotational and quota basis and

detailed guidelines are provided for rosters. Special provisions of law are made for Scheduled Areas. For conducting local body elections, there is independent candidate system in

some states. There is not the provision of party wise candidates. State Election Commission provides them independent symbol for each candidate for election purpose. In some states there is party wise competition also. It is determined by the respective state what system should be applied.

The weightage of votes for the election of president in India is found to be varying from one state to another. According to the constitution of Nepal the weight of votes for the election of president shall be as per the federal law and nothing is further explained. Indian example might be appropriate for us.

Leaving some exceptions, all the elections in India –from houses of the people to state assemblies, have been conducted on time as per schedule. Moreover, the commissions’ authority to call for either of the elections at any time is the great exercise of democracy.

Election Commission of India is found to be a good example for its maximum

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utilization of modern information technology. The information technology is so well managed that the tracking of every decisions and every action of the offi ce can be done from a place at once. This is how transparency is guaranteed.

The process of voter registration is also found to be the easier one. Once the voters drop application for registration, an epic number is given to every one of them which is the permanent identifi cation out of which the detailed information can be seen at any time. Moreover, voter registration can be done from anywhere and update is continuously verifi ed by the server at the center which reduces the duplications.

Election Commission of India leads the delimitation commission and gets the work done. It would be better if Election Commission of Nepal has the representation in Nirwachan Chhetra Nirdharan Aayog which is not guaranteed in our constitution yet.

State Election Commission decides the delimitation of constituencies and reservation of the seats for local elections.

Different types of Observers like General Observer, Expenditure Observer, Roll Observers, Awareness Observers, and Police Observers are appointed separately. Micro Observers are appointed to assist general and expenditure observers. There no any provisions for international observer but observer may come for observation on their own.

Election Commission of India declares the list of winning candidates in Lok sabha and Bidhan sabha election and notifi ed it to the president. Similarly, Chief Electoral offi ce notifi es the result of state legislative assemblies to the governor.

All the actions in the election management process, from voter registration up to polling are caught in videos in India. Having the video of every action in election management ensures free, fair and credible elections.

It was found that political parties in India are coming front with growing maturity. This is proved to be helpful in election management.

Election Management body in India is found to be totally decentralized. Even if, there is no any constitutional provisions, Election Commission of Nepal can also exercise decentralization through the establishment of local level organizations like State Election Commission or Offi ce of the Deputy Election Commissioner in the district or in the state. Devolution of authority seems to be essential at least.

Conclusions

From the above made observation, we can reach at the conclusion that: Election Commission of Nepal should have authority to declare the dates of

elections. According to the constitution of Nepal the weight of votes for the election of

president shall be as per the federal law and nothing is further explained. Indian example might be appropriate for us.

It was found that political parties in India are coming front with growing maturity. This is proved to be helpful in election management.

Election Commission of India leads the delimitation commission and gets the work

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done. It would be better if Election Commission of Nepal has the representation in Nirwachan Chhetra Nirdharan Aayog which is not guaranteed in our constitution yet.

Election Commission of India is found to be a good example for its maximum utilization of modern information technology. The information technology is so well managed that the tracking of every decisions and every action of the offi ce can be done from a place at once. This is how transparency is guaranteed.

Election Management body in India is found to be totally decentralized. Even if, there is no any constitutional provisions, Election Commission of Nepal can also exercise decentralization through the establishment of local level organizations like State Election Commission or Offi ce of the Deputy Election Commissioner in the district or in the state. Devolution of authority seems to be essential at least.

References Manual of Election Law, volume I & Volume II, Election Commission of India. A journal: Election to The offi ce of President of India, 2012.

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Development Cooperation for Elections(Ensuring Resources for Election Science)

Yubaraj Guragain

Background

Generally development cooperation refers to all forms of supports particularly by international development partners. It may be bilateral or multilateral regarding the number of partners involved or monitory, material, non-monitory or technical supports regarding the nature of cooperation. Development cooperation is analyzed from different perspectives. Some assume it to be necessary for accelerating development of a developing country such as the Development Cooperation Policy, 2014 of Nepal. The policy has the vision of building a self-reliant economy and the goal of achieving national goals through mobilizing development cooperation. It expects to fulfi ll the objectives of achieving the goals stated in the periodic plans, ensuring development effectiveness through value for money and reducing the dependency on aid. On the other side, some others claim that development cooperation is an evil for making the recipients further dependent.

Development and democracy go together. Developed countries tend to have matured democracies while developing countries have fragile and transitional democracies where usually appears the question of free, fair and credible elections. In such transitional democracies like that of ours, development cooperation is received in different forms and modalities particularly for managing elections and developing institutional capacity of the election management body. Supports are delivered in such forms as commodity, technical assistance, fi nancial and consultancy services. Support modalities for elections tend to fall in two categories: direct executingand national executing. Usually in election period, if the capacity of the government or the concerned entity is low, direct execution modality is emphasized for faster delivery of goods and services as well as for enhancing the credibility in elections. Persistent application of this modality tends to produce dependency and sense of powerlessness in the election management body. Thus, usually in non-election scenario and even in election scenario if the concerned entity is capable, national execution modality is favored. This modality enhances the self-decision making, sense of self-reliance and other technical capacity of the entity to manage elections.

Previous Practice

Election Commission has been receiving supports from different development partners particularly since around the fi rst Constituent Assembly Elections. Electoral Support Project under the United Nation Development Program and International Foundation for Electoral Systems are mainly the support agencies which have been assisting the Commission for managing free and fair elections. The Ministry of Finance has coordinated the Electoral Support Project. Similarly, the International Foundation for Electoral System has been registered under the Social Welfare Council and it has been supporting

Section Offi cer, Election Commission, Nepal

208

the Commission after having an organizational memorandum of understanding with the Commission.

Both of these organizations have been working with almost the direct executing modality. They are the support projects and the Commission does not manage the projects. The projects have their own chiefs and human resources. The Commission requests them to support in activities deemed essential. They have been working with the Commission in all pre-election, during election and post-election phases. They have supported in institutional capacity building, electoral education, social and gender inclusion, implementing the Strategic Plans, and election management.

Similarly, Nepal Peace Trust Fund, a basket fund of the Government of Nepal contributed by different members of international community, supported the Commission fi nanciallyfrom the Constitution Assembly Elections, 2008 to the Constitution Assembly Elections, 2013. It was of the national execution modality in which the Commission, depending on its needs and objectives, would receive fi nancial support from the Fund. The project management authority would be with the Commission. The Commission would devolve some of the project activities to the District Election Offi ces and they would go to the doorsteps of the people for service delivery. Up to the Constituent Assembly Elections, 2013, the Commission completed more than 10 projects supported by the Fund. In the project, fi nancial accountability would be ensured through internal administrative control, internal audit, external audit and timely fi nancial reporting. This type of decentralized service delivery through the line agencies of the Commission has been realized diffi cult in the direct executing modality.

As there were different projects assisting the Commission, the questions of aid harmonization and avoidance of duplication in performance and reporting, size of the support unit or organization were commonly asked. It was usual to ask questions for all the projects were for the same organization. But internally, the Commission had avoided the duplication through clear categorization of activities for the projects. But as regards to the size, it has not been fi xed and it is, however, clear that for the non-election period, there is no requirement of the same number of human resource that is required in the election period. Moreover, as most of the managerial functions for administering elections are carried out by the center, there is no meaning of establishing regional support offi ces in the regions. Now along with the promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal, the total national scenario has changed and role of the Commission has broadened. Thus, development cooperation has to be channelized and managed in the same light.

Current Legal and Policy Instruments

The Constitution of Nepal, in article 52 under the state policies, writes that foreign aid is received as per national needs and priority and the transparency in the aid is ensured. Moreover, it also writes that the amount received as foreign aid is included in the national budget. Similarly, schedule fi ve of the Constitution ensures foreign grants, aids and loan as the jurisdiction of the federation.

Similarly Development Cooperation Policy, 2014 has outlined the vision, mission, strategy, policy framework and policy implementation mechanism of the development cooperation. As Nepal has endorsed the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness2005, the Accra Agenda for Action 2008, and the Busan Commitment 2011, Nepal has to

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focus on aid alignment, aid harmonization, value for money, development result, shared accountability, ownership, capacity development and transparency for aid effectiveness.

According to the Policy, general budgetary support is the Government’s most preferred aid modality while sector budget support is the second most preferred and stand-aloneprojects aligned with the National Plan are the third preferred. Regarding transaction costs, sustainability and current managerial ability, and long election management experience of the Commission, all the supports are best to be delivered through the general budgetary support modality. In doing so, it also assists for aid alignment in both terms: policy alignment and system alignment as envisioned by the Policy. Moreover, going through the general budgetary support modality can also be helpful for managing aids and programs in the federal set up of the country.

However, depending on election technicalities such as preparation of elections and declaration of election date, need based acquisition of fund in election and non-election scenarios, it seems rational to proceed with the pool fund concept of the Policy. It is practical for the Commission, like it did with Nepal Peace Trust Fund in the past, that its projects are updated in the Project Bank in the Ministry of Finance and depending on the national policy and priority, it receives required fund for election management activities. Similarly, for enhancing the election technology and election administration ability, it could go with the technical assistance pool fund as provisioned by the Policy.

The Policy has also made some provisions about the Responsibilities of Development Partners. Development partners are expected to align development cooperation with nationaldevelopment plan and priority, to participate in country led coordination mechanisms, to provide assistance without conditionality, to report all kinds of aid information to the Aid Management Platform (AMP), to help prevent aid fragmentation, to reducetransaction costs, to give priority to mobilize development cooperationthrough Nepal’s National Budgetary system,not to bypass the country system undermining the roleand capacity of the Government agency by creating parallel implementationunit, and to channelize development cooperation only throughthe Ministry of Finance are some of them.

Areas of Support

The Constitution of Nepal has mandated the Commission to conduct, supervise, direct and control the election of the President, the Vice-President, Federal Parliament, Provincial Assemblies and local bodies. The Commission is also responsible for preparing the voters’ list for the purpose of election. Similarly, the Commission can also hold referendum on subject of national importance as per the Constitution and Federal laws.

Now the concern is on the modality of support and on the area of support in the new national setting. So far as there is no any institutional set up and clear jurisdiction of the election authorities in the provinces, it is diffi cult to determine the channel and modality of aid. In this case, three options are generally available. First option is that everything goes through the government budget system. Second is that the Commission receives the cooperation in coordination with the Ministry of Finance and manages it to the electoral authorities in the provinces and third is that the electoral authorities in the provinces receive cooperation after having consent from the Commission and the government to do so. However, to choose among these, the extent of authority and jurisdiction of the

210

election authorities in the provinces have to be established fi rst.

Some assume election management as a seasonal phenomenon. But technically elections run in a cyclical order. Basically election administration includes a broader area such as preparation of drafts of electoral laws, preparation of electoral roll, and registration of political parties, management of political fi nance, expansion of electoral education, electoral capacity building, electoral knowledge management, polling center management, management of election logistics, election technology and research and studies for electoral reforms besides the regular offi ce management activities. People usually focus on polling, counting and result declaration while taking of election management but that is just one of the components of electoral administration and a kind of dependent variable. A successful polling and counting depends on other variables such as preparation of detailed guidelines, faultless voter roll, specifi ed procedures, enabled offi cials, adequate logistics, and informed voters and the candidates. In this sense, preparation is panacea for free, fair and credible elections. Scarcity of resources in the preparation phase seriously affects the overall management of elections.

Election is mathematics and election management is a science. No interpretation works in elections. Facts speak themselves. Abstract policy and legal arrangements are fully operationalized with the help of science.It works with facts for generating values. Almost everything is expressed numerically from the number of voters, polling centers, candidates, political parties, offi cials, ballot boxes, capacity of each ballot box, and number of vote casted to the announcement of results. No process of election can be escaped, everything goes step by step like in a hard science. Moreover, application of election observation makes it further scientifi c. There is no any method of trial and error in election management. First is fi nal. Therefore, there should not be any sense of shortage in terms of human, fi nancial, physical or informational resources. Shortage or loss even of a needle makes an election invalid.

Concluding Note

As election is the mother of all national systems and ecologies, support to elections is a support to national systems. Such systems may be the governance system or its sub-systems.A free, fair and credible election breeds and backs up true democracy and thereon good governance particularly in the developing countries. Thus, cooperation and support from every side is necessary, though modality of support may be different, so as to manage elections in free, fair and credible manner in its own spirit of science.

Reference1) Development Co-operation Policy, 2014, MoF, Nepal2) Cinstitution of Nepal (2015)3) MoU between ECN and IFES, other Development Partners.4) Election Magzine and Bulletion, Election Commission Nepal.

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;ª\sn tyf cBfjlws ljz]if sfo{qmd, dtbftf lzIff, dtbftf kl/rokq, dtbfgs]Gb|sf]

:t/f]Gglt, /fhgLlts bnsf] cfoJoosf] kf/blz{tf / Ps¿ktfsf nflu k|lzIf0f, cfrf/

;+lxtf, ;fs{:t/Lo lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfo ;femf d~r (FEMBoSA) n] kfl/t u/]sf ljifo cflb af/];d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

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lgjf{rg l56f] ;DkGg ug{;s] e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{df ;3fp k'Ug] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] :jR5, :jtGq Pj+ ljZj;gLo

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212

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lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿n] ;fljsadf]lhd lg/Gt/ btf{ tyf 3'DtL btf{afx]ssf sfo{qmd

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213

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5 .

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klxnf]k6s dtflwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s lbg cyf{t\ kmfu'g & ut], lgjf{rg cfof]u

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x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] lbg cyf{t\ df3 !$ ut]dWo] klxnf] ljsNknfO{ 5gf]6 u/L cfof]un]

lgjf{rg lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

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¿kdf /xg] tyf cfof]usf] k|zf;g zfvfsf pk;lrj ;b:o ;lrj eO{ sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf

ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf:t/df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf If]qLo÷lhNnf lgjf{rg

clwsf/L ;b:o ;lrj /x]sf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg]5 . pQm ;ldltdf :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/L, lhNnfl:yt ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vsf ;fy} ;a} ;/sf/L / ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf

/x]sf sfof{nosf k|d'v Pj+ /fhgLlts bn -;+3Lo ;+;b tyf k|b]z ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / lhNnfdf lqmofzLn_ / ;fdflhs ;+3÷;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿ cfdlGqtsf] ¿kdf /xg] 5g\ . To;}u/L ufpF Pj+ gu/:t/Lo ;dGjo ;ldltdf :yfgLo gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf

k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'v Pj+ /fhgLlts bn / ;fdflhs ;+3÷;+:yfsf k|d'vx¿ cfdlGqtsf] ¿kdf /xg] 5g\ . cfufdL @)&# ;fnb]lv lgjf{rg lbj; dgfpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .

214

-3_ lgjf{rg Oltxf; n]vg sfo{ clGtdr/0fdf

cfof]usf] ldlt @)&@÷&÷!( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ljleGg gf}hgf n]vsx¿ 5gf]6 / ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f u/L …g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg Oltxf;Ú gfds k':ts n]vg sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . ljifoj:t'sf] uxgtf, sfo{af]em, sfo{ hl6ntf / sfo{kl/df0fsf cfwf/df n]vsx¿ qmdzM k|f=8f= zª\s/ yfkf, 8f= rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, 8f= ljlkg clwsf/L, >L uf]ljGb uf}td, k|f=8f=

dLgf j}B dNn, k|f= u]x]Gb|nfn dNn, >L bLks cof{n, >L zs'Gtnf Gof}kfg] / >L Zofd

ofbjnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L pxfFx¿sf] kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f;d]t u/L k':ts n]vg sfo{ k|f/De

ul/Psf] 5 .

k':ts n]vg Pjd\\ k|sfzgsf] nflu sfo{jfxs k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm 8f= cof]wLk|;fb

ofbjsf] cWoIftfdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf ;lrj, lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj,

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, Oltxf; ljefuaf6 dgf]lgt k|fWofks k|f=8f= z+s/ yfkf, lqe'jg

ljZjljBfno, /fhgLltzf:q ljefuaf6 dgf]lgt k|fWofks k|f=8f= dLgf j}B dNn, /fli6«o

clen]vfnosf Oltxf;;DaGwL lj1 >L zf}efUo k|wfgfª\u, dbg k'/:sf/ u'7Laf6 dgf]lgt

cg';Gwfgbftf >L bLks cof{n ;b:o / lgjf{rg ;~rfng zfvfsf pk;lrj >L b]zaGw'

clwsf/L ;b:o ;lrj /x]sf] ;Dkfbs d08n tyf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] ;+of]hsTjdf

lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿ / cfof]usf ;lrj ;lDdlnt ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g eO{ lqmofzLn

/x]sf] 5 . ;a} n]vsx¿sf] n]v/rgf k|fKt eO{ ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

-ª_ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifos lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd

-c_ cfof]udf ;DkGg aL;f}F / PSsfO;f]}F >[ª\vnfsf] lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f

@)&@ ;fn d+l;/ !# / !$ ut] cfof]udf aL;f}F / PSsfO;f]}F >[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifos lzIfssf nflu lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;

k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf * j6f ;fd'bflos ljBfno / !( j6f lghL ljBfno u/L hDdf @& ljBfnosf !) hgf dlxnf / @) hgf k'?if u/L hDdf #) hgf lzIfsx¿sf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] . o; k|lzIf0fdf nf]stGq, ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg / lgjf{rgsf ;Gbe{df gful/ssf] st{Jo / clwsf/, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg rqm, lgjf{rg k|lqmof, lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg

ug]{ lgsfo, lgjf{rg ;Dj4 sfg'gx¿ / lgjf{rgsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ tyf lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf h:tf ljifox¿df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/De ;qdf cfof]usf ;lrj >L zf/bfk|;fb lqtfnn] o; sfo{qmdkZrft\ ;xefuLx¿n] cfk\mgf] ljBfnodf ;fdflhs lzIff cWofkg ub{f lgjf{rgsf ljifodf tYok/s

/ j:t'lgi7 hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{df cfkm" ljZj:t /x]sf] wf/0ff /fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;x;lrj >L jL/jxfb'/ /fO{n] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zoaf/] k|sfz kfb}{ lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf

215

of]Uo dtbftfx¿sf] clwsflws ;xeflutf x'g ;sf];\ eGg] z'e]Iff /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . o; k|lzIf0fdf ;lrj >L zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn, ;x;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb zdf{, pk;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb cof{n / zfvf clws[t >L x]d/fh cof{nn] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

-cf_ cfof]udf ;Dkg afO;f}+ / t]O;f]} >[ª\vnfsf] lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f

lgjf{rg cfof]udf ldlt @)&@ df3 $ / ^ ut] afO;f}+ / t]O;f]} >[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rg

lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . o; k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf !@ j6f ;fd'bflos / #$ j6f

lghL ljBfno u/L hDdf $^ ljBfnosf !% hgf dlxnf / #$ hgf k'?if u/L hDdf $(

hgf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo lzIfsx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pQm k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf]

pb\3f6g k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm 8f= cof]wLk|;fb ofbj tyf ;lrj >L zf/bfk|;fb lqtfnsf]

pkl:yltdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf nf]stGq, ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg / lgjf{rgsf

;Gbe{df gful/ssf] st{Jo / clwsf/, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg rqm, lgjf{rg k|lqmof,

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo, lgjf{rg ;Dj4 sfg'gx¿ / lgjf{rgsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

tyf lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf h:tf ljifox¿df k|lzIf0f tyf pQm ;xefuL

lzIfsx¿af6 lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

-O_ g]kfnu~h / /;'jfdf ;DkGg lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd

lgjf{rgnfO{ :jR5, :jtGq / ljZj;gLo agfpgsf nflu cfddtbftf tyf lgjf{rgsf

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lgjf{rgsf ljljw ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zocg'¿k cfof]usf]

s]Gb|df sf7df08f} pkTosfsf ;fd'bflos tyf lghL dfWolds ljBfnosf ;dflhs cWoog

lzIfssf nflu lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df

olx ldlt @)&@.!!.!# b]lv !^ ut];Dd afFs]sf] g]kfnu~hdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos tyf lghL

dfWolds ljBfnodf ;fdflhs ljifo cWoog u/fpg] lzIfsx¿sf nflu ^ ;d"xdf ljefhg

u/L ldlt @)&@.!!.!# b]lv !$ ut];Dd # ;d"x / ldlt @)&@.!!.!% b]lv !^ ut];Dd #

;d"xdf u/L hDdf !$) hgfnfO{ lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . pQm

sfo{qmddf @! hgf dlxnf / !!( hgf k'?if ;xefuL /x]sf lyP . k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf]

pb\3f6g ;qdf afFs] lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L j]bk|sfz n]vsn] z'esfdgf

dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g lgjf{rg cfof]usf pk;lrj >L

Psgf/fo0f zdf{n] ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf cfof]usf pk;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb

cof{n, pk;lrj >L b]zaGw' clwsf/Lnufotsf ;|f]tJolQmx¿sf ;fy} lhNnf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

To;}u/L ldlt @)&@.!!.!# / !$ ut] /;'jf lhNnfsf ;fd'bflos tyf lghL dfWolds

ljBfnosf ;fdflhs lzIff cWofkg ug]{ lzIfssf nflu lgjf{rg lzIff k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd

;DkGg eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf $ hgf dlxnf / !( hgf k'?if u/L hDdf @# hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . lgjf{rg cfo'Qm >L Onf zdf{n] pb\3f6g ug{'ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf

216

lhNnfsf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pQm k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf lgjf{rg, lgjf{rg rqm, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, lgjf{rgsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfox¿, dtbftf gfdfjnL, dtbftf lzIff h:tf ljifox¿sf cltl/Qm ;fljssf] Joj:yfadf]lhdsf] :yfgLo lgsfo lgjf{rg;DaGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L Pj+ gd"gf dtbfgsf] cEof;;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

-O{_ d'Vo tyf If]qLo k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg

dfWolds ljBfnodf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg lzIff

k|bfg ug{ k|lzIfs tof/ ug]{ p4]Zon] @)&@ kmfu'g #) / r}t ! ut], df]/ª\sf] lj/f6gu/

/ alb{ofsf] u'nl/ofdf lgjf{rg lzIff If]qLo k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] .

lj/f6gu/df ;DkGg sfo{qmddf If]qLo lgjf{rg sfof{no, df]/ª tyf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no,

tfKn]h'ª\, t]x|y'd, cf]vn9'ª\uf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, af/f, wg'iff / l;/fxfaf6 lhNnf lgjf{rg

clwsf/L;lxt b'O{hgf, tL lhNnfsf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf ;|f]tJolQm PsPshgf /

o'Pgl8kL lgjf{rg ;xfotf kl/of]hgf, lj/f6gu/sf k|ltlglw Pshgf u/L hDdf t]O{;hgfsf]

;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] h;df rf/hgf dlxnf / pGgfO{;hgf k'?if /x]sf lyP .

To;}u/L u'nl/ofdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no :ofª\hf, kj{t, c3f{vfFrL,

/f]Nkf, c5fd, alb{of, 88]nw'/f / /f]Nkfsf lhNnf lgjf{rg clwsf/L;lxt b'O{hgf, tL

lhNnfsf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf ;|f]tJolQm PsPshgf / o'Pgl8kL, lgjf{rg ;xfotf

kl/of]hgf g]kfnu~h / wgu9Lsf k|ltlglw PsPshgf u/L hDdf t]O{;hgfsf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] .

dfWolds txdf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo cWofkg u/fpg] lzIfsx¿dfkm{t ljBfyL{;Dd

lgjf{rg lzIff k'¥ofpg] p4]Zon] cfof]un] ljut b'O{jif{eGbf a9L ;dob]lv o; lsl;dsf]

k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]df o;nfO{ Jofkstf lbg] l;nl;nfdf klxnf]r/0fdf b]ze/sf

!% lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6L lj/f6gu/ / alb{ofdf Ps;fy ;f] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] .

b'O{lbg] k|lzIf0fdf nf]stGq / ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, gful/ssf] clwsf/ / st{Jo,

lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'g, dtbftf gfdfjnL, :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgnufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn

ul/g'sf ;fy} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ gd"gf dtbfg;d]t u/fOPsf] lyof] .

o;cl3 @)&@ ;fn kmfu'g @) / @! ut] cfof]usf] ;efxndf cfof]udf cfof]usf !% hgf

clws[t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ d'Vo k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

217

-r_ South Asian Institute for Democracy and Electoral Studies (SAIDES) ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cfof]hgfdf lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn r}q % ut] sf7df8f}+}+df cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, cfof]usf k"j{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, k"j{ lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, k|fWofkg, k|zf;g, k//fi6«nufotsf ljleGg If]qsf af}l4s JolQmTjx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ South Asian Institute for Democracy and Electoral Studies (SAIDES) :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf] nflu ef}lts, cfly{s, dfgjLo ;|f]t tyf cGo k|fljlws kIf ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] .

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/De ;qdf sfo{jfxs k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm 8f= cof]wLk|;fb ofbjn] cWoIftf ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] SAIDES ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eP u/]sf ultljlw ;d]6]/ lgjf{rg cfo'Qm >L Onf zdf{n] k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|:t'tLs/0fdf SAIDES ;DaGwL k[i7e"ld, cjwf/0ff, p4]Zo, ;fs{ If]qsf cGo lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjo, SAIDES sf] ;DefJo ;+/rgf, SAIDES sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t;fwgnufotsf kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 5nkmn u/L ;'emfj ;ª\sng;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . cfof]usf ;x;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb zdf{n] sfo{qmdsf] p4]Zodfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] eg] pk;lrj >L ;"o{k|;fb cof{nn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx¿sf tkm{af6 ljleGg ;'emfjx¿;d]t k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . lgjf{rg;DaGwL 1fg Joj:yfkg ug{ Think Tank Institution sf] ¿kdf SAIDES h:tf] ;+:yf :yfkgf u/L sfo{ ug'{ ;/fxgLo x'g] tyf o; ;+:yfnfO{ ;lGwdfkm{t\ jf g]kfnsf] ;+:yf btf{;DaGwL sfg'gcg';f/ btf{ u/L a}wflgstf k|bfg ug{;lsg] eP klg sfg'gL b[li6af6 o;sf] p4]Zo, Joj:yfkg, ;+/rgf, kb;f]kfg, k|s[lt, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, s/, ljb]zL JolQmsf] xsdf le;fsf] Joj:yf, ;~rfng k|lqmof :ki6 ePdf dfq ;+:yfsf] ljwfg tof/ u/L cufl8 a9\g;lsg], ;+:yf ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xdltsf ;fy} lgoldt / sfo{qmdut ;|f]t cfjZos kg]{ tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u, k|sfzgx¿sf] laqmL ljt/0f tyf ;b:ox¿af6 k|fKt x'g] 6f]sg of]ubfgaf6 dfq ;+:yf ;~rfng ug{ ufx|f] x'g] ;'emfj ;xefuLx¿n] /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;+:yf :yfkgf ug'{ dfq dxTjk"0f{ geO{ o;nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ ;f]r /fVg'kg]{, ;fs{ If]qsf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfo cfkm}Fdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf SAIDES df cGt/f{li6«o sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ hl6n x'g], ;fs{ If]q cGtu{t ljleGg b]zx¿sf] ;DaGw lgofNbf / ;fs{ cfkm}Fdf s;/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 ;f] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; k|sf/sf] ;+:yf ;~rfng ug{ ;xh gx'g], o;sf] nflu ;fs{sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;xdlt cfjZos kg]{, ljZjljBfno;Fu cfa4 u/fO ;~rfng ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] h:tf ;'emfjx¿;d]t k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .

blIf0f Plzofsf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfox¿sf] ;femf d~r Forum of Election Management Bodies of South Asia (FEMBoSA) sf] sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg kfFrf}F a}7sn]

218

sf7df8f}+} 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ub}{ blIf0f PlzofnL If]qdf lgjf{rg ljifodf cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{, u/fpgsf] nflu sf7df8f}+}df South Asian Institute for Democracy and Electoral Studies (SAIDES) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . 3f]if0ffkqdf pQm ;+:yfaf6 lgjf{rgsf ljljw kIfdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{, u/fpg] tyf blIf0f PlzofnL If]qsf lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfox¿af6 eP u/]sf /fd|f kIfx¿ (Best Practices) sf] clen]v tof/ u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o lgsfox¿aLr cfbfg k|bfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg];d]tsf sfo{ ug]{ Joxf]/f pNn]v 5 .

cfof]usf] ldlt @)&!.*.@@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ SAIDES sf] :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos dfgjLo, ljQLo, ef}lts tyf cGo k|fljlws kIfsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o eO{ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof;d]t cl3 a9fOPsf] lyof] . SAIDES :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng;DaGwL cjwf/0ffkqdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd o;cl3 lgjf{rg cfo'Qm >L Onf zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf k/fdz{ ;ldlt / lgjf{rg cfof]usf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt u7g eO{ o;;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5nkmn;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

lgjf{rg cfof]u, g]kfnaf6 lgjf{rg / nf]stGq;DaGwL cw{jflif{sklqsf (Journal) ælgjf{rgÆ k|sflzt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{:t/Lo agfpgsf nflu oxfFx?sf] cd"No ;'emfj tyf ;xof]usf]

ck]Iff ul/G5 . o; klqsfdf k|sfzg ug{ lgjf{rg, nf]stGqnufotsfljifodf n]lvPsf g]kfnL jf cª\u|]hL efiffsf n]v, /rgfnfO{b]xfosf Od]ndf k7fpg ;lsg] Joxf]/f;d]t hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .

Od]n M info@election.gov.np ecnjournal@gmail.com

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