lghfdtl ;]jf klqsf - public service...

i

lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfCIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

iii

;DkfbsLok|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg If]qsf ljleGg ljifox?df hfgsf/Ld"ns n]vx? ;dfj]zu/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf] of] cÍ k|sfzg u/L kf7s;dIf Nofpg kfPsf]df xfdL v';L 5f}+ . cfkm\gf cd"Non]v÷/rgfx? pknAw u/fO{ n]vsx?n] ug'{ePsf] ;xof]ujf6 g} of] ;+ej ePsf]xf] . o;sf nflu ljåfg n]vsx? k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ . æ:jR5, lgikIf /k|lt:kwf{Tds 5gf}6, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] b[9 c7f]6Æ eGg] d"ndGq;fy cl3al9/x]sf] cfof]usf sfd sf/jfxLx?df xfn gful/sx?sf ;fy;fy} hgk|ltlglwx?sf] klg Wofgfsif{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . of] cfof]usf nflu Hofb} dxTjsf] ljifo xf] .;+ljwfg ;ef÷Joj:yflksf ;+;b /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltdf ldlt @)&!.(.( df nf]]sjf cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL tyf ;f] qmddf ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofx? / ;dfwfgsfpkfox? tyf cfof]un] cufdL ;dodf lng] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt ;DaGwdf ;f];ldlt / cfof]usf kbflwsf/L aLr 5nkmn ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . Joj:yflksf;+;b / cfof]u jLr o;/L x'g] 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmofn] lghfdtL ;]jf / ;du| ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf nflu d2t k'Ug]df ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|:t't c+sdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljsf;;Fu;DalGwt ljleGg n]vx? cWo]tf Pj+ cg';Gwfgstf{x?sf] nflu pkof]uL x'g] g}5g\ . ;fy} o; klqsf ;GjGwdf kf7sju{x?af6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ePsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|lta4tf ;d]t JoQm ub{5f}+ .klqsfsf] nflu n]v /rgf pknAw u/fO ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljåfg, n]vs Pj+ klqsf kl9lbP/ 1fg cfh{g ug'{x'g] Pj+ ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ x'g] kf7sju{ / klqsfk|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?df xflb{s wGojfb lb+b} cfufdL lbgdf klg ;bf em}+ ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf ;Dkfbs d08n ljZj:t /x]sf] 5 .

– ;Dkfbs d08n

v

ljifo ;"rL

qm=;+= zLif{s n]vssf] gfd k]h g+=!= kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] :j?k,

;+/rgf / e"ldsfuf]kLgfy d}gfnL 1

@= eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktfsf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g

bfdf]b/ /]UdL 16

#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM df}lns cEof;, ;d:of / efjL sfo{lbzf

gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{ b'jf8L 34

$= ;x;|fGAbL ljsf; nIo / kGw|kl5sf] ljsf; Ph]08f k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n 44%= lghfdtL tkm{sf] vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/x kbsf] cGtj{ftf{df

;xefuLx?sf]M ljZn]if0fvu]Gb|k|;fb ;'j]bL 72

^= glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4

Zofd k|;fb e08f/L 77

&= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs cfly{s÷ljQ Joj:yfkgM Ps l;+xfjnf]sg gj/fh ;fksf]6f 101*= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng M Ps

;dLIffk|Nxfbk|;fb ;fksf]6f 120

(= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] b/vf:t ;+sng k|lqmof Pj+ ljleGg cfwf/df ltgsf] ljZn]if0f

uLtfs'df/L xf]d]ufO{+ 130

!)= af}l4s ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; / g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yf

dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n 143

!!= ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHo / /fHo afx]ssf If]qx?sf] e"ldsf /d]z cof{n 159!@= ;dfj]zLs/0fM cjwf/0ff, ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s kIfx? xl/bQ kf08] 174!#= ;bfrf/, e|i6frf/ / clVtof/M hgd'vL k|zf;g d"n cfwf/ Nffnaxfb'/ e"h]n 185!$= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx kl5 k|hftGq cfudg k"j{sf] k|zf;g df]xg jGhf8] 193!%= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/sf] ;Gbe{ ;"o{k|;fb ;fksf]6f 206!^= ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] s]xL pkfox? afa'/fd cof{n 217!&= pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / sfo{;Dkfbg:t/sf] ;DaGw k|sfz b]jsf]6f 234!*= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s kIf ef]nf zdf{ 238!(= Goat as a poor man's cow Nathu Pd choudhary 248@)= Impact of Infrastructural Facili!es on the Poverty of

Farmers in Bidur Municipality, NepalUdaya Ranamagar 256

@!= Recurrent Financial Crises- serious Ques!on infrontof Economists

Kamal Kanta Poudel 267

@@= Security sector Reform in the nagging transi!onperiod of Nepal

Ganga pd poudel 272

1

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]

:j?k, ;+/rgf / e"ldsf

;f/f+z

d'n'sdf l56f] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k|ult ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg d'n'sn] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ qmddf of]hgf k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs tyf Jojl:yt agfpg ljleGg gfddf /fli6«o of]hgf lgsfo u7g ug]{ k|rngsf] cleGg efusf ?kdf g]kfndf klg /fli6«oof]hgf cfof]u :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . z'?df k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u / To;kl5 of]hgfd08n, /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\\ x'Fb} xfn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u of]hgf lgsfosf ?kdf lqmofzLn 5 . t/ o;aLr /fHosf] cfly{s tyf zf;sLo bz{gdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ca x'g nfu]sf]/fHosf] k'g;+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df s:tf] of]hgf k|0ffnL / of]hgf lgsfo rflxG5 eGg] ;Gbe{dfljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug]]{ k|of; k|:t't n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

cfjlws of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff lgoGq0ffTds cy{/fhgLltaf6 cfPsf] xf] / o;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u jf s]Gb|Lo of]hgf lgsfosf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/G5 . of]hgfdfkm{t /fHon]cy{tGqnfO{ x:tIf]k ug]{ ub{5 . /fHon] nf]ssNof0fsf/L bz{g af]Sg yfn]kl5 of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffn]s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|j]z kfpg] ub{5 . o; cy{df o'/f]ksf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / nf]ssNof0fsf/L of]hgfg} of]hgfsf] z'?jft lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . t/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 cl3 ;f]leot ;+3 afx]s cGoq of]hgfsfljifon] vf;} dxTj kfPsf] lyPg . ;f]leot ;+3sf] jf]N;]les qmflGtkl5 of]hgfa4 ljsf;af6 /fli6«ock]Iff k"/f ug{ ;xh x'g] k|bz{g k|efj cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?df kl//x]sf] lyof] eg] tL;sf] bzssf] dGbLkl5 ljZjsf pbf/jfbL cy{tGqdf /fHosf] x:tIf]kdfkm{t nf]ssNof0fsfl/tf a[l4 ug]{ sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfof] . lslGhogjfbn] dxTj kfPkl5 a]nfotdf ;g\ !(%$ df n]j/ bn ;/sf/df k'u]kl5;fdflhs Gofo ;DaGwL y'k|} gLlt x:tIf]k ul/of] . ;g\ !(^! df a]nfotn] klxnf]k6s dWod cjlwsf]of]hgf th'{df u¥of] eg] ;g\ !(^% df ;]K6]Da/ /fli6«o of]hgf -National Plan of September_hf/L ug{k'Uof] . To;kl5 o'/f]ksf cGo d'n'sx?, ljz]iftM a]lNhod, cfo/Nof08, g]b/Nof08 / O6fnLn]klg cfkm"x?nfO{ of]hgf k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt u/] . ;f7Lsf] bzsaf6 g} cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?n] eg];Lldt ;|f]tsf] k|fyldsLs/0f / ahf/ lgof]hg b'a}sf] /0fgLlts ;+oGqsf] ?kdf of]hgfnfO{ ckgfP . of]

– uf]kLgfy d}gfnL*

* ;x;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

2

pgLx?sf] ljsf; k|ltsf] rfxgf, ;dfhjfbL cy{tGqsf] k|efj / ;fwg–;|f]tnfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ Jojl:ytk|of; klg lyof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskl5 eg] of]hgfa4 ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Jofj;flos;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf dxz'; u/L of]hgf cfof]u jf cGo gfdsf …Knflgª cyf]l/6LÚ u7g ug]{ sfo{ klg of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+zsf ?kdf ljsf; eof] .

g]kfndf of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;qmd

g]kfndf klg /fli6«o of]hgf k|0ffnL pNn]lvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df Jojl:yt ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .g]kfnsf] of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf; s]nfpFbf g]kfn PsLs/0f ePsf] !^& jif{kl5 dfq /fHon] of]hgfa4 ljsf;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 eGg] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(#% df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]pBf]u kl/ifb\\ g} o;tkm{sf] klxnf] k|of; lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . To;} avt kl/ifb\\nfO{ s[lif, pBf]u /Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof], t/ o;n] sfo{?k eg] kfPg . To:t}bf];|f] o'4kl5 aL;aif]{ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / ;g\ !($( df kGw|jif]{ of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu /fli6«oof]hgf ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] t/ oL of]hgfx? klg sfof{Gjogdf cfPgg\ . sfof{Gjogdf gcfPklgtTsfnLg /f0ff zf;snfO{ of]hgf k|0ffnLtkm{ bjfj lbPsf] eg] b]lvG5 . oL ;}4flGts k|of;sf kl5b'O{ sf/0f lyP, klxnf] l5d]sL d'n'sx?df ePsf ljsf; k|of;sf] k|bz{g k|efj / bf];|f] g]kfndf /f0ffzf;g lj?4 rln/x]sf] cfGbf]ngaf6 ;a{;fwf/0fsf] Wofg cGoq} lvRg] . oL k|of;x? Jojl:yt,k|fljlws Ifdtf / jf:tljs k|lta4tfdf cfwfl/t lyPgg\ . kmntM sfof{Gjogdf klg cfPgg\ . k|hftGq:yfkgfkl5 hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg ljsf; k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ nufotsf hjfkmb]lxtf If]qdf sfo{ ug{ of]hgfa4 ljsf; cfjZos dflgof] . t/ hxflgofF zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cGtkl5 s]xL jif{ d'n'sn]ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj jf]Sg ;s]g . lj= ;+= @)!@ df sf]nDjf] of]hgfsf nflu g]kfnaf6 k|:t'tb:tfj]h -sfo{kq_ g} lj= ;+= @)!# ;fndf klxnf] cfjlws of]hgfsf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/of] / ;Lldt/fli6«o ;|f]tnfO{ k|fyldstfk"0f{ ljlgof]hg tyf vr{ ug]{ b[li6sf]0f cl3 ;fl/of] . To;a}vt k|wfgdGqLsf];+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] k|zf;g k'gu7{g of]hgf cfof]un] cfjlws of]hgfsf] cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] lyof] . cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;kl5 cy{tGqsf k|d'v lqmofsnfk nufgL, pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf /fHosf]e"ldsfnfO{ k|d'v agfO{ /fHos} g]t[Tjdf cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;f]rsf ?kdf cfjlws of]hgf Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 o; sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] . t/ dGqfnox?aLr ;fwg ;|f]tsf] lvrftfgLe} ;dGjosf] ;d:of /xg uPsf] / dGqfnox?n] dGqLkl/ifb\\sf] k|d'v k/fdz{bftfsf ?kdf k|wfgdGqLs}g]t[Tjdf lj1x?sf] ;+oGqsf ?kdf of]hgf cfof]u u7g ePsf] xf] . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u u7g x'Fbfo;sf] cf}lrTo lgDg cfwf/af6 x]g]{ ul/Psf] lyof]

• of]hgf th'{dfdf ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{,

• If]qut gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo u/L of]hgf tof/ ug]{,

• of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{,

• ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ /

3

• of]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg] .

t/ of]hgf ;DaGwL sfdnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{] j}wflgs cfwf/ tTsfnLg cj:yfdf lyPg, g;+:yfut ;+/rgf g} Jojl:yt lyof] . oxL s'/fnfO{ dx;'; u/L lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf of]hgf d08nP]g hf/L ul/of] / k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf of]hgf d08n u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . klxnf] k~rjifL{oof]hgfsf] cg'udg, ;dLIff ug]{ h:tf sfd of]hgf d08nn] ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . t/ @)!& ;fndf;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] ckx/0fkl5 /fhf dx]Gb|n] k|wfgdGqL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, hf] of]hgf d08nsf cWoIf lyP, nfO{ ckb:y u/L of]hgf d08n klg vf/]h u/] . h;sf sf/0f klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf]sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t cGof]n l;h{gf eof] . of]hgf d08n vf/]h u/]kl5 /fhfsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«oof]hgf kl/ifb\\sf] u7g ul/of], h;n] of]hgf th'{dfsf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut dfu{bz{g ub{Yof], k|fljlws sfd ug]{] lgsfo lyPg . lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf of]hgf kl/ifb\\sf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd ug{ cfly{sof]hgf dGqfnosf] u7g ul/of] . o; dGqfnon] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf xfnsf] cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«oof]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnon] ug]{ sfo{;Dkfbg ub{Yof] . /fhfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t kl/ifb\\nfO{ @)!(;fndf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;a}} dGqL ;b:o x'g] / Pshgf pkfWoIf /xg] u/L k'gu{7g ul/of] . /@)@% ;fndf cfly{s of]hgf dGqfnosf] ljBdfg :j?knfO{ cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf];lrjfnodf ljeQm u/L qmdzM ;|f]t kl/rfng / ;|f]t ljlgof]hgsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] . @)@( ;fndf/fhf jL/]Gb|n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ sfo{ lglb{i6 ug{ :jod\ /fhfsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g u/] . @)$& ;fndf cfof]usf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L cWoIf, pkfWoIf, kfFrhgf ;b:o/ kb]g ;b:osf ?kdf d'Vo ;lrj / cy{ ;lrjnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/of] eg] To;sf] s]xLkl5 cfof]usf;lrjnfO{ ;b:o ;lrjsf ?kdf kl/jt{g ul/of] . lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL sfo{sf/L k|d'v / /fhf ;+j}wflgsx}l;otdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf pgn] ul//xg' plrt lyPg . To;}n] @)%) ;fndf /fli6«oljsf; kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf klg k|wfgdGqL -hf] cfof]usf] klg kb]g cWoIf x'G5_ /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;}4flGts cf}lrTo / cfjZostf e} /x] klg d'n'sn] clVtof/ ug]{ /fhg}ltsbz{gsf cfwf/df o;sf] sfo{If]q, e"ldsf / z}nLdf s]xL leGgtf kfpg ;lsG5 . aGb / lgb]{lzt/fhg}lts Joj:yfdf / v'nf / pbf/ cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag :jfefljs ?kdf of]hgf cfof]usf]e"ldsf km/s x'G5 g} . k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfdf cfof]un] s]Gb|Lo lgoGq0f k4ltsf] z}nLdf sfdub{Yof] eg] @)$& kl5 o;sf] e"ldsf / sfo{z}nL /fli6«o /0fgLlts p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;xof]ud"ns,k|]/0ffbfoL b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGtkl5 cGtl/d ;/sf/n] @)$& df cfof]usf]sfdnfO{ oL rf/ efudf /fv]/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnLdf ;dfj]z u¥of] M

• ;/sf/, dGqfno tyf ljefux?nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfdf ;Nnfx lbg] .

• 7"nf kl/of]hgf tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] klxrfg u/L ;+efJotf cWoogsf ljifodf ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] .

• afXo ;xfotf :jLsf/ ug]{ ljifodf ;/sf/, dGqfno tyf ljefux?nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] .

4

• kl/of]hgf k|:tfjsf] n]vfhf]vf -d"Nofª\sg_ ug]{ .

k|hftGqsf] k'gk|f{lKt kl5 @)$* ;fndf hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g eof] . gofF pT;fx af]s]/ cfPsf]lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ ;fd" y'k|} lhDd]jf/L / r'gf}ltx? lyP . t/ ;/sf/;+u /x]sf] ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng u/]]/dfq /fli6«o cfjZostf / /0fgLlts p2]Zo k|fKt x'g] cj:yf lyPg . o;y{ cfof]usf] sfo{lhDd]jf/LnfO{;dofg's"n agfpg' cfjZos lyof] . k|yd hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]kl5of]hgf k|0ffnLdf klg afXo k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . /fi6«leq lelqPsf÷lelqg];+efjgf ePsf afXo ;fwgnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf cfa4 ug'{ / lghLIf]q Pj+ t];|f] ;+efjgf /IfdtfnfO{ cTolws ?kdf pkof]u u/fP/ lbuf] ljsf; ug'{ k|d'v cfjZostf lyof] . log} s'/fx?nfO{dWogh/df /fv]/ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{oaf6 cfof]unfO{ lgDg sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg k'Uof] M

• bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf cfwf/df cfjlws of]hgf / ljsf; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ .

• ljsf;sf] ult tLj| kfg{ afXo tyf cfGtl/s nufgLsf nflu klxrfg ug]{ .

• b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf cg'?k lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+efjgf klxNofpg] .

• jflif{s of]hgf th'{df ug]{ tyf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

• ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ ;+/rgfut u/fpg ckgfpg'kg]{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{, ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] ef}lts tyf ljQLo cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

• of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{dfsf nflu ljifout dGqfno tyf :yflgo lgsfonfO{ dfu{bz{g -Guide line_ lbg] / ;xof]u ug]{ .

• of]hgf k|lqmof Jojl:yt agfpg / gofF gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{cfjZos cfFs8f / ufO8nfOg lbg] .

dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 lbOPsf oL sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)$& df ePsf Joj:yfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f xf] . o;n] cfof]unfO{ lgoGq0feGbf ;xof]u ug]{, lj1 ;]jf lbg] / /0fgLltsp2]Zosf ;fy sfd ug{ ;/sf/ / cGo kfqx?nfO{ clek|]l/t u/fpg] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 .

lj=;= @)%% df ;+;båf/f lgld{t cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]gn] cfof]usf] gLlt of]hgf ;DaGwL e"ldsfnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf g} :yflkt ul/lbPsf] 5 . pQm P]g, cg';f/ cfof]usf] sfo{e"ldsfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• cy{ dGqfno tyf ljifo dGqfnonfO{ ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th'{dfsf nflu nIo, gLlt tyf k|fyldstf ;lxtsf] dfu{bz{g -ufO{8nfOg_ k7fpg] .

• lhNnf:t/Lo of]hgf :jLs[t ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljifo dGqfnonfO{ dfu{ lgb]{lzsf pknAw u/fpg] .

• s]Gb|Lo:t/sf cfof]hgfx? :jLs[t ug]{ .

5

• cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf gLlt tyf nIox? to ug]{ .

• ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg] .

gLlt ;Djfb ;ldltsf ?kdf of]hgf cfof]usf] sfd

cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% sf] sfof{Gjogkl5 cfof]usf] Jofj;flos sfo{e"ldsfsf] clws ck]Iff ul/of] . ljsf; gLlt tyf cGo If]qut gLltx?aLr ;dGjo NofP/ /0fgLlts /fli6«o p2]Zo k"/f ul/Psf]v08df dfq ;Lldt ;|f]t–;fwg / lqmofsnfkx? k|fyldstfdf nlIft u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;y{ lj=;+=@)%% af6 tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf gLlt ;Dafb ;ldltsf] u7g ;ldltnfO{ oL kfFr If]qdf gLlt e"ldsf lbOPsf] 5 M

• cy{tGqsf] k|j[lQ cg'udg, cWoog / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

• pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm cfly{s gLlt klxrfg / th'{dfsf nflu e"ldsf v]Ng] .

• ;/sf/sf ljleGg txaf6 th'{df ePsf gLlt ;dGjo ug]{ .

• ljsf; sfo{qmd / of]hgfsf lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ .

• df}h'bf cfly{s gLlt ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{gsf ;Gbe{df ;'emfj lbg] .

gLlt ;Djfb ;ldltsf] e"ldsf lbOP kZrft cfof]uaf6 cfly{s gLlt tyf cg';Gwfgdf ;lqmo e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cy{tGqsf] ;du| l:yltsf] l;+xfjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/ / cu|udgsf nflu ;/sf/n]lng'kg]{ gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] ;'emfj klg cfof]usf] sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 eg] If]qut gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf];dGjo ug]{ bfloTj klg ylkPsf] 5 . o;n] cfof]usf] e"ldsf sfo{qmddf dfq ge} ;du| cfly{s tyfljsf; gLltdf klg /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . oL e"ldsfx?af6 cfof]u ;/sf/sf] ljz'4 Jofj;flos k/fdz{bftfxf] eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 .

ah]6 ;ldltsf] e"ldsfdf cfof]u

jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ug{ hgcfGbf]ng efu–@ kl5 cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx? / cy{ dGqfnosf ;ljr ;d]t /x]sf] ah]6 ;ldltu7g ul/of] . o; ;ldltn] ;|f]t ;ldltnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] ah]6sf] cfsf/nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] / cfjlwsof]hgfsf lglb{i6 /0fgLlt Pj+ k|fyldstf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd lglb{i6 ug{ dfu{bz{g Pjd\ ah]6 ;LdfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] sfo{e"ldsf ;'lDkof] . ah]6 ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;+oGqfTds÷cf}krfl/s dfqgeO{ ;Dk"0f{ gLlt k|fyldstfsf] g]t[Tj g} cfof]un] lng'kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] .

;|f]t ;ldlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /xg] ah]6 ;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cf=j= @)%&÷%* b]lv ;|f]t ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . k|f/Dedf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /xg] Joj:yf ePtf klg cf=j= @)^@÷^#

6

af6 ah]6 ;ldltsf] cnu Joj:yf ePsf]n] ah]6 ;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfof]usf ;dli6ut cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf cy{, /fh:j / ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf ;+nUg/xg] lgsfosf k|d'vx? ;d]t /x]sf] ;ldlt u7g ul/g] k/Dk/f j;flnof] . ;|f]t ;ldltn] cfufdL cfly{sjif{sf] nflu cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tsf] cfFsng / If]qut ;fwg ;Ldfsf] ljt/0fsf nflu ah]6;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] .

;|f]t ;ldlt / ah]6 ;ldltsf] cnu cnu Joj:yfnfO{ kl5Nnf lbgdf PsLs[t u/L ;|f]t ;ldltsf ?kdflqmofzLn u/fOPsf] 5 . ;ldltdf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf ;+of]hs / cfof]usf ah]6 cfly{s Joj:yfkgx]g]{ ;b:o, cy{ ;lrj, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ue{g/, dxfn]vf lgoGqs, cfof]usf ;b:o ;lrj ;b:o /cfly{s Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf k|d'v ;b:o ;lrjsf ?kdf sfd ub{5g\ . ;ldltnfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotfcfof]usf dxfzfvf k|d'vx? / cy{dGqfno ah]6 tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf dxfzfvf k|d'vn] ub{5g\ .o;n] cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 th'{dfsf ;Gbe{df ;dli6ut cfly{s ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} ah]6sf] ;Defljt cfsf/ -cfosf] cfsf/±Joosf] cfsf/_ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ah]6 th'{dfsf ;Gbe{df ;|f]t ;ldltsf]e"ldsf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Jofj;flos ;+oGqsf] ?kdf sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . ;ldltsf] sfd hlt Jofj;flos eof], Tolt g} ah]6 jf:tljs aGg u} ;Lldt ;fwgsf]k|fyldstfk"0f{ ljlgof]hg ;Dej x'g] ub{5 .

;|f]t ;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg k|To]s dGqfnodf of]hgf tyf ah]6sf kbflwsf/L /xg] dWod cjlwsf] vr{ ;+/rgf sfo{bnx? (MTEF Taskforce) u7g ug]{ ul/G5 . h;n] qLjifL{o ah]6 vfsfsf cfwf/dfjflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfjlws of]hgfaLr tfls{s;x;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ sfo{d"ns ;+oGqsf ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 . o;y{ pNn]lvt cfwf/df /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]uaf6 ;di6Lut cfly{s tyf ljsf; gLltsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u u7g cfb]z, @)^& cg';f/ cfof]usf] sfo{e"ldsf

lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf /fhfn] k|ToIf zf;g lnPkl5 k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] of]hgf d08n /of]hgf d08n P]g, b'a}nfO{ vf/]h u/L of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf :jod\ /fhf x'g] k/Dk/f a;fPkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnL ;DaGwL lj:t[t sfg"gsf] cefj /xg uof] . dlGqkl/ifb\\n] u/]sf k6s]lg0f{o / cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]gsf ;fdfGo k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df cfof]un] sfo{ ubf{ sltko cj:yfdfcfof]usf] j}wflgs x}l;otdfly klg k|Zg p7fOg] ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sltko cj:yfdf cfof]un] dGqfnox?aLr ;dGjo ug{, dGqfnosf sfdx?df lgb]{zg lbg / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;d]tsl7gfO dx;'; ul/g yfNof] .

cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ a}wflgstf / ;+:yfut :j?k lbg sfg"gsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L g]kfn;/sf/n] P]gsf] d:of}bf th'{df u/L 5nkmndf ;d]t NofPsf] lyof] . t/ o;nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg' ;do

7

nfUg;Sg] ePsfn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .u7g cfb]zsf] k|:tfjgfn] ;du| ?kdf cfof]usf] p2]Zo …d'n'ssf] ;jf{ª\uL0f Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu /fli6«o ljsf;sf gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] th'{dfÚ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL p2]Zon] g} cfof]usf] ;du|sfo{k|0ffnLNfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . u7g cfb]z cg';f/ cfof]unfO{ oL sfdx? ;'lDkPsf] 5 M

o /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cWoog u/L cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg/fli6«o of]hgfsf] th'{df, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{,

o /fli6«o of]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgf tyf;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{,

o /fi6«sf] ;du| cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu If]qut gLlt th'{df, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{,

o ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fHosf] lgb{]zs l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] clwgdf /xL ;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfd gful/snfO{ /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmof / To;sf] k|ltkmndf kx'Fr clej[l4u/fpg] u/L of]hgf tyf gLlt th{'df ug{],

o cfly{s, ;dflhs ljsf;sf ;du| kIfsf] jf/]df tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg, cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L jf u/fO{ ;+k|]if0f ug{] u/fpg],

o cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cf+sng tyf kl/rfng ug]{, cfly{s,;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;du| kIfsf] jf/]df tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg, cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L jf u/fO{ ;+k|]if0f ug{]÷u/fpg],

o /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu cjnDag ug{'kg{] gLltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfa lbg],

o d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu If]qLo / :yfgLo ljsf;sf] gLlt / /0fgLlt th{"df ug{],

o ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLlt th{'df u/L lglZrt cjlw leq d'n'saf6 lg/k]If ul/aL cGTo ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{],

o ljleGg ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / k|ltkmnsf] ;dLIff ug]{, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgug{] cfjlws of]hgfcg'?k jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd,+ nIo tyf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{,

o cy{ dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{,

o If]qut dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu tyf lgsfox?n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgfsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;xdlt lbg] / If]qut gLlt th'{df ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zglbg],

o ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k]z ePsf] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ :jLs[t ug]{,

o :jLs[t sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{fGjog ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg],

o k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] tyf s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZos gLlt tyf of]hgf agfpg],

8

o /fi6«sf] nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg tyf cNksfnLg of]hgf th'{df u/L If]qut sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg] /

o /fli6«o k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q tyf cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

gLlt k|lti7fg / of]hgf cfof]u

cfof]un] v]Nb} cfPsf] gLlt ;Djfb ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qnfO{ lj=;+= @)^( df 8f=afj'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] s]xL sdhf]/ agfof] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 gLlt cWoog k|lti7fg gfds 5'§} ;+/rgfv8f u/L o;}dfkm{t d'n'ssf] ;du| gLltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ p2]Zo /flvof] . cfly{s ;fdflhs k|j[lQsf]ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ k|lti7fgnfO{ lbOof], h;af6 ;/sf/sf] …lyª\s 6\ofª\sÚ jf Policy Research Wingsf ?kdf o;nfO{ ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ b'O{ jif{;Dd o; k|lti7fgn] s'g} sfd ug{ ;s]g/ @)&! df o;nfO{ vf/]h ul/of] . k|lti7fg sfo{/t cj:yfdf klg cfof]un] eg] cfkm"n] sfg"g tyfk/Dk/fut ?kdf ;Dkfbg ul/cfPsf] sfd ub}{ /Xof] . t/ k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfn] cfof]usf] sfo{If]qnfO{;+s'lrt dfq ul/Pg ls o;n] p;n] ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] gLlt ljZn]if0f / cWoog cg';Gwfgsf]sfo{nfO{ sd{rf/LtGqLo ?kdfeGbf Jofj;flos ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] dfu klg lyof] . of]cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnL k'gjf]{wsf] dfusf ?kdf klg cfPsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .

cGo ljsf; cfof]u / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] ;dGjo, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg, gLlt ljZn]if0f / j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;xdlt h:tf sfo{ /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]un] ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf]df lj=;+= @)^( ;fndf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u / klZrdf~rn ljsf; cfof]usf] u7g u/L tL If]qsf] ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/Llbg vf]lhof] . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / oL b'O{ ljsf; cfof]uaLr sfo{e"ldsf / cGt/ ;DaGwsf ljifodfljsf; cfof]usf] u7g cfb]zdf s]xL pNn]v ul/Pg . h;n] ubf{ oL ljsf; cfof]u /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]u em} ;dfgfGt/ ;ª\u7g x'g eGg] ;Gb]z klg uof] eg] ljsf; cfof]ux?nfO{ lbOPsf] sfo{n] klg lj/f]wfefif l;h{gf ug{ k'Uof] . csf]{ af}l4s k|Zg klg v8f eof]—ljsf; cfof]u / of]hgf cfof]uaLrs;/L km/s 5'6\ofpg] < of]hgf ljsf;sf] k|lqmof ePsfn] ljsf; cfof]u / of]hgf cfof]usf] aLrdf;Ldf sf]g{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsb}g < of]hgf, gLlt tyf cg'udgsf s]Gb|Lo d"No /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un]lgwf{/0f ug]{ / tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]qdf ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] ;xhLs/0f dfq ljsf; cfof]un] ug{ eGgvf]lhPsf] xf] ls < oL b'O{ ;+/rgf :yfkgf ePkl5 c? k|Zg klg plAhPsf 5g\— /fli6«o of]hgfk|0ffnLnfO{ ljvl08t -Fragmented_ ug{ x'G5 < olb x'G5 eg] ;ª\qmd0fsf] nfut s;/L Joxf]g]{ <s] tL If]qsf] ah]6÷jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df If]qLo txdf ug{ gLltut Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;Dej 5 < olb ;Dej 5 eg] cGo ljsf; If]q jf ef}uf]lns ;d'bfoaf6 o;} vfn] ;+/rgfsf] dfuePdf To;nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;lsG5 < oL k|Zgx? cg'Ql/t g} /x]sfn] sfo{ c;d~h:otf b]lvPsf] 5 .

9

s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u klZrdf~rn ljsf; cfof]u s]xL ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'g ;S5 . sltkon] o;nfO{ d'n's ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ?kfGtl/tx'g] ePsf]n] of]hgf k|0ffnLdf To;sf] k"jf{Eof;sf ?kdf klg lnPsf 5g\ eg] sltn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dfgj ljsf;sf b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf] If]qdf ljsf; of]hgf ;~rfngnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] ;f]r cg'?k of]hgfk|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]Gb|Lt ug]{ ;f]r -@)@( lt/ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] cl3 ;f/]sf] If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff_sf ?kdf klg lnOPsf] kfOG5 . h] h:tf] ;f]r / cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]tf klg To;sf] ;Da4 kIf;Fulj:t[t k/fdz{ / ljZn]if0f gu/L /fhg}lts ?kdf ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffn] gofF k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ t ;s]g g},:yflkt d"No k|0ffnL eTsfpg] ;Defjgf eg] a9fof] .

cfof]usf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;dLIff

ljutdf cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf / cfof]usf ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf sfo{sf cfwf/df oL lgisif{ lgsfNg;lsG5 M

-s_ ;sf/fTds kIf M

• cfly{s tyf gLlt of]hgfsf ljifodf ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu k|d'v g]t[TjbfoL lgsfosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s gLlt / ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{dftyf sfof{Gjog cfof]usf] cu'jfO jf ;Nnfxaf6 ePsf 5g\ .

• cfjlws of]hgf th'{df / ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt lgwf{/s / cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;dGjoug]{ k|flwsf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf sfo{e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

• cfly{s ljsf; tyf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;xhsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . cfof]u cfly{styf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;xhstf{ klg xf] . ljifout dGqfno÷;lrjfnoaf6sfof{Gjog x'g] sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ;xhLs/0fsf nflu cg'udg ug]{ / ;dGjok|0ffnL :yflkt ug]{ sfo{e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn 5 .

• ljifout dGqfno÷;lrjfnoaf6 th'{df x'g] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ /fli6«o p2]Zo / k|yfldstfcg'?k agfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf k|of;nfO{ /fli6«o efjgf cg'?k lglb{i6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

• d'n'sdf ;~rflnt ljsf; cfof]hgfx? ;dGoflos agfO ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;a}} ju{, If]q /;d'bfodf k|jfx ug{ cWoog, cg';Gwfg, cGt/lqmof h:tf sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

• of]hgf cfof]u cfly{s gLlt ;'wf/sf] g]t[Tjstf{ klg xf] . If]qut cfly{s gLlt sfo{nfO{ /fli6«ok|fyldstf / cfjlws kfg{ cfof]usf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf];Gbe{df ljleGg kfqx?sf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] gLlt jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf klg cfof]usf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

• s]Gb|Lo:t/sf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgdf cfof]u ;lqmo /xFb} dGqfno tyf :yfgLolgsfosf] cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ klg cfof]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 .

10

• cfof]u ljsf; gLlt tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] nflu cGt/lqmofsf] ynf]sf] ?kdf klg ;lqmo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] c;n gLlt cEof;sf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf lj1, ljz]if1 tyf ljsf;;fem]bf/x?;Fu ;Dafb ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

• gLlt ;Dafb ;ldltsf] x}l;otdf o;n] gLlt ;dGjog ug]{, ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ / ;dfwfgsfpkfo vf]hL u/L lghLIf]q ljsf;sf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 .

• cfof]u ;~rflnt of]hgf tyf sfof{GjLt gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nofª\gdfkm{t efjL lbgdf gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

-v_ sdL÷sdhf]/L

• lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf ;Gbe{df sltko ;do / ;Gbe{df cfof]u cfnf]lrt klg xF'b} cfPsf]5 . ul/a tyf ljkGg hgtfn] cg'e"t u/]sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+af]wg x'g] u/L gLltsfo{qmd th'{df ug{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|fyldstfk"0f{ / ;Gt'lnt ljlgof]hg ug{, cfjlwsof]hgf÷cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg u/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;xhLs/0f / th'{dfdflzIff lng, cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/L ;'wf/sf] jf:tljs g]t[Tj ug{ Jofj;flos sfo{ ug{ cfof]un] ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] rf}tkmL{ u'gf;f] /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfo{;~rfng k4ltKf|fljlws / Jofj;floseGbf klg sd{rf/LtGqLo klg b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts k|efj / k|Lotfklg sfo{ k|0ffnLdf b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 .

• cfof]unfO{ gLlt ;Dafb ;ldltsf] a[xQ/ e"ldsf lbOPtf klg cfGtl/s jf afXo k|efjaf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf s]xL gLlt k|ltlqmof dfq lbb} cfPsf] 5 . gLltk"j{;lqmotf (Policy Proactiveness) b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

• cfof]usf] sfd /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo :yflkt ug'{ klg xf] . ljsf; sfo{qmdth'{df ubf{ ;|f]t / ;fwgaLr ;dGjo, afXo ;xfotf kl/rfngsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«o k|fyldstf/ bftf k|fyldstfaLr bft[ / /fli6«o sfo{k|0ffnLaLr ;dGjo, If]qut gLlt / /fli6«o gLltaLr;dGjo sfod u/fpg] ;Gbe{df y'k|} ;lqmotf ck]Iff ug]{ l:ylt afFsL g} 5 .

• cfof]un] cfkm} gLlt th'{df ubf{, If]qut gLlt sfo{qmd th'{dfsf nflu ;xof]u ubf{ jf gLlt sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo ubf{ lng] cfwf/ eg]sf] tYofª\s / ;"rgf x'g\ . oL sfo{sf nflu e/kbf]{tYofª\sLo cfwf/ :yfkgf u/L lgoldt ?kdf cWofjlws ug]{ sfo{ ug{ afFsL 5 .

• cfof]usf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ Pp6} sfg"g klg 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhglgodfjnL, ljleGg ;dodf ePsf sfo{sf/L lg0f{ox? / If]qut gLltsf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g,@)%% / cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ df cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;Lldt / ;Gbe{dfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . @)^& ;fndf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t u7g cfb]zn] sfg"gsf] cefjnfO{s]xL xbdf sd u/]tfklg If]qut P]gx?df ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg / kl/jlt{t

11

cfjZostf cg';f/ cfof]usf] e"ldsf lgjf{xnfO{ of] kof{Kt 5}g .

k'g;+/rgf Pjd\ ;'wf/sf If]qx?

d'n'sn] pbf/Ls[t cfly{s Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ yfn]kl5 cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ k'gjf]{w ug'{kg]{ ax; rNb} cfPsf] 5 . cfof]un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfdnfO{ kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . aGb /fhg}ltscfly{s Joj:yfdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ / To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;3fpk'¥ofpg] xf] eg] pbf/Ls/0fsf] bz{g cjnDag kl5 gLlt ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ eP/ cfPsf] 5 . o;f] eGb}df nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{dfkm{t nlIft ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ e"ldsfaf6 ;/sf/ k//xg;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g . cfof]usf] ;lqmotf / k|efjsf/Ltfdf g} ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt sfo{qmdsf]k|efjsf/Ltf k'li6 x'G5 . of]hgf k|0ffnL ;dli6ut cfly{s l:y/tf, ;fdflhs Gofo, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f,If]qLo ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] ;+oGq xf], o;nfO{ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd /of]hgf cg'udgsf] ?kdf dfq x]l/g' x'b}g . ;fy} of]hgf k|0ffnLn] lghLIf]q ljsf;, nufgL cfsif{0f /ljZjJofkLs/0fsf cj;/ bf]xg ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ klg ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . lxhf]sf] em} ;+oGqfTdse"ldsfn] ljsf;nfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg ;lsb}g . cj ljsf;nfO{ klg df}lns clwsf/sf] ljleGg dfusf?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 .

clxn] d'n's ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fkl5 /fHosf] zf;sLo :j?kdf klgkl/jt{g cfpg] x'Fbf ljsf; of]hgf / cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnLdf klg k'g;+/rgf ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . o;y{cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf jf ;'wf/ ubf{ oL kIfdf s]Gb|Lt x'g' cfjZos 5 M–

!_ of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] k'g;+/rgf M

oL kIfdf s]Gb|Lt /x]/ of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] k'g;+/rgf ug'{ kb{5

o /fHobz{gdf cfPsf kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"ng ug]{ ;Gbe{

o ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf k|j[lQ;Fusf] cg's"ng

o ljZjJofkLs/0fn] l;h{gf u/]sf r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf nflu cg's"ng

o /fHosf] zf;sLo :j?k cg'?k k'gM ;+/rgf -o; cj:yfdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf, sfo{If]q, k|fb]lzs txdf Ifdtf ljsf;, ;xof]u, ;xhLs/0f, åGå ;dfof]hg, ;|f]t jfF8kmfF8, gLlt ;dGjo, s]Gb|Lo cg'udg k|0ffnL h:tf kIfdf s]Gb|Lt eP/ of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] k'g;+{/rgf ug'{ cfjZos 5_ .

@= of]hgf cfof]u -;ª\u7g_ sf] k'g;+/rgf M cfof]usf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k'g;+/rgf ug'{kb{5 .

o sqf] -sfo{d"ns t/ pko'Qm cfsf/sf]_ agfpg] <

o of]Uotf / cg'ej -k|fljlws Jofj;flostf_ slt cfjZos <

12

o dGqfno / k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ s:tf] x'g] <

o sd{rf/L Ifdtf ljsf; / ;ª\u7g ;'b[9Ls/0f s;/L ug]{ <

#= sfo{z}nLsf] k'g;+/rgf .

;ª\u7g / k|0ffnLnfO{ sfo{z}nLh:tf kIfn] ;fy lbPg eg] ;'wf/sf k|of; ljTyfdf v]/ hfG5g\ .

oL tLg} s'/fsf] ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o k|j[lQ / /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

klxnf] kIfdf ljrf/ ubf{ of]hgf k|0ffnLnfO{ zf:qLo ?kdf cjnDag ul/g' cfjZos 5}g . lsglspbf/Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fHon] dfq ;a}} yf]s ug{ g x'G5, g ;Dej g} 5 . To:t} /fHosf] zf;sLok'g;+/rgf kl5 /fHosf ljleGg txdf sfd, clwsf/, ;|f]t / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhg x'g] lglZrt 5 .pbf/jfbL cfly{s bz{gsf] cjnDagkl5 /fHon] of]hgf k|0ffnLdfkm{t cfkm}n] dfq sfd gu/L cfkm" aflx/sf e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{sf] Ifdtf / ;+efjgf pkof]u ub{5 -ug'{ kb{5_ eg] zf;sLo :j?ksf]k'g;+/rgfkl5 k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cª\ux?sf] kl/rfngdfkm{t nf]stGq / ljsf;nfO{;+:yfut u/fpg' kg]{ bfloTj /xG5 . oL b'j} cj:yf ;fdgf ug]{ qmddf d'n's /x]sfn] s]Gb|Lo of]hgfk|0ffnLn] oL kIfdf s]Gb|Lt eP/ sfo{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ cfjZos x'g cfp5M

� bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf /fli6«o gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] th'{df, ljBdfg gLltx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf cWoog

� lghLIf]q nufot ;/sf/ aflx/sf kqnfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg]

� ljkGg / ul/aLsf] If]qsf] pTyfg ug{ gLlt x:tIf]ksf sfo{ ug]{

� ahf/sf v/fjL lgoGq0fsf nflu lgofds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{{

� /fi6«sf] /0fgLlts uGtJo / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{]

� cg';Gwfg / ljsf;dfkm{t ;a}n] 1fg cfwf/ tof/ ug]{

� lghL If]q tyf k|fb]lzs txsf ;+/rgfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

� of]hgf tyf cg'udgsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«o d"No k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{

� ax'k|fb]lzs sfo{If]q / pRr cfly{s k|fljlws hf]lvd /x]sf a[xb cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{]

� k|fb]lzs txaLr x'g;Sg] k|lt:kwf{ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{]

� ;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt jfF8kmfF8sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{

� ljsf; Joj:yfkg tyf cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] clGtd lhDd]jf/L lng]

� cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+efjgfsf] bf]xg ug{] .

;'wf/ jf k'g;+/rgfsf] bf];|f] kIf of]hgf ;ª\u7gsf] k'g;+/rgf xf] . klxnf] s'/f /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]ucasf lbgdf gLlt tyf /0fgLltdf a9L / of]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf sd ;+nUg x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] gfd klgkl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;nfO{ /fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u eGg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . To:t}

13

df}h'bf cj:yfdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LtGqLo -zf:qLo_ ;ª\u7gaf6 /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf / pbf/Ls/0fn] NofPsfr'gf}tLnfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{ ck]Iff ug{ ;lsb}g . b'a} cj:yfsf r'gf}tL ;+af]wg ug{ Jofj;flos ?kdf r':t /k|fljlws ?kdf ;Ifd of]hgf ;ª\u7gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf/0f 5l/tf], of]hgf, jftfj/0f, lj1fg,cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf lj1tf ePsf kfFrhgf k"0f{sfnLg kbflwsf/L ePsf] of]hgf ;ª\u7g pko'Qm x'g ;Qm5 . cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ sfg"gL cfwf/ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf cfjZos 5 .

t];|f] kIf cfof]usf] sfo{z}nL kl/jt{g gul/Pdf dfly elgPsf] k'g;+/rgf jf ;'wf/ x'g ;Sb}g . lsglsg]kfnh:tf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf / d"No;+:s[lt ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ eGbf sfo{;+:s[ltsf];'wf/ a9L dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . cfof]u d"ntM k|fljlws lgsfo xf] . o;n] sd{rf/LtGqLo /sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf sfddf gcNemL ;dli6ut gLlt sfo{qmdsf ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ / o;sf ljifoutdGqfnox?nfO{ /fo, ;'emfj / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ePsfn] cfof]usf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / o;sf] sfo{z}nLcg's/0fLo, j}1flgs / jfXo kl/j]zsf ;ª\s]tx?nfO{ ;xh} cfTd;fy ug]{ x'g'kb{5 . ljz]ifLs[t hgzlQm/ k|lt:kwf{Tdstf sfo{z}nL ;'wf/sf] klxnf] cfwf/ xf] eg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] cled'vLs/0f klg To;}cg'?kul/g'kb{5 / lg/Gt/ k'gtf{huL klg cfjZos 5 . ;a}} sd{rf/Lsf nflu glthfd'ns sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rstof/ u/L k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ glthfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfOg' kb{5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :jrflnt /lgikIf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL ;+:yfut u/L ;]jf ;'ljwf, j[lQ ljsf; / k|f]T;fxgnfO{ o;};Fu cfa4 ul/g'cfjZos 5 .

cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs agfpg'' cfjZos xf] <

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf :jfoQ lgsfo agfpg] ls sfo{sfl/0fL cGtu{ts} Jofj;flos ;+/rgfdf k|efjsf/L kfg]{ eGg] jx;n] klg k|j]z kfPsf] 5 . o; ljifon] k|j]z kfpg'sf kl5b'O{ sf/0f 5g\ M klxnf] /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf qmddf /fHosf ;a}} cª\unfO{ k'g;+/rgf ug]{ eGg] ;f]r / bf];|f]cfof]usf] ljutsf] sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ k'gjf]{w u/L k|efjsf/L kfg]{ e"ldsfsf] dfu . cfof]unfO{ sfo{sfl/0fLcGtu{t g} /fVg] ls ;+j}wflgs cª\u g} agfOg' pkoQm x'G5 eGg] ljifodf ljj]rgf ug'{ cl3 ;+j}wflgs cª\u :yfkgf kl5sf p2]Zo, o:tf cª\usf] :j?k / sfo{k|0ffnLsf ljifodf 5f]6f] rrf{ ug{' cfjZosx'G5 . ;+j}wflgs cª\u :yfkgf ug'{sf] p2]Zo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qnfO{ ;Lldt kfg'{ / lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf]ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o:tf cª\u cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf /x]/ ;/sf/dfly lgu/fgL ug]{ / lgb]{zg lbg] x}l;ot/fVb5g\ . h;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf]] sfo{If]q, sfo{e"ldsf / hjfkmb]lxtf klg ;+ljwfgdf g}pNn]v ul/G5 . ;/sf/ jf sfo{sf/LnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsPsf s]xL ;Dj]bgzLn If]qx? h:tf] sd{rf/Legf{ -of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu_, ;fwg pkof]usf] k/LIf0f -ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu_, clwsf/ / ;fwg;|f]t dfly lgu/fgL -clwsf/ k|of]udf lgikIftf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{_, dfgjclwsf/ k|j{4g -;/sf/sf] sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 dfgj clwsf/ xgg x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ;f] dfly kx/]bf/L ug{ / gful/s clwsf/sf] lzIff lbg_ / lgikIf lgjf{rg -;/sf/n] lgjf{rg u/fpbf lgikIftf sfod x'gg;Sg] ePsfn]_ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|rng nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?df /lxcfPsf] 5 . clkt'

14

/fhg}lts ;Eotf / gful/s r]tgf Pjd\ cg'zf;g jxfnL ePsf sltko nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?df oLsfd klg sfo{sf/L cGtu{t g} ;Dkfbg ug]{ kl/kf6L gePsf] eg] xf]Og . o;y{ sfo{sfl/0fL dfly lgoGq0fug{ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtsf] lj:tfl/t ;+oGqsf ?kdf o:tf lgsfox? lqmofzLn x'G5g\ .;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx u/L gful/s bfloTj k"/f ug{sf nflu gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd agfpg] / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog klg cfkm} ug]{ ub{5 . To;}n] p;nfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL elgPsf] xf] . o; sfo{sf nfluof]hgf cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ k|fljlws ;'emfj / lj1 ;]jf lbg] sfd dfq ub{5 . ;/sf/n] th'{df ug]{gLlt tyf of]hgf ;/sf/sf k|yfldstf leq k5{g jf kb}{gg\ lgSof}{n u/L ;fwg ;|f]tsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{, cfjlws / jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nIo lgwf{0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? u/L sfo{sfl/0fL cGtu{tsfljleGg dGqfnox?nfO{ sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]{ sfd of]hgfcfof]un] ub{5 . To;}n] of]hgf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot lbOg' cfjZos 5}g . csf]{tkm{ ljrf/ u/f},o;nfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg u/] s] x'G5 eGg]tkm{ . ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf, sfo{k|0ffnL;a}} g} sfo{sf/L0fLeGbf jflx/ /flvPsf] 5 . sltko ;Gbe{df o;n] ;+;b / ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] k|fljlwsk|ltlglwsf ?kdf sfd ug]{ ePsfn] klg sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ rflxg] lj1 ;]jf lbg] sfdnfO{ ;+j}wflgsagfpg' cfjZos / Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g . dflglncf}+ of]hgf agfpg], nIo, /0fgLlt / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fug]{ sfd klg ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] ug]{ ePdf o;n] sfo{sf/L0fLeGbf clt g} zlQmzfnL x}l;otdf sfd ug{k'U5 / ;/sf/n] o;n] lbPsf cfb]z÷lgb]{zg dfGg] x}l;otdf ;Lldt /xg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf of]lgsfo ;/sf/eGbf lgs} zlQmzfnL -;dfgfGt/ ;/sf/ h:t}_ aGg u} ;/sf/ lgl/x e} p;n] lgjf{rgsf ;dodf u/]sf jfrf k|lta4tf k"/f ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'U5 . h'g ljZjsf nf]stflGqs d'n'sx? / xfd|}cEof; cg's"n klg b]lvb}g . o;y{ o;nfO{ Jofj;flos, sfo{d"ns, r':t / k|efjsf/L agfO{ th'{dfePsf cfjlws tyf ljsf; of]hgf / jfli{fs sfo{qmdnfO{ jf:tljstfdf ptfg]{ sfo{df lqmofzLn kfg{'dfq cfjZostf xf] . ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot lbg' g cfjZos 5 g t Jofjxfl/s g} 5 .

sltko ljåfgx?n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+/rgfnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s h:t} Joj:yfkg :joQtf ;lxtsf] k|fljlws lgsfosf] ?kdf jx; cl3 a9fPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] gLlt ljZn]if0f, cWoog ;lxtpko'Qm lg0f{osf nflu cfwf/ lbg] sfd cfof]un] ug]{ xf] / cfof]un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{qmd th'{df, ;fwgljlgof]hgsf] k|yfldsLs/0f nufotsf sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf sfd klg k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf cfwf/df dfq ug]{ kl/kf6L b]lvPsf]n] k|fljlws ?kdf lgk'0f cfof]u cfjZos xf], :jfoQ cfof]usf] sNkgf ;;+bLo nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?df ul/g' ;fGble{s xf]Og .

pk;+xf/

clxn] /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf] qmddf 5 / /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ gLlt bz{gx? pbf/Ls[t ub}{ n}hfg] jfXobjfj / cfGtl/s dfu klg 5 . o;y{ /fHosf kf/Dkfl/s ;+:yfx?sf] k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ pko'Qm cj;/ klgoxL xf] . t/ /fHosf lgsfox?sf] k'g;+/rgf p;sf] Oltxf;df yf]/}k6s ul/G5 . o;y{ k'gM;+/rgfsf;Gbe{df o;sf ljleGg kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . of] lgtfGt k|fljlws ge}

15

/fhgLlts÷k|fljlws sfd xf] . PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLsf] of]hgf ;+oGq / of]hgf k|0ffnL ;+3fTds/fHo k|0ffnLdf ToxL ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Qm}g . t/ /fHo ;+3fTds e};s]kl5 klg s]Gb|Lo of]hgf k|0ffnLsf]dxTj / cfjZostf emg} a9\g] x'G5 . lsgsL ef}uf]lns÷juL{o If]qdf /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{,k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfx?aLr ;dGjo / k|b]z–;+3aLr ;xsfo{ ug{, ;|f]t÷;fwgsf nflu k|b]zx?aLr x'g;Sg]k|lt:kwf{, /:;fs:;L, ljjfbx? Joj:yfkg ug{ / /fli6«o d"No k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ d'n's ;+3Lo:j?kdf u};s]kl5 Jofj;flos ?kdf zlQmzfnL /fli6«o of]hgf k|0ffnL -cfof]u_ sf] cfjZostf emg}kg]{ s'/f cGo d'n'sx?sf] cg'ejaf6 klg eGg ;lsG5 . t/ ;'wf/ eg] ;Fw}el/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] /o;sf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgn] ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/ g]t[Tj lng' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL

!= uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, of]hgf cfof]u / of]hgf k|0ffnL, gful/s b}lgs, efb| @$, @)&! .

@= g]kfndf ah]6 / of]hgf -@)^&_, uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+ .

#= /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -@)^^_, uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ .

$= g]kfnsf cfjlws of]hgfx?, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno .

%= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^& .

16

eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktfsf]

kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g

;f/f+z

ljsf;sf ;fdlos cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ / hgtfsf dfu ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHon] cfly{s tyfultljlwx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / o;sf] nflu ljleGg cfly{s >f]tsf]] cfjZostf kg]{ ub{5 .o:tf cfjZosLo ljleGg >f]tx? dWo] eG;f/ /fh:j Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ >f]t xf] . g]kfnsf]eG;f/ k|zf;g nfdf] Oltxf; ;lxtsf] ;+/rgfut ;lxt ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndflnR5jLsfn b]lv g} eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] z'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn eG;f/ sfof{no , ;LdfjtL{ eG;f/ / /]nj]df cfwfl/t eG;f/ sfof{nou/L tLg :j?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df eG;f/ ljefu ! , eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f sfof{no !,g]kfn ef/t ;Ldfdf !( eG;f/ sfof{nox¿, g]kfn rLg ;Ldfdf ( j6f eG;f/ sfof{nox¿,cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn eG;f/ sfof{no ! j6f / ;'Vvf aGb/ufx eG;f/ sfof{no ;+rfngdf/x]sf] 5 eg] !$# j6f 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdlos ljZj kl/j]z gjLgtdcjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / k|of]u jf6 cuf8L jl9/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;fdlos ljZj kl/j]zdfcfly{s pbf/Ls/0f tyf e"d08nLs/0f sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;n] x/ If]qdf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL b'j}nfO{ lgDTofPsf] tyf cGt/;DalGwt ljifox?sf] cfj4tfnfO{ clgjfo{ jgfPsf] 5 .o; kl/j]zdf eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktf cfjZosLo ;Gbe{ jg]sf] 5 / o; k[i7e"dLdfljleGg pbLodfg cjwf/0ffx? ljsl;t xF'b} uPsf 5g\ . h;df PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/k|Zff;gsf] cjwf/0ff, ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL, ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg sf] cjwf/0ff, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL , Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, j:t' juL{s/0f, sf/f]jf/df cfwfl/t d"Nof+sgk|0ffnL , ;'/lIft cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] cjwf/0ff h:tf gjLgtd ;Gbe{x? lelqPsf 5g\ .

eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] k[i7e"ld

/fHosf ljsf;sf ;fdlos cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ / hgtfsf dfu ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHon] cfly{s tyfultljlwx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / o;sf] nflu ljleGg >f]tx? cf; u/L cfly{s >f]tsf]] cfjZostfkg]{ ub{5 . o:tf cfjZosLo >f]tx? /fHon] ljleGg >f]tx?jf6 h'6fpg] ub{5 h;dWo] eG;f/ /fh:jcfly{s >f]tsf]] k"lt{ ug]{ Pp6f ;+oGq xf] . Ps b]zsf] ;Ldfkf/ u/]/ csf]{ b]zdf dfn;fdfg n}hfbf

–bfdf]b/ /]UdL*

* pk dxflgb]{zs, eG;f/ ljefu

17

lglZrt z'Ns ltg'{ kg]{ Joj:yfsf] z'?jft k|frLgsfnb]lv g} ePsf] xf] . j}lbssfndf ;'/Iff tyfsNof0fsf/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfd hgtfaf6 s/ ;ª\sng ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 .sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:qdf s/ ;ª\sng ug]{ ljefu g} u7g u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .1 k|frLg lu|s / /f]dg;fd|fHodf klg eG;f/ dx;'n /x]sf] s'/f Oltxf;n] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] a]nfotdf P8jf8{ k|ydsf] kfnfdfs]lGb|o eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ;ª\u7g ag]sf] a'lemG5 . z'qmgLlt cg';f/ /fhsfh 9's'6Lsf] lglDt a]Rg] /lsGg];Fu c;'nL ul/g] s/nfO{ z'Ns elgPsf] / z'Ns ;ª\sng ug]{ :yfg k|foM ;Ldfgf / ahf/df /xg]u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .2 To:t} u/L lji0f' :d[ltdf b]zdf ag]sf ;fdfgdf bz k|ltzt / ljb]zaf6 k}7f/L x'g];fdfgdf gfkmfsf] kfFr k|ltzt s/ c;'nL ug]{ k|rng ePsf] kfOG5 . dxfef/t sfndf klg lsga]r,af6f] vr{, dfnj:t'sf] pknAwtf cflb ljrf/ u/L Jofkf/L;Fu s/ lng'kb{5 eGg] s'/f zflGt kj{df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . k|mfG;df ;g\ !@*^ df Salt Tax / o;sf] !) jif{kl5 Turnover Tax nfu" u/]sf]a'lemG5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !&*! df ;+;bn] eG;f/ z'Ns p7fpg sfg"g kf; u/]kl5 z'Nsp7fpg] u/]sf] / ;g\ !(!& df Bureau of Customs sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{ ljZj Oltxf;dfeG;f/ k|zf;gsf] cl:tTj k|frLgsfnb]lv ePsf] b]lvG5 .3

g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gM ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{

g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g nfdf] Oltxf; ;lxtsf] ;+/rgfut ;lxt ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lnlR5jLsfn b]lv g} eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] z'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 . lnlR5jLsfndf /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{c8\8fnfO{ …s'y]/Ú, ahf/nfO{ …b|ªÚ / ahf/l:yt /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{ c8\8fnfO{ …z'NszfnfÚ egLgfdfs/0f ul/Psf] / ;f] cg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} u/L rfkfufpFdf kfOPsf] lznfn]vdf lnR5ljsfnLg g]kfnsf /fhf lzjb]jsf] kfnfdf cGoqaf6 df5f a]Rg cfpg]n] eG;f/sf ?kdf s/ ltg'{kg{] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] tYoaf6 To; avtsf] /fh:j k|zf;g cGtu{t eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] sfo{/t/x]sf] kfO{G5 . dNnsfnLg g]kfndf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ef/t / ef]6l;t lgSs} ljsl;t ePsf] x'Fbf To;avt klg eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] lg/Gt/tf lyof] . PsLs/0fcl3 ljleGg ;;fgf /fHodf ljeQm g]kfndf klg eG;f/ k|zf;gs} dfWodaf6 s/ ;ª\sng ug]{ / ;f] s/ /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ cfosf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kZrft klg k"j{jt ;;fgf /fHos} :t/af6 km/s–km/s k|0ffnL / b/n] eG;f/dx;'n ;ª\sng ug]{ ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 g]kfn / ef/taLr Jofkf/ a[l4 xF'+b} uPkl5 eb|k'/, lj/f6gu/,jL/u~h, e}/xjf / g]kfnu~hdf eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] nflu ahf/ c8\8fx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/Lg]kfndf eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] z'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 4.

1 cfrfo{ sf}l6No, g]kfnL cg'jfbs ltnsk|;fb n'O6]n, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ sf7df08f}, @)^*2 ef/tLo ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf cjl:yt 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf] :ynut cWoog e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg @)^(, eG;f/

ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} 3 eG;f/ ljefu tyf cGt/utsf sfof{nox?sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&!, g]kfn ;/sf/ , cy{

dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} 4 eG;f/ ljefu tyf cGt/utsf sfof{nox?sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&!, g]kfn ;/sf/ ,

cy{ dGqfno ,eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}

18

;g\ !(%) df g]kfnsf] ef/tl;t ;lGw ePkl5 tTsfnLg ahf/ c8\8fx¿ vf/]h ul/] ljleGg eG;f/sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul/P . s]Gb|Lo:t/df eG;f/sf] sfd cy{ d+qfno cGtu{tsf] cy{, cfo ljefuaf6x'g] Joj:yf eof] . ;g\ !(%% df g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 xjfO dfu{af6 x'g] lgsf;L k}7f/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lj= ;+=@))( df dfnj:t'[ 5'6fpg] ;DaGwL uh]6 -/fhkq_ k|sflzt eof] . o;a}f6 eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ cfwf/ ldNof] . x'nfsaf6 dfn;fdfglgsf;L k}7f/L ug{ z'? ePkl5 uf]Zjf/f x'nfs eG;f/ sfof{no :yfkgf ul/of] . @)!$ ;fndf s:6D;sldzg;{ clkm; -eG;f/ cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no_ sf] :yfkgf eof] . @)!( ;fndf eG;f/ tyf cGtMz'Ns;DaGwL sfo{ x]g]{ u/L eG;f/ tyf cGtMz'Ns 8fO/]S6/ ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/of] . oL b'O{ sfo{ Ps}lgsfojf6 ;Dkfbg ubf{ sfo{af]em / sfo{ ljlzi6tf df ;d:of b]lvPkl5 @)@# ;fndf cfP/ eG;f// cGtMz'NsnfO{ cnu cnu u/L eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] 5'6\6} lgsfosf] ?kdf eG;f/ ljefusf] :yfkgful/of] . eG;f/ ljefusf] :yfkgf kl5 eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] sfddf yk ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ / k|efjsf/Ljgfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy eG;f/ sfof{no / 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] k'g;+/rgf u/L ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf;d]t ul/of] . tbg'?k eG;f/ sfof{no / 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf eP . @)@# ;fndfcGtMz'NsnfO{ 5'6\ofP/ eG;f/ ljefu u7g u/]kl5 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿nfO{ klg ljleGg :yfgdf/x]sf d'n eG;f/ sfof{no cGtu{t /xg] u/L Jojl:yt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

eG;f/ k|zf;g ;+rfngsf] sfg'gL cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] eG;f/ P]g, @)!( / eG;f/ lgodfjnL,@)@^ nfO{ ljleGg ;dodf cfjZostf cg'?k ;+zf]wg u/L eG;f/ k|zf;g ;~rfng eOcfPsf]df cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ePsf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] a[l4, ljleGg b]z , ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿ 5, ljZj Jofkf/ k|lqmofdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL pQ/bfoL agfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ ;'Aojl:yt Pjd\ ;xh agfpg eG;f/ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg /PsLs/0f ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n] ldlt @)^%÷!÷!% b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ / eG;f/lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf

g]kfnsf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿nfO{ d"ntM tLg efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M -!_ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn eG;f/ (International Airport Customs) sfof{no / -@_ ;LdfjtL{ eG;f/ (Land Customs) -#_/]nj]df cfwfl/t eG;f/ sfof{no (Land Custom Railway Based) .6

5 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, eG;f/ :dfl/sf -^@cf}+ cGt/f{li6\o eG;f/ lbj;sf] cj;/df eG;f/ ljefusf] ljz]if k|sfzg _, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu , @)&) df3 !@, k[= $)-%)

6 eG;f/ ljefu tyf cGt/utsf sfof{nox?sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&!, g]kfn ;/sf/ , cy{dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}

19

eG;f/ k|zf;g ;~rfngfy{ ;+u7gfTds ?kdf eG;f/ ljefu ! , eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f sfof{no ! ,g]kfn ef/t ;Ldfdf !( eG;f/ sfof{nox¿, g]kfn rLg ;Ldfdf ( eG;f/ sfof{nox¿, cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn eG;f/ sfof{no ! j6f / ;'Vvf aGb/ufx eG;f/ sfof{no ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5 eg] !$#j6f 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf eO{ sfo{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k"j{, blIf0f / klZrdtkm{sf] l5d]sL ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] dfq xf]Og of] ;a} ;Ldfgf v'nf klg 5 .v'nf ;Ldfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf g]kfnsf cfkm\gf pTkfbgsf] lgsf;Ldf ;xhtf Nofpg], k}7f/L Jofkf/df;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ / /fh:j kl/rfng tyf ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] :yfoL ;+/rgfTds :j?k tof/ ug]{p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfnsf ;Ldfx?df d"n eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf] cltl/Qm 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox? :yfkgful/Psf 5g\ . tTsfnLg ;dodf l;dfdf cfjt hfjt ug]{ w]/} af6fx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf]n] tL gfsfx¿af6x'g] lgsf;L k}7f/L k|a{4g / /fh:j kl/rfngsf b[li6sf]0fn] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] cfjZostfaf]w ePsf]tyf To; ;dodf g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ sf7, bfn, rfdn nufotsf ux|f} k|s[ltsf ;fdfgx¿ lgof{tx'g] x'Fbf lgof{tstf{x¿nfO{ glhssf] gfsfaf6 lgof{t ug{ ;xh xf];\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 .7 s"n #) j6f d"n eG;f/ sfof{nox?dWo] @$ eG;f/ sfof{nox?cGt/ut !$# 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\ .o;dWo] g]kfn ef/t ;Ldfgfdf !#^, g]kfn rLg ;Ldfgfdf ^ / lqe'jg ljdfg:yn eG;f/ sfof{no cGt/ut ! 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{no /x]sf] 5 . oLeG;f/ sfof{nox?dWo] l;l;{of k;f{ l:yt ;'Vvf aGb/ufx eG;f/ sfof{no, lsdfyf+sf eG;f/ sfof{no,lsdfyfGsf, ;+v'jf;ef ,/;'jf eG;f/ sfof{no, /;'jfu9L, /;'jf,nfs]{ eG;f/ sfof{no, uf]/vf,d'u' eG;f/ sfof{no, d'u' / ofl/gfsf eG;f/ sfof{no, ofl/gfsf, x'Dnfsf s'g} 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{no 5}gg\ .

eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktfsf nflu pbLodfg cjwf/0ffx?M

!= PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ k|Zff;gsf] cjwf/0ff

;fdlos ljZj kl/j]z gjLgtd cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / k|of]ujf6 cuf8L jl9/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;fdlosljZj kl/j]zdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f tyf e"d08nLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;n] x/ If]qdf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL b'j}nfO{ lgDTofPsf] tyf cGt/;DalGwt ljifox?sf] cfj4tfnfO{ clgjfo{ jgfPsf] 5 .of] cfj4tfn] j:t' ;]jf, dflg;, k|ljlw, ;"rgf k|ljlw sf] cfjfudgnfO{ w]/} ;xhtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .8 o;n] j}w Jofkf/sf] k|lqmofnfO{ w]/} ;xhtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 o;sf] ;fy;fy} of] ;xhtfn] cj}wJofkf/sf] ;+rfng k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t ;xh jftfj/0f h'6\g k'u]sf] 5 .9 o;y{ o; cj:yfdf ;Ldf

7 ef/tLo ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf cjl:yt 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf] :ynut cWoog e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg @)^(, eG;f/ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}

8 /]UdL bfdf]b/,-@)&)_, ;bfrfl/tf / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf , ef]n'd #% g+= !, @)&) kf}if , nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, k[ ##-$*

9 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf, Jofkf/ / ljsf;, jif{ % c+s @, @)&) c;f/k"0ff{+s !), k[^$-&%

20

Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ hl6n jGg k'u]sf] 5 .10 o:tf cj;/sf] cTolws pkof]u / cj;/sf] ;fy;fy}lelqPsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf u/L :j:Yo / k|lt:kwL{ Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ eG;f/ k|zf;gsf];anLs/0f / k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4 ug]{ pT;fxsf ;fy ;g @))* df ;+u7gsf] %)cf}+ jif{sf] cj;/dfe]nf ePsf ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf g]t[Tjx?n] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ k|Zff;gnfO{ s:tf] agfpg]11 eg]/a[xt\ 5nkmn u/L Pp6f ;femf cjwf/0ffdf k|lta4tf hgfP . kl5 h'g,@))* df uP/ of] cjwf/0ffn]k"0f{?k lnof] 12. Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / ;Ldf ;'/Iffåf/f a[l4 tyf ljsf;sf] clea[l4 ( Enhancing Growthand Development through Trade Facilitation and Border Security) sf] d'Vo gf/f lbOPsf] of]k|lta4tfdf ;+u7gsf] gLlt cfof]u (Policy Commission) sf] ^)cf}F a}7sn] o;sf] JofVof / sfo{of]hgf;d]t l;kmfl/; u¥of] . ;fy} of] ;ldltn] @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ (Customs in the 21st Century- C21)sf] gLltut b:tfj]h nfO{ h'g, @))* df kfl/t u/]sf] lyof]13 . ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gn] kfl/t u/]sf] PSsfO;f}FztfAbLsf] eG;f/ (Customs in the 21st Century) ljifos cjwf/0ffTds k|:tfjn] lgDg ljifonfO{ d'Vok|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] 14 .

!= Globally Networked Customs (ljZjJofkL?kdf eG;f/sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifo)

@. Co-ordinated Border Management (;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pGgt k|sf/sf] ;dGjo ;+oGq)

#= o;sf] ;fy;fy} @! cf}+ ztf4Lsf] eG;f/, (C21)15, n] eG;f/ k|zf;gx?sf] Ifdtf / sfof{Gjogsfo{of]hgf (Action Plan) ;d]t tof/ u¥of] . @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ (C21) sf sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ljleGg Ten Building Blocks (bz cfwf/ :tDex?)df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 516M

• cGt/f{li6«o ;+hfndf ;d]l6Psf] eG;f/ (Globally networked Customs)

• ;Ldf Joj:yfkgdf pGgt ;dGjo (Better coordinated border management)

10 Pravin Gordhan, Customs in the 21st Century, World Customs Journal, http://www.worldcustomsjournal.org/media/wcj/-2007/1/Customs_in_the_21st_century.pdf

11 Widdowson, David, The Changing Role of Customs: Evolution or Revolution? World Customs, Journal Volume 1,Number 1, pg 31

12 vgfn, /fhg -@)&)_,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g / Sof]6f] cle;GwL, eG;f/ :dfl/sf, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} k[ *-@*

13 http://www.wcoomd.org/14 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&!_ , eG;f/ ;Da4 Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] dxTj, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&! h]7,

jif{ !), c+s !@, k"0f{+fs !@), k[ (-!^15 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&!_ , eG;f/ ;Da4 Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] dxTj, ;f]kfg dfl;s @)&! h]7, jif{

!), c+s !@, k"0f{+fs !@), k[ (-!^16 http://www.wcoomd.org/

21

• hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg ;+oGq (Intelligence - driven risk management)

• eG;f/ Jofkf/ ;xsfo{ (Customs-trade partnership)

• cfw'lgs ljlw, k|lqmof / k|ljlwsf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGq (Implementation of modern working methods, procedure and techniques)

• k|ljlwx?sf] k|a4{g (Enabling technology and tools)

• bIftfx?sf] k|a4{g (Enabling powers)

• Joj;flos 1fgo'Qm sfo{ ;+:s[lt (Professional knowledge-based service culture)

• bIftf ljsf; (Capacity building)

• OdfGbfl/tf ;bfrfl/tf (Integrity)

pk/f]Qm bz cfwf/ :tDex?n] @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf]klxrfg ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] eG;f/sf] sfo{of]hgfn] ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf]cfufdL e"ldsf / ;+;f/sf ljleGg eG;f/ k|zf;gx? jf ;DaGwsf] :j?knfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . eG;f/ k|zf;gsf]nflu dfna:t'sf] cf];f/k;f/, ljZj Jofkf/ / If]qLo Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf ljifox? lgSs} uDeL/ / Joj:yfkgug{ s7Lg aGb} uPsf] k[i7e"dLdf o:tf ;d;fdlos ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L C21sf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .17 C21 n] ljZj Jofkf/sf] a9\bf] sf/f]af/ / o;af6 l;lh{t hl6ntfx? (Increased volumes and complexities of International trade), Joj;fosf] gofF k|lt?k / To;sf cfjZostfx? (Newbusiness models and requirements), a9\bf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL / ;+ul7t ck/fw (Increased security threats and organized crime), eG;f/k|lt ;dfhsf] ck]Iff (Demands from society), ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf gofFcjwf/0ff (A new approach to the border), Jofkf/df gofF If]qx?sf] k|j]z (New trading patterns),/fh:j ckrngdf a[l4 (Increase in revenue fraud) h:tf r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ pQ/bfloTj a[l4ePsf]] 518 . ljZj Jofkf/sf] ablnFbf] :j?kn] s]jn eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ dfq r'gf}lt yk]sf] xf]Og, a? ;Da4;/sf/x?nfO{ klg hl6ntf yk]sf] x'Fbf C21 sf] sfo{of]hgfn] ;fdflhs tyf cGo cGt/;DalGwt lhDd]jf/Lk"/f ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf]w ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . o;df ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|j4{g (Promotingsocio-economic development), cfly{s a[l4sf] nflu jftfj/0f lgdf{0f (Creating the conditions for economic growth), ;Ldf lgoGq0f (Controlling borders), ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt (Providing security),gful/ssf] ;+/If0f (Protecting citizens) h:tf ljifox? kb{5g\ . nlIft pknAwLx? xfl;n ug{ eG;f/k|zf;gn] s;/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg :ki6?kdf pNn]v ub}{ casf] eG;f/sf] e"ldsf dfna:t'sf]cf];f/k;f/df /fHosf] lxtsf] nflu lgoGq0f (Control the movement of goods and thereby secure

17 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&!_ , eG;f/ ;Da4 Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] dxTj, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&! h]7,jif{ !), c+s !@, k"0f{+fs !@), k[ (-!^

18 Widdowson, David, The Changing Role of Customs: Evolution or Revolution? World Customs Journal Volume 1Number 1 pg 31

22

the state's interests), Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation) / /fh:j ;+sng (Safeguard RevenueCollection) x'g'kg]{ ljifodf sfo{of]hgfsf] hf]8 /x]sf] 5 19 .

@= ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL

eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] d"n d'4f jGb} uPsf] 5 .20 o; ;DaGwdf cf}krfl/s?kdf k|oTg # gf]e]Dj/ !(@# df tTsflng /fi6«;+3n] eG;f/ sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f ;DaGwL cle;GwLsf] :j?k k|bfg u/]b]lv z'? ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 eG;f/ ;DaGwL d'2fnfO{ xjfgf rf6{/sf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL d:of}bfdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . oL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ #) cS6f]a/ !($& df dx;"ntyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (GATT) df ;dfj]z ul/of] . ;g\ !(%) df eG;f/ ;xof]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgfkl5 tTsfnLg eG;f/ ;xof]u kl/ifb -xfnsf] ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g_ sf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo g} ;b:o /fi6«aLr eG;f/ sfo{ljlwdf Ps?ktf sfod ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] .21 o;n] eG;f/ sfo{ljlwsf] cWoogu/L cfjZos dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx?sf] klxrfg u¥of] . kl/ifb\sf l;kmfl/;x?n] ljleGg /fi6«x?nfO{ eG;f/ ;DaGwL P]g, sfg"g th"{df ug{ ;3fof] ;fy} c:yfoL k}7f/L, eG;f/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfuhftx? / kf/jxg ;DaGwL cle;GwLx?sf] afWofTds dfkb08x?sf] Joj:yfn] eG;f/sf] sfo{ljlwnfO{ Ps?ktfsfod ug{ 7"nf] of]ubfg lbof] . tyflk ljleGg cle;GwLx?df 5l/Psf k|fjwfgx?sf] :yfgdf Ps a[xb /PsLs[t eG;f/ sfo{ljlwsf] cfjZostf dx;"; ul/of] . o;sf] kmn:j?k, eG;f/ ;xof]u kl/ifb\n] !* d]!(&# df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f]df International Convention on the simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedure (eG;f/ sfo{ljlw ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktf ;DalGw cle;GwL) nfO{ cg'df]bg u/L @% ;]K6]Da/ !(&$ b]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] . h;nfO{ Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf ?kdf lrlgG5 .22

eG;f/sf] k|lqmof, ljlw Pj+ dfna:t'sf] cf];f/k;f/sf] tl/sfnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ / ;Da4 d'n'sx?sf]sfo{;+rfngnfO{ Ps?ktf lbg] p2]Zon] o:tf] Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 lgdf{0f x'g' cfjZos lyof] h;sf] k"lt{sf] nflu cle;lGwsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o; cy{df Sof]6f] cle;lGw eg]sf] eG;f/k|lqmof ;/nLs/0fsf dfkb08x?sf] ;+u|x xf] .23 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / sfuf]{df tLj| a[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f,ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / cGo If]qLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?sf] pbo, s/ /

19 vgfn, /fhg -@)&)_,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g / Sof]6f] cle;GwL, eG;f/ :dfl/sf, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}, k[ *-@*

20 Yoshifumi Fukunaga,John Riady, Pierre Sauve (Editors), The Road to Bali: ERIA Perspectives on The WTOMinisterial and Asian Integration, ERIA Research Project Report 2012,No. 31, November 2013

21 vgfn, /fhg -@)&)_,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g / Sof]6f] cle;GwL, eG;f/ :dfl/sf, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} k[ *-@*

22 /]UdL , bfdf]b/-@)&)_, eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{, Jofkf/ / ljsf; ,jif{ ^ c+s ! @)&) sflt{s k"0ff{+s !!, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+x b/jf/, sf7df08f} k[= *%- (#

23 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&!_, eG;f/ ;Da4 Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] dxTj, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)&! h]7, jif{ !), c+s !@, k"0f{+fs !@), k[ (-!^

23

u}/ s/ hGo cj/f]wx?sf] Go"gLs/0fsf sf/0fn] Jokf/ ;'/Iffdf Wofg s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{;+zff]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .24

Jofkf/ cy{tGqsf] d"n ;+jfxs ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf]] k[i7e"dLdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] d'2f;d;fdlos jGb} uPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df eG;f/ k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f / Plss/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf ;b:ox?n] ;g\ !(&$ df klxnf] Sof]6f]cle;GwL sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*) / !(() sf] bzsdf ljZj Jofkf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf] !$ cf+} a}7sdf ;xefuL !!$ /fi6«x?n] ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f]cle;GwLnfO{ ;g\ !((( h"gdf :jLs[t u/]sf lyP . t/ ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL sfof{Gjogdf cfpgcle;GwLdf ;g\ !(&# df x:tfIf/ ug]{ ^! ;b:odWo] $) ;b:on] :jLs[tL hgfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf]n]# km]a|'c/L @))^ b]lv dfq ;+zf]lwt cle;GwL sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] . ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLdfcfw'lgs eG;f/ k|zf;gdf x'g'kg]{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx? j}1flgs 9+un] ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .o;sf/0f o; cle;GwLnfO{ @! ;f+} ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ ;'wf/sf] dfu{lrqsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . xfn;Dd(! /fi6«x? o; cle;GwLsf kIf/fi6« ePsf 5g\ h;\df blIf0f Plzofsf kfls:tfg, ef/t, >Ln+sf /a+unfb]z o;sf] kIf/fi6« eO;s]sf 5g\ .

;+zff]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLn] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf] If]qdf lgDg ;}4flGts kIfx?sf] pkl:ytLsf]clgjfo{tf u/fpF5 M25

• eG;f/sf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] kf/blz{tf / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotf

• ;fdfg 3f]if0ff / hf+rkf; k|lqmofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfuhft / k|lqmofx?sf] Ps?ktf

• cflwsfl/s JolQmx? (Authorised Persons) sf] nflu ;/n k|lqmof

• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cToflws k|of]u

• hf]lvd Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0ffTds k/LIf0f

• ;Ldf ;Da4 lgsfox? ljr ;dGjo

• Jofkf/sf] nflu ;fem]bfl/tf

;g\ !(&$ df sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] Sof]6f] cle;GwLnfO{ @ efudf ljeflht lyof] h;sf] klxnf]efu cle;GwLsf] d"Vo c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] efudf #( cg';"rLx? /x]sf lyP . klxnf]efusf dfkb08x? ;a} ;b:ox?sf nflu aGwgsf/L lyP . bf];|f] efusf] k|To]s cg';"rLn] lglZrteG;f/ sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] / ;b:ox?sf nflu aGwgsf/L lyPgg\ . o; cle;GwLnfO{ u}/;b:o /fi6« / eG;f/ jf cfly{s ;+3 ;d]tn] u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg lyof] . ;g\ !((& sf] h"nfO{;Dddf

24 The Revised Kyoto Convention : A Pathway to Accession and Implementation, Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPEC Sub Committee on Customs Procedures , September 2013 , pg. 6

25 ibid

24

o; cle;GwLdf ^) /fi6« / ! eG;f/ jf cfly{s ;+3n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . o; cle;GwLsf]nrsbf/ dfkb08x?n] eG;f/ sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktf sfod ug{ ;s]gg\ . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ Joj;fodf :jrflnt k4ltsf] ljsf;n] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf Jofks kl/jt{gx? b]vf k/] . eG;f/k|zf;g ;dIf Psftkm{ kl/jlt{t cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ;d'bfosf] dfu cg'?k zL3| hfFrkf; ug'{kg]{afWotf lyof] eg] csf{tkm{ k/Dk/fut sfo{x? h:tf]M /fh:j ;+sng, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfx?sf] kfngf ug]{ st{Jo klg 5b} lyof] . o;} k[i7e"lddf, ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf o; cle;GwLnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u/L ;f] cg'?ksf k|oTgx? ul/of] . Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf];'Id k'g/fjnf]sg u/L eG;f/sf] lgoGq0fd'vL sfo{ / Jofkfl/s ;d'bfosf] kl/jlt{t dfuaLr ;Gt'ngsfod ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+zf]wg ug{ $ jif{ nfUof] h;sf] @^ h"g !((( df ;/n / k|efjsf/L l;4fGtx?sf];+ufnf]sf] ?kdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL tof/ eof] . ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL klxnf] cle;GwLeGbf;+/rgfTds ?kdf klg kl/dflh{t 5 . o; cle;GwLnfO{ ;/ntfsf b[li6af6 tLg efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .klxnf] efudf cle;GwLsf] d'Vo c+usf ?kdf ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx? /x]sf 5g\ . bf]>f] efudf ;fdfGocg';"rLx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] t]>f] efudf ljz]if cg';"rLx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsfcfwf/x?sf] ?kdf sfo{ljlwdf Ps?ktf :jrfng, kf/blz{tf, ;/nLs/0f, bIftf, :t/Lotf / lgoGq0fkIfx? /x]sf 5g\ / of] cle;GwLsf] sfof{Gjogn] ljZjJofkL eG;f/ sfo{ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]uL ;fljt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 526 .

#= ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff

jt{dfg e"d08nLs[t ljZjdf cGt/cfj4tf / PsLs[t cjwf/0ff cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdfdfq xf]Og ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t ;fdlos ag]sf] 5 . ;Ldf o:tf] 7fpF xf] hxfF dflg; j:t'a}B cj}B ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfjfudg x'g] ub{5 / logLx?sf] cfjfudgdf k|To]s /fi6«n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df lgoGq0f ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf] @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ljifos cjwf/0ffTds kqdf ;d]t ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] k|;+un] k|fwfGotf kfPsf] 5 . ;LdfJoj:yfkgsf] ljifo ax' ;+:yfx?sf] leGg leGg :j?k, sfo{If]q / k|s[ltsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] ePsf]n] hl6ndflgG5 . !(()sf] bzssf] dWolt/ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 / ;Ldfdf ;+nUg x'g]lgsfox? aLr ;dGjo x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'; ul/of] .

;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] of] cfwf/ jfl0fHo gLlt, vfB ;'/Iff, s[lif, u'0f lgoGq0f, eG;f/ k|0ffnL, jftfj/0f, cWofudg h:tf gLltx?af6 lgb]{lzt x'g] ub{5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf oL ;a} sfo{x? leGg leGg lgsfox?af6leGg leGg ef}uf]lns cjl:yltdf /x]/ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL jftfj/0f aGg g;s]sf] / emGeml6nf]aGg uPsf]n] ;Ldf Joj:yfkg;Fu ;Da4 pQm sfo{x?df ;dGjosf] cfjZostf dxz'; x'g uPsf] xf] .

26 /]UdL, bfdf]b/-@)&)_, eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{, Jofkf/ / ljsf; , jif{^, c+s !, @)&) sflt{s, k"0ff{+s !!, g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ sf7df08f}, k[= *%- (#

25

;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (Coordinated Border Management) Pp6f o:tf] cjwf/0ff xf] h;df/fi6«sf] ;Ldf / Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] leGg leGg e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgdf;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gn] ;g\ @)!% sf] nflu ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgM;/f]sf/jfnfx? nfO{ cfj4 ug]{ ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff (CBM - An inclusive approach for connectingstakeholders)27 eGg] gf/f to u/]sf] 5 .

;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (CBM) nfO{ o"/f]k]nL o"lgogn] PsLs[t ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (Integrated Border Management), ljZj a}+sn] ;xof]ufTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg (Collaborative Border Management) / o"/f]ksf nflu ;'/Iff / ;xof]u ;DaGwL ;+:yf (OSCE) n] lj:t[t ;Ldf Joj:Yffkg(Comprehensive Border Management) sf] gfd lbPsf 5g\ . CBM nfO{ One Stop Border Post (OSBP) klg elgG5 .

;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf ljleGg b:tfj]hx? vf;u/L eG;f/ k|lqmofsf] ;/nLs/0f ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng (International convention of the simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures), ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;lGw (Revised Kyto Convention) SAFE Framework of standards, @!cf+} ztfAbLsf] eG;f/n] CBM sf] pkfb]otfsf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;lGwsf bkmf #,^ / & n] ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] ;+/rgfTds kIfsf]af/]df k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] Juxtaposed office / Joint control sf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf] 5 . To:t}pQm cle;lGwsf dfkb08 g+= &=# / &=# Psåf/ k|0ffnL (Single window) sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt5g\ .

;Ldf;Fu ;Da4 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lgsfox? aLr ;dGjosf] k|j4{g ug'{ tyf ;Ldf ;'/Iff / Jofkf/;xhLs/0fdf ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg' ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . @!cf+} ztfAbLsf]eG;f/ (C21) sf] cjwf/0ffkqn]] ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg lgsfox? aLr pGgt ;dGjo sfod u/L ofq', j:t' / cGo ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfjudgdf x'g] hf]lvd / hfFrkf;sf] ;xhLs/0f k|lqmofdf6]jf k'¥ofpg], o; sfo{df eG;f/ k|zf;gn] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{, ;Da4 lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjofTds ;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g' kg]{ / låtLo Psåf/ k|0ffnL (Electronic Single Window)sf] k|of]un] ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbG5 . CBM sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPdf ;Ldf Joj:yfkg ;Da4 lgsfo / lghL If]q b'j} nfeflGjt x'g;Sb5g\ . o;n] ;Ldf Joj:yfkg;Fu ;Da4 ;a}} k|lqmofx?nfO{ d"nwf/df cfj4 u/]/ ;fwg >f]tsf]pRrtd pkof]u / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . CBM/OBSP sf] k|efjsf/L;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ;+rfngsf] sfg"gL cfwf/zLnf jf lgb]{lzsf, Electronic Single Window

27 http://www.wcoomd.org/

26

System / PsLs[t sfof{no ejg jf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] PsLs[t ;+oGq h:tf kIfx?sf] cfjZstf kb{5 .;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfGtl/s ;dGjo / bf]>f] afXo ;dGjo u/L @ cfofdaf6 x]g{] ul/G5 .

$= ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f

Jofkf/ cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] cfwf/ dfq geO{ ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs klg ePsf]n] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifo Jofkf/df Go"gtd cfjZosLo kIfsf] ?kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/G5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{t k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, k|lqmofut emGem6jf6 d'Qm, Joj;foL d}qL jgfpg] ;xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn] Jofkf/;+u ;Da4 gLlt lgodx? pbf/ / kf/bzL{ jGg'kg]{, eG;f/hGo, u}/ eG;f/hGo dxz"n, s/, btf{ k|lqmof, ;fdfgx?sf] cf];f/ k;f/, ljqmL ljt/0f h:tf kIfx?df cfpg ;Sg] cj/f]wnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g' kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifon] ;+:yf, kmd{,sDkgLsf] :yfkgfdf ;xhtf,pTkflbt j:t' ;xh ?kdf eG;f/ ljGb";Dd cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf, zL3| /kf/bzL{ eG;f/ hf+rkf; k|lqmof, eG;f/ hf+rkf; ePsf j:t'x?sf] ;xh ljt/0f k|0ffnL, gLlt-sfg"gsf] kf/bzL{tf / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotfdf hf]8 lbG5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Jofkf/sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttfk|bfg ug]{ o:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; , k|lqmofut ;/ntf, Jofkf/sf ;DaGwx?sf] Joj:yfkg

h:tf ljifox?df pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L ;dGjo sf] dfu u/]sf] x'G5 .28

k|lt:kwf{ (Competition) leq cGt/lge{/tf (Interdependency) / t'ngfTds nfesf] l;4fGt(Principle of Comparative Advantage) sf] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ pbf/ tyf k|lt:kwL{ cfly{sjftfj/0f sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df pbf/ Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ;+rfngsf nflu lgDg # cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ;d]t ePsf] 529 .

§ clt ;f}laWo k|fKt d'n'ssf] l;4fGt (Most Favored Nations Principle) Ps ;b:o (Member / Country / Contracting Party) n] cGo ;a} ;b:onfO{ ahf/ kx'+rsf] ;dfg cj;/ lbg'kg]{

§ /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] l;4fGt (Principle of National Treatment) cfkm\gf] b]zsf] a:t' jf ;]jf ;+rfngdf lbO{Psf] ;'lawf eGbf lab]zL] a:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ sd ;'lawf lbg] jf a9L zt{ nufpggkfO{g]

§ kf/bzL{tfsf]] l;4fGt (Principle of Transparency) j}b]lzs Jofkf/ / cfly{s ultlawL;+rfng ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod / sfg"g sfof{Gjogk"j{ ;fj{hlgs ul/g' kg]{ .

§ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotfsf]] l;4fGt (Principle of Predictability) Jofkf/ ;Da4 gLlt lgod k|0ffnLsf]sfof{Gjog kIf k"jf{g'dfg ug{;lsg] x'g'kg]{

28 /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_ , Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf, Jofkf/ / ljsf; , jif{ % c+s @, @)&)c;f/, k"0ff{+s !), g]kfn ;/sf/ ,jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

29 k"j{jt\

27

;g\ @)!# df ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] gjf} dGqL:t/Lo jfnL ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflukfl/t u/]sf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu ;Demf}tfdf lgDg ljifox? ;dflji6 5g\30 M

o k|sfzg / ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf (Publication and Availability of Information)

§ k|sfzg (Publication)

§ OG6/g]6af6 ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf (Information Available Through Internet)

§ ;f]wk"5 s]Gb| (Enquiry Points)§ Notification

o sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogk"j{ 5nkmn / k/fdz{ (Opportunity to comment, information before entry into force and consultation)

o Advance Rulings

o k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/ (Right to Appeal or Review)

o lgZkIftfsf] k|j4{gsf pkfox? (Other measures to enhance impartiality, non-discrimination and transparency)

§ Notifications for enhanced controls or inspections§ Detention

§ k/LIf0f k|lqmofx? (Test Procedures)

o z'Ns ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? (Disciplines on fees and charges imposed on or in connection with importation and exportation)

§ z'Ns ;DaGwL ;fdfGo Joj:yfx? (General Disciplines on Fees and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation and Exportation)

§ z'Ns ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfx? (Specific disciplines on Fees and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation and Exportation)

§ hl/jfgf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? (Penalty Disciplines)

o ;fdfg 5'6fpg] k|lqmof (Release and clearance of goods)

§ ;fdfg cfudg k"j{sf] k|lqmof (Pre-arrival Processing)

§ låtLo dfWodjf6 e'QmfgL (Electronic Payment)

30 Agreement on Trade Facilitation ,Ministerial Decision of 7 December 2013, WTO Ministerial Conference, NinthSession, Bali, 3-6 December 2013 (WT/MIN(13)/36 WT/L/911)

28

§ Separation of Release from Final Determination of Customs Duties, Taxes, Fees and Charges

§ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg (Risk Management)

§ eG;f/ hf+rkf; kl5sf] k/LIf0f (Post-Clearance Audit)§ Establishment and Publication of Average Release Times§ Trade Facilitation Measures for Authorized Operators§ Expedited Shipments§ Perishable Goods

o ;Ldfsf lgsfox?jLrsf] ;dGjo (Border agency cooperation)§ Movement of goods under customs control intended for import

§ cfoft, lgof{t / 6«flGh6sf cf}krfl/stfx? (Formalities connected with importation , exportation and transit)

§ Freedom of Transit

o eG;f/ ;xof]u / ;dGjo (Customs Cooperation)

o ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? (Institutional Arrangements)

%= j:t' juL{s/0f

o; ljlwdf j:t'x?nfO{ ltlgx?sf] jgf]6, k|s[lt / :j?ksf] cfwf/df @! Vf08 / (^ kl/R5]bx?dfjf+l8Psf] x'G5 . j:t'sf] klxrfgsf] nflu Jofkfl/s k|of]hgdf o:tf] ;+s]tdf sDtLdf rf/ b]lv ^ c+sx'g' kb{5 / /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df yk @ b]lv $ c+s ;dfj]z x'g ;S5g\. j:t' juL{s/0fsf]ljlwdf Ps?ktf Nofpg ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gn] j:t'x?sf] JofVofTds l6Kk0fL (Explanatory Notes) k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . xfn ;g\ @)!@-@)!& sf] nflu kf+rf} ;+:s/0fsf] JofVofTds l6Kk0fL k|of]udf cfPsf] 531 .

^= sf/f]jf/df cfwfl/t ;sf/fTds d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL

Aofkfl/s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfWod4f/f ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ ;femf ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ k|of;sf];Gbe{df eG;f/ dxz"n tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- GATT) ;g\ !($& df :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo eG;f/ b/x?sf] Go"gLs/0fåf/fpbf/Ls/0fsf] k|a4{g ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . eG;f/ dxz"n tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- GATT) nfO{ kl/dfh{g / kl/:s[t ug]{ qmddf ;g\ !(*^ b]lv

31 http://www.wcoomd.org/

29

!(($ ;Dd ePsf] p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{n] GATT nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) df kl/0ft ug]{ qmddfTokyo Round (1973 -1979) , GATT Agreement on Customs Valuation1981, Uruguay Round(1986-1994) ;DkGg eP32 tL ;a} k|of;x? eG;f/ b/x?sf] Go"gLs/0f / eG;f/ d"Nof+sgnfO{ oyfy{k/sjgfpg] ljifox?;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . o;} qmddf GATT sf] Article VII df eG;f/ d"Nof+sgsf ljleGg5 j6f ljlwx? k|:tfljt ul/P / kl5 GATT WTO df ?kfGt/0f ePkl5 GATT Agreement on

Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 sf] ?kdf JofVof eO clxn] eG;f/ d"Nof+sgsf]k|d'v ;}4flGts cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf /xb}F cfPsf] 5 / ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gn] klg eG;f/ d"Nof+sgsf]olx k|0ffnLnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 33. of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t j:t'sf] ckf/bzL{ jf cg'dflgt d"Nosf] ;f6f] jf:tljs lt/]sf] d"No nfO{ d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/ jgfOG5 34. o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL (Positive value system) klg elgG5 . WTO/ GATT Valuation k4lt cGt/ut ug'{ kg]{d"NofÍsg k4lt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\35 M

!= Transaction Value Method -sf/f]jf/ d"No ljlw_

@= Transaction Value of Identical Goods Method -;d?k j:t' cg'?ksf] d"No ljlw_

#= Transaction Value of Similar Goods Method -ldNbf]h'Nbf] j:t' cg'?ksf] d"No _

$= Deductive Value Method -36fpg] d"No ljlw_

%= Computed Value Method -u0fgf ug]{ d"No k4lt_

^= Fallback or Reasonable Means Method -cjlzi6 jf cf}lrTok"0f{ ljlw_

&= ;'/lIft cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] cjwf/0ff

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;Dafxs aGb} uPsf] 5 . cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfk / Jofkf/dfx'g ;Sg] clgoldt Jojxf/n] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] lgjf{w ;+rfng k|lqmofdf y'k|} ;d:ofx? lgDTofPsf5g\ . o; cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;+rfng k|lqmof cem vf;u/L cGt/f{li6«o cfk"lt{ >[+vnf (global supply chain) df eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ;zQm / k|efjsf/L e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf af]w x'g uPsf] 5 . eG;f/k|zf;gsf] of] ;zQmtf / k|efjsfl/tfn] Jokf/ ;xhLs/0fdf yk 6]jf k'Ug] / b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df/fh:j ;+sngsf] k|lqmofdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] x'G5 . @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/sf] cjwf/0ff / ;+zf]lwtSof]6f] cle;GwLsf] cjwf/0ff o;} ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . o;df csf]{ yk k|of;sf] ?kdf ljZj

32 /]UdL bfdf]b/, -@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ,Aofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, eG;f/ :dfl/sf @)&), eG;f/ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}, k[ $)-%)

33 World Customs Organization, 1998. WCO Manual on Measures to Combat Fraud, Doc. 38.080/Rev. Brussels34 Customs Valuation Encyclopedia (1980 – 2010) An Informed Compliance Publication December 2010 http://www.

cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/icp060r9_7.pdf35 World Customs Organization, 1998. WCO Manual on Measures to Combat Fraud, Doc. 38.080/Rev. Brussels

30

eG;f/ ;+u7gsf] @))% h"gdf ePsf] jflif{s ;efn] SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade cjwf/0ff kfl/t u/\of] . ;g\ @))& df SAFE Framework sf] cjwf/0ffdfAuthorized Economic Operators (AEO) cfjZostfnfO{ ;dflxt ul/of] . ;g\ @)!) df SAFE Package lgdf{0f ul/of] h;df Supply Chain Management Guidelines, AEO Implementation Guidance nufotsf ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/P . SAFE Package sf] cjwf/0ffn] cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] ;'/lIft /;xhLs/0fsf] k|Tofe"ltåf/f Jofkf/df ;'lglZrttf / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uotf k|a4{g ug]{, cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] Joj:yfkgsf]nflu oftfoftsf ;a}} dfWodx?nfO{ ;femf / PsLs[t jgfpg], hf]lvdsf j:t'x?sf] hf+rkf;df Ps?ktf NofpgeG;f/ k|zf;gx? jLr ;xof]u clea[l4 u/L eG;f/ k|zf;gx?sf] ;anLs/0f ug]{, eG;f/ -Joj;flos ;d'xjLr ;xof]u clea[l4 ug]{ nufotsf p2]Zox? /fv]sf] 5 .36

eG;f/df ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktfdf g]kfnsf] k|of;x?

• PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ k|Zff;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgfTds/ k|lqmofut ;'wf/x? ePsf 5g\ .eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4sf nflu lghL If]q ;+u;xsfo{, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, eG;f/df ;bfrfl/tf k|a4{gsf If]qdf sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ .

• g]kfnn] j:t' juL{s/0fsf] ;femf l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ub} cfPsf] 5 . xfn kf+rf} ;+:s/0fsf]j:t' juL{s/0f k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf 5 . ;a}} h;f] j:t'x? ^ c+ssf] ;+s]t gDa/df cfwfl/t 5g\ .cGo b]zn] lbg] u/]sf] dx;'n 5'6sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu / j:t'sf] /fli6«o klxrfgsf nflu clwsf+zj:t'x?nfO{ ^ c+ssf] ;+s]t gDa/df ?kfGt/0f ug' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

• g]kfnn] ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] kIf/fi6« aGg]tkm{ k|lqmofx? z'?jft u/]sf] 5 o;} cfwf/df;'/lIft cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] cjwf/0ff qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] of]hgfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nfluljBdfg eG;f/ P]g / lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 .

• g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] x}l;otn] eG;f/ dx;'nsf] tx / b/sf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{cfPsf] 5 . s/hGo cj/f]w nfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo jgfpg ;a}} j:t'x?sf] clwstd b/sf] tx (BindingRate) lgwf{/0f e};s]sf] 5 .

• g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn]] ! hgj/L @))& b]lv k"0f{¿kdf WTO Valuation System nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm ljlwx? dWo] sf/f]jf/ d"NonfO{ eG;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] ;ftf} ;+zf]wgjf6 cGo ljlwx? To; kl5sf cfly{s P]gx?df qmlds ?kn] ;dfj]z u/L k"0f{ ?kdf eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ df dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .

36 SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, June 2012 , World Customs Organization

31

eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ sf] kl/R5]b % sf] bkmf !#, !$ / !% n] eG;f/ d"Nof+sg ;DaGwdf o;;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .37

• Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf If]qdf w]/} k|of;x? hf/L /x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu jfnL ;Demf}tf cg'?k eG;f/ P]g, lgodfjnLx?df s]xL ;fdlos ;+zf]wgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

• ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{låtLo k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{, cflzs'8f k|0ffnLnfO{ j]jdf cfwfl/t jgfpg], Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf]dfWod4f/f ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ Pp6} ;"rgf ;+oGq leq cfj4 ug]{ sfo{x? k|lqmofdf /x]sf 5g\ .

• g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ pbf/ cfly{s ljZj kl/j]zsf] ;Gbe{df ljZj eG;f/sf If]qdf l;lh{t cj;/ / r'gf}tLsf aLr cuf8L 8f]¥ofpg] / :j:y Joj;flos jftfj/0f sfod ug]{cGt/f{li6«o k|of;df ;femf P]Soj4tf k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf klxnf] eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @))#- @))^, bf]>f] eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @))^-@))(, t]>f] eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @))(- @)!# sfof{Gjoge};s]sf 5g\ eg] rf}yf] eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f sfo{of]hgf ;g\ @)!#-@)!&sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 38 .

pk;+xf/

g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g nfdf] Oltxf; ePsf] ;+u7g xf] . Jofkf/ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/zLnf aGb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . cfly{spbf/Ls/0f tyf e"d08nLs/0f sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df eG;f/ k|zf;gdf ;/nLs/0f / Ps?ktf cfjZosLo ljifo xf] . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] eG;f/ k|Zff;gsf] cjwf/0ff, ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f]cle;GwL, ;dGjofTds ;Ldf Joj:yfkg sf] cjwf/0ff, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, j:t' juL{s/0f, sf/f]jf/df cfwfl/t d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL, ;'/lIft cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] cjwf/0ff h:tf gjLgtd;Gbe{x?sf] k|of]un] g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g cfw'lgstf tkm{ k|j]z ug]{ / ;xh Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf]nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;+jfxs jGg] k|z:t ;+efjgf x? l;lh{t ePsf 5g\ .

37 eG;f/ P]g @)^$, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}

38 /]UdL bfdf]b/,-@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ,Aofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, eG;f/ :dfl/sf @)&), eG;f/ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}, k[ $)-%)

32

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• cfrfo{ sf}l6No, g]kfnL cg'jfbs ltnsk|;fb n'O6]n, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ sf7df08f},@)^* .

• ef/tLo ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf cjl:yt 5f]6L eG;f/ sfof{nox?sf] :ynut cWoog e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg @)^(, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} .

• eG;f/ ljefu tyf cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;a}]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&!, g]kfn ;/sf/ , cy{ dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} .

• vgfn, /fhg -@)&)_,Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7g / Sof]6f] cle;GwL, eG;f/:dfl/sf, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f} k[ *-@* .

• /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&)_, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g,eG;f/ :dfl/sf -^@ cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o eG;f/ lbj;sf] cj;/df eG;f/ ljefusf] ljz]if k|sfzg_, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, @)&) df3 !@, k[= $)-%) .

• /]UdL bfdf]b/,-@)&)_, ;bfrfl/tf / g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|zf;g, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf , ef]n'd#% g+= !, @)&) kf}if , nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, k[ ##-$* .

• /]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&!_, eG;f/ ;Da4 Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwLsf] dxTj, ;f]kfg dfl;s @)&! h]7, jif{ !), c+s !@, k"0f{+fs !@), k[ (-!^ .

• /]UdL , bfdf]b/-@)&)_, eG;f/ ;'wf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;+zf]lwt Sof]6f] cle;GwL /g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{, Jofkf/ / ljsf;, jif{ ^ c+s ! @)&) sflt{s k"0ff{+s !!, g]kfn ;/sf/jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ sf7df08f} k[= *%- (# .

• eG;f/ P]g, @)^$, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f} .

• Pravin Gordhan, Customs in the 21st Century, World Customs Journal, http://www.worldcustomsjournal.org/media/wcj/-2007/1/Customs_in_the_21st_century.pdf .

• Widdowson, David, The Changing Role of Customs: Evolution or Revolution? WorldCustoms Journal Volume 1 Number 1 pg 31 .

• Website of World Customs Organization http://www.wcoomd.org/ .

• Yoshifumi Fukunaga,John Riady, Pierre Sauve (Editors), The Road to Bali: ERIAPerspectives on The WTO Ministerial and Asian Integration, ERIA Research ProjectReport 2012,No. 31, November 2013 .

33

• The Revised Kyoto Convention : A Pathway to Accession and Implementation, AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation APEC Sub Committee on Customs Procedures ,September 2013 , pg.6 .

• Agreement on Trade Facilitation ,Ministerial Decision of 7 December 2013, WTOMinisterial Conference, Ninth Session, Bali, 3-6 December 2013 (WT/MIN(13)/36 WT/L/911) .

• World Customs Organization, 1998. WCO Manual on Measures to Combat Fraud, Doc. 38.080/Rev. Brussels .

• Customs Valuation Encyclopedia (1980 – 2010) An Informed Compliance PublicationDecember 2010 http://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/icp060r9_7.pdf .

• World Customs Organization, 1998. WCO Manual on Measures to Combat Fraud, Doc. 38.080/Rev. Brussels .

• SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, June 2012 ,World Customs Organization .

34

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M df}lns cEof;, ;d:of / efjL sfo{lbzf

;f/f+zlghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL l;+rg ub}{ ;/sf/sf] afx'sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ sd{7 / sfdsfhL hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug]{ cxd\ bfloTj ;lxt :yfkgf ePsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] Psk':tf kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf cnfjf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cGo cjojx?df ;d]tcfˆgf] Joj;flos k/fdz{ / ;fdfGo l;4fGt k|bfg ug]{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLdf x's{b}cfPsf] df}lns cEof;sf af/]df ;Da4 kIfnfO{ ;';'lrt ug]{ p2]Zo o; n]vn] lnPsf] 5 . of]s'g} cg';GwfgfTds cfn]v gePsf]n] o;df k|:t't ul/Psf ;"rgfx? ljleGg ;|f]t / n]vssf]JolQmut a'emfO{df cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ .

vf;u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u s] sf/0fn] ljz]if 5 t < eGg] ;jfndf gh/ /fVbf e]l6Psf k|d'vdf}lns cEof;x? hxfF of]Uotf k|0ffnL, ;dfg cj;/ jf e]befj /lxt Jojxf/, / oL Jojxf/;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos x'g] lqmofsnfkx?df bf]xf]/f] c;+nUgtf h:tf s]xL d"ne't cEof;n] g} nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ cfhsf] ul/dfdo :yfg lbPsf] xf] . To;f] t nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLslt a}1flgs / j:t'lgi7 5 < ;do ;Gbe{ cg';f/sf] r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] u/L tof/ x'g;s]sf] 5 jf 5}g / cfof]un] l;kmfl/z ul/ k7fPsf] hgzlQmn] ;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf;Gtf]ifhgs kl/0ffd Nofpg ;s]sf 5g ls 5}gg eGg] ljifo tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / ;]jf ;d"x;Grfng ug]{ lgsfoaLrsf] sfo{ut ;x;DaGw pTkfbgzLn x'g ;s] g;s]sf] ljifo klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] k|:t't n]vdf cfof]un] ;fdfgf ug'{k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?sf] klg 5f]6f] rrf{ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ablnbf] kl/j]zdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cufl8 /x]sf cj;/x? h:t};"rgf k|ljlwsf] pknAwtf, cfof]usf] ;du| ;'wf/ k|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;sf/fTds bafj / cfof]usf] nfdf] Oltxf;n] l;sfPsf] kf7sf] cfwf/df cg'e"t ePsf cfjZostfx? cflbsfsf/0f klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cfˆgf cl3Nnlt/ ljBdfg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ tof//xg'kg]{ cj:yf / ;f]xL lbzfdf cu|;/ /x]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . cem dxTjk"0f{ kIf t of] 5 ls,g]kfn /fHosf] efjL k'gM;+/rgf kZrft ;a} txsf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfsf] sfo{ut / ;+/rgfut 9fFrf s] s:tf] x'g pko'Qm x'g] eGg] ljifodf klg ;f/e"t5nkmnsf] nflu ;Da4 ;a} kIf uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ cfu|x ;d]t o; n]vn] ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .

!= k[i7e"ld / ljsf;qmd

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t u/L lgikIf ?kdf pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtf k/LIf0f ug{sf nflu :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff;Fu} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] hGd /

–gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{ b'jf8L*

* ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

35

:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . lj= ;= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ;+u} sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm 5'§} / :jtGqlgsfoaf6 ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& adf]lhd @))* ;fn cfiff9 ! ut] …klAns ;le{; sldzgÚ sf gfdaf6 k|yd k6s nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . tt\kZrft g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)!% / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,@)!( df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf cem;'b[9 eof] . To;}u/L, @)@# ;fndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ klg cfof]usf]l;kmfl/z lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ul/of] . lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf cGtu{t ;Ë7g, ;+/rgf tyf sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/ ul/P tfklg @)#@ ;fndf tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] ;+zf]wgkl5 cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+:yfgx?df sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . To;kl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cfof]usf]sfo{If]qnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dfq l;ldt ug{k'Uof] . xfn g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]usf]sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/ u/L cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf]ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] klg ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodfk/fdz{ lng rfx]df cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@% – !@& df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g, sfd st{Jo /clwsf/ nufotsf k|fjwfgx?sf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo /clwsf/ lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M–

v pko'Qm pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6v pko'Qmtf ;DaGwL l;4fGt k|bfgv k/fdz{ v ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] k/fdz{v lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf ljifox?sf] l;kmfl/z

#= ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / hgzlQm

cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg kbsf sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t /xg] Joj:yf 5 . cfof]usf] Ps s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, kfFrj6f If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, ( j6fc~rn sfof{no / Ps sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb| u/L b]zsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P/ /x]sf5g . cfof]u cGtu{t lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf u/L hDdf #&& hgf sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t/x]sf 5g h;df !@% hgf /fhkqf+lst, !^* hgf /fhkqcg+lst / *$ hgf >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx?/x]sf 5g\ . cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tn k|:t't ul/P adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

36

#=! clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg

Ø /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL ck|fljlws / cfof]un] ;do;dodf tf]s]sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL-k|fljlws_sf] k/LIff ;+rfng / /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / låtLo jf ;f] ;/x k|fljlws, ck|fljlwsb'a} / cfjZostf cg';f/ >]0fL ljxLg kbsf nflu ;DalGwt sfo{If]qleqsf k/LIff ;+rfng /l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf sfo{x? ug]{u/L If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?nfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] .

Ø /fhkq cg+lst k|yd -ck|fljlws_ sf] k/LIff ;+rfng / /fhkq cg+lst låtLo jf ;f];/x k|fljlws, ck|fljlws b'a}} / cfjZostf cg';f/ >]0fL ljxLg kbsf nflu ;DalGwtsfo{If]qleqsf k/LIff ;+rfng / l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf sfo{x? ug]{u/L c~rn sfof{nonfO{ clwsf/k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] .

Ø ck|fljlws tkm{sf] /fhkqfls+t t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf] b/vf:t ;+sng / :jLs[lt ug]{ sfo{ uf]Zjf/fx'nfs, ;'Gwf/f / cGo lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] .

#=@ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf sfo{;~rfngsf sfg"gL cfwf/x?

• g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg, @)^#• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^&• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{;~rfng_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^&• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, bIf÷lj1 tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^(• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%)• :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# tyf lgodfjnL, @)%%• Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^%• ;]jf, ;d"x ;~rfng;DaGwL ljleGg P]g, lgodx?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

;lrj

k/LIff dxfzfvf

k"jf{~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno, wgs'6f

sf7d

f8f}+p

kTos

fb/v

f:t;+s

ngs]G

b|,sf

7df8

f}+

d]rLc

~rn

sfof

{no,O

nfd

;u/d

fyfc

~rn

sfof

{no,l

bQm]n

hgsk

'/c~

rnsf

of{no

,hn]Z

j/

gf/f

o0fL

c~rn

sfof

{no,x

]6f}8f

n'lDa

gLc~

rnsf

of{no

,a'6j

n

wjnf

lu/L

c~rn

sfof

{no,a

fUn'ª

/fKt

Lc~r

nsf

of{no

,bfª

s0ff{n

Lc~r

nsf

of{no

,h'Dn

f

dxfs

fnLc

~rn

sfof

{no,

dx]Gb

|gu/

dWodf~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}+

klZrdf~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f

dWo–klZrdf~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t

;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno, lbkfno

k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g Pj+l;kmfl/z dxfzfvf

k|zf;g tyf of]hgfdxfzfvf

k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyfkf7\oqmd dxfzfvf

sfg"gdxfzfvf

37

$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ k|0ffnL / hgljZjf;

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;du| sfo{k|0ffnL s]xL d"ne"t l;4fGt tyf dfu{bz{gx?af6 lgb]{lzt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'Votof of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, uf]klgotf / lgikIftf, k|lt:kwf{Tds 5gf]6, bf]xf]/f]c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGt / hgljZjf;sf] lbuf]kgf h:tf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?af6 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]sfo{k|0ffnL :jrflnt ?kdf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

$=! kbk"lt{ k|lqmof

kbk"lt{sf] ;du| k|lqmof lrq–! df b]vfOP adf]lhd b]xfosf ljleGg r/0fx? kf/ ub}{ ;DkGg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|ltzt lgwf{/0f tyf lj1fkg x'g] ;do b]lv k/LIff ;+rfng / cGtjf{tf{{ Pj+ l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf]sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s jif{sf] z'? dlxgfdf g} jflif{s Sofn]08/ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/G5 .h;cg';f/ lj1;d"x / ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df kf7\oqmd Pj+ k/LIf0fk|0ffnL lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]u egf{ 5gf]6sf] k|lqmof z'? x'G5 .

kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf r/0fx?

!= jflif{s sfo{tflnsf k|sfzg @= kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k/LIf0f ljlw lgwf{/0f

#= dfu ;+sng $= k|ltzt lgwf{/0f

%= lj1fkg k|sfzg ^= b/vf:t btf{

&= k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g *= k/LIff ;+rfng

(= pQ/k'l:tsfdf bf]xf]/f] sf]l8Ë !)= pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f Pj+ lnlvt glthf tof/L

!!= lnlvt glthf k|sfzg !@= k|of]ufTds k/LIff

!#= cGtjf{tf{{ / l;kmfl/z

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k/LIf0f k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ Ps k6s ul/;s]kl5 ;do ;dodf cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug]{ ul/G5 .

o;df ;/sf/nfO{ s:tf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf ePsf] hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt sfg"gdfJoj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] kf7\oqmdsf] ljifoj:t' / k/LIf0fsf] 9fFrfx?to ug]{ ub{5 . ;]jf, ;d"x ;+rfng ug{ tf]lsPsf lgsfo Pj+ sfof{nox?af6 dfu k|fKt eO;s]kl5 nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d,;+Vof cflb lgwf{/0f x'G5 h;cg';f/ egf{sf] nflu cfj]bg ug{ lj1fkg u/]/ b/vf:t :jLs[t÷c:jLs[t u/]kl5 of] r/0f k'/f x'G5 .

38

lrq ! – nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{k|jfx 9fFrf

lnlvt k/LIff ;+rfngsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos k|Zgkqx?sf] lgdf{0f uf]Ko tj/n] ;DalGwt ljifolj1x?af6 u/fO{G5 h;df k|Zg t uf]Ko x'g] g} eof] o;df ;+nUg lj1 dgf]gog Pj+ lj1 / k|Zgkqlgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? uf]Ko /flvg] ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIff ;+rfng;Fu ;DalGw ;"rgfx?sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ljleGg dfWodaf6 ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . k/LIff ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ha pQ/k'l:tsfx? vfddf l;naGbL x'G5g To;kl5 Tof] ;fdfu|L / tTkZrft pQ/k'l:tsfdf /flvg] k|yd sf]8 Pj+ låtLo sf]8x? ;d]tuf]Ko tj/n] /fvL pQ/k'l:tsfx? k'g l;naGbL u/]/ uf]Ko ?kdf g} ;DalGwt lj1nfO{ k/LIf0fsf] nfluk7fOg] u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og k|yd / låtLo sf]8 klg 5'§f5'§} zfvf / sd{rf/Lx?af6 u/fO{ bf]xf]/f] c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . k|yd / låtLo sf]8sf cw{s§L Pj+ kmf/fdx? uf]Ko?kdf l;naGbL u/L cfof]us} lgoGq0fdf /flvg] ul/Psf] 5 .

pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f, k/LIf0f kZrft ul/g] ?h', k|fKtf+s tflnsLs/0f, låtLo sf]8df of]Uotfqmd lgdf{0f Pp6f zfvfn] ub{5 eg] låtLo sf]8nfO{ l8sf]8 ub}{ pDd]bjf/sf] gfdgfd];L ljj/0f tof/ u/L j0ff{g'qmddflnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf lgsfNg] sfo{ csf]{ zfvfaf6 x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ lnlvt k/LIffdf pDd]bjf/n] k|fKtu/]sf] k|fKtf+s yfxf kfO sfd ug'{ kg]{ zfvfsf sd{rf/Ln] pDd]bjf/sf] /f]n g+= / gfdgfd];L ljj/0f yfxf kfpFb}gg eg] o:tf] ljj/0f yfxf kfpg] zfvfsf sd{rf/Ln] pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf+s yfxf gx'g] u/LJoj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . clGtd r/0fsf] k/LIff x'g'cl3 pDd]bjf/n] lnlvt k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf+s/ k|fKtf+sdf x'g] km/s uf]Ko /fVg' cfjZos x'g] x'gfn] o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . clGtd r/0fsf k/LIff, cGtjf{tf{{ cflb ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ;DalGwt csf]{ zfvfn] ;a} k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] c+sx?hf]8L clGtd of]Uotfqmd tof/ u/L pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z u/]/ k7fO;s]kl5 kbk"lt{sf] Ps rqm k'/f x'G5 .

$=@ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] dxTjk"0f{ df}lns cEof;x?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/LIf0f lgikIf / cg'dfgof]Uo, Jojxf/df ;dfgtf, of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t / uf]Ko

dfu ;+sng

lj1fkg k|sfzg

lnlvt k/LIff ;+rfng b/vf:t ;+sng÷:jLs[lt

lj1

lj1

lj1

k|Zgkq df]8/]zg

pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f

lnlvt glthf k|sfzg

cGtjf{tf{ / l;kmfl/zcGtjf{tf{ af]8{

l8sf]l8ª\u

bf]>f] sf]l8ª\u

k|yd sf]l8ª\u

pQ/ k'l:tsfdf bf]xf]/f]

k|ltzt lgwf{/0f

sRrfk|Zg kq lgdf{0f

jflif{s sfo{tflnsf

39

t'Nofpg u/]sf cEof;x? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\M–

1= cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df g} cfly{s jif{ e/L cfof]uaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{x? h:t} lj1fkg,lnlvt k/LIff, cGt/jftf{ tyf l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf sfdx?sf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L;fj{hlgs ul/g'sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;Da4 lgsfox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

2= k"j{ lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd cg';f/ ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL P]g, lgoddf ePsf] Joj:Yff / cGo;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cwLgdf /xL dfu ;+sng k|ltzt lgwf{/0f lg/LIf0f, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, k/LIf0f ljlw 5gf]6, z}lIfs of]Uotf / cGo Go"gtd of]Uotf / cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg ug]{ / lj1fkgsf] ;"rgf ;Dej eP;Ddsf dfWodaf6 k|sfzg / k|zf/0f .

3= k/LIff ;+rfngsf sfo{qmdx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;fj{hlgsLs/0f .

4= k/LIffdf cfjZos ;+Vofdf cfof]u cGtu{t sfo{/t / cfof]usf k/LIff ;+rfngdf cg'ej ePsf sd{rf/L÷hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng .

5= k/LIffyL{ / k/LIff ;+rfngdf vl6g] hgzlQmn] kfng ug'{kg]{ lgodx?sf] ls6fg .

6= uf]Ko sfuhftx?sf] l;naGbL, d'r'Nsf cflb dfWodaf6 ;'/Iff .

7= k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug{ cfof]uaf6 lj1x?sf] dgf]gog / lj1sf] kl/rosf] klg ;f+s]lts/0f .

8= Pp6f ljifodf slDtdf kfFr ;]6 k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g kZrft klg ;f+s]lts/0f u/L k|Zga}+sdf e08f/0f ug]{ .

9= e08f/0fdf /x]sf dWo] s'g k|Zg ;]6af6 k/LIff ;+rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf k/LIff ;+rfng x'g] :yfg / pDd]bjf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cfjZostf adf]lhd -;Dej eP;Ddsf] 5f]6f] cjlwcufl8_ cfof]usf] cWoIfaf6 s'g} Pp6f k|Zg;]6 ;+s]t gDa/sf] cfwf/df 5gf]6 .

10= pQ/k'l:tsf k|fKt ePkl5 uf]Ko tj/n] k|yd sf]8 u/L sf]8 cg';f/sf] ljj/0f kmf/d tof/ Pp6fzfvf÷sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ / bf];|f]] sf]l8Ësf] nflu cs}{ zfvf÷sd{rf/LnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf v6fpg] .x/]s lqmofsnfkkl5 pQ/k'l:tsf uf]Ko?kdf l;naGbL ug]{ .

11= k|yd / låtLo sf]8sf] cw{s§L ljj/0fx? cfof]usf] lgoGq0fdf /flvg] .

12= pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] nflu uf]Ko ?kdf cfof]uaf6 lj1x? dgf]gog u/fO{, lj1af6 pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/fpg] .

13= pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f eO{ cfP kl5 k6s k6s ?h' ug]{ / ;f] l;nl;nfdf s'g} s}lkmot e]l6Pdf

40

jf pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] gkfOPdf cfof]u;DfIf k]z u/L cfof]un]lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd ug]{ Joj:yf .

14= lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzgsf] qmddf tof/L ug]{ zfvfn] bf];|f]] sf]8df k|fKtf+s cg';f/sf]of]Uotfqmd tof/ u/L 5'§} l;naGbL ug]{ / k|fKTff+s afx]s bf];|f]] sf]8sf] of]Uotfqmddfq glthf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fpg] / glthf k|sfzg zfvfn] k|yd / bf];|f]] sf]8sf] cw{s§L le8fO{j0ff{g'qmddf lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg ug]{ Joj:yf .

15= ;Lk k/LIf0f nufot cGo clGtd r/0fsf] k/LIffdf klg dfly pNn]v eP h:t}} Joj:yf .

16= cGtjf{tf{{ ;ldltdf /xg] lj1sf] dgf]gog uf]Ko ?kdf ;s];Dd 5f]6f] ;"rgf lbO{ cfof]usf] cWoIfaf6 x'g] / cGtjf{tf{{df lbg ;lsg] clwstd / Go"gtd c+ssf] ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] .

17= PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf lj1fkgx?df pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotfqmd, ;'rL, cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ldnfP/ l;kmfl/z ug]{ Joj:yf .

18= dfly pNn]lvt / cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/afxLx?sf] ljlw / Jojxf/x? nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, lgodfjnL / sfo{;+rfng lgb]{lzsfdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] .

19= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLdf ;+nUg x'g] kbflwsf/L, bIf lj1 Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?n] kfngug'{kg]{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;d]t hf/L eO{ cEof;df /x]sf] .

jf:tjdf oxL sfo{k|lqmof g} g]kfnsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] df}lns sfo{k|0ffnL xf] h;n] ubf{ ljut ^# jif{ b]lv cfhsf] lbg;Dd of] d'n'ssf s}og /fd|f ;+:yfx?sf] 5ljdf ;d]t bfu nfu]sf], slt ;+:yfx?sf] cl:tTj klg nf]k eO;]s]sf xf]nfg\ t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u eg] b]zsf] e/f];f ug{ nfos ;+:yf dWo]sf] Ps;+:yfsf] ?kdf hgdfg;df nf]slk|o /lx/xg ;kmn 5 .

%= cfof]un] Joxf]g'{k/]sf] ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sfo{;+rfngsf qmddf em]Ng' k/]sf ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

%=! ;]jf, ;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfno÷lgsfox?sf] sfo{Jojxf/ / lgodsfg"gsf] kl/kfngf

Ø ;dodf dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/L k7fpg] gu/]sf] .

Ø /fhkq cg+lst tkm{ l/Qm kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu u/]/ k7fO;s]kl5 To:tf] kbdf ;?jf u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ u/]sf]n] kb:yfkgdf ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] .

Ø >]0fLljxLgaf6 /fhkqcg+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf x'g] a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf

41

sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] u/L lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] .

Ø ljefuLo ;hfosf] k/fdz{ dfu ubf{ k|:tfljt ;hfo / s;'/sf] dfqfsf] aLrdf lgsfox? aLrkm/s x'g] u/]sf] / k/fdz{ dfu ubf{ sfg"gåf/f lglb{i6 k|lqmof k'/f gu/L klg k7fpg] u/]sf] .

Ø lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfjZostf / kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg'?k z}lIfs of]Uotfx? kl/dfh{g x'gg;s]sf] .

Ø :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljleGg l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu gul/g] t/ c:yfoL lgo'lQmsf] nflu Dofb yksf nflu eg] k6s k6s cfof]usf] ;xdlt dfu ug]{ u/]sf] .

Ø :jf:Yo ;]jfdf :t/a[l4 x'g] t/ tL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ b/aGbLdf kb:yfkg gu/L kbgfd / ;]jf;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g] / a9'jf ;dfof]hgsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]n] kbk"lt{sf qmddf;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] .

Ø cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ cGoq ;?jf ubf{ cfof]usf] ;xdtL lng'kg]{ Joj:yfsf] kl/kfngf k"0f{?kdf x'g g;Sbf cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf afwf kg{ uPsf] .

Ø ljleGg ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] klxrfg / k|df0fLs/0fdf Ps?ktf x'g g;Sbf cfj]bg :jLs[t ug]{ljifodf ;d:of x'g]] u/]sf] .

Ø cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{ uPsf pDd]bjf/x?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg l:ylt cWoog u/L ;/sf/n] k/LIf0f ljlw, kf7\oqmd, z}lIfs of]Uotf cflb ljifodf cfof]unfO{ k[i7kf]if0f / cfjZos ;xof]uug'{ kg]{df To;f] x'g g;s]sf] .

%=@ cfly{s Pj+ ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf

Ø ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu cfof]un] k|:tfj u/]adf]lhd ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'gg;Sbf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLdf afwf kg{;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] .

Ø k/LIff ;+rfng nufot kbk"lt{ k|lqmof k'/f ug{ egL ljlgof]lht /sd ;Fw} ck'u x'g] x'Fbf af/Daf/ cy{ dGqfno;Fu dfu ug'{ kbf{ ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] .

Ø cfˆg} k/LIff ejg gePsf]n] k/LIff ejgsf] nflu :yfgLo ljBfno÷ljZjljBfnox?;Fu cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] . pDd]bjf/ ;+Vofsf] a9f]Q/LnfO{ wfGg ;Sg] u/L k/LIff ejgx?pknAw x'g g;Sg] cj:yf qmdzM b]lvg yfn]sf] .

%=# cfof]usf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf / lj:tfl/t sfo{If]qaLr tfnd]n

Ø g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudf kbk"lt{sf nflu cfjZos kf7\oqmd, ef}lts Pj+ ljlQo ;|f]t ;fwg ;dodf pknAw x'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] .

Ø cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] kl/kfngf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt P]g lgodfjnLdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / To:tf P]g, sfg'gx? kl/dfh{g ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ clgjfo{ ul/g'kg]{b]lvPsf] .

42

Ø cfof]uaf6 ljleGg lgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf x'g] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlwdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtx?;dfj]z ug{' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] .

^= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jt{dfg / eljio

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|ltsf] a9bf] hgljZjf; / cfsif{0f Pj+ sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]jt{dfg ;'vb dx;'; ul/g] eP tfklg ;dosf] dfu;Fu l;h{gf x'g] ljljw r'gf}tL / cfjZostfx?;Daf]wg ug{ tof/ /xg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg plQs} b]lvG5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf efjL ;Defjgf /r'gf}tLx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd a'Fbfut ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=! ;Defjgfx?

v lghfdtL ;]jfdf x'g] ;d;fdlos ;'wf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5lj plhlng] / ;]jf k|ltsf]cfsif{0f a9\g ;Sg] .

v lghfdtL ;]jfdf glthf k|0ffnL / ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQ Pj+ Ifltk"lt{ k|0ffnLnfu" x'g ;Sg] .

v k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf l56f] 5l/tf]kgf cfpg] . v ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] sfo{k|0ffnL cg'dfgof]Uo Pj+ hgd}qL x'g ;Sg] . v ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg]{ x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ljz]if1x? pknAw x'g uO{ u'0ffTds ;'wf/ x'g] . v dftxt lgsfo / cGo ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{, clwsf/sf] ljs]lGb|s/0fn] nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf cg';Gwfg Pj+ ljsf; / gLlt ljZn]if0fdf nufpg ;lsg] . v egf{ 5gf]6sf] k|f/lDes r/0fx?df g} l:qmlgª u/L d"n k/LIff Jojl:yt x'g hfg] . v nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / hgzlQm k|fKt ug]{ lgsfox?aLrsf] ;f/e"t cGt/lqmof / PsLs[t

k|of;n] k/LIf0f ljlw tyf pDd]bjf/sf] ck]lIft u'0ffTds Ifdtfsf aLr tfnd]n x'g uO{sfo{;Dkfbg:t/df ;d]t To;sf] cg'e"lt x'g ;Sg] .

^=@ r'gf}tLx?

v ablnFbf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;fv hf]ufO/fVg] .

v lj:tfl/t sfo{If]qdf klg plQs} ljz]if1tfsf ;fy ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ .

v k|lt:kwL{ 5gf]6 ljlwx? lgdf{0f / cjnDag ug]{ .

v pko'Qm ;'wf/ Ph]08fx? ;'emfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ k|ofKt ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] .

v k/fdz{sf] cIf/ / efjgfsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .

v egf{ 5gf]6df gjLg k|ljlw / cf}hf/x?sf] pkof]u ug]{ .

v bIf dfgj ;+zfwg Pj+ ef}tLs / ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 ;';lHht ug]{

43

&= lgisif{ M

dflyNnf k|s/0fx?df pNn]v ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' / To;sf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;d]t x]bf{ nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf] df}lns cEof;, ;d:of / efjL sfo{lbzfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf a'Fbfx?dfpNn]lvt ljifoj:t'nfO{ lgisif{sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

v nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] c+lusf/ u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] ;kmn pkof]un] of] ;+:yf g]kfnsf] Ps e/f];fof]Uo ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /xg ;kmn .

v of]Uotd pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z x'G5g\, ;/sf/n] agfPsf] dfkb08 k'/f u/L ;]jfdf lelqPsf x'G5g\ t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fv pDd]bjf/n] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/L;s]kl5sf] p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/n] klg k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5 ls 5}g< k|Zg dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

v s'g} klg ;Ifd hgzlQm ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 p;n] ck]lIft sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg'sf k5fl8 ljleGg cGo sf/0fx? x'g;Sg] eP tfklg hg:t/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] 5gf]6nfO{ pTs[i6 5eg]/ k'li6 ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ cGttf]uTjf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|jfxsf]:t/ g} xf] .

v t;y{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df egf{ 5gf]6df pGgt ljlwx?sf] cjnDag u/L pTs[i6 ;]jf k|bfos x'g', lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5lj pGgt t'Nofpg ;/sf/nfO{ lg/Gt/ pS;fO/xg' / nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf];du| sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / cg'dfgof]Uo t'NofpFb} hgtfsf] glhsdf ;s];Dd k'Ug k|of;ug'{ g} cfhsf] ;'wf/sf] k|d'v Ph]08f xf] .

v jt{dfg ;do nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ a9L j}1flgs, r':t / lghfdtL ;]jfdf;DefJo pTs[i6 pDd]bjf/x?sf] a[xb kx'Fr ljsf; ug{ ;+:yfut, k|fljlws / Jojxf/ut ;'wf/df>d / ;fwg vr{g' kg]{ ;do xf] .

v kbk"lt{df ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] pkof]u, pTs[i6 k/LIf0f k|0ffnLsf] vf]h cg';Gwfg ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL t'Nofpg ;Sg] hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug{ nflukg'{ kg]{ a]nf xf] of] .

v cem /fHosf] cfufdL k'gM ;+/rgf;Fu} nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / of]Uotfk|0ffnLsf] ;Da4{gdf rfNg'kg]{ sbdx?sf] ljifodf ax; rnfO{ pko'Qm :j?k / rl/q ePsf] ;+3Lo / k|fGtLo nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] vfsf lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ ;Da4 kIf lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ ;do xf] of] .

&= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM

1= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? 2= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sfzg x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?3= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?df k|:t't sfo{kqx?4= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#5= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^& tyf sfo{ ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^&

44

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo /

kGw|kl5sf] ljsf; Ph]08f

;f/f+z

/f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff, åGå, czflGt, lx+;f, c;dfgtf / lje]b h:tf ;d:ofdf hsl8Psf]vf;u/L ljsf;zLn ljZjsf ;d:ofx? xn ug]{ Wo]osf ;fy ljZjsf ;a} b]zsf] e/f]zfsf] s]Gb|sf]?kdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kxndf PSsfO;f} ztfJbLsf] k|f/Dedf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; ;Dd]ng u/L to ePsf nIonfO{ ;x;|fAbL nIosf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o:tf nIo ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k"/f ug'{kg]{u/L to ePsf lyP . ljZj clxn] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug'{kg]{ clGtd jif{df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 .g]kfnn] bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv ;x;|fAbL nIonfO{ cfGtl/s/0f u/]sf] xf] oBlk o; k"j{ ;x;|fAbL nIo geg] klg tL nIon] ;d]6]sf ljleGg kIfdf eg] ljsf; gLltdfkm{t ;Daf]wg ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .;x;|fAbL nIox?dWo] sltko g]kfnn] xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5, sltko nIosf] glhs k'u]sf] 5 eg]sltko nIo xfl;n x'g g;Sg] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf oL nIo ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo dfqgeO{ oL ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf cfbz{ nIo x'g\ . ljsf;sf] ultdf kl5 k/]sf b]zx?nfO{cfly{s, g}lts tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u u/L tL b]zsf jfl;Gbfsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf dfly p7fpg] st{Josf] kf7 klg ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ o;n] l;sfPsf] 5 .

ljZj ;g\ @)!% sf] k"j{;GWofdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df kGw| kl5 klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] ;d]6]sf nIox?nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf /fHosf] ljsf; nIosf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/, lghLIf]q, ;xsf/L If]q, cGt/f{li6«o bftf ;+:yftyf b]zx?sf] ljz]if e"ldsf ck]lIft /x]sf] 5 . cjsf] o'u lbuf] ljsf;sf] o'u xf], ;fdflhsGofo / ;dfgtfsf] o'u xf] / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] o'u xf] . To;}n] kGw| kl5sf ljsf; nIonfO{lbuf] ljsf; nIo (SDGs) sf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . k|:t't n]vdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf;nIosf] xfn;Ddsf] cj:yf / Psjif{leq ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? / kGw|kl5 ;d]t ljsf;sf nIodf;d]l6g'kg]{ kIfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] cjwf/0ff

aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dd ;a} b]zsf ljsf;sf cf–cfkm\gf Ph]08f lyP, cfkm\g} sfo{;"rL / k|fyldstflyP . ;Eo zfGt / ljsl;t ljZjsf] sNkgf ug]{ ljZjsf ;a} b]zsf] ;femf ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n]

–k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n*

* pk ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

45

aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] kl5Nnf bzsx?df cfpFbf ;d]t ljZjdf b]vf k/]sf] åGå, ef]s, /f]u, clzIff /ul/aLn] cfqmfGt ljZj -vf;u/L ljsf;zLn ljZj_ b]Vbf ljZjJofkL?kdf s]xL g s]xL ug]{ c7f]6u/\of] kmn:j?k ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] kxndf ;g\ @))) sf] ;]K6]]Da/ ^ b]lv * tfl/v;Dd ljZjsf!*( b]zsf k|ltlglw tyf !$& b]zsf /fi6«k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'v ;xefuL ePsf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; ;Dd]ng -Millenium Declaration_ n] * j6f k|d'v nIo -Goals_ / !* j6f dfkgof]Uo kl/;"rs-Targets_ kfl/t u/L ljZjsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] vfsf k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] k|ult dfkgsf]nflu $* j6f ;"rsx? -Indicators_ to u/]sf] lyof] . !% hgj/L, @))* b]lv * j6f k|d'v nIo-Goals_ / @) j6f dfkgof]Uo kl/;"rs -Targets_ / ^) j6f ;"rsx? -Indicators_ sfod ul/Psf]5 . ;a} nIox? ;g\ @)!% ;Dd xfl;n ug'{kg]{ u/L to ePsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (MDGs) ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf] ;femf b[li6sf]0f xf] . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] ljZjsf dflg;x?sf ljsf;k|ltsfcfsf+Iff dfq ;d]6]sf] 5}g, o;n] ljZjJofkL?kdf :jLsfl/Psf dfgjLo d"No tyf dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . ef]saf6 d'lQm, cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] clwsf/, dlxnf;dfgtf / ;zQmLs/0f h:tf kIfx?nfO{ o;n] hf]8bf/ ?kdf p7fPsf] 5 . o;n] eljiosf k':tfk|ltsf]lhDd]jf/LnfO{ /fd|/L dgg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

MDGs sf sf/0fn] x/]s ljsf; of]hgfx?nfO{ oL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] lx;fjn] cfkm\gfgLlt, sfo{qmd, tyf of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ jfrfdf g]kfn klg afFlwPsf] 5 kmn:j?k g]kfnn]klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv of]hgf tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdx?df ;dfj]z u/L ltgnfO{ xfl;n ug]{ k|ofz ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @))@, @))%, @)!) / @)!# df ;x;|fAbL nIosf] k|ultk|ltj]bg ;d]t k|sflzt u/L ;s]sf] 5 .

ljsf;zLn / cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] ljsf;nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] klg ;femf lhDd]jf/L xf] eGg]s'/fsf] ;Gb]z klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] lbPsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn]sdhf]/ /fHosf] ljsf;df ljsl;t tyf wgL b]zx?n] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ st{Jo x'g] ;Gb]z klg o;n] lbPsf] kfOG5 .

;g\ @)!% leq g} ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ cj sl/a Ps jif{ jfFsL 5 . oL dxTjsf kl5Nnfjif{nfO{ cTolws ;b'kof]u ub{{{} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfn nufot ;+;f/sf b]zx? vf;u/L ljsf;zLn b]zx? k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL ;x;|fAbL nIo dfq geO{ ;du| dfgj ljsf; / /fi6«ljsf;sf nIo ePsfn] ;g\ @)!% kl5 klg oL If]qnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf kfg'{kg]{b]lvG5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?

ljZjJofkL?kdf nIo xfl;n ug{ tf]lsPsf ;x;|fAbL nIox? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

nIo ! ul/aL / ef]s lg/fs/0f ug]{,

nIo @ ljZjJofkL ?kdf k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug]{

46

nIo # n}+lus ;dfgtfnfO{ j9fjf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{

nIo $ afn d[To'b/ 36fpg]

nIo % dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{

nIo ^ Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\;, dn]l/of tyf cGo /f]u;Fu n8\g]

nIo & jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug]{

nIo * ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{

oL nIox?df xfn;Dd ePsf] k|ultsf] ;+lIft emns tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M

tflnsf !

;x;|fAbL nIo / k|ult

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo

;"rs ;g\ !(() sf] cj:yf

;g\ @)!) ;Ddsf] k|ult

-k|ltztdf_

;g\ @)!@.!# ;Ddsf] k|ult -k|ltztdf_

nIo

nIo !

b}lgs cd]l/sL Ps 8n/eGbf sd cfo ePsf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft

##=% !(=& !^=$ !&

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft $@ @%=$ @#=* @!k|ltlbg cd]l/sL Ps 8n/eGbf d'lg cfo ePsf /f]huf/sf] cg'kft

@@ – !&

Go"gtd cfxf/f eGbf sd vfgf kfpg] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft

$( #^=! !%=& @%

^–%( dlxgf pd]/ ;d"xsf sd jhg ePsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf

%& @*=* #)

^–%( dlxgfsf k'8\sf]kg ePsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf ^) $^=* $)=% #)

nIo @k|fylds lzIff v"b egf{ b/ ^$ (#=& (%=# !))sIff ! df egf{ eO{ sIff % ;Dd k'Ug] ljBfyL{sf]cg'kft

#* &&=( *$=@ !))

!%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf *^=% **=^ !))

nIo #

k|fylds lzIffdf 5fq / 5fqfsf] cg'kft )=%^ ! !=)@ !dfWoflds lzIffdf 5fq / 5fqfsf] cg'kft )=$# )=(# )=(( !pRr lzIffdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft )=#@ )=^# – !!% jif{ tyf dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf ;fIf/ dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] cg'kft

– k'?if &!=^ Ü tyf dlxnf $$=% Ü

!

47

nIo $Ps jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ bfb'/f lj?4 lbOPsf] vf]ksf] cg'kft

$@ *%=^ – ()

kfFr jif{ d'lgsf] afnd[To'b/ -k|lt Psxhf/ hLljt hGddf_

!%* %) %$ -@)!!_ %$ -#*_

lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt Psxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ !)* $! $^ -@)!!_ #^

nIo %dft[d[To' b/ -k|lt Psnfv hLljt hGddf_ @@( !&) @!#

-!#$_bIf k|;'tLstf{sf] ;xof]udf ;'Ts]/L ePsfsf] k|ltzt @( %) ^)

nIo ^

!%–@$ pd]/ ;d"xdf Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;sf] ;qmd0f )=$( )=!@ Halt and Reverse the

Trend

cf}nf]sf] ;qmd0f -k|ltPsxhf/ hg;+Vofdf_ %=& #=@* Halt and Reverse the

Trend

Ifo/f]usf] pkl:ylt b/ -k|lt Ps nfv hg;+Vofdf_ @$$ @#* Halt and Reverse the

Trend

Ifo/f]uaf6 ePsf] d[To'b/ -k|lt Ps nfv hg;+Vofdf_ @@ @! Halt and Reverse the

Trend

nIo &jgh+unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ #(=^ #(=^ $)vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tdf bLuf] kx'Fr ePsf] hg;+Vof -k|ltztdf_

$^ *)=$ *% &#

;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfOdf bLuf] kx'Fr ePsf] hg;+Vof -k|ltztdf_ ^ $# ^@ *)

>f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&).&! / t]x|f} of]hgf

-!_ ul/aL / ef]s lg/fs/0f ug]{ -Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDg nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ ! 8n/ eGbf sd cfo x'g] hg;+Vof ;g\ @)!% ;Dd cfwf 36fpg] .

-v_ o'jf tyf dlxnf nufot ;a}nfO{ dof{lbt sfo{o'Qm k"0f{ / pTkfbs /f]huf/L xfl;n ug]{

-u_ ef]sd/Laf6 u|:t hg;+Vof ;g\ @)!% ;Dd cfwf 36fpg] .

g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df ! 8n/ eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] hg;+Vof ##=% k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @))% dfof] ;+Vof @$=! k|ltztdf ;Lldt ePsf]df ;g\ @)!@.!# df !^=$ k|ltztdf sfod 5 .1 MDGsxfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% df of] ;+VofnfO{ !& k|ltztdf sfod ug'{kg]{df ;f] eGbf klg sddf Nofpg g]kfn ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

;g\ !((^ df g]kfndf $@ k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)^).^! -;g\@))#.)$_ df ul/Psf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{n] #! k|ltzt hgtf dfq ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . of] cjlwdf !! k|ltzt ljGb'n] ul/aL 36]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, @)^^.^&

1 Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 13

48

n] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof @%=!^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&.^*–@)^(.&)_ n] of] ;+VofnfO{ @! k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof] .2 t/ k|ult eg] @#=* k|ltztdfq x'g ;Sof] . ;g\ @))% / @)!@.!# sf jLr ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] b/ ! k|ltzt x'g ;Sof] . MDGs

xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% df of] ;+VofnfO{ @! k|ltztdf sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfnsf] t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft @! k|ltzt k'/\ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ul/aLsf] k|a[lQ -Trend_ dggubf{ zx/L If]qsf] eGbf u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L ul/aLsf] tYof+sn] ul/aL lg/Gt/36\b} u}/x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ul/aL 36\g'df ;fIf/tf a[l4, s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfb/df ePsf]a[l4, Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tLdf ePsf] ljsf;, a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] lx:;fdf ePsf] a[l4 / ljk|]if0f cfodf ePsf] a9f]Q/L k|d'v sf/0f dflgPsf 5g\ . logsf cnfjf s[lif If]qdf cfl>thg;+Vof 36\g} hfg' tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf /fHon] hf]8 lbO{ k|z:t nufgL ug'{ h:tf sf/0fx? ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]uL ag]sf 5g\ .

ljut b'O{ bzs otf ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{df pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n eP klg ul/aLsf] c;dfgtf eg] cfzftLt ?kdf 36fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ul/aLsf] c;dfgtf b]vfpg] Gini Coe!cient lj=;+= @)%!.%@

df )=#$ lyof] eg] @)^).^! df of] a9]/ )=$! ePsf] lyof] eg] @)^^.^& df )=## df em/]sf] 5 .3

ul/aL -Extreme Poverty_ dfkgsf] nflu ;g\ !(*% df k|ltlbg ! 8n/sf] cfDbfgLdf dfkg ul/Psf]lyof] . ;g\ !((# df !=)* 8n/ dfkg ug]{ u/L revised ul/Psf] lyof] .4 xfn !=@% 8n/nfO{ cfwf/dflgPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf b}lgs ! 8n/eGbf sd cfo ePsf] /f]huf/ JolQmsf] cg'kft -lklklk_ @@ 5 . o;nfO{ ;g\@)!% df !& df sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .5 g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, @)^^.^& cg';f/ g]kfnsf] /f]huf/Lb/ (&=* k|ltzt 5 eg] a]/f]huf/L b/ @=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L g]kfn >d zlQm ;j]{If0f, @))*cg';f/ k"0f{ /f]huf/ &) k|ltzt /x]sf] / >d cNk pkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .6

ef]sd/L -Hunger_ dfkg ug]{ @ j6f ;"rs 5g\ . klxnf] % jif{d'lgsf jRrfsf] tf}n, bf];|f] dflg;nfO{rflxg] Go"gtd kf]ifs vfg]s'/f (Proportion of Population below minium level of dietary Energy

Consumption) . ;g\ !(() df % jif{d'lgsf %& k|ltzt jRrfdf x'g'kg]{ eGbf sd tf}n ePsf] kfOPsf]lyof] . MDGs xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf o;nfO{ #) k|ltztdf emfg'{kg]{df @*=* k|ltzt k'u]sf]n];f/e"t ?kdf k|ult xfl;n e};s]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((@ df g]kfnsf $( k|ltzt hgtfn] cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf gkfPsf]

2 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^*.^( k]h g+= ()3 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^*.^( k]h ($4 MDGs report 2008 page 75 MDGs Need Assessment, 2011

6 Nepal Labour Force Survey, 2008

49

cj:yf -Undernourised_ ljBdfg lyof] . MDGs Need Assessment, 2011 n] o:tf] hg;+Vof #^=! k|ltzt b]vfPsf] 5 .7 ;g\ @)!% ;Dd o;nfO{ @% k|ltztdf emfg'{kg]{ u/L nIo tf]lsPsf]df #$k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .8

ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{df pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] ePtfklg g]kfndf k'8\sf]kg -Stunting_ sf] ;d:ofeg] uDeL/ ePsf] b]vfpF5 . ^–%( dlxgfsf aRrfsf] plrt a[l4 gePsf] -Stunted_ ;+Vof ;g\!(() df %& k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df of] 36]/ $( k|ltzt sfod ePsf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!! df$! k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . @)!% ;Dd o;nfO{ #) k|ltzt sfod ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns If]qlkR5]k'8\sf]kgsf] ;d:of km/s km/s /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf sd k"jf{~rn / klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf #&k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf a9L dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf %) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .9 oL nIo xfl;n ug'{kg]{sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf !*=$ k|ltzt kl/jf/sf] Ps dlxgfeGbf sdsf nflu vfBfGg ;l~rtL x'G5 eg] $) lhNnf vfB c;'/Iffdf 5g\ .10 g]kfn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)!) n] ;d]t g]kfnsf $)lhNnfdf vfBfGg cefj x'g] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{df rflxg] eGbf !! k|ltzt vfBfGg a9LpTkfbg x'G5 eg] kxf8df rflxg]eGbf !$ k|ltztn] sdL / lxdfnL If]qdf rflxg]eGbf !( k|ltzt sdvfBfGg pTkfbg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .11 g]kfnsf] s[lif df};ddf e/ kg]{ x'bf df};d k|lts"n x'g]ljlQs} To;sf]c;/ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] s"n s[lifof]Uo e"ld !* k|ltzt dfq cyf{t @^=%# nfv x]S6/ 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&).&!df vfBfGg -wfg, ds}, sf]bf], ux'F, hf}, kmfk/_ pTkfbg (%,^@,^*)=d]=6g k'u]sf] 5 .12 t/ dfu eg]*%–() nfv d]l6«s 6g /x]sf] 5 . of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf rflxg] hlt cGg pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/cfoft / lgof{tsf] cg'kft gldNbf vfBfGg cefj x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-@_ ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug]{ -Achieve Universal Primary Education_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDg nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;a} afnaflnsfsf] k|fylds lzIff k"/f u/fpg] .

nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsx? o;k|sf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ k|fylds txdf s"n egf{ b/ !)) k|ltzt g} k'/\ofpg] .

7 MDGs Need Assessment, 2011

8 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&! k]h #!#9 MDGs Progress Report, 201310 /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? k]h %$@11 Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 2112 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&! k]h g+= !$&

50

;g\ !(() df g]kfndf egf{ b/ hDdf ^$ k|ltzt lyof] . xfn k|fylds txsf] egf{ b/ (%=#k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg] MDGs xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% df of] ;+Vof zt k|ltzt k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .of] nIo xfl;n x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

-v_ egf{ eO{ % sIff;Dd k'Ug]sf] k|ltzt !)) g} k'/\ofpg] . ;g\ !(() df egf{ eO{ kfFr sIff;Ddk'Ug] ;+Vof #* k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df &&=( k|ltzt / ;g\ @)!# df *$=@ k|ltztk'u]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{_ !)) g} k'/\ofpg] . k|ult x]bf{ ;fIf/tf b/ eg] **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf]5 .13

k|fylds txsf] egf{b/ pT;fxhgs eP klg l6sfp b/ tyf ;fIf/tf b/ xfl;n x'g g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+Vof / kof{Kttf b'a} b[li6«n] k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;~hfn a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))#.)$ sf] (!=$k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!# df ($=& k|ltzt cfwf 306fleq glhssf] k|fylds ljBfno k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .14

kl5Nnf bzsx?df g]kfndf lzIff ljsf;sf] nx/ g} cfPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ;a}sf] nflu lzIff eGg]gf/fnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg e/dUb'/ k|ofz ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff If]qdf ;/sf/L nufgL a9\g] qmd hf/L/x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^#.^$ s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf lzIff If]qsf] ah]6 #=% k|ltzt/x]sf]df @)^*.^( df cfP/ $=#$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .15 lzIffsf] jh]6tkm{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s"n lzIffsf]jh]6sf] ^*=*^ k|ltzt k|fylds lzIffdf nufgL ePsf] b]lvG5 .16

-#_ n}l·s ;dfgtfnfO{ j9fjf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ -Promote Gender Equality andEmpower Women_ M– o; cGtu{t lgDg nIo tf]lsPsf] 5M–

-s_ ;g\ @))% ;Dd k|fylds tyf dfWoflds txdf n}lËs lje]b x6fpg] / ;g\ @)!%;Dd ;a} txsf] lzIffdf n}lËs lje]b x6fpg] .

of] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] olsg ug{ # j6f ;"rs to ePsf 5g\ h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ ;a} txsf lzIffdf 5fq5fqf cg'kft,

-v_ u}/ s[lif If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] Hofnf /f]huf/ cg'kft,

-u_ /fli6«o ljwflosfdf dlxnfx?sf] l;6;+Vof,

pko'{Qm nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] olsg ug{ lgDg ;"rsx? to ePsf 5g\ / ltgdf ePsf] k|ultklg lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M–

13 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&).&!14 t]x|f}+ of]hgf, k]h g+= !@15 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^*.^( sf] k]h g+= !(%16 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^*.^( sf] k]h g+= !(%

51

tflnsf @

n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;zQmLs/0fsf] jt{dfg cj:yf emlNsg] k|ult ljj/0f

l;=g+= ;"rs;g\

!(();g\

@)));g\

@))%;g\

@)!);g\

@)!#;g\

@)!%

! k|fylds txdf 5fq / 5fqf cg'kft )=%^ )=&( )=*^ !=) !=)@ !=)

@ dfWoflds txdf 5fq / 5fqf cg'kft )=$# )=&) )=*@ )=(# )=(( !=)

# pRr lzIffdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft )=#@ )=@* NA )=^# )=&! !=)

$ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf cg'kft )=$* NA )=&# )=*# )=*% !=)

% u}/s[lif If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] Hofnf /f]huf/ cg'kft -k|ltzt_ !*=( !&=& NA !(=( $$=* –

^ /fli6«o ljwflosfdf dlxnfx?sf] l;6;+Vof -k|ltzt_ #=$ %=* NA #@=* NA –

>f]t M MDGs Progress Report, 2013

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;b nufot g]kfnsf] ;j} k|sf/sf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf dlxnfnfO{ klg cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] kl/0ffd:j?k dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf !^=( k|ltztk'u]sf] 5 .17 ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Paf6 lj=;+= @)^$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf]lgjf{rgdf #@=* k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf k'u]sf] lyof] .18 lj=;+= @)&) ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf]lgjf{rgdf eg] of] k|ltztdf sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ## k|ltzt, k|x/L / ;]gfdf @).@) k|ltzt cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efdfk|ToIftkm{sf pDd]bjf/ / ;dfg'kfltssf ;d]t u/]/ Ps ltxfO{ x'g} kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 .g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @) n] klxnf]kN6 dlxnfsf] xs ;DaGwL Joj:Yff u/L dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} klg e]befj gul/g], k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs x'g] tyf k}lqs ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf] ;dfg xs x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf] !! cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] dlxnf,k'?if ;dfgtfsf nflu ljBdfg k|fjwfgdf Jofks ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ a9fjfldn]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fdf eg] cem} w]/} ug{ afsL b]lvG5 .

-$_ afn d[To'b/ 36fpg] -Reduce Child Mortality_ M– o; cGtu{t lgDg nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ % jif{ d'lgsf] jfnd[To'b/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd b'O{ ltxfO{ 36fpg] .

pko'{Qm nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] olsg ug{ lgDg ;"rsx? to ePsf 5g\ / ltgdf ePsf] k|ultklg lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M–

17 t]x|f}+ of]hgf, k]h g+= !#18 Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 35

52

tflnsf #

afnd[To'b/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf

l;=g+= ljj/0f ;g\ !(() ;g\ @)!# @)!% sf] nIo! lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ lhljt hGddf_ (infant

mortality rate)!)* $^ #^

@ afnd[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ lhljt hGddf_ !^@ %$ %$# bfb'/f lj?4sf] vf]k -k|ltzt_ $@ ** ()

>f]t M MDGs Progress Report, 2013

;g\ @)!% ;Dd afn:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . afnd[To'b/df k|ultpGd'v ePsf] sf/0faf6 g]kfnn] MDGs Motivational Award gfds cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . k9]n]v]sf cfdfx?sf aRrfx?nfO{ bfb'/f lj?4sf] vf]k cg'kft () k|ltzt / gk9]sf cfdfx?sfaRrfx?df o:tf] vf]k cg'kft &(=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf o:tf] vf]k cg'kft *&=^k|ltzt / zx/L If]qdf (!=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qn] nIok"/f ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] cGo tLg ljsf; If]qn] nIo xfl;n ug{ afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .19

afnd[To'b/ a9\g'df Pp6f sf/0f sd tf}nsf] aRrf hGdg' klg xf] . ue{jtL d'VotM cfdfsf] kf]if0fo'Qmvfg]s'/fn] k]6leqsf] aRrfsf] tf}n e/ kb{5 . sd tf}nsf] jRrf hGdg] ;d:of blIf0f PlzofnL/fi6«x?df a9L b]lvG5 . @%)) u|fd eGbf sd tf}nsf] jRrf hGd] sdtf}nsf] jRrf dflgG5 .

-%_ dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{ -Improve Maternal Health_ M– o; cGtu{t lgDg nIotf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd dft[ d[To'b/ cg'kft -Maternal Mortality Ratio_ tLg rf}yfO{36fpg] .

-v_ ;g\ @)!% leq k|hgg :jf:Yodf ljZjJofkL kx'Fr xfl;n ug]{ .

of] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ lgDg ;"rs tf]lsPsf 5g\M

-s_ dft[ d[To'b/ cg'kft,

-v_ bIf :jf:YosdL{af6 ;'Ts]/L u/fpg]sf] cg'kft,

-u_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]usf] ljBdfg b/,

-3_ lszf]/Lx?n] aRrf hGdfpg] b/ (Adolescent birth rate)

-ª_ ue{jtL dlxnfn] ;'Ts]/L x'g'k"j{ ue{hfFrsf] cj:yf,-Ps k6s, rf/k6s_

-r_ Unmet need for family planning

19 Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2013 page 41

53

tflnsf $

dft[ :jf:Yosf ;"rssf] k|ultsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

l;=g+= ljj/0f ;g\ !(() ;g\ @)!);g\

@)!#@)!% sf]

nIo! dft[ d[To'b/ *%) @@( !&) @!#@ bIf :jf:YosdL{af6 ;'Ts]/L u/fpg]sf] cg'kft & #^ %) ^)# kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwgsf] k|of]usf] ljBdfg b/ @$ NA $#=@ ^&$ lszf]/Lx?n] aRrf hGdfpg] b/ (Adolescent birth rate)

15-19 years

NA NA *! &)

% ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ;'Ts]/L k"j{ ue{ hfFrsf] cj:yf-s_ sDtLdf Ps k6s hfFr NA *(=( *% !))-v_ sDtLdf $ k6s hfFr NA %)=@ %)=! *)

^ Unmet need for family planning % NA NA @& !%

Source: Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 49

g]kfndf kl/jf/ lgof]hgnfO{ dft[ :jf:Yosf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . kl5Nnfjif{x?df dft[ d[To'b/ pT;fxhgs ?kn] 36]sf] 5 . dft[d[To'b/df pNn]Vo ?kdf sdL Nofpg;kmn ePsf] egL g]kfnn] cGt/lfi6«o :t/af6 MDGs Achievement Award k|fKt ug{ ;kmnePsf] 5 . dft[d[To'b/df g]kfnn] nIo xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpgx/;Dej pkfox? ckgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . b]zleq s'g} klg ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lgMz'Ns;'Ts]/L ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{Psf] 5 . @) jif{ d'lgsf / #% jif{ dflysf cfdfdf dft[ d[To'b/cGosf] t'ngfdf pRr /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . hftLut cfwf/df x]bf{ d'l:nd -#!*_ dw];L-#)&_ / blnt -@&#_ ;d'bfodf pRr dft[ d[To'b/ /x]sf] 5 . hghflt -@)&_, afx'g÷ If]qL-!*@_ / g]jf/ -!)%_ df dft[ d[To'b/ t'ngfTds ?kdf sd kfOPsf] 5 .20

dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpg g]kfnn] d"ntM # j6f /0fgLlt ckgfPsf] 5 -s_ ue{jtL hl6ntfaf/];r]tgf, aRrf hGdfpg cfjZos tof/L h:t} vr{ / oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] Joj:yf -v_lgMz'Ns ;'Ts]/L ;]jf / -u_ tf]lsPsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf @$ 306] k|;'tL ;]jf . :jf:YosdL{nfO{;'Ts]/L u/fpg tflnd lbg] sfo{nfO{ Jofks agfOPsf] 5 . k|;'lt x'g] dlxnfnfO{ vr{ lbg]ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk sltko 7fpFdf c;'/lIft tl/sfn] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] k|rng cem} x/fPsf] 5}g .

g]kfnn] ;g\ @))# df ;'/lIft ue{ktg gLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!).!! dfdfq} (%,#)^ dlxnfn] ;/sf/af6 ;"rLs[t :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ;'/lIft ue{ktg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .21

20 Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013

21 Nepal MDGs ProgressReport, 2013 page 52

54

-^_ Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\;, dn]l/of tyf cGo /f]u;Fu n8\g] (Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria andOther Diseases) M– o; cGtu{t lgDg @ j6f nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd HIV/AIDS sf] a[l4 /f]sL To;kl5 36fpb} -Reverse_ hfg] .

of] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsx?df !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf HIV Prevalancesf] cj:yf, hf]lvdo'Qm zf/Ll/s ;Dks{df s08d k|of]usf] cj:yf, !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf HIV sf af/]df 1fg, ljBfnosf !) b]lv !$ jif{sf ;a} afnaflnsfx?dWo] 6'x'/fx?sf] cg'kft, HIV/AIDS sf /f]uLx?df PG6L /]S6f]efO/n cf}iflw k|of]usf] cj:yf nfO{ lnOPsf]5 .

-v_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd dn]l/of tyf cGo /f]u -Major Diseases_ sf] lgoGq0f u/L 36fpb}hfg] .

of] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsdf dn]l/ofsf /f]uL / of] /f]uaf6 d[To' x'g]sf] ;+Vof,% jif{ d'lgsf jRrfx? pkrfl/t em'nleq ;'Tg]sf] cg'kft, % jif{d'lgsf jRrfx?df dn]l/ofsf]Hj/f]df pko'Qm cf}iflwn] pkrfl/t cj:yfsf] cg'kftnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

-Major Diseases_ leq Ifo/f]unfO{ klg lnOPsf] 5 . of] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkgug]{ ;"rsx?df Ifo/f]u nfu]sf lj/fdL, Ifo/f]usf] ljBdfgtfsf] cj:yf / o;af6 d[To' x'g]sf];+Vof, Ifo/f]uLsf] klxrfgsf] cg'kft, 86\; ljlwsf] pkrf/df lgsf] x'g] cg'kftnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

tflnsf %

k|d'v /f]ux?sf] k|ultsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

l;=g+= ljj/0f ;g\ !(() ;g\ @)!);g\

@)!#@)!% sf]

nIo! !%–@$ pd]/ ;d"xdf PrcfOeL P8\;sf] ;+qmd0f NA )=$( )=!@ Halt and

Reverse

@ PG6L/]S6f]efO/n pkrf/ kfpg] ;+qmldtsf] k|ltzt NA NA @*=& *)# cf}nf]sf] ;+qmd0f k|lt Ps xhf/ hg;+Vofdf NA %=& #=@* Halt and

Reverse

$ % jif{ d'lgsf jRrfx? pkrfl/t em'nleq ;'Tg]sf]cg'kft

NA ($=@ (^=* !))

% dn]l/ofsf] d[To'b/ -k|lt Psnfv hg;+Vofdf_ NA )=)$ )=)) Halt andReverse

^ % jif{d'lgsf jRrfx?df dn]l/ofsf] Hj/f]df pko'Qmcf}iflwn] pkrfl/t cj:yfsf] cg'kft

NA @=*% NA @=%

&= Ifo/f]usf] ljBdfgtf -k|lt Ps nfvdf_ $^) @$$ () (!

55

*= Ifo/f]uaf6 d[To' -k|lt Ps nfvdf_ $# @@ @! Halt andReverse

(= Ifo/f]u klxrfg (Detection) sf] cj:yf -k|ltzt_ NA &^ &# *%

Source: 13th plan and Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013

g]kfndf ;g\ !(** df P8\;sf] klxnf] /f]uLsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] .22 Nepal MDGs progressreport 2013 sf] tYof+s cg';f/ xfn g]kfndf !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf HIV Prevalence )=!@k|ltzt 5 . g]kfndf jo:s / jfnaflnsf u/L %%,^@^ df Pr=cfO{=eL= sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf]5 .23 g]kfndf Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\;sf k|d'v sf/0fx?df ;'O{af6 lng] nfu" kbfy{sf b'Jo{;gL, dlxnfof}g Joj;foL, cfk|jf;Lx?, r]tgfsf] sdL, jblnbf] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\@)!!.!@ df P8;\ JofKtLb/ ;'O{af6 nfu" kbfy{ lng], k'?if ;dln+uL / dlxnf of}gsdL{x?df qmdzM ^=#,#=* / !=& k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 .24

g]kfnn] ;g\ !(** d} /fli6«o P8\; /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ul/;s]sf] xf] . ;g\!((@ df /fli6«o P8\; ;dGjo ;ldlt -National AIDS Coordination Committee_ sf] u7g u/]sf]xf] . ;g\ !((% df P8\; ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ul/of] . xfn :jf:Yo dGqfno dftxt National Centre for AIDS and STD Control :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . HIV/AIDS sf] pkrf/sf] nflu g]kfndf ART(Antirectroviral Therapy) ;]jf, VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV) ;]jf, P8\; ;+qmldt dlxnfx?nfO{ Prevention of mother to child transmission(PMTCT) ;]jf ;~rfngul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ P8\;d'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf sl6j4 /x]sf] 5 .

dn]l/of / Ifo/f]u ljZjdf dfgj :jf:Yosf] nflu csf]{ uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf&% lhNnfdWo] !) lhNnfdfq dn]l/ofd'Qm 5g\ . t/fO{sf !# lhNnf a9L hf]lvdo'Qm / afFsL !*lhNnf ;fdfGo hf]lvdo'Qm dflgPsf 5g\ . afFsL #$ lhNnfdf Go"gtd ;+qmd0f b/ kfOPsf] 5 .dn]l/ofaf6 g]kfndf ;g\ @)!) df k|lt ! nfvdf )=)$ dfq d[To' x'g] u/]sf]df ;g\ @)!@.!# dfcfOk'Ubf o:tf] d[To' z"Godf em/]sf] 5 .25

g]kfndf Ifo/f]u hg:jf:Yosf] uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf cg';f/ g]kfndf $%k|ltzt JolQmx? Ifo/f]uaf6 ;+qmldt 5g\ / o;df ^) k|ltzt jo:s 5g\ .26 ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] &)k|ltzt Detection / *% k|ltzt Treatement Success nfO{ ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . g]kfndf

22 Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 201023 Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013 page 5524 t]x|f}+ of]hgf, k]h !$25 t]x|f}+ of]hgf, k]h !$ 26 t]x|f}+ of]hgf, k]h !%

56

&# k|ltzt Detection27 / Treatement Success *( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .28 ;fy} s'i7/f]u lgoGq0fsf]If]qdf g]kfnn] @)!) b]lv s'i7/f]u pGd"ng ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 .29

-&_ jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug]{ (Ensure Environmentally Sustainability) M– o;cGtu{t lgDg nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx? PsLs/0f -Integrate_ug]{ / gf]S;fg ePsf k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] k'gk|f{lKt ug]{ .

-v_ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] gf]S;fgnfO{ 36fpg], h}ljs ljljwtfsf] gf]S;fgLsf] b/df ;g\ @)!) ;Dd pNn]vgLo ?kdf sd ug]{ .

-u_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL tyf cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO (Sanitation) sf] ;'ljwfaf6al~rt hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft cfwf 36fpg] .

-3_ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd sDtLdf !) s/f]8 (100 Million) em'k8Laf;L (Slum Dwellers) /;'s'Daf;L (Squatters) sf] hLjg:t/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ug]{ .

tflnsf ^

vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;"rsx?sf] k|ultsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

l;=g+= ;"rs;g\

!(();g\

@)!);g\

@)!#;g\ @)!%sf] nIo

! vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;+Vof -Ü_ $^ *) *% &#@ ;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfOdf lbuf] kx'Fr ePsf] hg;+Vof -Ü_ ^ $# ^@ *)# h+unn] 9flsPsf] If]q k|ltzt #& #(=^ #(=^ $)$ sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{g CO2 Emissions, total, per

capita and per $ 1 GDP (PPP)NA NA )=! –

% Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances (ton) @% NA NA –^ OGwgsf] d'Vo >f]tsf] ?kdf bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vof -Ü_ &% ^*=$ ^$=$ –& PnlkhL UofF; d'Vo OGwgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ hg;+Vof NA !@=# !* –

>f]t M Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013

h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] ljsf; ug{ g]kfn nfluk/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd !)j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, # j6f jGohGt' cf/If / ^ j6f ;+/If0f If]q / # j6f /fd;f/ If]q / Pp6f lzsf/cf/If 3f]if0ff e} ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jgsf] s"n If]qkmn !%,!%,%(# x]S6/

27 t]x|f}+ of]hgf k]h !%28 Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 6129 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^&.^* k]h g+= @@@

57

tyf %,)&,^^& x]S6/ hdLg dWojtL{ If]qsf] /x]sf] 5 . r'/] t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu xfn}/fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]; ;+/If0f ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&!.&@ sf] ah]6 jStJodf jgIf]qnfO{ /fli6«o ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ agfpg @)&!–*) sf] bzsnfO{ jg bzs 3f]if0ff u/L Ps 3/ Ps ?v, Ps ufpF Ps jg, Ps gu/ cg]s pBfg sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o cleofgsf ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf jg gLlt, u}/ sfi7hGo pTkfbg gLlt, h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt tyf hn>f]t /0fgLlt th'{df e} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .

em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ To:tfnfO{ elgG5, hf] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjsf] hdLgdf ;fgf] bogLo em'k8Ljf c:j:Yos/ 3/df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . To:tf cfjf;df vfg]kfgL / plrt ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] cefj/x]sf] x'G5 . To:t} ;'s'Daf;L - Squatters_ To:tfnfO{ elgG5, h;sf] cfkm\gf] hdLg 5}g / cfjf;sf]nflu ;fj{hlgs hdLg cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . o:tf cfjf; vf; u/L gbL lsgf/f tyf aga'6\ofg If]qdf /x]sfx'G5g\ .

g]kfndf em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ / ;'s'Daf;L -Squatters_ kof{Kt ;+Vofdf eP klg o;sf]/fli6«o tYof+s 5}g . sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf eg] ;g\ @))) df !!,*%) ;'s'Daf;L ePsf]df ;g\ @))(df %),))) k'uL sl/a $@) k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] / oL dWo] !^(%# gbL lsgf/ vf; u/L afUdtL,lji0f'dtL / dgf]x/f gbL lsgf/fdf a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .30 g]kfndf em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_/ ;'s'Daf;L -Squatters_ sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ pRr:t/Lo j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u / ;'s'Daf;L;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]u u7g ePsf] 5 . t/ k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx?aLr a9]sf] c;dembf/Ln] oLcfof]usf sfo{x? vf;} k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] eg] b]lvb}g .

em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ / ;'s'Daf;L -Squatters_ kl/jf/nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGgsfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . sd}of / xlnofnfO{ hUuf pknJw u/fO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;/sf/n]To:tf kl/jf/nfO{ hUuf pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] ah]6dfkm{t hgtfcfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd cGtu{t l;/fxf, ;Kt/L / slknj:t'sf d';x/, rdf/,b';fw, vTj], cGo blnt Pj+ d';ndfgx?nfO{ nlIft u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps Ps xhf/ u/L # xhf/cfw'lgs cfjf; lgdf{0f u/L a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ul/g] elgPsf] / To;sf] nflu ?= #) s/f]8 ah]6ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] .31

-*_ ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ (Develop a Global Partnership forDevelopment) M– o; cGtu{t lgDg & j6f nIo tf]lsPsf] 5 M–

-s_ v'nf (Open), lgoddf cfwfl/t -rule based_, cg'dfgof]Uo (Predicatable), lje]b/lxt

30 Nepal MDGs progress report, 2010 page 8131 ah]6 jStJo @)^^.^&, k]h g+= #@

58

-Non-discriminatory_ Jofkf/ tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . -/fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf k|ltj4tf ;dflji6 ePsf]_

cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xfotf ODA ljsf; ;'zf;g / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .o;sf nflu dfkg ug]{ ;"rsx?df -s_ OECD nufotsf bftfx?sf] GNI sf] cg'kftdf ;xfotf -v_ ;xfotf /flzsf] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]q -cfwf/e"t lzIff, k|fylds pkrf/, kf]if0f, ;kmf kfgL / ;/;kmfO_ df ePsf] vr{sf] cg'kft -u_ zt{/lxt cflwsfl/s ljsf;;xfotfsf] cg'kft -3_ bftfaf6 e"kl/j]li7t b]zx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] GNI sf] cfwf/df k|fKt;xfotfsf] cg'kft -ª_ ;fgf 6fk' b]zx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] GNI sf] cfwf/df k|fKt ;xfotfsf]cg'kft u/L % j6f to ul/Psf] 5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu j}b]lzs ;xof]u -O!cial Development Assistance_ sf] a9f]Q/L ug]{s'/fnfO{ ;x;|fAbL nIon] :ki6 :jLsf/]sf] 5 . G20 London Summit af6 klg ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xfotfnfO{ a9fpg] k|lt1f ul/Psf] 5 .32 ljsl;t tyf cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx?n]ljsf;zLn tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]usf] /flzdf a9f]Q/L ug'{kg]{df tYofÍn] o;nfO{ unt ;fljt ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))% df !)&=! ldlnog 8n/sf] ;xfotf/sd ;g\ @))^ cfOk'Ubf !)$=$ ldlnog 8n/df em/\of] . emg\ @))& df of] /sd 36]/!)#=& ldlnog 8n/df ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] .33 ;g\ @)!# df eg] of] ck|Toflzt 9+un] a9]/!#$=* ldlnog 8n/ k'u]sf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;g\ !(&) sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef -General Assembly_ n] ljsl;t b]zx?n]cfkm\gf] s"n /fli6«o cfo -Gross National Income_ sf] )=& k|ltzt ;xfotf k|bfgsf]nIo tf]s]sf] 5 .34 df]G6]/] sG;]G;;, @))@ df o;df ;xdlt hgfOPsf]df clwsf+z b]zn]zt{sf] kfngf u/]sf 5}gg\ . OECD sf b]zx?dWo] of] nIo k"/f ug]{ b]zx? 8]gdfs{, nSh]dju{,g]b/n}08, gj]{ / :jL8]g dfq 5g\ .35 ;g\ @)!# df cfP/ ;+o'Qm clw/fHo j]nfotn] klxnf] k6s)=& k|ltztsf] nIo xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .36 clwsf+z ljsl;t b]zx?n] ;xfotf k|bfgdf sGh':ofOubf{ cltsd ljsl;t tyf g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn b]zx?n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ yk sl7gfO pTkGg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;g\ @))( df ODA ljsl;t b]zsf] s"n /fli6«o cfosf] )=#! k|ltzt -!!(=^ ldlnog8n/_ 5 . UN Target )=& k|ltzt xf] . ;g\ @))( df of] nIo k"/f ug]{ ljsl;t bftf/fi6«x?df 8]gdfs{, nSh]dju{, g]b/n}08, gj]{ / :jL8]g x'g\ . To;} u/L ;g\ @))( df 7"nf bftf

32 UNDP annual Report 2009 page 333 MDGs report 2008 page 4434 "e United Nations today page 15335 MDGs report 2008 page 4536 MDGs Report, 2014

59

/fi6«x?df cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, hd{gL / a]nfot x'g\ .37 o"/f]k]nL ;d"bfosf] ljsf; ;xfotf ;ldltn];g\ @))% df ;d'bfosf b]zsf] ;du| s"n /fli6«o cfosf] )=%^ k|ltzt ;xfotf lbg] ;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ eg] k|To]s ;d'bfosf ;b:o b]zsf] nIo Go"gtd )=%! k|ltzt tf]s]sf 5g\ .38

g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u nufotsf kIf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf &

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;"rs / jt{dfg cj:yf

Description @))!.)@ @))@.)# @))#.)$ @))$.)% @))%.)^ @))^.)& @))&.)* @))*.)( @))(.!) @)!).!!

Total foreign aid utilisation(NRS billion)

!$=#* !%=** !*=(! @#=^^ @@=)@ @%=*% @(=#) #^=#% $(=&& %*

Share in GDP (%) #=!# #=@# #=%@ $=)! #=#& #=%% #=%* #=^^ $=@% $=@$Share in total governmentexpenditure (%)

!&=(^ !*=(! @!=!$ @#=)& !(=** !*=#% !*=!^ !^=%$ !(=!& !(=^$

Share in development expenditure (%) %*=)& &!=)^ *!=*( *^=%# &$=$% ^%=)* %$=&% $(=&# %%=!% %#=*)

>f]t M Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013

dflysf] tflnsfaf6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotf pkof]u Ifdtf ^) k|ltzt eGbf tn /x]sf] 5 . s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] % k|ltzt eGbf sd j}b]lzs ;xfotf /x]sf] 5 .;/sf/sf] s"n vr{df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lx:;f sl/a @) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 .ljsf; vr{df eg] o:tf] ;xfotf cfwf cfwL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-v_ cltsd ljsl;t b]zx? -LDCs_ sf] ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ . -o;dfeG;f/ 5'6, cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ sf]6f/lxt jhf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf, cTolws C0fL ul/a /fi6«x? (HIPC) sf nflu C0f dfkmL sfo{qmd, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ul/a /fi6«x?nfO{ cflwsfl/s ;xfotfsf] a9f]Q/L h:tf s'/fx? ;+nUg ul/Psf 5g\_

ó eG;f/ ;'ljwf, sf]6fdf kx'Fr -lgof{tdf_,

ó C0f ldGxf,

ó ODA sf] j9f]Q/L -ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{_

cltsd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b]zx?nfO{ ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .ahf/ kx'Fr eP gePsf] olsg ug]{ ;"rsx? lgDg cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5 M

-!_ dx;'n gnufO{ ljsf;zLn tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?af6 ljsl;t b]zdf ePsf] cfoftsf] cg'kft,

-@_ ljsf;zLn b]zsf s[lifhGo pTkfbg tyf 6]S;6fOn, sk8fdf ljsl;t b]zx?n] nufPsf]

37 MDGs report 2010 page 6738 MDGs report 2010 page 67

60

dx;'nsf] ;fnfvfnf b/,

-#_ OECD b]zx?n] cfkm\gf] s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf s[lif If]qdf lbPsf] ;xof]u, cg'bfg,

-$_ Jofkf/ Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu k|fKt ;xfotfsf] cg'kft,

-u_ e"kl/j]li7t tyf 6fk' b]z -ljsf;zLn_ sf ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .

-3_ ljsf;zLn /fHox?sf] C0f ;d:ofsf] lj:t[t lrGtg u/L bL3{sfndf C0fsf] lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug]{ .

C0fsf] lbuf]kgf (Debt Sustainability) sf] dfkgsf nflu lgDg # ;"rs to ul/Psf 5g\ M

-!_ Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision pointsand number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

-@_ Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives

-#_ Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

-ª_ cf}iflw pBf]usf] ;xof]udf ljsf;zLn b]znfO{ cfjZos cf}iflw k|bfg ug]{ -ltg{ ;Sg]u/L_

o;df lbuf] cfwf/df ltg{;Sg] u/L cTofjZos cf}iflwdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr cg'kftnfO{ cfwf/dfgL ;"rs to ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, ;fkm\6f tyf ljd:6]ssf] ;d]t ;b:o e};s]sf] 5 . WTO n] lje]b/lxt Jofkf/ l;h{gf ug]{ elgP klg ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsl;t b]zsf] s[lifdf cg'bfgn] ljsf;zLnb]zx? cfqmfGt ag]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf pTkfbgn] ljsl;t b]zdf kx'Fr gkfPsf]n] o:tf b]zsf] Jofkf/3f6f al9/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!! df ljsl;t b]zn] cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] s[lif pkhdf !@ k|ltzteGbf a9L dx;'n nufPsf] b]lvG5 hxfFls t]n, vlghhGo kbfy{df Tof] eGbf sd cyjf sltkodft z"Go k|ltzt;Ddsf] dx;'n /x]sf] b]lvG5 .39 ljsf;zLn b]zaf6 ljsl;t b]zdf lgof{t x'g] sl/a*) k|ltztdf Duty free x'g] u/]sf]40 eP klg g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] of]ubfg eg] gu0o/x]sf] 5 .

PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k"j{;GWofdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] kl/j]zdf ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxTj 5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ljZjJofkL?kdf cfly{s ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;xof]uL aGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx?n] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ clea[l4 u/Lul/aL 36fpg] tyf cfly{s a[l4 ug]{ ;kgf b]lv/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/sf] nflu ;+;f/sf] ahf/ lgjf{w

39 World Trade Report, 201440 MDG Report, 2014

61

pknAw x'g] cj:yf pT;fxhgs dfGg}kb{5 . emg\ g]kfnh:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?n] ljZjjhf/dfkfpg] ;x'lnotn] o:tf b]zdf yk pT;fxsf] phf{ k}bf x'g'nfO{ c:jefljs dfGg ldNb}g .

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] d"n Wo]o g} Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df ;Ldf/lxt cjwf/0ff xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf];b:otfsf] cf}lrTo klg oxL xf] . g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o x'gxf}l;g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfkm" ;Ifd ePsf] If]qsf] Jofkf/af6 cfkm" a9L eGbf a9L nfeflGjt x'g' g} xf] .;fy} cltsd ljsl;t b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df kfpg] sf]6f tyf eG;f/ ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf g} xf] .g]kfnh:tf b]zdf >d ;:tf] x'gfn] sltko pTkfbg ljsl;t ahf/df /fd|f] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 t/ o;sf] nflu ljsl;t b]zn] cfkm\gf] s[lif pkhdf lbb} cfPsf] cg'bfg x6fpg' kb{5 . ljsl;t b]zn]g]kfnnfO{ sf]6f ;'ljwf / lagf eG;f/ Jofkf/ kx'Fr lbg] elgP klg g]kfnsf tof/L kf]zfs / s[lif pkhdfcem} klg pRr eG;f/ nufO/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGwn] g]kfnL pTkfbgnfO{ ef/tLo ahf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|j]z lbg] elgP klg pTklQsf] ljifo, eG;f/ tyf u}/eG;f/ dx;'n, sf]6ftyf ;+/If0f k|fjwfg -Safeguard clauses_ n] g]kfnsf] lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ xtf]T;flxt agfPsf] 5 .

MDGs Need Assessment for 2005 n] s] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{g]kfnnfO{ 7"nf] >f]t cefj x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ / u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf]nflu ?= !!$*=* cj{ -!^=$ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/_ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .41 o;sf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 .

g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zdf ljsf;sf] cfjZostf cgGt x'g' / >f]t;fwgsf] cefj x'g':jefljs} xf] . g]kfn h:tf] nufgL ug]{ >f]t;fwgsf] sdL ePsf] b]zdf ljsf;sf ofjt\ ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ljb]zL ;xfotf lng' jfWotf xf] . kl5Nnf jif{x?df ljb]zL ;xof]udf cg'bfgsf] cg'kftsd / C0fsf] cg'kft pRr ePaf6 g]kfnn] ltg'{kg]{ C0f bfloTj klg al9/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))!.)@ dfg]kfnn] ltg'{kg]{ ljb]zL C0f GDP sf] $&=( k|ltzt / ;g\ @))$ df s"n ltg'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs C0fGDP sf] ^^ k|ltzt lyof] .42 xfn o:tf] C0f #@ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . hlta9L C0f plt a9L Jofh / ;]jfz'Ns . /fh:j art sd ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]znfO{ lnPsf] C0fsf];fFaf, Aofh jf ;]jfz'Ns e'QmfgLsf] nflu df]6f] /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ xfd|f] ;fd' 7"nf] r'gf}tL b]vfk/]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;a} lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . s"n @=!& s/f]8 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f eO{ 6]lnkmf]g3gTj *!=&@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .43 OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lng]x?sf] ;+Vof *!,$^,(!) cyf{t\ #)=& k|ltztk'u]sf] 5 . $& lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dddf clK6sn kmfOj/ ;~hfn k'u]sf] 5 . &@ lhNnfdf j|f]8j}08 ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 .44

41 Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 8542 Nepal MDGs progress report 200543 t]x|f}+ of]hgf k]h g+= @!@44 cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&!

62

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ cfOk/]sf afwf tyf r'gf}tLx?

-!_ cfly{s a[l4df ;':ttf M ljut rf/ bzsdf g]kfnsf] cf};t cfly{s a[l4b/ @ b]lv % k|ltzt/x]sf] b]lvG5 .45 ljut bz jif{sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ klg $=! k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .46 of]lg/fzfhgs cj:yf xf] . cfly{s j[l4b/ b'O{ c+ssf] x'g ;s] g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] >]0fLaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zsf] >]0fLdf :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cfly{s a[l4 cfly{s;d[l4sf] kl/;"rs klg xf] . cfly{s a[l4 /fd|f] ePdf cy{tGqsf ;a} ;"rs ;sf/fTds e} ul/aL lgjf/0f nufot ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ klg d2t k'U5 . t/ g]kfnsf] cfly{sa[l4sf] ;':ttfn] nIo xfl;ndf r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .

-@_ >f]t ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf M ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;|f]t ck'u x'g] MDGs Need Assessmentn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;g\ @)!!–@)!% sf nflu !#(%=* ldlnog g]kfnL ?k}of -!(=^^ ldlnog 8n/_ cfjZos kb{5 . MDGs NeedAssessment n] $%!=$ ldlnog ?k}of cyf{t ^=#^ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ >f]t ck'u x'ghfg] b]lvG5 h'g s"n cfjZos /sdsf] #@=#$ k|ltzt xf] .47

-#_ nufgL jftfj/0f pko'Qm x'g g;Sg' M nlDabf] /fhg}lts ;+qmd0fsfn, c;xh >d ;DaGw, phf{ ;+s6, jGb x8\tfn, k"jf{wf/sf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, cflb h:tf ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0f nufgL jftfj/0fdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;Sbf /fHosf] ;du| ljsf; / ;d[l4df cfzftLt of]ubfg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;fdflhs ljsf; hf]l8Psf] / ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ oL;a} kIfsf] pko'Qm ljsf; eP dfq x'g] xf] . t/ g]kfndf nufgL jftfj/0f cg's"n gePsf]n] ;a} vfn] ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7g b]lvPsf] 5 .

-$_ sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf M ljsf;sf] nflu ljlgof]lht jh]6 vr{ x'g g;Sg'df sdhf]/ ;+:yfutIfdtf klg Ps xf] . ljsf;sf] ef]s kfn]sf hgtfnfO{ ljsf; k:sg ;Sg] vfnsf] ;+:yfutIfdtfsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo dfq xf]Og, /fHosf ofjt\ ljsf; ultljlw tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;d]t sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 .

-%_ cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ;+ro / ljt/0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ M ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:g] hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ ck]lIft dfqfdf k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cfk"lt{hGo tyf ;+/rgfut sf/0fn] ubf{ d'b|fl:kmlt b/ klg pRr /x]sf] 5 . o;n]ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, kf]if0f tyf dfgj :jf:Yodf gs/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .

-^_ sdhf]/ lghLIf]q M lghLIf]q ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/ xf] . g]kfndf lghL If]q k|efjsf/Lb]lvPsf] 5}g . h;n] /fHosf] ;du| ljsf;df ck]lIft of]ubfg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] k|efj;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|fKtLdf ;d]t k/]sf] 5 .

45 t]x|f}+ of]hgf46 cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&).&!47 www.undp.org

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-&_ /f]huf/sf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ g;Sg' M b]zdf nufgL jftfj/0f cg's"n gx'Fbf nufgL a9fpg ;lsPg . nufgL ga9L /f]huf/sf cj;/x? a9\g ;s]gg\ . o;sf] c;/ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIok|fKtLdf klg k/]sf] 5 .

-*_ nlIft sfo{qmdsf] sd k|efjsfl/tf M g]kfndf cf7f}+ of]hgf;Dddf pRr cfly{s a[l4n] g}ul/aL lgjf/0f x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvGYof] . o;nfO{ Trickle down Approach klg elgG5 .o; pkfudn] g]kfndf ul/aL ck]lIft dfqfdf 36\g ;s]g . To;}n] nlIft sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbgyflnof] . t/ g]kfnsf nlIft sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/P klg cem} ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;n] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

-(_ nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj sd tyf cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf a9\bf] M nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj sd x'g'eg]sf] pTkfbgsf] nfut a9\g' xf] . o;n] ljsf;sf ultljlw ;d]t :jtM nfut ck|efaLx'G5g\ . emg\ cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtfn] >f]t;fwgsf] b'?kof]u e} ljsf;sf] ult ;':tfPsf] 5 .

-!)_ Jofkf/df cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr sd x'g ' M g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]z xf] . cfly{spbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnn] ljZj jhf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvb}g .ljZjjhf/df g]kfnsf j:t' k|j]zdf ;xh kx'Fr x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg sf]6f / eG;f/ ;x'lnotcfjZos kb{5 . t/ g]kfnn] o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

-!!_ ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL (Global Economic Slowdown) M– ljut jif{x?df b]lvPsf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLsf] k|ToIf k/f]If k|efj g]kfndf klg k/]sf] 5 . x'g t ljZj cy{tGqdfg]kfnsf] lx:;f Psbd sd 5 t/ klg ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLn] g]kfndf ljb]zL ;xfotf k|flKt, k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL, ko{6ssf] cfudg, lgof{t Jofkf/df gsf/fTds k|efj tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ uPsf] 5 . o;n] k|ToIf k/f]If?kdf ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{] sfo{df cj/f]w k'Ug uPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

-!@_ vfB ;'/Iff ;d:of (Food Security Crisis) M– hnjfo' kl/jt{g -Climate Change_ n]k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf] sf/0faf6 hnjfo'df kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 .o;n] s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbsTj 36]sf] / 36\g] qmddf 5 . emg\ g]kfn h:tf b]zdf o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj a9L x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

-!#_ ljZjsf] tfkqmddf a[l4 (Global Warming) M– hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\bf]qmddf 5 . o;n] dfgj hLjgdf gs/fTds k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbg /pTkfbsTj 36\g] / dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-!$_ s[lif tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;df sd nufgL (Lack of Investment in Agricultural andRural Development) M– /fHosf] nufgL Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] s[lif tyf u|fdL0fIf]qsf] nufgL cfzftLt a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . clwsf+z dflg;sf] k]zf s[lif / clwsf+z s[ifs

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u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ePsf]n] oL If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ kof{Kt nufgL cfjZostf kb{5 .ljBdfg >f]t ck'u / e}/x]sf] >f]t nufgL ubf{ klg of] If]q cfjZostfg';f/sf] k|fyldstfdfgk/]sf]n] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7g kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

-!%_ j }b]lzs ;xfotfdf sdL -Lack of Foreign Aid_ M– ljsl;t bftf b]zx?n] ljsf;zLn tyfcltsd ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ lbg] ;xfotf vf;} a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] tf]s]sf]nIo ljsl;t b]zsf] s"n /fli6«o cfosf] )=& k|ltzt tf]s]sf] eP klg 8]gdfs{, nSh]dju{, g]b/n}08, gj]{ / :jL8]gn] dfq of] nIo k"/f u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]z xf] . cfGtl/s /fh:j jrt sd, lghL If]q sdhf]/ ePsf] tyf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL lelqg] jftfj/0f klg algg;s]sf] cj:yfdf nufgL ug]{ e/kbf]{ >f]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf xf] . t/ljZjsf ;xfotf :jLsfg]{ b]zx?sf] tfFtL g} ePsf] / ;xfotf k|fyldstfdf g]kfneGbf c? b]zcufl8 cfpg yfn]sf]n] g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;xfotf cfzftLt ?kdf a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n];x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g] b]lvG5 .

-!^_ åGå, b}jL tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx? -Con!ict and Natural Disaster_ M– g]kfndf ePsf] !@ jif]{åGån] lj:yflkt, Psn dlxnf / 6'x'/fx?sf] ;+Vof a9fof] . o:tf ju{nfO{ /fHon] ;fdflhs;+/If0f lbg'kb{5 . /fHosf] sdhf]/ cfly{s Ifdtfsf sf/0f ck]lIft dfqfdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf vr{ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf] c;/ ;x;|fAbL nIodf klg kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;fy} b}jL tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0fn] klg ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, kf]if0f, :jf:Yo tyf lzIffdf uDeL/ k|efj kg{ uPsf 5g\ .

-!&_ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ r'gf}tL M ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] jt{dfgsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ca /fHo ;+oGq dfq ljsf;sf] PSnf] kfq /x]g . ljsf; jf:tjdf ;/sf/sf] cltl/Qm lghLIf]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, gful/s;dfh, cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo ;a}sf] k|ofzaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g] xf] . g]kfndf ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 .

-!*_ MDGs nfO{ ck]lIft dfqfdf :yfgLos/0f ug{ g;lsg' M MDGs nfO{ ck]lIft dfqfdf :yfgLos/0f ug{ g;Sbf nIox?n] ck]lIft k|fyldstf / ;xof]u kfpg ;s]gg\ . h/f alnof]eP ?v alnof] x'G5 . zf;g Joj:yfsf tNnf] tx;Dd o;nfO{ cfTd;ft gubf{ ;Dd nIoxfl;n ;xh aGg ;Sb}g .

-!(_ National Plans / MDGs nfO{ Integrate gu/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g .

-@)_ of]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f M ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n x'g] u/L of]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f / sfof{Gjogx'g kg]{df cfzftLt ?kdf To:tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-@!_ Jojl:yt j:tL ljsf; / Joj:yfkg M Jojl:yt j:tL ljsf; / o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgg} nfut k|efjL ljsf;sf] klxnf] sl8 xf] . olt dfq xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflu

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Jojl:yt j:tL ljsf; ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] . g]kfndf 5l/Psf] j:tL ljsf;sf] d"ne"t;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

-@@_ lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL M lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL gu/Lsg ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsb}g . /fHosf] nufgL Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]sf] sf/0fn] of] If]qdf cfzftLt nufgL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-@#_ cg'udg ug]{ bl/nf] ;+oGqsf] cefj M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? xfl;n eP gePsf] cg'udgug]{ bl/nf] Joj:Yff x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf] csf]{ ;d:of xf] .

-@$_ lhNnf:t/df kmf]sn KjfOG6 gx'g ' M ;x;|fAbL nIo ;DaGwL ultljlwsf] lhNnfsf] ;du|ultljlw / lqmofsnfksf] ;dGjo ug{ lhNnf:t/df kmf]sn KjfOG6 s;}nfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5}g .o;n] ljsf; nIo cf]em]ndf k/]sf] efg x'G5 .

;dfwfgsf pkfox?

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfnn] ca lgDg pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 M

-!_ ;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] / lbuf] cfly{s a[l4, tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL M ;x;|fAbL ljsf;nIo vf; u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx?, lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf a9L s]Gb|Lt b]lvPsf] 5 . oL hf]8 lbOPsf If]qx?sf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ pkfo eg]s} cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n ug]{ / nlIft sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg' g} xf] . g]kfndf kl5Nnf cfjlws of]hgfn] oL s'/fx?df hf]8 lbb} nufgL o;tkm{ s]Gb|Lt ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fKt j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L vr{ e}/x]sf] klg 5 . cfufdLlbgdf >f]t ;fwgsf] ck'u e}/x]sf] If]qdf yk nufgL ug{ / e}/x]sf o:tf sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-@_ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] nIo ;a}nfO{ x'g] vfg] / ;d[4 agfpFb};dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug'{ xf] . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff gx'Fbf /fHodf åGå l;h{gf x'g] s'/f xfd|} ljutsf] cg'ea 5 . ljZjsf b]zx? x]bf{ ;d]t oxL cj:yf b]lvG5 . To;}n] /fHosf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff sfod ug{ o; If]qdf nufgL a9fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-#_ k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgdf lgd'vfsf] kx'Fr M hn, h+un / hdLgdf lgd'vfsf] kx'Fr a9fpgg;s];Dd ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'b}g . To;}n] /fHosf gLltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/Le"ld tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;fwgdf o:tf ju{sf] kx'Fr sfod ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

-$_ Jofks cf}Bf]lusLs/0f M cf}Bf]lusLs/0f cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . h'g b]zdf Jofks cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ePsf] 5, Tof] b]z cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df lzv/df k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .lsgeg] cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;fdflhs ljsf; cleGg ?kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf pBf]u

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If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ckgfPkl5 pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; lghLIf]qn]ug]{ xf] eg]/ ;/sf/ o;If]qnfO{ vf;} Wofg lbPsf] b]lvb}g . nufgL jftfj/0f pko'Qm gx'Fbf lghLIf]q vf;} ;lqmo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, g t k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL g} cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf]5 . lgof{t Jofkf/ lbgk|ltlbg v:sb} 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k g]kfnsf] e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngdf k|lts"nk|efj kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu /fHo e/f];fsf] s]Gb| aGg}kb{5 . o;sf] nflu pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / k"jf{wf/ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' h?/L 5 . cem 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf /fHosf] Wofg ljz]if ?kdf s]Gb|Lt x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .

-%_ ;+:yfut tyf dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo dfq xf]Og, s'g} klg nIoxfl;n ug]{ s'/f To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 . ljsf; ultljlwnfO{hgck]Iff cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut tyf dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; geO{ ;x;|fAbLnIo xfl;n x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;df k|fyldstf lbg' h?/L 5 .

-^_ lghLIf]qsf] ljsf;, ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/L M ljsf;sf] PSnf] kfq ;/sf/ x'g] k/Dk/fut dfGotfdf kl/jt{g e};s]sf] 5 . lghLIf]q, ;xsf/L If]q tyf u}/;/sf/L If]q, bft[ lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh ;a}sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/Ldf dfq ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

-&_ MDGs nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ M /fHosf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo d}qL x'g} kb{5 . ;/sf/L, lghLIf]q, gful/s ;dfh ;a}n] ;x;|fAbL nIosf cfb{znfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{ ;s] o;sf nIo xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

-*_ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr M Jofkf/ / ljsf; Ps csf{sf kof{o ag]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ;du|ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] . Jofkf/ cfly{s a[l4sf] sf/s, /f]huf/ clea[l4sf] cfwf/ tyf;fdflhs nIo xfl;n ug]{ d"naf6f] xf] . PSsfO;f}+ ztfJbLdf ;xfotf xf]Og, Jofkf/ (Tradenot Aid) eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr b'O{ lsl;dn] dfq sfod ug{ ;Sb5 . klxnf] sf]6f / ljZjjhf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|j]z / bf];|f] cfkm" ;an ePsf If]qx?sf] /0fgLlts 9+un] ljsf; / lgof{t . g]kfn jt{dfgdf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?sf] ;d"xsf] cWoIf klg ePsf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?;Fu ldnL cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cfkm\gf j:t'sf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|j]zsf] nflu cfjfh a'nGbug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} cfkm" ;jn ePsf If]qsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ljsf; u/L lgof{t a9fpg/0fgLlts 9+un] cl3 a9\g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

-(_ Green Technology sf] ljsf; M cj t ljsf;sf] kl/efiff km]l/Psf] 5 eGbf klg x'G5 .jftfj/0f ljufg]{ vfnsf] ljsf;sf] ca cy{ 5}g . cjsf] ljsf; jftfj/0fd}qL x'g}kb{5 .o;sf] nflu Green Technology sf] ljsf; / k|of]u g} clGtd ljsNk xf] . jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf ljgfsf] ljsf; ljgfz xf] . xl/t k|ljlw cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

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-!)_ cfjf; gLlt M cfjf; dflg;sf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . cyf{t\ dflg;sf] klxnf] cfjZostfuf;, af; / skf;leq of] klg kb{5 . cfjf; eg]sf] cf]8f/ klg xf], tf/fd08n em'k8L klg xf] t/ oxfF cf]8f/h:tf] cfjf;sf] s'/f ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]Og . To:tf] dfq cfjf; x'G5, hxfFdflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt e'O{ ;lxt kfgL, lah'nL, ;8s, ;a} yf]s x'G5 . cfjf;af6afnaRrfsf] nflu ljBfno glhs x'G5, :jf:Yo rf}sL tyf c:ktfn k'Ug nfdf] af6f] lx8\g'kb}{g . g]kfnsf clwsf+z ljs6 b'u{d If]qsf j:tLx? c:j:Yos/ tyf 5l/P/ /x]sf x'gfn] ;8s, kfgL, ljh'nL, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf ;]jfx? k'/\ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . hltdf k'u]sf] 5, Tof]klg wfGg} g;Sg] dx+uf] kg{ uPsf] 5 . kfvf/]vfdf cfkm\g} nx8df vf/]/ agfPsf] cfjf; s'gjiff{ofddf slta]/ klx/f]n] aufP/ n}hfg] xf] o;} eGg ;lsb}g . To;}n] ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] lxt/ ;'/Iffsf] nflu dfq xf]Og, nfut k|efjL ljsf;sf] nflu klg tTsfn gofF cfjf; gLlt nfu"u/L 5l/P/ /x]sf] j:tLnfO{ ;d]t PsLs/0f ug]{ kxn ul/xfNg' kb{5 . tadfq ;x;|fAbL nIoxfl;n ug]{ sfo{ ;xh aGb5 .

-!!_ :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;jnLs/0f M :yfgLo lgsfo nf]stGqsf w/f]x/ x'g\ . logLx? hgtfnfO{;]jfk|jfx ug]{ glhssf ljZjfl;nf s]Gb| klg x'g\ . oL ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn hgtfnfO{ af8\g]hgtfs} ;+:yf klg x'g\ . t/ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ dgg ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfo ;jn aGg;s]sf 5}gg\ . sdhf]/ hgzlQm, >f]t;fwgsf] ck|of{Kttf ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] cefj, hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yf h:tf ;d:ofn] :yfgLo lgsfo ;fRrL g} sdhf]/ ePsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 .ctM :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;jnLs/0faf6} ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n x'g] dfq xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug{ klg ;lhnf] kg{ hfG5 .

-!@_ ;'zf;g, dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gL zf;g M ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf; lzv/df k'u] klg dfgjclwsf/ / sfg"gL zf;g geP To;sf] s'g} cy{ x'b}g . ;x;|fAbL nIosf] p2]Zo dfgaLo d"No sfod ug'{ xf] . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / sfg"gL zf;gsf] cg'e"ltn] ;x;|fAbLnIonfO{ xfl;n ug{ vDaf (Pilar) sf] sfd ub{5 .

-!#_ cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ;+ro / ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ M ljs6 ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:tL afx'Notf ePsf] g]kfn h:tf] oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf ePsf] b]zdf cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ;+ro / ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug]{ s'/f r'gf}tLsf] ljifo g}xf] . g]kfnsf clwsf+z ljs6 ef}uf]lns If]qsf dflg;x? ;fd' cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfO{ /fHok|lt e/f];f l;h{gf ug{ ;s] o;n] k|ToIfk/f]If ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ d2t ub{5 .

-!$_ åGåkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0f / ljsf; M åGåkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0f / ljsf; lagf ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;nug]{ s'/f Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]jfbL;Fu zflGt ;Demf}tf ePsf] *jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg åGåkl5 ug'{kg]{ ljsf; cfzftLt?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . plrt ;doleq-;fdfGotof kfFr jif{leq_ zflGtsf] nfef+z (Peace Dividend) k|fKt gePdf åGå alNemg

68

;Sg] vt/f /xG5 elgG5 . To;}n] oyflz3| /fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod u/L åGåkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0f/ ljsf;nfO{ tLa| ultdf cufl8 a9fpg h?/L 5 . o;n] lbuf] zflGtdf dfq 6]jf k'/\ofpb}g, ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;d]t d2t ub{5 .

-!%_ ljsf;sf] pko'Qm k|fyldsLs/0f M /fHosf] ;du| ljsf; ubf{ plrt k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{ clxn]sf]ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] . k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f vf; u/L u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ If]qdf nufgL k|fyldstf tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf plrt nufgL k|fyldstf lbPdf o:tf If]qx? ;x;|fAbL nIo d}qL -MDGs Friendly_ x'g u} nIo xfl;n ;xh jGb5 .

-!^_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] cg's"ng M lju|bf] jftfj/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g e} dfgj hLjgdf g}k|lts"n k|efj kl//x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf jftfj/0fnfO{ ljufg]{ wgL cf}Bf]lus b]znfO{ o;sf] d"Nor'sfpg jfWo kfl/g' kb{5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g] u/L cg's"lnt x'g] u/L cfkm"nfO{tof/L /fVg' cfjZos kb{5 . tjdfq o;sf gs/fTds c;/af6 aRg ;lsG5 .

-!&_ kmf]sn KjfOG6 M lhNnf:t/df :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/LnfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ofjt\ lqmofsnfksf] kmf]sn KjfOG6sf] ?kdf tf]Sg' pko'Qm x'G5 . MDGs ;DaGwL dGqfnox?dfo;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f tyf cg'udgsf nflu MDGs o'lg6 :yfkgf x'g'kb{5 .

kGw| kl5sf] ljsf;sf Ph]08f

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf dxf;lrj >L jfg ls d'gn] hgj/L @)!! df ;g\ @)!% kl5sf] ljsf; Ph]08f to ug{ "e UN System Talk Team u7g ug'{ePsf] xf] . of] Team n] ljleGg sfo{;d"x u7g u/Lsfo{ u/L cfPsf] 5 . h'g @)!@ df o;n] Realizing the Future, We Want for All ljifos klxnf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bgdf vf; u/L ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;, ;dfj]zL ;fdflhs ljsf;, zflGt, ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kg h:tf PsLs[t gLltut pkfuddf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ s'/f cf}NofPsf] 5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] ljz]if1tfsf cfwf/df kGw|kl5sf] ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ vfsf, ;'emfj tyfk[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

ljsf;sf d'2fx? ljsf;zLn ljZjsf ;femf d'2f x'g\ . To;}n] g]kfnsf ljsf;sf Ph]08f klg ljsf;zLn ljZjsf eGbf vf;} km/s 5}gg\ . o;f] eg]/ g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] ljlzi6 cfjZostf g} 5}geGg] xf]Og . one size does not #t all ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df klg nfu" x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/, ;dfgtf/ lbuf]kgf tLg cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL clt dxTjsf rf/ j6f kIfx? (Four CoreDimensions) ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;, ;dfj]zL ;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf / zflGt,;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] pQm k|ltj]bgn] cf}NofP cg'?k g]kfnsf] ljsf; cleofg ;~rfngug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

o;sf] nflu ;fdflhs Gofo, (Social Justice), ;'/Iff (Social Protection), /fHosf >f]t, ;fwg / cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr :yflkt x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;, :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt,ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;af6 hgtfsf] ;'v, ;'ljwf / ;Gt'li6df clea[l4, ul/aLsf] lgd"{nLs/0f,

69

lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfdf a[l4 x'g] u/L ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ubf{ljsf; a9L k|ltkmnd'vL x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} vfB ;'/Iff, lbuf] s[lif ljsf;, vfg]kfgL ;/;kmfO, phf{, gjLs/0fLo phf{, lbuf] ko{6g, lbuf] oftfoft, lbuf] zx/L ljsf; tyf dfgj a;f]af; Joj:yfkg, :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof, /f]huf/, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, o'jf /f]huf/ / Aging population sf] plrt Joj:yfkg, ljsf;df cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cTolws k|of]u, cfk|jf;g ;d:of ;dfwfg, :jb]zleq} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf, clwkf]if0f / s'kf]if0f hl6n ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{{ kf]if0f Joj:yfkg h:tf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

dfgj g} ljsf;sf] dfWod / uGtJo (Means and Ends) b'a} xf] elgG5 . dfgj d"NonfO{ pRr dxTj/ :yfg lbg' clxn]sf] pRr cfjZostf xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf ljleGg kf6fx? x'G5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ pRr dxTj lbg'kb{5 . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/df ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ klg plrt :yfg / dxTj lbg'kg]{cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

ljsf;sf gLltx?sf] ljZjJofkL tyf If]qLo:t/df cGt/;DaGw x'g] x'Fbf ;fd"lxs nIo tf]Sg' pko'Qm /k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/L cfjZos b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljsf;df hnjfo'kl/jt{g ljsf;sf] d'2f, l/of] Kn; @) sGkm]/]G; (Rio +20 Conference) n] ;b:o /fi6«x?n] lbuf]ljsf; s;/L ug]{ egL ljj]rgfTds lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ljsf;df;xeflutfd"ns pkfud cToGt pkof]uL x'G5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo s]jn kGw|;Ddsf ljsf; nIo dfq xf]Og, oL cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ nIo klg x'g\ . To;}n] kGw|kl5 klg s'g} g s'g} ?kdf o:tf nIox?nfO{ :yfg lbg'kg]{cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . /fHon] wfGg} g;Sg] u/L cGt/lfi6«o nIo sfod ug{ klg x'b}g . nIosf gfddf/fHosf] cfjZostf / ;d:of g} ;Daf]wg gx'g] cj:yf klg l;h{gf x'g' x'b}g .

ljsf;sf hlt rsf{ gf/f nufP klg, hlt dxTjfsf+IfL nIo lgwf{/0f u/] klg, 5]nf]v]nf ah]6ljlgof]hg u/] klg ljsf; k:sg ;Sg] k|zf;g tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ePg eg] To;sf] s'g} cy{ /xb}g .To;}n] k|zf;lgs ;Ifdtfdf klg TolQs} Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g klg clxn]sf]cxd\ cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 .

lgisif{M

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ul/;Sg' kg]{ clGtd jif{ ;g\ @)!% cfpg ca sl/a ! jif{ hlt afFsL5 . of]] cjlwdf ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug{ s:tf] /0fgLlt;fy nfUg'kb{5, cfh;Ddsf pknlAw s] s]x'g\, xfd|f] ;fd' r'gf}tLx? s] s] v8f ePsf 5g\ cjsf] /0fgLlt s] x'g'knf{ eGg] h:tf HjnGt ;jfnx?xfd|f] ;fd' 5g\ h;nfO{ l5rf]n]/ xfdLn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu;j{k|yd /fhgLlts ;xdlt, /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod x'g'kb{5 / /fhgLlts cGof}nk"0f{ jftfj/0f tTsfn x6\g h?/L 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo s]jn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo dfq xf]Ogg\, oL t ul/aL lgjf/0f, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f tyf ;du| dfgj ljsf;sf cfbz{ nIo x'g\ eGg] dgg /fhgLlts txaf6 x'g' kb{5 .

70

hgtfnfO{ ljsf;] nlnkk b]vfP/ dfq k'Ub}g, cj t pgLx?nfO{ dx;'; x'g] ljsf; rflxG5, pgLx?sf]hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] ljsf; rflxPsf] xf] .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] dfgj d"NonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] tyf efjL k':tfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w klg TolQs}u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iffdf klg o;n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . åGå/lxt ;dfhsf] l;h{gf u/LdfgjnfO{ ;fRrLs} c;n dfgj agfpg] o; dxfg nIo xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q, ;/sf/ tyfljZj ;d'bfo ;a}sf] TolQs} e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

kGw|kl5 klg dfly l;kmfl/z ul/Psf ljsf;sf d"n d'2fx?nfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s] ;du| cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa| agfpg ;lsG5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L lbuf]ljsf; nIo sfod ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM

!= cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^%.^^, @)^^.^& @)^&.^*, @)^*.^( / @)&).&! g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .

@= ah]6 aStJox?, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .

# gful/s b}lgs, @)^^ c;f]h # ut]

$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

%= d}gfnL, uf]kfLgfy, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -@)^^_, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/,sf7df08f}+ .

^= t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&).&!–@)&@.&#_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}+ .

&= http://www.unicef.org

*= http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009 retrived on 21/9/2010

(= Nepal Millennium Development Goals, Progress Report, 2010, NationalPlanning Commission, Nepal.

!)= Nepal Human Development Report, 2009, United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, Kathmandu, Nepal.

!!= Shakya, Rabindra Kumar and Vidya Dev Nepal, Operationalization of MDGsin Nepal, a report submitted to MOGA, December 2005.

!@= Shrestha, Raja Ram Pote, Clean Development Mechanism, a paper presentedin the program "Environment and Sustainable development", Bhaktapur in2066.3.21.

!#= "e Millenium Development Goals Report, 2008, United Nations Departmentof Economic and Social A'airs, Washington D.C.

71

!$= "e Millenium Development Goals Report, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014 UnitedNations New York.

!%= Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2013 UNDP Nepal.

!^= "e United Nations Today, United Nations (2008), Department of PublicInformation, UN Headquarters, New York.

!&= UNDP Annual Report, 2009, United Nations Development Programme,United Nations Plaza, Newyork NY 10017.

!*= World Development Report, 2010

!(= UN Task Team Report on Post 2015, Newyork 2012

@)= www.mdgs.un.org

@!= www.wto.org

72

lghfdtL tkm{ vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/x kbsf]

cGtj{ftf{df ;xefuLx?sf] ljZn]if0f

;f/f+z

/fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fL vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, k"jf{~rnIf]qLo lgb]{zgfno, wgs'6fsf] cf=j= @)&).&! sf] cGtjf{tf{sf nflu 5flgPsf $$ hgf pDd]bjf/x? dWo] lzIff ;+sfosf k/LIffyL{ ;a}eGbf j9L cGtjf{tf{sf] r/0fdf k'u]sf / pQmkbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs pkfwL xfl;n dfq} u/]sf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ gePsf] ;fy} ;a} pDd]bjf/n] tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf dflysf z}lIfs pkfwL xfl;n u/]sf pDd]bjf/ dfq pQm r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] kfOof] . ;a}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{ sn]hdfcWoog/t /x]sf] kfOof] eg] ! hgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df >ldssf] ?kdf stf/df sfd u/]sf];d]t cGtjf{tf{ r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf] kfOof] . cfof]usf] lgikIftfnfO{ sfod /fVb} casf] k/LIf0fk|0ffnL pDd]bjf/sf] Jojxf/sf], g}ltstfsf] k/LIf0f ljlw cjnDjg u/L cfof]usf] ul/dfnfO{ yk pFrfO{df k'¥ofpg' j:t'lgi7 / Jojxfl/s x'g] b]lvG5 .

kl/ro

lghfdtL ;]jfdf >]0fL ljxLg, /fhkq cg+lst / /fhkq+flst u/L ljleGg >]0fLsf kbx? /x]sf 5g\ ./fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fL, vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kb h;sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] / slDtdf !* jif{ pd]/ k'/f u/]sf] tyf #% jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf]-dlxnfsf] xsdf$) jif{ pd]/ k'/f gu/]sf]_ x'g'kg]{, /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fL, gfoj ;'Aaf jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf !)±@ pQL0f{ u/]sf] / pd]/sf] xsdf vl/bf/ kbsf nflu pNn]v eP em}+ x'g'kg]{sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 . /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL clws[t jf ;f] ;/x kbsf nflu :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/xpQL0f{ u/]sf] / pd]/sf] nflu @! jif{ k'/f u/L #% jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf] x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 . To;}u/L/fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fL, pk;lrj jf ;f] ;/x / /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL, ;x;lrj jf ;f] ;/x kbsfnflu v'Nnftkm{ :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / pd]/sf] xb @! jif{ k'/f u/L $% jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sfJolQm pDd]bjf/ aGg kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf ljleGg ;]jfx?sf] u7g, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf # df

– vu]Gb|k|;fb ;'j]bL*

* d'Vo dgf]lj1fgj]Qf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

73

ul/Psf] 5 . h; cGtu{t lgDg !) j6f ;]jfx? kb{5g\ .

• g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf• g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf• g]kfn s[lif ;]jf• g]kfn Gofo ;]jf• g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf• g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf• g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf• g]kfn jg ;]jf• g]kfn ljljw ;]jf• g]kfn lzIff ;]jf

pk/f]Qfg';f/ ;]jfx?sf nflu cf–cfˆgf] ;]jf / kb;Fu ldNbf z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu !# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!@% df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Stm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;}lgs clws[t, jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/Ljf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og elg P]g åf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s, g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5, elgPsf] 5 _.

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lte/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g .

• b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 M–

ο lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ljifodf

ο lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;åfGtsf]ljifodf

ο lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf ^ dlxgf eGbf a9L ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]pko'Sttfsf] ljifodf

ο s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Sttfsf] ljifodf ,

ο nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ljifodf ,

74

ο s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf ,

o;/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/L p:fsf] dfu cg';f/ k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] t/Lsf af6 k/LIf0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox?df l;kmfl/; ul/ k7fpg] sfd nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ub{5, lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf k|i6 ;+u pNn]v 5 . sd{rf/Ll;kmfl/; u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k7fpgsf nflu cfof]un] cfˆgf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf k|To]s jif{ >fj0f dlxgf b]lv c;f/ ;Dd nfu' x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs ub{5 / cfˆgf] j]j;fO6df ;d]t /fVg] u/]sfn] ;DalGwt;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfk'mn] rfx]sf] kbdf lj1fkg s'g lbg x'G5 eGg] s'/f cufl8 g} yfxf kfpg ;Sb5 .jflif{s sfo{tflnsf k|To]s jif{ :jLs[t ul/Ptfklg pQm tflnsf ;fdfGot x/]s jif{ p:t} g} /xG5 . t;y{jf:tljs rf;f] / vf]hL ug]{ ;a}n] lj1fkgsf] dlxgf ut] / af/ klxn] g} yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g\ . pQmljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] j]j;fO6 www.psc.gov.np df uP/ sfo{tflnsf, k|To]s;]jf , ;d"x, >]0fL / kbsf] k/LIffsf nflu cfof]un] tf]s]sf] kf7\oqmd, k/LIffdf cfj]bg eg{ b/vf:tkmf/fd, cfof]usf lj1fkg / ;"rgfx? x]g]{ / 8fpgnf]8 u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

/f=k=cg+= låtLo >]0fL k|fljlws vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf pDd]bjf/x?sf] ljZn]if0fM

cWoog ljlw M–cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf k|To]s pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|ToIf ;f]lwP/ kfPsf] k|To'Q/sf] cfwf/df tYofÍ lnOPsf] 5 .

tYof° ;+sngM–PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] /fhkq c+glst låtLo >]0fLsf] ck|fljlws vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf nflu cGtj{ftf{df 5gf}6 ePsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfnodf $$ hgf k/LIffyL{sf] cGtjf{tf{df pgLx?;Fu k|ToIf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf cfwf/df ;+sng ul/Psf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .

/fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fL vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] cf=j= @)&).)&! nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, wgs'§fsf] lj1fkgdf lnlvt k/LIffaf6 cGtj{ftf{sf nflu k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6df k/]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] tYofÍ ljzn]if0f ubf{ lgDg l:ylt b]vfpF5 M–

tflnsf–! cGtjf{tf{sf] r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;+sfo cg';f/sf] ljj/0f

qm=; ;+sfo ;+sfo cg';f/ k/LIffyL{ k|ltzt! Joj:yfkg !! @%@ lj1fg !! @%# lzIff !^ #^=#^$ dfgljsL ^ !#=^$

hDdf $$ !))

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/, pQm /fhkq cg+lst vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf] PsLs[t lnlvt k/LIffaf6 cGtjf{tf{sf nflu 5gf}6 ePsf $$ hgf pDd]bjf/ dWo] #^=#^ k|ltzt lzIff ;+sfo, @% k|ltztJoj:yfkg, @% k|ltzt lj1fg ;+sfo / !#=^$ k|ltzt dfgljsL ;+sfodf /x]sf] kfOof] .

75

tflnsf–@

z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';f/ pDd]bjf/sf] l:ylt

qm=; z}lIfs of]Uotf ;+Vof k|ltzt! :gftsf]Q/ pQL0f{ !) @@=&#@ :gfts tx pQL0f{ @^ %(=)(# !)±@ tx pQL0f{ * !*=!*$ S.L.C. -tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf_ ) )

hDdf $$ !))

k|:t't tflnsf @ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/]sf %(=)( k|ltzt ,:gftsf]Q/ tx u/]sf @@=&# k||ltzt, !)±@ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf !*=!* k|ltzt / h'g Go"gtd of]Uotftf]lsPsf] 5 To; dWo]af6 s'g} pDd]bjf/ cGtjf{tf{sf] r/0fdf cfPsf] b]lvPg .

tflnsf–#k/LIffyL{sf] k]zfsf] l:ylt

qm=; k]zf ;+Vof k|ltzt! cWofkg If]q !% #$=)(@ cWoog/t ljBfyL{ !& #*=^$# cfof]usf] k/LIff tof/L !) @@=&#$ Go"hk]k/ ÷ /]l8of]df sfd ! @=@&% stf/df ^ jif{ sfd u/L kms{sf] ! @=@&

s"n hDdf $$ !))

k|:t't tflnsfaf6 s] k|i6 xG5 eg] ;a}eGbf a9L sn]hdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x? #*=^$ k|ltztkfOof] eg] cWofkg k]zfdf nfu]sf #$=)( k|ltzt k|foM ;a} k|fOe]6 :s"ndf / s]xL ;/sf/L :s"ndfc:yfoL÷ s/f/ df sfd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] eg] Pshgf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 5gf}6 eO{ k|fOd/L :s"nsf :yfoL lzIfs /x]df ;d]t lghfdtLsf] pQm cGtjf{tf{ k/LIffdf ;fd]n ePsf] kfOof] .

sf]xL sn]hdf kl9/x]sf, sf]xL k9fO{ /f]s]/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf nflu cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ k/LIffsf] tof/L ub{} /x]sf pDd]bjf/ @@=&# k|ltzt kfOP .

To:t} Go"hk]k/ tyf Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]df sfd ug]{ @=@& / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >ldssf] ?kdf ^ jif{stf/ a;]/ kmls{Psf Pshgf pDd]bjf/ cfof]usf] pQm cGt/jftf{ r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf] kfOof] .

dflysf tflnsf !, @, / # n] qmdzM nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, k"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, wgs'6fdf ldlt@)&! d+l;/ @^ b]lv @( ut] ;Dd rn]sf]] vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] cGtjf{tf{ sfo{qmddf k/LIffsf nflu s'g s'g ;+sfosf] k|ltlglwTj s:tf] lyof] eGg] k|i6 b]vfPsf] 5 . csf]{ slt z}lIfs pkflw xfl;n

76

u/]sf pDd]bjf/x? pQm cGt/jftf{ r/0f;Dd cfOk'u]sf lyP eGg] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 / To:t} u/L pQm r/0fdfcfOk'Ug] k/LIffyL{ s'g k]zfdf cfj4 lyP eGg] s'/fsf] tYofÍ b]vfPsf] 5 . o;/L tYofÍ s]nfpFbflzIff ;+sfodf ;a}eGbf a9L #*=^$ k|ltzt k/LIffyL{ ToxfF;Dd k'u]sf] kfOof] / :gfts / :gftsf]Q/tx pQL0f{ u/L;s]sf -w]/} h;f] :gftsf]Q/ txdf cWoog/t_ *!=*@ k|ltzt k/LIffyL{ pQm P;=Pn=;L= txsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]s]sf] kbsf] k/LIffsf] cGtjf{tf{ r/0f;Dd cfOk'u]sf] kfOof] . To:t}tflnsf # df /x]sf] tYofÍnfO{ s]nfpFbf ;a}eGbf a9L SofDk;df cWoog/t -:gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/tx_ljBfyL{x? #*=^$ k|ltzt pQm cGt/jf{tf{sf] r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{M

dfly k|:t't tYofÍ k"jf{~rnsf] ePtf klg o;n] k"jf{~rn, dWodf~rn / klZrdf~rnsf] eg] lglZrt?kdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eGg] bflj k|:t'tstf{sf] /x]sf] 5, lsgls ;fIf/tfsf] l:yltsf] t'ngfn] o;sf] k'i6L ug{ ;Sb5 . afFsL ! ljsf; If]qsf] eg] yk cWoog u/]/ t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L x]bf{ z}lIfsj]/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof a9]sf] k|i6 5 / nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;DalGwt txsf] z}lIfs If]qsf] ljifosf] ;d]tk/LIf0f u/fPaf6 klg tf]s]sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf eGbf dflyNnf] of]Uotf ePsf pDd]bjf/ cfpg' :jfefljs dfGg' kb{5 . olb Jojxf/sf] k/LIf0faf6 pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/Pdf glthf o:tf]gx'g klg ;Sb5 . t/ pQm Jojxf/sf] k/LIf0fsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] hgzlStsf nflu 5'§} ;]jf,;d"x u7g / pgLx?sf nflu cfw'lgs k/LIf0f ljlwx?sf] tflnd, k|lzIf0f x'g'kb{5 pQm tflnd k|fKtJoj;flos hgzlQmsf] pkof]ujf6 j:t'lgi7 k/LIf0f ljlw cjnDjg u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hgzlQm 5gf}6 x'g' cToGt cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd pd]/ / z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 ls eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ug'{;fGble{s x'G5 h:tf] nfU5 . klxnf] s'/f ljBfyL{x?n] P;=Pn=;L= xfn cfP/ !^ jif{df pQL0f{ ug{yfln;s]sf] kfOG5 , !*, !( jif{df !)±@ g} pQL0f{ ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof klg w]/} g} /x]sf] tYofÍ 5 .csf]{ tkm{ hflu/sf nflu g]kfnL gful/stf clgjfo{ ePsf]n] !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 . o; cy{df /fhkq c+glst sd{rf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ !* sf] :yfgdf !^jif{ /fVbf klg x'G5 ls o; ljifodf gLltut txdf 5nkmndf p7fOg' cfjZos 5 . To:t} u/L vl/bf/,gfoj ;'Aaf / zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/xsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ;d]t 5nkmn / rrf{ ;DalGwt ;]jf,;d"x, pk;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfosf] txdf x'g' h?/L 5, h;sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ emsemsfPsf] klg Ps bzs x'g nfu]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM

!= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(

@= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] j]e;fO6– www.psc.gov.np

77

glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4

;f/f+z

glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g ;fj{hflgs Joj:yfkgsf] zlQmzfnL cf}hf/ xf] . of]hgf,gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf]] k|efjsf/L / ;fy{s sfof{Gjog dfkm{t ck]lIft glthf xfl;nug{sf nflu glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . glthfd"ns cg'udgtyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t ;du| ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj /hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] ;d'lrt k|ltkmn ;'lglZrtub}{ ljsf;sf glthfx¿n] hgdfg;df kfg]{ k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf k|efjx¿sf] dfkg tyf n]vfhf]vf ug{ / ljutsf cg'ejx¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt u/L efjL gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L/ glthfd'vL agfpg glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] cfjZoQmf kb{5 . glthfd"nscg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L, s'zn tyf lbuf]¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L cfd hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;sf/fTds k|efj Nofpg' xf] .

g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljifout If]qsf] gLltut vfsfsf] tof/L, ul/aL cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f Joj:yf (Poverty MonitoringAnalysis System - PMAS) / lhNnf ul/aL cg'udg tyf laZn]if0f Joj:yf (Distrct Poverty Monitoring Analysis System - DPMAS) lgdf{0f u/L ljleGg txsf ;"rsx?sf] lgwf{/0f/ ;a} s]Gb|Lo:t/sf cfof]hgfx?n] nuk|m]d agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf bzf}+ of]hgfdf g} ul/Psf] lyof] .To;kl5sf lqjifL{o cGtl/d -P3f/f}+_ of]hgf / lqjifL{o -afx|f}+_ of]hgfdf eg] o;nfO{ ;+:yfutug{] sfo{df vf;} k|ult x'g ;s]g . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] /fli6«o cg'udgtyf d"Nof°g lbUbz{g, @)&) / t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] glthfvfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{;s]sf]5 . o;}u/L glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj /hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ub}{ ;'zf;gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo cg'?k ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g lbUbz{g lgsfNg] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .

/fHon] gful/ssf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;~rfng u/]sf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' ;DjlGwt lgsfosf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj leq

–Zofdk|;fb e08f/L*

* sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

78

!= ljifo k|j]z

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;sf] ;'?jft;F+u} ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL eP tfklg kfFrf}+ of]hgf b]lv ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft eof] . ;ftf}+ of]hgf b]lv If]qut sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx¿ (Sectoral Performance Indicators) lgwf{/0f u/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ qmd ;'? eof] t/ of] k|of; klg lbuf] x'g ;s]g .cf7f}+ of]hgf b]lv cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ Pp6f k4ltsf] ¿kdf ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft eof] .dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)$(÷$÷* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ xfn ljBdfg cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;+:yfut Joj:yfx¿ /fli6«o:t/df k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt (National Development Action Committee-NDAC) / dGqfno:t/df dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqfno:t/ ljsf;;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt (Ministerial Development Action Committee - MDAC_ Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . bzf}+ of]hgf / lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] kl/nlIft u/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{Joj:yfsf] nflu gLlt tyf glthf tflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . lqjifL{o of]hgfdf gLlt tyf glthftflnsfn] lg/Gt/tf;Dd kfpg ;s]g . tyflk bzf}+ of]hgfdf ul/aL cg'udg / ljZn]if0f Joj:yf(Poverty Monitoring and Analysis System - PMAS) sf] ;'?jft, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|af6 ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgoldt k|fljlws kl/If0f (Technical Audit) ug]{ sfo{ ;'? tyfdxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|jfx l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{:yn;Dd k'Ubf nfUg] ;dosf] cg'udg ug{ ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg k|0ffnL (Public Expenditure Tracking System-PETS) sf] yfngL ul/of] . oL ;a} k|of;sf afjh'b cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog txdfcem} klg k|efjsf/L / ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DalGw ;+:yfut a'emfO{,Joj:yfkgn] o;nfO{ lbg'kg]{ dxTj tyf o;sf] pkof]u ;DalGw 1fgsf] sd jf o;nfO{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] sf/0f of] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;} ;Gb{edf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L, ;+:yfutPj+ glthfd"ns agfpg] k|of; :j?k /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,

kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ ;+nUg ePsf ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿/ To;af6 k|fKt ePsf k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efjx¿ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg/ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ u/fpg ;+;bLo ;ldltb]lv ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;d]tsf]Joj:yf u/L kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{] k|of;ul/Psf] 5 . o; n]v dfkm{t cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf ljljw kIfx?, g]kfndf glthfd"nscg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] k|of]u, glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4, glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf]sfof{GjogIf]qdf /x]sf r'gf}lt tyf ;d:ofx? / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? nufotsf ljifosfaf/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

79

@)&) / t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] glthfvfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L cg'udg tyfd"NofÍg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ub}{ ;'zf;gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]p2]Zo cg'?k ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g lgsfNg] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .

@= cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g

;fdfGotof af]lnrflnsf] efiffdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg (Monitoring and Evaluation - M&E) eGg]ul/Ptf klg oL b'O{aLr 7"nf] cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . tyflk oL b'O{aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . oLb'a}sf] nIo, p2]Zo, cfwf/ b:tfj]h, cfwf/ tYofÍ / ;"rsx?df s]xL ;dfgtf kfpg ;lsG5 . t;y{cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ a'‰g oL b'a}sf] kl/efiff, k|of]u, leGgtf tyf o;sf ljljw kIfx?sf] af/]df a'‰g h?/L x'G5 h;nfO{ b]xfofg';f/ ;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/G5 .

@=! cg'udg s] xf] <

Monitoring is a continuous function that uses the systematic collection of data onspecifi ed indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders of an ongoingdevelopment intervention with indications of the extent of progress and achievement of objectives and progress in the use of allocated funds (OECD DAC, 2002)

Monitoring is the process of keeping track by management at different levels of hierarchy or the individual or agency entrusted by the management, on a continuousor periodic basis, of the inputs and resources meant for the implementation of plans, policies, programmes, and projects are being properly delivered; and the verifi cationof whether the project activities are being implemented and where the intended outputs achieved as per the plan and schedule. (M&E guideline, 2070)

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL tyf ;fwgsf] k|jfx ;d'lrt 9+un] ePsf] 5÷5}g /sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjog eO{ nlIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ePsf] 5÷5}g egL ljleGg txsf Joj:yfkg jf Joj:yfkgn] tf]s]sf] JolQm tyf lgsfoaf6 lg/Gt/ / cfjlws ¿kdf lgu/fgL/fVg] sfo{ cg'udg xf] . -/fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,@)&)_

pNn]lvt klefiff cg';f/ cg'udg eg]sf] ljleGg txsf Joj:yfkg jf Joj:yfkgn] tf]s]sf] JolQm tyf lgsfoaf6 lg/Gt/ / cfjlws ¿kdf ;"rgf, tYofÍ Pj+ ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fu/L k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfd xf] . cg'udgdf d"ntM of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf ck]lIftk|ltkmnx¿ k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/ / kl/df0fdf xfl;n ePsf 5g 5}gg, sfof{Gjog ug]{lgsfosf] Ifdtf s] s:tf] 5, s] s:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf lglDt s]–s:tfpkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{k5{ eGg] af/]df lgoldt, Jojl:yt / ;doa4¿kdf ;"rgf, tYofÍ tyf ljj/0fx¿

80

;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 h;af6 ;dod} ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

@=@ d"Nof°g s] xf] <

Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project, program, or policy, including its design, implementation, and results. The aim is to determinethe relevance and fulfi llment of objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact,and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible anduseful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decisionmaking process of both recipients and donors

(OECD DAC, 2002)

Evaluation is a systematic and purposeful undertaking carried out by internal or externalevaluators to appraise relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impacts as well as sustainabilitygenerated by the policies, plans, programmes, and projects under/after implementation. (M&E guideline, 2070)

sfof{Gjog ul/Psf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿ xfnsf] ;dodf s]–slt ;fGble{s, nfebfoL / k|efjsf/L 5g\ tyf s]–s:tf pknlJw Pjd\ k|efjx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]cfGtl/s / afXo d"NofÍgstf{af6 p2]Zok"0f{ / Jojl:yt tl/sfn] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ d"NofÍg xf] .

-/fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,@)&)_

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] nIo, p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ u/L sfof{Gjog eO{/x]sf] 5 5}g, o;sf;an tyf b'a{n kIfx¿ s] 5g, k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;sf/fTds k|efj xfl;n eO{/x]sf] 5 5}g elg o;sf];fGb{lestf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efj / lbuf]kgfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljleGg r/0fdf h:t}M k"j{ d"NofÍg (Ex-ante evaluation), rfn" d"NofÍg (On-going evaluation), clGtd jf ;DkGg d"NofÍg (Terminalevaluation) / sfo{qmd kl5sf] d"NofÍg (Ex-post evaluation) jf k|efj d"NofÍg (Impact evaluation) ul/G5 .

@=# cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] p2]Zo

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj /hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 u/L ljsf; k|of; / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ d2tk'¥ofpg' xf] . o;sf p2]Zox?nfO{ a+'bfut ?kdf b]xfofg';f/ pNn]v ul/G5 .

Ø cfd hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;sf/fTds k|efj Nofpg] .

Ø cfjZos tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ .

81

Ø nufgL, (Input), lqmofsnfk, (Activity), k|lqmof, (Process), k|ltkmn (Output), c;/(Outcome) / k|efj (Impact) nfO{ lgoldt tyf Jojl:yt ug]{ .

Ø k[i7kf]if0f pknJw u/fO{ gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg] .

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf dfWodaf6 kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4u/L ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] .

@=$ cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gaLr km/s

cg'udg / d"NofÍg Pp6} ljifo xf]Og\g . oL b'O{aLr 7"nf] cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . tyflk cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgPs csf{;Fu cGof]Gofl>t 5g\\ . logsf cfkm\g} ljz]iftf / ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ km/s5'§Øfpg ;lsG5M

cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gaLr km/s

cg'udg d"Nof°g

• of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo cg'?k ;|f]t ;fwg eP gePsf] x]l/G5 .

• ck]lIft nIo, p2]Zo xfl;n eof] ePg eg]/ ljZn]if0f Pj+ n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .

• Joj:yfksnfO{ ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fP/ ;r]t u/fpF5 .

• gLlt lgdf{0f txnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpF5 .

• lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf lg/Gt/ cg'udg / ;~rfngsf]r/0fdf lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg ul/G5 .

• 5gf}6 r/0fb]lv ;~rfng r/0fkl5sf cj:yfdf klg ul/G5 . h:t}M k"j{ d"NofÍg (Ex-ante),rfn" d"NofÍg (On-going), clGtd jf ;DkGgd"NofÍg (Terminal) / sfo{qmd kl5sf]d"NofÍg (Ex-post) .

• of] Joj:yfkgsf] lg/Gt/ sfo{ xf], h;nfO{ Pp6f cfGtl/s sfo{sf] ¿kdf klg lnOG5 .

• of] lg/Gt/ xf]O{g cfjlws x'G5, s'g} Ps lglZrt ;dodf ul/G5 .

• lgdf{0f r/0f / ;~rfng r/0fsf cj:yfdfb]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;+:yfut k|lqmof xf] .

• lgdf{0f r/0f / ;~rfng r/0fdf cfjZos;'wf/ ug]{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Laf6 kf7 l;sL eljiodf To:t} of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿df ;'wf/ ug]{ ;fwg xf] .

• nufgL, k|lqmof / k|ltkmn;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf;DalGwt x'G5 .

• k"j{lgwf{l/t nIo / pknlAwsf] l:ylttyf ;/f]sf/jfnfdf k/]sf] c;/ / k|efjsf]cWoog;F+u ;DalGwt 5 .

82

• ljsf; Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f cª\u klg xf] .

• sfof{Gjog ul/Psf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfaf6 kf7 l;Sg] sfo{d'vL ljsf; Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/ xf] .

• ;fwf/0ftof, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaf6 ul/G5 . • ;fwf/0ftof, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoeGbf aflx/sf :jtGq JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿af6 u/fOG5 .

sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg ;dofjlwdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g

-;|f]tM /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,@)&)_

@=% g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf ;+:yfut tyf txut ;+/rgf

@=%=! ;+:yfut Joj:yf M

sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿ lgwf{l/t ;|f]t ;fwg k|of]u u/L ;dodf ;DkGg eO{ ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ lbzftk{m pGd'v u/fpgsf nflu cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dod} ;dfwfg u/fpgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df, dGqfno:t/df / lhNnf:t/df ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfut Joj:Yff o; k|sf/ /x]sf5g\ M–

-s_ /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt

gLlt, ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf kf}if, a}zfv / efb| dlxgfsf] t]>f] xKtfqmdzM klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] rf}dfl;s tyf jflif{s cjlwsf] k|ult ;ldIff Pj+ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt -/flj;;;_ /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o

kmfObfx¿sf]k|jfx

k"j{d"NofÍg

cfwf/;j]{If0f

dWofjlwd"NofÍg

clGtdd"NofÍg

k|efjd"NofÍg

lg/Gt/ cg'udg

sfof{Gjog r/0f

lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg

;~rfng r/0f5gf}6 r/0f

lg/Gt/k[i7kf]if0f

83

ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] cWoIftf k|wfgdGqLaf6 ul/G5 . dGqLx¿, /fHodGqLx¿, pkfWoIf,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;xfosdGqLx¿, d'Vo;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿, ;b:o / ;lrj,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ;b:o–;lrj /xg] / ljifo;F+u ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfdlGqt

ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) n] u/]sf] 5 .

-v_ /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg pk–;ldlt

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ;dGjo u/L Jojl:yt ug{ / cfjZos dfu{bz{gsf nflu/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf cfof]usf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg If]q x]g]{ ;b:o, ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ;lrj, cy{ Pj+ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqs, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿, ;DalGwt ljefuLo k|d'v, ;b:o / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, cg'udg tyfd"NofÍg dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj, ;b:o–;lrj /xg] u/L Ps /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg pk–;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-u_ dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt

ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf kf}if, a}zfv / efb| dlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtfqmdzM klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] rf}dfl;s tyf jflif{s cjlwsf] k|ult ;ldIff Pj cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsfnflu ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnox¿df dGqL÷/fHodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /f=of]=cf=sf ;DalGwt If]q x]g]{ ;b:o, ;lrj, ;DjlGwt dGqfno, k|ltlglw, cy{ Pj+ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, k|ltlglw, /f=of]=cf=sf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf / ;DalGwt ljifo If]qut dxfzfvf, k|d'v,;DalGwt ljefu / dGqfnosf of]hgf dxfzfvf, ;b:o / dGqfnosf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfk|d'v, ;b:o–;lrj / ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf kbflwsf/L cfdlGqtsf ?kdf /xg] u/L dGqfno:t/Loljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt -dlj;;;_ /xg]5 .

-3_ dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg pk–;ldlt

dGqfnocGtu{t ;~rflnt ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf]sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg dGqfnox¿df ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;+of]hsTjdf;x;lrj, dGqfnosf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{ x]g]{, k|d'v, ;DalGwt ljefux¿, k|d'v, ;DalGwt sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿ ;b:o / k|d'v, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvf ;b:o–;lrj /xg] u/L PsdGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg pk–;ldlt /xsf] 5 .

84

-ª_ ;+;bLo ;ldlt

;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b k|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;/sf/af6 eP u/]sf sfd sf/afxLsf]cg'udg / d"NofÍg u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg jf /fo ;Nnfx lbg Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf cfjZostf cg';f/ljleGg ljifout ;ldltx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . tL ;ldltx¿n] sfo{kflnsf cGtu{tsf ljleGglgsfox¿n] pknJw u/fpg] ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿dfly 5nkmn u/L plrt /fo tyf ;'emfjx¿ lbg] ub{5g\ / h'g sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿n] dfu{bz{gsf ?kdf lnO{ cjnDjg ug'{k5{ .

-r_ s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g ;ldlt

d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfpg] p2]Zon] ag]sf] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ bkmf #* sf] cfwf/df ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf] lgod @^, @&, @* / @( n] qmdzM s]Gb|Lo:t/df,If]qLo:t/df, lhNnf:t/df / dGqfno:t/df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg]cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg PsfOsf] ;+of]hsdf ;DalGwt dGqfno÷lgsfo÷cfof]usf] ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L If]qLo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf If]qLo k|zf;s, lhNnf cg'udgtyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L cg'udg tyfd"NofÍgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ b]xfodf pNn]lvt txut lgsfox? klg /x]sf 5g .

@=%=@ txut lgsfosf] Joj:yf M

pNn]lvt ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf ;fy} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ ug{ b]xfosf txut lgsfosf] Joj:yf klg df}h'bf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

-c_ /fli6«o txM

s_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noM— cfly{s tyf ;}4flGts a]?h' p7fO{ cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod/fVg,

v_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no—M ;]jf k|jfx tyf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf] glthf cg'udg ug{,

u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uM— glthfvfsf tyf /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) dfpNn]lvt glthf ;"rssf] cg'udg / cg'udgsf] cg'udg tyf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf]d"NofÍg / d"NofÍgsf] d"NofÍg ug{,

3_ cy{ dGqfno M— tf]lsPsf cfof]hgfx?sf] k"+lhut vr{ l:ylt tyf ;dli6ut cfly{skl/;"rsx?sf] cg'udg ug{,

85

ª_ ljifout dGqfnox? M— cfkm' cGt{utsf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] cfaZoQmf cg'?k k"j{lgwf{l/t ;"rsx?sf] cg'udg ug{,

r_ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| M— tf]lsPsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fx?sf] k|fljlws kl/If0f ug{,

5_ dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no M— ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg tyf PEFA Assement ug{,

-cf_ ljefu÷If]qLo txM

ljefu tyf If]qLo÷k|zf;g sfof{nox¿ M— jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd efu—! / efu—@ dfpNn]lvt sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{,

-O_ lhNnf txM

cfjlws lhNnf ljsf; of]hgfdf /x]sf tyf lhNnf:t/Lo cfof]hgfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{ ;f+;b ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf lhNnf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf .

#= glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g

glthfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /flv ul/g] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg g} glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg xf] .o;sfnflu glthfx? k"j{ kl/eflift / k"j{{ lgwf{l/t x'g h?/L x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} glthfnfO{ dfkg ug]{;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf, cfjlws nIo, k'i6\+ofO{sf ;|f]tx?, lhDd]jf/ lgsfo / ;Defljt hf]lvd tyfcg'dfgsf] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] glthfvfsf clu|d ?kdf tof/ u/L ;f]lx adf]lhdsf glthfx?sf] lg/Gt/ /cfjlws?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ul/G5 . o;}u/L] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgrqmsf k|d'v cËx? of]hgf,ah]6, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ glthfd"ns agfO{ ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=! glthf s] xf] <

A result is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively orquantitatively. Possible results include advantage, disadvantage, gain, injury, loss, value andvictory. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Result)

æs'g} sfdsf] cflv/df k|fKt x'g] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] kl/0ffd, >d jf k|of;sf] kmn g} glthf xf]Æ -g]kfnL j[xt zJbsf]if_ . glthf eg]sf] kl/0ffd, kmn, lgisif{, lgrf]/ xf] . -zAb;fu/_

s'g} klg sfo{sf] clGtd kl/0ffd jf k|ltkmn g} glthf xf] . of] ck]lIft / cgk]lIft tyf ;sf/fTds /gsf/fTds b'j} x'G5 . glthfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df nufgL (Input) / s[ofsnfkx? (Activities)sf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn (Output), c;/ (Outcome) / k|efj (Impact) g} glthf x'g . Inputè Process/activityèOutput df Output -k|ltkmn_ g} Joj:yfkgn] pTkfbg ug]{ glthf xf] . olxk|ltkmn txsf glthf dfkm{t cGo c;/ txsf / k|efj txsf glthf xfl;n ug{df ;sf/fTds of]ubfgk'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . -lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, @)&! c;f/_

86

#=@ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] cfjZoQmf

glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] Ps zQmLzfnL cf}hf/ xf] . glthfd"nscg'udg tyf d"NofÍg kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljZjJoflk Ph]08fsf] ?kdf lj:tf/Lt / ljsl;t x'Fb} cfO{/x]sf]5 . of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;du| ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg,kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug{ / gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdfcfwfl/t agfpg glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] cfjZoQmf clgjfo{ aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;sf]cfjZoQmfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4 ug{

Ø ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfn] lnPsf nIo, p2]Zo k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, kl/df0f / u'0f:t/df ;DkGg ug{,

Ø ljsf; glthf dfkm{t hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg,

Ø ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ultdf l;ldt k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ c;/ / k|efj txsfglthf s]Gb|Lt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{,

Ø l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ glthf;+u cfj4 u/L clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{,

Ø ;+;lbo ;ldlt, ljkIfL /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, lglh If]q / ;~rf/ hutn] glthfsf;DaGwdf p7fPsf cfjfhx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{,

Ø ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ glthfd"vL agfO{ ljsf; k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{,

Ø glthf k|ltsf] bft[ lgsfosf] rf;f] Pj+ Mutual Accountability nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{,

Ø ;/sf/, ;xsf/L, lglh If]q / u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?df /x]sf ljs[tLx?sf] Go"lgs/0f u/L;s/fTds glthf xfl;n ug{,

-v_ cGt/f{i6«Lo k|lta4tf k'/f u/L /fli6«o ;Ddfgdf clej[l4 ug{

Ø ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (MDG) xfl;n ug{,

Ø clt sdljsl;t /fi6« (LDC) af6 :Q/f]GgtL x'g,

Ø ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08x? k'/f ug{,

Ø cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;xfotf (IDA Funding) sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{,

Ø clt C0fu|:t /fi6« (HIPC) x'gaf6 hf]lug,

Ø If]qLo:t/sf ;+u7gdf glthf k|b{lzt u/L ;Ifd ;b:osf ?kdf pkl:ylt hgfpg,

Ø Doing Business Report df pNn]lvt ;"rsx?df /fi6«sf] k|ult b]vfpg,

87

Ø Transparency International sf] Report df ;'wf/ Nofpg,

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] Ps zlQmzfnL cf}hf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{,

The Power of Measuring Results

• If you do not measure results, you cannot tell success from failure.

• If you cannot see success, you cannot reward it.

• If you cannot reward success, you are probably rewarding failure.

• If you cannot see success, you cannot learn from it.

• If you cannot recognize failure, you cannot correct it.

• If you can demonstrate results, you can win public support.

(Osborne & Gaebler, 1992)

#=# glthfd"ns cg'udg

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ck]lIft glthfcg'?k s]–slt k|ult k|fKt ePsf]5 egL t'ngf ug{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;"rgfsf] ;sng / ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof glthfd"ns cg'udg xf] .o; cGtu{t of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿af6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efjh:tf glthf>[ÎnfnfO{ cfof]hgf rqm cg'?k cfwf/ tYofÍ / nIo tf]sL ;f]sf cfwf/df k|ultsf] cg'udg

ug'{kb{5 .

#=$ glthfd"ns cg'udgsf k|sf/x¿

-s_ lg/Gt/ cg'udg

of]hgf, gLlt tyf Jofj;flos of]hgf (Business Plan) x¿n] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] x'G5 . pQm sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿dflglZrt ul/Psf nufgL, lqmofsnfk, k|lqmof / k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg eP gePsf]lgwf{/0f ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{'k5{ .

-v_ lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f r/0f ;DkGg ePkZrft\ pQm sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] lgwf{l/t cfo';Dd lg/Gt/ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t;fwg tyf dd{t;Def/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ / ck]lIft k|ltkmnxfl;n ug{ lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg ul/G5 .

#=% glthfd"ns cg'udgsf ljlwx¿

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|s[lt, cg'udgsf] tx tyf p2]Zo, pknAw ;do, ah]6 /cGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]t Vofn u/L pko'Qm ljlw cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

88

s_ nIo / k|ultsf] t'ngfM

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf x/]s cfly{s jif{df k|d'v sfo{x¿;d]tsf] rf}dfl;s nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . pQm nIocg';f/ sfo{ eP gePsf] tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;du| l:ylt-ef}lts k|ult, ljQLo k|ult / Joltt ;do_ sf] cg'udg ul/G5 .

nIo / k|ultsf] t'ngf

;"rs nIo k|ult nIo–k|ult aLrsf] cGt/

sf/0f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|of;x¿

sfnf] kq] ug]{ !$ ls=dL !) $ 7]s]bf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;d:of

;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+u 5nkmn sfo{ e}/x]sf]

k/fdz{bftfsf] lgo'lQm

@ hgf @ hgf )

tflnd ;+rfng ug]{

!% !) % ;do tyf ah]6sf] cefj

cfufld rf}dfl;sdf ;DkGg ul/g], cy{df kqfrf/ ul/Psf]

v_ :ynut cg'udgM

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ePsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfo{:ynd} uP/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ljz]ifu/L ;d:ofu|:t cfof]hgfx¿sf] :ynut cg'udgug'{ kb{5 . :ynut cg'udg ubf{ kof{Kt u[xsfo{ ug{'kg]{ / o;sf lglDt cfjZostfcg';f/sfb:tfj]hsf] klxn] g} cWoog ug'{kb{5 .

u_ t];|f] kIfåf/f cg'udgM

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg lgoldt ;+oGqsf ;fy} :jtGq lgsfo tyf JolQmx¿af6 klg u/fpg ;lsG5 . cg'udg u/fpFbf s'g} vf; bIftf tyf sfo{s'zntfcfjZos kg]{ ePdf klg t];|f] kIfaf6 cg'udg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

#=^ glthfd"ns d"Nof°g

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t nIo, p2]Zo, l8hfOg, nfe–nfut, k|fljlws Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿sf ;fy} k|ltkmn (Output), c;/ (Outcome) / k|efj (Impact) txsf

89

glthfx?sf] ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efj / lbuf]kgfsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf d"NofÍg ug]{sfo{ g} glthfd"ns d"NofÍg xf] .

#=& d"Nof°gsf cfwf/x¿

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf d"NofÍg ubf{ ljleGg cfwf/x¿ lng ;lsG5 .cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;+u7g (OECD) sf] ljsf; ;xfotf ;ldlt (DAC) n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/x¿ xfn g]kfndf klg ckgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . oL b]xfo jdf]lhd 5g\ M–

d"Nof°gsf cfwf/x¿

d"Nof°gsf cfwf/x¿

kl/efiff

;fGble{stf (Relevance)

lgwf{l/t gLlt, of]hgf,sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf nIox¿ nlIft ju{sf cfjZostf / k|fyldstf tyf /fli6«o÷ljifout ljsf; gLlt tyf nIox¿sf ;fy} bft[ lgsfosf ;xfotf gLlt;Fu s]–slt d]n vfG5g\ lgSof}{n ug]{ .

k|efjsfl/tf (Effectiveness)

lgwf{l/t of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf nIox¿ s] slt k|fKt eP jf k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf 5 klxrfg ug]{ .

sfo{bIftf(Effi ciency)

sfo{bIftfn] nufgLsf] cg'kftdf k|ltkmn k|fKt eP jf gePsf] dfkg u5{ . lgwf{l/t kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf cfly{s kIfdf s]–sltsf] ldtJooL / s'zn 5g\ klxrfg ug]{ .

k|efj(Impact)

;~rflnt of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfn] lgDTofPsf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf, lgwf{l/t jf lgWff{/0f gul/Psf, ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kl/jt{g / k|efjnfO{ dfkg ug]{ .

lbuf]kgf (Sustainability)

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf / To;af6 ePsf pknlAw k|ltkmnn] slt lg/Gt/tf kfpF5g\ dfkg ug]{ .

-;|f]tM /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,@)&)_

#=* k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g / glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gaLr km/s

k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg / glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaLr lgDgfg';f/ km/s 5'§Øfpg ;lsG5 .

90

k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g / glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gaLr km/s

k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

• lgod, k|lqmofsf] kfngf eP gePsf] ljifodf s]Gb|Lt x'G5 . Did they do it k|Zgsf] pQ/vf]hL ub{5 .

• Outcome / Impact focus x'G5 . So what k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]hL ub{5 .

• ;|f]t ;fwg k'Uof] k'u]g, lgwf{l/t lqmofsnfk eof] ePg eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 .

• p2]Zo xfl;n eof] ePg, hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df s] kl/jt{g cfof] eg]/ x]l/G5 .

• lgwf{l/t k|ltkmn k|fKt eof] ePg eg]/ x]l/G5 .cyf{t k|ltkmn ;Dddf l;ldt /xG5 .

• c;/ / k|efj ;sf/fTds /xof] /x]g, k|ltkmnn];sf/fTds c;/ / k|efj Nofpg of]ubfgk'¥ofof] k'¥ofPg eg]/ x]l/G5 .

• ;d:ofsf] ljj/0f / kl/l:yltsf] lrq0f u5{ . • glthfsf] l:ylt tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfdf k/]sf]c;/ / k|efj;F+u ;DalGwt x'G5 .

• sfo{;Dkfbgd"vL / k|lqmofd"vL x'G5 . • glthfd"vL x'G5 To;df klg c;/ / k|efjtxsf] .

• :s'n aGof], wf/f aGof], ;8s aGof] eGg] k|ltkmn txsf glthfdf a9L hf]8 lbG5 .

• z}lIfs u'0f:t/df s] ;'wf/ eof], vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of 5 5}g, ;8s dfkm{t hgtfn] s] ;'ljwfkfP eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 .

• ef}lts / ljQLo k|ultdf hf]8 lbG5 . • ;sf/fTds c;/ k|efjdf hf]8 lbG5 .

$= g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gsf] k|of]u

g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljifout If]qsf] gLltut vfsfsf] tof/L, ul/jL cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f Joj:yf (Poverty Monitoring AnalysisSystem – PMAS) / lhNnf ul/aL cg'udg tyf laZn]if0f Joj:yf (Distrct Poverty MonitoringSystem - DPMAS) lgdf{0f u/L ljleGg txsf ;"rsx?sf] lgwf{/0f / ;a} s]Gb|Lo:t/sf cfof]hgfx?n]nuk|m]d agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf bzf}+ of]hgfdf g} ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5sf lqaifL{o cGtl/d -P3f/f}+_of]hgf / lqaifL{o -afxf}+_ of]hgfdf eg] o;nfO{ cu|ult lbO{ ;+:yfut ug{] sfo{df vf;} k|ult x'g ;s]g . log} tYox?nfO{ dgg u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] t]x|f} of]hgfsf] b:tfj]h :jLs[t ug]{ qmddfg} ljifo If]qut glthfvfsf (Result Framework) tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lg0f{o u/] cg';f/t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] glthfvfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{;lsPsf] 5 . k|:t't glthfvfsf glthfd"nscg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf /xg] 5 . glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] b]xfosf cGo Joj:yfx? klg /x]sf 5g .

91

Ø gofF cfof]hgf l:s[tLsf] nflu k]z ubf{ ;f]r tflnsf (Logical Framework) nfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf]5 .

Ø sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] l:js[t ug]{ qmddf dfkgof]Uo ;"rs ;lxtsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf / vl/b of]hgf clgjfo{ ?kdf tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu ljleGg cfjlws nIox?nfO{ dfkg ug{ k|ltkmn, c;/ tyf k|efj txsf ljifo If]qut ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf, jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd / dGqfno:t/sf ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

Ø kl5Nnf] ;dodf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{non] dGqfno:t/sf ;"rsx?nfO{ cfwf/ dflg sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .

Ø gofF ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! df /fli6«o glthf 9fFrf ( Na!onal Result Framework) lgdf{0f ug]{p43f]if u/]sf] 5 . h;n] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ yk cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{5 .

Ø sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿df ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /sdaf6 lgwf{l/t nIo ;dod} xfl;n x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ah]6 lgsf;f Joj:yf (Performance Based Budget Reslease

System) nfO{ nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

Ø ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?nfO{ nIo tf]ls dfkgof]Uo ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/df kl/0ffdd"lv agfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg k|ultsf cfwf/df yk tnaeQf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] u/L /fhZj k|zf;g, lghfdlt lstfavfgf nufot xfn sl/a !( eGbf al9 ;/sf/L lgsfox?df /5flgPsf s]lx cfof]hgfx?df sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffln (Performance Based

Incen!ve System) sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .

Ø eljiodf of] ;]jf yk lj:tfl/t x'Fb} hfg] ;'lglZrttf a9b} uPsf]n] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] If]q / bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpFb} n}hfg] 5 .

Ø sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfnfO{ lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/ / kl/df0fdf ;DkGg ug{sf] nflusfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs;+u cfj4 ul/ tfn's lgsfosf k|d'v;+u sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf (Performance

Contract) u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .

Ø k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f;DaGwL cfof]hgfx? k"j{ lgwf{l/t glthf Pj+ u'0f:t/ cg';f/ eP gePsf], k"j{ lgwf{l/t l8hfO{g, k|ljlw tyf ;fdu|L k|of]usf] k|fljlws cWoog ljZn]if0f Pj+ kl/If0f ug{sf nflu /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] cf=j= @)^!÷^@ b]lv k|To]s jif{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f;DaGwL 5flgPsf s]xL cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|fljlws kl/If0f (Technical Audit) ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

92

Ø ;fj{hlgs vr{ nlIft glthf xfl;n ug]{ ul/ k|jfx eO{/x]sf] 5, 5}g, ah]6 vr{ ug]{] clVtof/L, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / jh]6 lgsf;f nufotsf sfo{df s'g s'g lgsfodf s]–slt;do nfUof] eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L lng] / ;dod} sfo{qmd tyf jh]6 gk'u]sf] kfOPdf ;f] sf] sf/0fljZn]if0f u/L ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg (Public Expenditure Tracking Survey- PETS)

ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

Ø /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] g]kfnsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpgsf nflu ljifout If]qsf cGtl/d txsf -nufgL, lqmofsnfk tyf k|ltkmn txsf_ / clGtd txsf -c;/ /k|efj txsf_ ;"rsx? ;lxt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] æ/fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g lbUbz{g, @)&)Æ k|sflzt ul/ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

Ø ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4lt dfkm{t of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfoLTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 u/L cg'udgtyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{df hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg] p2]Zo cg'?k /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] gofF ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .

%= glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4

/fHon] gful/ssf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;~rfng u/]sf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' ;DjlGwt lgsfosf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj leq kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgssfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf JolQmn] hfgsf/L lng vf]h]sf ljifoj:t' tyf ;jfnx¿sf ;DjGwdf ;dod} plrt hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg' tL lgsfosf] st{Jo x'G5 . ;fj{hlgslgsfox¿ ;+nUg ePsf ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ / To;af6 k|fKt ePsfk|ltkmn, c;/ / k|efjx¿ ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{u/fpg ;+;bLo ;ldltb]lv ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/L kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj /hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

%=! glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf

glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ, ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx?sf] k[i7kf]if0f tyf d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx¿ dfkm{t lgDgfg';f/sf k|lqmofdfkm{t kf/bzL{tf sfod ul/G5 .

Ø cg'udgstf{n] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgjf6 k|fKt tYofÍ, ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx?sf] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]z ug'{kb{5 .

93

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgn] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] cWoog u/L Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg txn] pko'Qm ;'emfjx¿sf] Management Response Plan agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

Ø k|ltj]bgsf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cGo lgsfoaf6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvPdf k|ltj]bgsf] Joxf]/f ;lxt ;DalGwt lgsfodf cfjZos sfof{y{ k7fpg'kb{5 .

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx¿af6 k|fKt dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿nfO{ sfo{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]; u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

Ø o:tf k|ltj]bgx¿ ;DjlGwt dGqfno jf lgsfosf] j]a;fO6 (website) df /fVg' kb{5 .

Ø k|ltj]bgx¿sf jf/]df 5nkmn, a}7s, cGt/lqmof, sfo{zfnf cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .

Ø dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍ, ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx?sf] k|ltj]bg gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfox¿df k[i7kf]if0f tyf cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k]z ug'{ kb{5 .

%=@ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g dfkm{t ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf

glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L, s'zn tyf lbuf]¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L cfd hgtfsf]

hLjg:t/df ;sf/fTds k|efj Nofpg' xf] . ;fy} glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug'{ klg xf] . of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ tyf ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ gful/ssf] bfloTjaf]w u/fpg] / ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf xf] .o; k|lqmofdf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ul/Psf nufgL, lqmofsnfk, k|ltkmndf nfeu|fxLx¿nfO{ k|ToIf¿kdf ;+nUg u/L kf/bzL{ ¿kdf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs kl/If0f,;fdflhs kl/If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO h:tf ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltx?sf] cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .

%@=! ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f (Public Audit)

;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ePsf of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] nIo, p2]Zo, ah]6 tyf o;af6 k|fKt glthf, k|ltkmn tyf vr{sf] af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], n]vfhf]vf ug]{ / d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kl/If0f elgG5 .

;/sf/L lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos:t/jf6 x'g] ljsf;sf ljljw lqmofsnfk tyf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], kf/bzL{ / ldtJooL agfpg ;]jfu|fxLsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutfdf;xhstf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs kl/If0f ug{''k5{ . o;af6 kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf

94

hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .

%@=@ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO (Public Hearing)

;/f]sf/jfnf, ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s / ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿aLr ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifodf;fj{hlgs :yndf v'nf 5nkmn ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO elgG5 .

;fj{hlgs lgsfo / gful/sx¿aLrdf bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb :yflkt ug{ / hgtfnfO{ b]z ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf/rgfTds k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ kf/blz{tfsf dfWodåf/f ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo /k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;+:sf/ a;fpg ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ug{'' kb{5 .o;af6 klg kf/blz{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .

;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf] bkmf !( df ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO k|To]s rf/dlxgfdf sDtLdf Psk6s u/fpg' kg{]5 / To:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] qmddf ;]jfu|fxL;dIf k|lta4tfhgfPsf s'/fx¿ k"/f ug{ sfof{non] u/]sf k|of;x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ Joj:Yff 5 .

%=@=# ;fdflhs k/LIf0f (Social Audit)

of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf / hfgsf/L x'g'kg]{ dfGotfcg'¿k ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf];Dk"0f{ ultljlwsf] ;d'lrt kl/If0f u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{ ;fdflhs kl/If0f xf] . ;fdflhskl/If0faf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ultljlwk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{, pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]udf ;xof]u ug{, kf/blz{tf Nofpg, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fO{ /fHon] gful/ssf] ;]jf;'ljwfsf nflu u/]sf] nufgLn] pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df kf/]sf] c;/ tyf k|efjx¿sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n x'g uO{ eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf dfu{x? k|fKt x'G5 .

^= g]kfnsf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof°gdf b]lvPsf r'gf}lt tyf ;d:ofx?

g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ ;DaGwdf pNn]lvt ;+:yfut Pj+ sfo{ut Joj:yfsf jfjh'b of] k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . glthfd"ns cg'udg tyfd"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg b]lvPsf s]lx k|d'v r'gf}lt tyf ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 .

^=! r'gf}ltx?

Ø of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{sf] cj:yfdf cg'udg ul/g] lqmofsnfk /d"NofÍg ul/g] pknlAwnfO{ j:t'ut tyf dfkgof]Uo ?kdf kl/eflift gul/ ljifout ?kdf sfod

95

ug'{n] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{nfO g} r'gf}ltk"0f{ agfO{ lbPsf] 5 .

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg / hjfkmb]lxtf;+u cfj4 gu/L ;fdfGokf7 l;sfO{sf] ?kdf lng] k|j[lQnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ r'gf}lt ljBdfg 5 .

Ø ef}lts / ljQLo k|utLdf s]Gb|Lt sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ / k|efj txsf] glthf s]Gb|Ltsfof{Gjog k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

Ø ;+:yfut eGbf JolQmafbL ;f]r, lrGtg / k|of; ljBdfg /x]sf] jt{dfg sfo{z}nLdf k|0ffnLut?kdf;~rfng x'g] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] sfo{ cToGt} r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

Ø ;fj{hlgs If]qd} k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;lsPsf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;xsf/L, lglh If]q Pj+ u}x|;/sf/L If]qdf ;d]t lj:tf/ u/L kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lx k4tLsf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ yk r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 .

Ø k/Dk/fut cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL g} k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf glthfd"ns h:tf] a}1flgs k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k4ltsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;a}sf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ klg sd r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5}g .

Ø ;"rgf / tYofs+sf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ gePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf e/kbf]{ / cfjZos jlu{s[t ;"rgf/ tYofs+sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ yk r'gf}ltk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

Ø k|fljlws?kdf cToGt} ;Ifd / of]Uo JolQm rflxg] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf cGoq sfd gnfu]sf,sf/aflxdf k/]sf Pj+ Go"g dgf]an ePsf JolQmx?af6 glthfd"ns k4ltsf] sfof{Gjog dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ emg} r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf]b]lvG5 .

Ø t;y{ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ nfu' ug'{ eGbf o;sf] lg/Gt/tf, sfof{GjogzLntf / lbuf]kgfsf] r'gf}lt t emg ;+w} /xg] b]lvG5 .

^=@ ;d:ofx?

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lt /fhgLlts Pj+ pRr k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] k|ltj4tf sdhf]/ /x'g',

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ gLlt lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfj4 ug{ g;lsg',

Ø of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf]sfo{n] dxTj gkfpg',

Ø ljifout dGqfno tyf of]hgfx?n] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ k|d'v sfo{sf ?kdf glng',

Ø lb3{sflng ;f]r eGbf tby{ ;dfwfgn] lg/Gt/tf kfO{/xg' / yflnPsf gljg k4ltsf] sfof{GjogkIf lkmtnf] /xg',

Ø bIf tflnd k|fKt tyf gljgtd ;Lk / k|ljlw k|of]u ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] sld /xg',

Ø glthfk|lt ;Da4 lgsfonfO{ hafkmb]xL agfpg g;Sg',

96

Ø ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;a} If]qdf kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kIfsdhf]/ /xg',

Ø of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtf sdhf]/ /xg',

Ø glthf >[v+nf ;lxtsf] glthf vfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/kf6L al; g;Sg',

Ø If]qut glthf k|fKt ug{ x'g'kg]{ cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf] kIf sdhf]/ /xg',

Ø of]hgfj4 ljsf;nfO{ glthfd"ns jgfO{ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ljifon] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg',

Ø dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg g;Sg' / glthfd"ns x'g g;Sg',

Ø sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf th{'df ubf{ ;f]rtflnsfnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ g;Sg', Quality At Entry sf]kIf sdhf]/ /xg',

Ø sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;a} sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?df nfu' ug{ g;Sg',

Ø sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf k"j{zt{x? -h:t}M :yfg, hgzlQm, sfof{Gjog ;+oGq, hUufsf] klxrfg tyf d"cfAhf -Joj:yf cflb_ k'/f gul/ ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug]{ / vr{ ug{ g;Sg] k|j[ltdf;'wf/ cfpg g;Sg',

&= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? (Problem free life never makes a strong person)

Ps k':tfn] b'Mv gu/L csf]{ k':tfn] ;'v kfpFb}g eGg] s'/f JolQmut hLjgdf dfq xf]O{g ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf klg nfu' x'G5 . pNn]lvt r'gf}lt tyf ;d:ofx? g} xfd|f nflu cj;/ x'g eGg] 7fg]/ ;'wf/sf]dfu{df lg/Gt/ nfUg ;Sbf d'n'ssf] d'xf/ km]l/g ;S5 . ;+;f/ lgdf{0f ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6} x'Fb} cfPsf x'g .;d:ofleq} ;dfwfgsf pkfox? n's]sf x'G5g\ . r'gf}ltx?nfO{ cj;/df kl/0ft ug]{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgub}{ hfg] xf] eg] hlt w]/} ;d:of Tolt w]/} ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx? x'G5g, s]jn ;d:ofsf] ;lx klxrfg u/L tbg'?ksf] k|of; eg] ug'{ kb{5 . ljutsf q'l6 Pj+ sld sdhf]/Lx?sf] ;'wf/ ug'{ klg ;d:ofsf];dfwfg xf] . pNn]lvt ;d:ofx?sf] ljBdfgtf /x] klg g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf]]cEof; eO{;s]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] glthfvfsf sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog /lg/Gt/ ;'wf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg' k5{ . ;'wf/sf u'GhfO{;x? ;b}j /lx/xG5g . h;n] glthfd"ns cg'udgtyf d"NofÍgsf nflu Ps bl/nf] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lgDg pkfox?sf] sfof{Gjogn] xfn b]lvPssfpNn]lvt ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

&=! ;+:yfut ;'wf/

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DalGw gLlt, P]g, lgodsf] cefj /x]sfn] ;f] sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],

Ø /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g,@)&) sf] k|efjsf/L ;+k|]if0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg],

97

Ø d"NofÍgsf] dfkb08 jf gD;{ lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],

Ø of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;a} If]qdf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ cfj4 u/fpg],

Ø cGt/fli6«o k|lta4tf ;d]tnfO{ ;dflxt u/L /fli6«o txsf ;"rsx? ;lxtsf] /fli6«o glthf vfsf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ Pj+ ;'emfjx?sf] Management Responce Plan agfO{sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{,

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] dxTjsf jf/]df gLltut txnfO{ af]w u/fpg],

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no / If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?nfO{ kl/rfngug]{,

&=@ sfo{ut ;'wf/

Ø of]hgf tyf gLlt th'{df ubf{ glthf >[v+nf;lxtsf] glthfvfsf (Result Framework) /cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{ ;f]r tflnsf (Log frame) agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{,

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf (Results Based M&E Plan) agfO{ ;f] sf] lg/Gt/sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] klg cg'udg ug]{,

Ø ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg, k|fljlws kl/If0f, sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ah]6 lgsf;f k|0ffnL, sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf h:tf glthf ;"rsdf cfwfl/t sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg],

Ø /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/L ;DkGg b/df j[l4 ug]{,

Ø dxTjfsf+IfL nIo lgwf{/0f gul/ sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/dfq nIox? lgwf{/0f ug]{, h] ;lsG5 Tof] dfq nIo /fVg],

Ø dWosflng vr{ ;+/rgf (MTEF) nfO{ glthfd"ns jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf lg/Gt/tf lbg],

Ø lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) df pNn]lvt glthfd"ns Joj:yfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ .

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;/sf/, ;xsf/L, lghLIf]q, tyf u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx?aLr cfkl; ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] .

&=# Kff/bzL{ k4ltsf] cjnDag

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf k|ltj]bgx? ;DalGwt lgsfosf] j]j;fO6 (website) df /fVg],

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf jf/]df 5nkmn, a}7s, cGt/lqmof, sfo{zfnf cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg],

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍ, ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx?sf]

98

k|ltj]bg gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfox¿df k[i7kf]if0f tyf cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k]z ug]{,

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ;~hfn la:tf/ ug]{,

&=$ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{g

Ø ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf glth fd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ubf{ n]vfkl/If0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpg],

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] ljZn]if0f tyf k|of]u clej[l4 u/L gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg],

Ø ;fdflhs kl/If0f, ;fj{hlgs kl/If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u a9fpFb} n}hfg],

Ø ;+;bLo ;ldltx?sf] lqmofzLntf clej[l4 ug]{,

&=% hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clej[l4

Ø ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'vx?;+u glthf;"rsdf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L glthf k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg],

Ø glthf k|fKtLsf nflu rflxg] ;|f]t, ;fwg / clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ug]{,

Ø glthfd"ns sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ gub ;x'lnot / b08 k'/:sf/;+u cfa4 u/fpg],

Ø sfof{Gjog cjlwsf] ;'lglZrttf tyf l:y/tf k|bfg ug]{,

Ø ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / lgoGq0f sfodu/fpg],

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;Da4 ;+:yf, lgsfo tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] lqmofzLntf clej[l4 ug]{,

&=^ Ifdtf ljsf;

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug]{,

Ø k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] ;~rfng ug]{,

Ø cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu j}b]lzs e|d0f tyftflndsf nflu ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg],

Ø ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|j]z ;DaGwL tflnd tyf ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{,

Ø bIftf xfl;n u/]sf cg'ejL hgzlQmnfO{ of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df nfdf] ;do ;]jf/t /xg] Joj:yfsf nflu gLltut ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf ldnfpg],

99

Ø glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsfnflu b]xfodf pNn]lvt b; r/0fx? k'/f u/L o;sf] l8hfO{g, lgdf{0f / lbuf]kgfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{,

Ten Steps to Designing, Building, and Sustaining a Results-Based Monitoring andEvaluation System

Ø Conducting a Readiness Assessment,Ø Agreeing on Outcomes to Monitor and Evaluate,Ø Selecting Key Indicators to Monitor Outcomes,Ø Baseline Data on Indicators — Where Are We Today?Ø Planning for Improvement — Selecting Results Targets,Ø Monitoring for Results,Ø The Role of Evaluations,Ø Reporting Findings,Ø Using Findings,Ø Sustaining the M&E System within the Organization

(World Bank 2004)

*= ck]lIft pknlAwx?

pNn]lvt ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg eO{ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;+:yfut ePsf] x'g], sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf ;DkGg b/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g] / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;du| Joj:yfkgdf kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhspQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

(= lgisif{M

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf rqmx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ cË ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ljgf ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug]{ clenfiff k'/f x'g ;Qm}g . g]kfndf of]hgf tyf gLlt /fd|f aG5g t/ sfof{Gjog x'+b}g\g eGg'sf k5fl8sf sf/0fx?sf]

vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf k|d'v sf/0fsf ?kdf glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ dxTj glbO{Psf]n] g} xf] eGg]df ljjfb /xg ;Sb}g . glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO ;fj{hlgsJoj:yfkgsf] zlQmzfnL cf}hf/sf ?kdf :yflkt ug{, pNn]lvt r'gf}ltx?nfO{ cj;/df kl/0ft ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ /fhgLlts b[9 O{R5fzlQm, k|zf;goGqsf] Joj;floslgi7f / O{dfGbfl/tf, lglhIf]qsf] :jR5tf, gful/s ;dfhsf] lqmofzLntf / bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]u, ;b\efj / Mutual Accountability a9g ;s]sf] v08df dfq glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

100

!)= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

� /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) , g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,

� t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

� tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf-@)^$÷)^%–@)^^÷)^&_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dª\l;/, @)^$

� lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, c;f/,@)^*

� bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(— @)^$_ >L % sf] ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn

� dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df08f},

� ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df08f},

� g]kfn, a;Gts'df/ zdf{, g]kfnL zAb;fu/, efiff k':ts e08f/

� lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, -@)&! c;f/_, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, -g]kfnsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf;df glthfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]u, Zofd k|;fb e08f/L_

� M&E guideline, 2070, National Monitoring & Evaluation Guideline, 2070, NationalPlanning Commission, Nepal

Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler, 1992 Reinventing Government.Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley

2002. “Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-Based Management.” Paris: OECD/DAC.

World Bank, 2004, Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System

http://www.npc.gov.np

http://www.keepeek.com

http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/parisdeclarationandaccraagendaforaction.htmhttp://www.adb.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Result

http://www.mfdr.org/1About.html

101

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs cfly{s÷ljQ

Joj:yfkg M Ps l;+xfjnf]sg

;f/f+z

;fj{hlgs enfO{ Pj+ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g b]lv ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs Gofo ;Ddsf sfo{x? ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf sfo{x? ug{sf] nflucfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+sng, af+8kmf+8, pkof]u, n]vf+sg, k|ltj]bg, d"Nof+sg / k[i7 kf]if0fsf] ;du|tfnfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{gug{, ;fj{hlgs sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/bzL{{tf Nofpg, ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg, Fiscal Bleeding lgoGq0f ug{, k|efjsf/L lg0f{o ug{, hgljZjf; clea[l4 u/L ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{, cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{, ;/sf/sf] j}wtf:yflkt ug{ Pj+ ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf /xG5 .

cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fsf] hjfkmb]xL :ki6 ls6fg gx'g' cfly{s gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd /ah]6 aLr plrt tfnd]n sfod gx'g', ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /xg', cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsg', ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] a]?h' /sd a9\b} hfg', ah]6 vr{sf] :ki6 dfkb08 gx'g', gubdf cfwfl/t >]:tf k|0ffnL x'g', ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] dfn ;fdfg / ;DklQsf] oyfy{ lrq0f n]vf Joj:yfaf6 b]vfpg g;lsg', International standard cg'?k Accounting system sf] cefj /xg', j}b]lzs C0f ;xfotf jfktsf]/sd ;dod} ;f]wegf{ lng g;Sg', ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL k|lqmofut ;d:ofx? sfod}/xg', u}/ ah]6/L vr{ a[l4 eO/xg', j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf]sdL, ;dGjosf] cefj, k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] Go"g pkof]u, ;xfotfsf] k|lta4tf, k|fKtL /pkof]udf Gap x'g' tyf ljQLo cg'zf;gsf] sdL x'g' h:tf ;d:ofx? g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs

–gj/fh ;fksf]6f*

* k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno .

102

!= ljifo k|j]z

/fHosf] pTklQ;Fu} ;/sf/n] hgtfaf6 /sd p7fP/ /fHosf] l;dfgf lj:tf/, ef]u ljnf;, b}lgs k|zf;gdf

vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf]df ;do kl/jt{g;Fu} /fHon] gful/ssf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs enfO{

Pj+ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g b]lv ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs Gofo ;Ddsf sfo{x?

ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf sfo{x? ug{sf] nflu ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng ubf{

cjnDjg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;du|tfnfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

cy{tGqsf] 9fFrf sf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} ;dfhjfbL (Feudalistic) cfly{s Joj:yf, k'FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yf,

gjk'FhLjfbL cy{ Joj:yf , ;dfhjfbL cy{ Joj:yf, ldl>t cy{Joj:yf / pbf/ cy{Joj:yf -Liberal

Economy_ df ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrfdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf JofKt /x]sf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf/x]sf o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/df vr{ u/L cfly{s a[l4 ug{ Early Budget nfu" ug{ kg]{ Pj+ cfly{s jif{ a}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu" ug]{, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbOg' kg]{, k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnLdf >]:tf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{, sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{, j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ clgjfo{ ah]6df ;dfj]z ug]{, E-bidding nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], vr{sf] dfkb08 agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], MTEF nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], TSA (Treasury SingleAccount) nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ljQLo pQ/bfloTj sfg"g (Fiscal Accountability Act) sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], ;fj{hlgs vl/b (Public Procurement)sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{, sfo{qmdut If]qdf z"Godf cfwfl/t / ;fn j;fnLx'g] sfo{qmddf Global Budget k4lt cjnDjg ug]{, cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{, n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg], xfnsf] gubdf cfwfl/t >]:tf k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g u/L qmdzM Modifi edAccural Accounting x'Fb} k"0f{ k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnL (Full Accural Accounting System) df cfwfl/t n]vf /fVg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs laQLo Joj:yfkgn] @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] xfFs / r'gf}ltnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

103

;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf df ;fj{hlgs :jfldTjdf pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] sfo{ x'g], ;/sf/sf]

9's'6Ldf g} cy{tGqsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfDbfgL hDdf x'g] / ;/sf/n] g} ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ug]{ s]Gb|Lt of]hgfdf

cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg ckgfOG5 eg] pbf/ cy{ Joj:yfdf ;+:yfg lghLs/0f, lghL

If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg, ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q ;Lldt ug]{, ;/sf/L nufgL lglZrt If]qdf ug]{ / v'nf ahf/ gLlt

ckgfOg] x'Fbf To;} cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug]{ ul/G5 .

@= cy{ tyf kl/efiff M

• /fHosf] Financial Governance ;+u ;DalGwt ljifo .

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cleGg c+u

• Management of the Public Purse

• The Heart of the State affairs

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+sng, af+8kmf+8, pkof]u,n]vf+sg, k|ltj]bg, d"Nof+sg / k[i7 kf]if0f

(Feedback_ sf] ;du| kIf g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg xf] .

• /fHosf] cfo / Joosf] Joj:yfkg

• ;'Zff;gsf rf/} cfofdx? -/fhgLlts, cfly{s, Joj:yfksLo / g}lts kIf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .

• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #*-^_ sf] Principle of Collective Responsibility / efu- ( sf] Principle

of Check and Balance nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/fpg] k|d'v ;+oGq .

• cfly{s a[l4 -Growth), cfly{s :yfloTj -Stability) / ;fdflhs Gofo -Equity_ xfl;n

ug]{ k|d'v dfWod g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg xf] .

;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] nflu ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng ubf{ cjnDag

ul/g] Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;du|tfnfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg (Public Financial

Management) xf] .

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf gfdn] klg

lrlgG5 .

• Public Financial Management basically deals with all aspect of resource mobilization and expenditure management in government.

104

Public Financial Management cycle

Planning & Budgeting• ;|f]t ;fwg of]hgf / k|If]k0f

• sfo{qmd cfof]hgf th'{df

• jx'jlif{o ljlQo of]hgf / cg'dfg k|If]k0f

Resource Allocation;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] af+8kmf+8 / cfosf] k'glj{t/0f ug]{ b'j} sfd ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/L

vr{ -Public Expenditure_ n]] cy{tGqnfO{ zlQm k|bfg ub{5 / cfosf] k'glj{t/0fdf klg

;/sf/L vr{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . t/ clgolGqt vr{n] db|fl:kmltnfO{ lgDTofp+5 / sltko

cfly{s lj;+ultnfO{ hGd lbG5 . t;y{ ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ ;Gt'lnt ?kdf lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg ah]6

k|0ffnLsf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 .

• jflif{s ;dli6ut cy{ ;+/rgf

• Jfflif{s cg'dfgsf] cfo Joo

• /fh:j /0fgLlt s/, VAT cflb

• ;/sf/L vr{ Joj:yfkg (Public Expenture Management)

• j}b]lzs ;xfotf Joj:yf (Foreign Aid Management)

• ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yf (Public Debt Management)

• 3f6f ah]6 (Defi cit financing)

Planning andBudgeting

Operating,Monitoring,

ResourceAllocation

Evaluation andReporting

Operating,Monitoring,

Safeguarding

105

• ljQ gLlt (Fiscal Policy)

• df}lb|s gLlt -Monetary Policy)

Operating , Monitoring, Safeguarding• ah]6 lgsf;f of]hgf

• sf]if Joj:yfkg of]hgf

• vr{sf] n]vfs+g÷clen]v

• Nffut Joj:yfkg

• k|fKtL / e'QmfgL Joj:yfkg

• sfo{qmd / cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg

Evaluation & Reporting• Kf|ltj]bg

• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL

• hf+r / d"Nof+sgM n]vfk/LIf0f

• n]vf M n]vfk/LIfs ;dIf k]z ug]{

• jflif{s n]vf M Joj:yflksf - ;+;bdf k]z ug]{

# ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] If]q

;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ If]q Jofks 5 . l;dLt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]uåf/f

d'n'ssf] zf;sLo kl/kf6L ;~rfng / ljsf; ultljlwsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ g} cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf]

d"ne"t sfo{ If]q xf] . ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] If]qnfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+sng Pj+ k|flKt (Acquisition/Collection of Financial Resources)

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 (Appropriation of Financial Resources)

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u (Utilization of Financial Resources)

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] n]vf+sg (Accounting of Financial Resources)

• k|ltj]bg (Reporting)

• n]vfk/LIf0f tyf d"Nof+sg (Auditing and Evaluation)

• gub k|jfx Joj:yfkg (Cash Flow Management)

• cfly{s of]hgf Pj+ gLlt Joj:yfkg (Financial Planning and Policy Mangement)

• cfly{s tyf ljlQo hgzlQm Joj:yfkg (Financial Human Resource Mangement)

cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{If]qnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd klg pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

106

cfwf/e"t sfo{If]q (Basic Scope) M ;fj{hlgs cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, cfly{spknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|jå{g Pj+ ljsf; . gLltut sfo{If]q (Policy Scope) M ;+ljwfg, cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, ;fna;fnL cfly{s P]g, cfly{sk|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, cfly{s tyf ljQLo gLltx?, cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s ah]6, ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ef}uf]lns sfo{If]q (Geographical Scope) M :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]q ;fdflhs sfo{If]q (Social Scope) M ;fdflhs Gofo, ;|f]t / ;fwg tyf pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrtljt/0f, ;fdflhs ;DkGgtf, ;fdflhs Pstf, ;fdflhs sNof0f Joj:yflkso sfo{If]q (Mangerial Scope) M ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL of]hgf, ;+u7g,ah]l6Ë, lgoGq0f tyf d"Nof+sg, lg0f{o Joj:yfkg, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg . ;+/rgfut sfo{If]q (Structural Scope) M s]Gb|Lo lgsfo -cy{ dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 dGqfno,;lrjfno, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo Pj+ ljefux?_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / sfo{ ;~rfng:t/Lo sfof{nox? tyf cfof]hgfx? . cWoog ljwf ;DaGwL If]q (Academic Scope) M cy{zf:q, /fhgLltzf:q, jfl0fHozf:q,cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, Joj:yfkg, tYof+szf:q, bz{gzf:q cflb .

$= ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v sfo{x?

;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf]= d"ne"t sfo{ ;du| ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf]

k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ g} xf] . cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x? cGtu{t /fHon] /fh:j tyf cGo

cfo k|fKt ug]{ k|s[ofb]lv vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx? ;d]l6G5g\ . lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf

plNnlvt sfo{x? g} ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v sfo{x? x'gM

• cfly{s tyf ljlQo gLlt Pj+ of]hgf Joj:yfkg .

• ljlQo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cg'dfg / klxrfg .

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg ;+sng tyf k|flKt .

• ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg tyf j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng .

• ;+lrt sf]if Pj+ cGo ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg .

• cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg afF8kmfF8 tyf pkof]u cyf{t ah]6 Joj:yfkg .

• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f .

• cfo Joosf] n]vf+sg tyf k|ltj]bg .

107

• n]vfk/LIf0f tyf d"Nof+sg .

• cfly{s cg'zf;g .

• ;fj{hlgs ;DkQL Joj:yfkg .

• cfly{s ;"rgf Joj:yfkg .

• cfly{s tyf ljlQo hgzlQm Joj:yfkg .

%= dxTj

cfhsf] o'u cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] o'u xf] . elgG5 – Government is a trust and the officers of the

government are trustees, and both trust and trustees are created for the benefit of the people,

To;}n] ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] d"n clei6 g} Maximizing Social Benefi t xf] . of] g}

/fHosf] ;jf{lË0f nIo k|flKtsf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg xf] .

;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjnfO{ a'+bfut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ ljj]rgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{g

• ljQLo lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xLsf] kl/kfngfåf/f .

@= ;fj{hlgs sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/bzL{{tf

• ah]6,vr{ / k|ult hg;dIf k|:t't u/]/ .

#= ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf

• ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|flKt, ljt/0f / pkof]udf

• ldtJolotf, bIftf / ;dtf NofP/ .

$. Controlling Fiscal Bleeding

v ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Discretionary Power nfO{ Go"g u/L Check & Balance sfod /x]af6

cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sg, k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ :jR5, dof{lbt / cg'zfl;t

t'Nofpg d2t k'/\ofPsf] 5 .

%= Effective decision making

v ljQLo ;"rgf k|jfx u/]/ .

^= hgljZjf; clea[l4

v cfly{s sfd sf/jfxLdf qmdzM hgtfsf] kx'+r / ;xeflutf a[lå u/]/ .

&= cfly{s gLltsf] th'{df, vr{ Joj:yfkg / d'b|fl:kmlt nufotnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub{5 .

108

*= plrt ah]6 Joj:yfkg, pko'Qm n]vf k|0ffnL tyf oyfy{ k/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s

cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg .

(= ljlQo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{

!)= cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{

!!= ;/sf/sf] j}Btf -Legitimacy ) :yflkt ug{ .

!@= ;'zf;g -Good Governance) sfod ug{ .

^= ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] ljBdfg Joj:yf M

^=! ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu -$, efu- *,

efu - ( / efu -!@ df o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

v Effu -$ /fHosf] bfloTj lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?

§ wf/f #$ /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? -$_

v efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ ljlw

§ wf/f *$ ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] -#_

§ cy{ ljw]os

v Effu ( cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL

§ wf/f *( sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg]

§ wf/f () ;+lrt sf]if

§ wf/f (! ;+lrt sf]if jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 Joo

§ wf/f (@ ;+lrt sf]ifdfly Jooef/

§ wf/f (# /fHf:j / Joosf] cg'dfg

§ wf/f ($ ljlgof]hg P]g,

§ wf/f (% k"/s cg'dfg

§ wf/f (^ k]:sL vr{

§ (^ s /fh:j / Joo ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf

§ wf/f (& pwf/f] vr{

§ wf/f (* cfsl:ds sf]if

§ wf/f (( cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]g,

109

v efu !@ dxfn]vf k/LIfs

§ wf/f !@@ dxfn]vfk/LIfs

§ wf/f !@# dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

§ wf/f !@$ jflif{s k|ltj]bg

^=@ sfg"gL cfwf/

• cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$

• :yflgo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^

• e|d0f vr{ lgodfjnL, @)^$

• n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$*

• lghfdlt ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgod, @)%)- ;+zf]wg ;lxt_

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL , @)^$

• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{ ;+kfbg lgodfjnL

• cGo k|rlnt cfly{s sfg"gx? .

&=;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg lgsfox?

l;=g+= lgsfo d'Vo e"ldsf! Joj:yflksf -;+;b -;ldlt ;d]t_ - cfoJoo ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg

- ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg]@ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u - cfly{s of]hgf / sfo{qmd, th{'dfdf ;dGjo ug]{# cy{ dGqfno - ah]6 th'{df

- ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg d"Nof+sg$ ;+jå lgsfox? - ah]6 sfof{Gjog% Dfxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no - ;+lrt sf]ifsf] ;+rfng

- n]vf+sg / k|ltj]bg^ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no - ah]6 lgsf;f, cf=n]=k= / k|ltj]bg& g]kfn /fi6« a}s÷cGo a}sx? - vftf ;+rfng* Dfxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no - n]vfk/LIf0f / d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg( clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u - clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf]

cg';Gwfg!) bft[ ;d'bfo - cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;Nnfx / ;xof]u !! Gfful/s ;dfh - cfly{s k|zf;gsf] ;'b[l9s/0fdf ;sf/fTds bjfj

;[hgf

110

* ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkg s:tf] x'g'k5{ t ?of] d'ntM cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfksLo kIf ePsf]n],

• ;|f]t ;fwg k|flKtdf – ldtJooL -Economic_

• ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfngdf – bIf -Effi cient / ;dGoflos -Equitable_ /

• p2]Zo k|flKtdf – k|efjsf/L -Effective_ x'g'kb{5 .

;fy} ;/n, :jR5, kf/bzL{, dof{lbt, pQ/bfoL, glthfd'vL / hgs]Gb|Lt ;fj{hlgs cfly{s

Joj:yfkg cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf rf/ cfwf/e"t tTjx?

!=Macroeconomic Stability: ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{ ljBdfg gLltn] eljiodf s]

s:tf] ljlQo k|efj kfb{5 . To;sf] klxrfg / d"Nof+sg ug{ kg]{ .

@= Increased effi ciency in government operations: ;/sf/sf dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf]

nfut dfkg ug]{ / ;f] sf] k|sfzg ug]{, s'g tTjsf] sf/0fn] s'g If]qdf nfut j9\g uof] ;f] kQf nufO{

;dfwfg ug]{

# Supporting Technical Infrastructure:- FMIS nfu" ug]{

- Vfr{ ug{ Managerial Autonomy lbg]

- Oversight Agency sf txx? 36fpg]

$ Effective Accountability - Hfjfkmb]lxtfsf] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/ / ;dfh lardf /xg] b"/LnfO{ sd ug{ -Bridging the gap_

d2t ub{5 .

- ;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgfx? Oversight Agencies dfkm{t k|bfg u/]df ;fdflhs lgoGq0fsf]

cEof; eO{ Government Agencies nfO{ hjfkmb]lxtf lgjf{x u/fpg ;xh x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf] lgu/fgL Joj:yf

;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgnfO{ hgd'vL ,kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL tyf bIftfk"0f{ ?kn] ;+rfng ug{ cfGtl/s

lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf cltl/Qm lgu/fgL tyf lgoGq0fsf ;+oGq x?sf Joj:yf ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn]

Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf ljQ Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'Ug uPsf] 5 .

111

s_ ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf lgu/fgL Joj:yf

§ s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?÷ljefu tyf dGqfno÷Joj:yfkg

§ dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no

§ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|

§ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu

§ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox? ÷If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nox?

§ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng, cg"udg / lg/LIf0f 6f]nLx? -xfn g/x]sf]_

v_ ;+j}wflgs jfXo _ lgsfox?

• Dfxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no

• ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt÷cGo ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿

• clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

• Gofo kl/ifb\

Uf_ gful/s ;dfhsf lgsfo

o:tf lgsfox? sfg"gL / ;j+}wflgs ;+/rgf gePsfn] cf}krfl/s bfloTj klg 5}g t/ klg

:jtM:km"t{ ?kdf ;/sf/ / o;sf lgsfonfO{ oL kIfdf /xg ;xof]u, ;r]t, bafa / k|lt/f]w

dfkm{t of]ubfg lbg] ub{5g\ .

• hgk|zf;g ;+3

• 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn

• hglxt ;+/If0f d~r

( g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x?

• ah]6nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Budgeting System df ;'wf/sf] yfngL M-

v Revenue Administration

v Public Expenditure Management

v Improvement in the effectiveness of foreign Aid

• ljZj j}+ssf]] ;xof]udf ;g\ !(*& / !(*( df Structural Adjustment Program ( SAP)

nfu" u/L Macroeconomic Stability, Resource Mobilization / Improvement Efficiency

112

a9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] / ;g\ 1992 df IMF sf] ;xof]udf Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Facility ( ESAF) nfu" u/L lgDg sfd ul/of] M=

v Raising GDP Growth

v Reducing annual infl ation

v Reducing fi scal deficit

• ;g\ @))@ df Immediate Action Plan (IAP_ nfu" u/L oL sfd ug]{ yfngL eof]M-

v Prioritizing public expenditure

v Improving service delivery

v Strengthening anti-corruption

v Accountability measure

• sfo{qmd ah]6nfO{ ;}4flGts ?kdf cjnDag ul/Psf]

• sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df P1,P2,P3 sf] cfwf/df k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ ul/Psf]

• cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ Result Based agfpg (Managing for Development

Result) (MfDR) ug]{ ul/Psf] .

• vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf clea[lå ug{ (Medium Term Expenditure Framework) (MTEF)

sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

• ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ ldtJooLtf, k|efjsf/Ltf clea[lå ug{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs

sfof{non] Public Expenditure Tracking System (PETS) sf] cjnDag ul/Psf]

-h:t} lzIff If]qdf_

• ax'jlif{o ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft

• /fh:j k|zf;gdf ;'wf/

• Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnL (Treasury Single Account) (TSA) sf] sfof{Gjog M

v cf=j= @)^&.^* af6 ;'? u/L cf=j= @)&).&! ;Dd g]kfnel/ TSA nfu" ul/Psf]

5 / $%)) e'QmfgL s]Gb|x?nfO{ &( j6f e'QmfgL s]Gb|df l;ldt ul/Psf] 5 .

v kmn:j?k gub df}Hbft Projection ug{, k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{, cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug{

tyf ;/sf/L sf]if kl/rfng ug{ a9L ;xh, e/kbf]{, kf/bzL{{ / oyfy{k/s ePsf] 5 .

• TSA nfu" e} ;s]kl5 rfn' cf=j= @)&!.&@ af6 ;DalGwt sfof{nox?nfO{ eljiosf] nflu

nfUg] cg'dflgt vr{ -ah]6_ Committed /sd Recording ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6

Future ah]6 Projection ug{ ;xh x'g] 5 .

113

• TSA af6 cfjZos ;"rgf ;DalGwt dGqfnox?nfO{ d=n]=lg=sf=n] pknAw u/fpg] of]hgf

/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nonfO{ Risk Based Audit ug{ ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug]

5 .

• u}/ Budgetary vr{ tyf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 vr{ gePsf] Direct Payment tyf j:t'ut

;xfotfsf] lx;fa ;d]t sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 Reporting lng] Joj:yf

cf/De ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 Final Audit nfO{ Performance Based Audit agfpg ;xof]u

k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

• ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgdf Fuduciary Risk sd u/fpg (Public Expenditure and

Financial Accountability) (PEFA) sf] cjnDjg tyf ;"rs lgwf{/0f

• ;/sf/n] Nepal Public Sector Accounting Standard (NPSAS) nfO{ International Public

Sector Accounting Standard ( IPSAS) df n}hfg] k|lj4tf

• IPSAS n] dfu{lgb]{zg u/]sf] cfwf/df NPSAS tof/ u/L xfn b'O{j6f dGqfnodf Piloting sf]

?kdf nfu" u/]sf] 5 / ;a} dGqfnodf nfu" ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

• (Sectorwise Approach) (SWAP) If]qut cfwf/df ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg

• FCGO n] Integrated Financial Management Information System ( IFMIS) sf]

th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] .

• Reform in Internal Auditing & Final Auditing sf] ;'?jft M-

v Strengthening Internal Audit

v Introducing Contemporary Auditing Practices

v Risk –Based Audit

• TSA nfu" eO;s]kl5 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg % j6f lhNnfdf cf=n]=k=

Tracking ug]{ sfo{ cf/De ul/Psf] 5 .

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Manual n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sf:sL lhNnfsf] !& j6f sfof{nox?df

Piloting Test u/L dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] Computerized Government Accounting

System (CGAS) Software tof/ u/]sf] 5 / ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{ of] CGAS Software

k|of]u ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 .

• cf=j= @)&!÷&@ b]lv /fh:jnfO{ kf/bzL{{, Jojl:yt / k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh agfpg

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] sf7df8f}sf !^ j6f :yfgaf6 /fh:j Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL

(Revenue Management Information System-RMIS) Software Pilot sf] ?kdf nfu" u/]sf] 5 /

cfufdL jif{ g]kfne/ nfu" ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

114

• Reform in Public Procurement Management

v E-bidding

v Institutional Capacity Development

v Improve Public Procurement Operations & Market Practice

• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] Result Based Monitoring & Evaluation ( RBME) lgb]{lzsf, @)^&

th'{df ul/ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf]

• Nepal Portfolio Performance Review (NPPR) Plan 2010 hf/L u/L cfof]hgfdf x'g] lgDg

;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ yfngL ul/Psf] 5M-

v Delay in Preparation of Project & Underperformance for execution

v Lags in Reimbursement of Foreign Aid

v Lacks of Skilled Personnel

• /fh:j / vr{ tkm{ zLif{s pkzLif{sx?sf] gofF Coding (Government Financial Statistics-2001)

• bftfx?sf] cfjZostf / ?rL;Fu ;dGjo (Paris Declaration-2005, Accra Agenda for Action-

2008, Istanbul- 2011)

!)=g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?M

• cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fsf] hjfkmb]xL :ki6 ls6fg gx'g'

• of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 oyfy{k/s x'g g;Sg'

• sfo{qmd / ah]6 aLr tfnd]nsf] sdL

• ah]6 Line item based 5, p2]Zod'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• Incrementalism 5 ,Cost Cutting tkm{ kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g\ .

• cfly{s gLlt, of]hgf,sfo{qmd / ah]6 aLr plrt tfnd]n sfod x'g g;s]sf]

• ;+u7gsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ >]:tf k|0ffnLdf ljljwLs/0f ug{ g;lsPsf]

• a}b]lzs ;xfotf tyf C0f Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]

• cfly{s cg'zf;g sdhf]/ /x]sf]

• n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf a]?h' km5{\of}6df ;xhtf Nofpg Audit

Court sf] Joj:yf gePsf] .

• cfly{s k|zf;gdf cg'lrt 9+un] /fhg}lts x:tIf]k x'g] u/]sf]

• cfly{s clgoldttf Pj+ cg'zf;glxgtf a9\b} uPsf]

115

• ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Financial Information System_ sdhf]/ /x]sf]

• cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsPsf]

• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] a]?h' /sd a9\b} uPsf]

• ah]6 vr{sf] :ki6 dfkb08sf] cefj /x]sf]

• Vfr{sf] ;xL 9+un] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ g;lsPsf]

• Afh]6 ljlgof]hgdf cy{ dGqfnon] j:t'lgi7 kålt canDag ug{ g;s]sf]

• oyf;dod} ah]6 lgsf;f gx'g'sf] ;fy} tyf lgsf;f ePsf] /sd klg oyf;dod}

plrt 9+un] pkof]u x'g g;s]sf]

• cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf]

• bIf / k|lzlIft dfgj ;|f]tsf] sdL /x]sf]

• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]sf]

• ljQLo Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0fdf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; k|fo guGo /x]sf]

• cfly{s clgoldttf, r'xfj6 tyf e|i6frf/ a9\b} uPsf]

• ah]6 k|:tfj ug]{, s6f}tL ug]{ / :jLs[t ug]{ sfddf sfo{d"ns ah]6nfO{ k|efjsf/L

?kdf ckgfpg g;lsPsf] .

• cfly{s gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / ah]6 aLr plrt tfnd]n g/x]sf]

• gubdf cfwfl/t >]itf k|0ffnL (Cash Basis Accounting System_ x'g'M

v n]vf Joj:yf gubdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] vr{ e}g;s]sf] /sdnfO{ klg vr{ g} dfGg]

ul/Psf] 5 .

v ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] dfn ;fdfg / ;DklQsf] oyfy{ lrq0f n]vf Joj:yfaf6

b]vfpg ;lsg] cj:yf g/x]sf] .

• lhG;L Joj:yfkg tyf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] /]vb]v / lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf k|efjsf/L g/x]sf]n]

;/sf/L vr{df cgfjZos a[lå x'g] u/]sf] .

• ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf dGqLn] g} pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf 5}g .

dGqLx?n] k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ug]{ / ;lrjx?n] ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug]{ cj:yf /x]sf]n]

dGqLaf6 ePsf k|zf;lgs lg0f{on] dfu]sf vr{x? h'6fpg ;lrjx?nfO{ cK7]/f] kg]{

u/]sf] 5 .

• cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg gLltut sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut k|efjsf/Ltfsf] cefj

5 eg] ;du| cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf ;lrjnfO{ n]vf pQ/bflo clwsf/L agfOPsf]n]

116

cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• Fiscal Sustainability pk]lIft 5 , Long-term fiscal planning ;'b[9 5}g . cfGtl/s

;|f]tsf] sdL / afXo ;|f]tdf lge{/tf qmdzM a9\bf] 5 .

• Financial discipline sfod ug{ g;lsg'

• Fiscal devolution ePtfklg :yfgLo lgsfosf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf cem} ;'b'9 x'g

;s]sf] 5}g .

• International standard cg"?ksf] Accounting system sf] cefj 5 .

• cfly{s sf/f]jf/df Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sf] k|of]u

Go"g 5 .

• lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ u/fpg] kIf lkmtnf] 5 . Work Culture sf] cefj 5 .

• n]vfk/LIf0f a9L k|s[ofd'vL 5, glthfd"ns t'Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] sdL sdhf]/L ;'wfg{ g;lsg' .

• vr{ Joj:yfkgdf rflnPsf ;'wf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfPg .

• pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lghLs/0f cleofgn] xfnsf jif{df ult lng g;Sg' .

• FMIS cem} ;'b'9 x'g g;Sbf Decision Making ;d]t k|efljt ePsf] 5 .

• ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] Pillar dflgg] ;+;bsf] kof{Kt rf;f] / ;lqmotfsf] sdL .

• ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f (Project Prioritization) /fd|f];Fu x'g g;Sg' .

• k"FhLuteGbf rfn' vr{sf] cfsf/ a[l4 x'Fb} hfg' .

• cfly{s jif{sf] cGtdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf gfddf w]/} /sd vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ /xg' .

• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL (Internal Control System) sdhf]/ /xg' .

• j}b]lzs C0f ;xfotf jfktsf] /sd ;dod} ;f]wegf{ (Reimbursement) lng g;Sg' .

• sltko j}b]lzs ;xfotf jflif{s ah]6df ;dfj]z x'g] gu/]sf] .

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL k|lqmofut ;d:ofx? sfod} /xg' .

• u}/ ah]6/L vr{ (Non Budgetary Expenditure) a[l4 eO/xg' .

• j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] sdL, ;dGjosf] cefj, k|fljlws ;xfotfsf]

Go"g pkof]u, ;xfotfsf] k|ltaåtf, k|fKtL / pkof]udf Gap x'g' tyf ljQLo cg'zf;gsf] sdL

x'g' .

117

!!= g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu cjnDjg ul/g'kg]{ pkfox? M

• k|To]s d+qfnosf] jflif{s ah]6 vr{sf] pQ/bfloTj ;DalGwt ljefuLo dGqLnfO{ lbg' kg]{

• cfly{s If]qsf ultljlw ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;d]6\g cfly{s ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Financial Information

System_ nfu" ug]{ .

• ef}lts k"jf{wf/df vr{ u/L cfly{s a[l4 ug{ Early Budget nfu" ug{ kg]{ / cfly{s jif{ a}zfv

! ut]b]lv nfu" ug]{

• jflif{s ?kdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] nflu dfn ;fdfgsf] /fli6«o b/ efp lgwf{/0f ug{ sfg"gL

Pj+ ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf ug]{ kg]{

• cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng / jfXo ;xof]uaf6 ePsf] vr{sf] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} :ki6 clen]v /fVg]

• j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbOg' kg]{

• k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnLdf >]:tf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{

• N]fvf k|0ffnL ;/n agfpg'sf] ;fy} n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ j:t'ut agfO{ jf:tljs a]?h' dfq b]lvg]

n]vfk/LIf0f k|0ffnL ljsl;t ul/g' kg]{

• Dfxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sfdsf] cltl/Qm sfof{nox?nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg]

Joj:yf klg ug'{ kg]{

• lhG;Lsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgdf k|fyldstf lbOg' kg]{

• cfly{s Joj:yfkg;+u ;DalGwt P]g, lgodx? ;d;fdlos lx;fan] th'{df Pj+ kl/dfh{g ul/g'

kg]{

• /fh:jsf] bfo/f a9fpg]

• ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cfodf x'g] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ .

• ;fwf/0f vr{df s6f}tL u/L ljsf; vr{df a[lå ug]{ .

• lgj[QLe/0f e"QmfgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgj[QLe/0f sfof{no, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no,

a}+s tyf ;DalGwt a}+ssf] Head Offi ce nfO{ ;"rgf ;~hfndf PsLs[t ug{ Integrated Pension

Management System (IPMS) Software nfu" ug'{kg]{ .

• ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"xsf] lgj[QLe/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgj[QLe/0f Umbrella Act tof/ u/L nfu"

ug'{kg]{ / a]?h' km5\{of}6 lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ (Rule of Thumb)

• sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ .

• j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ clgjfo{ ah]6df ;dfj]z ug]{ .

118

• E-bidding nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

• vr{sf] dfkb08 agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

• MTEF nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

• Result Based Budget df hf]8 lbg] .

• Project Bank tof/ u/L dfkb08df cfwfl/t cfof]hgf dfq sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

• TSA (Treasury Single Account) nfO{ k|efjsfl/ agfpg] .

• ljQLo pQ/bfloTj sfg"g (Fiscal Accountability Act) sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b (Public Procurement) sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

• cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ (Internal Control System) nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

• u}/ ah]6/L vr{nfO{ lg?T;fxLt ug{] .

• ;DklQ tyf sf]if Joj:yfkg (Asset and Fund Management) df ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf /x]sf gLltut ;+:yfut, sfof{ut / jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• sfo{qmdut If]qdf z"Godf cfwfl/t / ;fnj;fnL x'g] sfo{qmddf Global Budget k4lt cjnDag

ug]{ .

• cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ .

• n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

• xfnsf] gubdf cfwfl/t (Cash Basis Accounting System) ;|]:tf k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g u/L qmdzM

Modifi ed Accural Accounting x'Fb} k"0f{ k|f]befjL n]vf k|0ffnL (Full Accural Accounting System)

df cfwfl/t n]vf /fVg] .

• Employees are the careers of culture • One size does not fi t all• Reform is a journey, not a destination• Kf4ltdf cfwfl/t k|zf;gsf] hu]gf{ ug"{ k/]sf] 5 .• Risk bearing motivation• Rent seeking behavior• Cross cutting issue• Stakeholders+ right holders sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf• Network manager gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf• Institutional memory.

119

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M—

!= d}gfnL, Zofd k|;fb, zf;sLo :j?k, ;+ljwfg / ;'zf;g .

@= d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy /fHo ;+rfngsf cfwf/x?, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnL ahf/ .

#= dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] j]e;fO6M www.fcgo.gov.np

4. Udaya Pant, "Public Financial Management Reforms in Nepal".

5. Public Financial Management Reform Programme ( PFMRP) Phase 1, PEFA, Secetariat,

Anamanagar.

6. Philipp Krause, Stephanie Sweet, Edward Headger and Bhola Chalise "Operational

risk Assessment of Public Financial Management in Nepal: a review of challenges and

Opportunities".

120

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x

;+rfngM Ps ;dLIff

;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL;]jfsf !) j6f ;]jf, %) j6f ;d"x / $@ pk;d"xx?sf] ;+rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/-sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( åf/f ljleGg dGqfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;]jf, ;d"x tyfpk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnox?af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x? lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) / ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?af6 lgb{]lzt / Jojl:yt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng sfd sf/jfxLsf] k|ToIf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] o; n]vdf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ;DaGwL sfo{x? a'Fbfut ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .tL sfo{x? dWo] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof -hgzlQm cfk"lt{_, lgo'lQm / kb:yfkg, a9'jf k|lqmof ;+rfng,z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfof{no ;do afx]ssf] ;dodfcWofkg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf ljQLo ljZn]if0f ug{] h:tf sfo{sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lbg] d'Vo ?kdf/x]sf 5g\ . oL sfo{x?df cg'ej ul/Psf sl7gfO{x? ;dfwfg ug{ ;doleq} l/Qm kb dfu ug{],;d"lxs[t gx'g] kb dfu ug{] gLltut Joj:yf ug{], Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ;dofg's'n ;dfof]hg ug{], a9'jf k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg] / xfn sfod ;d"x / pk;d"x af/] cWoog u/L k'gMjuL]{s/0f ug{] ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't n]v d'VotM lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Joj:yfePsf lghfdtL ;]jfx?sf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/roM

cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f sfo{df ljz]if1 k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{, gLlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+s pknAw u/fpg, ;/sf/sf gLlt lg0f{o, of]hgf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg, gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug{ x/]s b]zdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf dfkm{t ;/sf/n] cfly{s k"jf{wf/x? tof/ ug{], gful/snfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{], cy{tGqdf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{, ;d"x åGåx? ;dfwfg ug{], k|fs[lts ;fwgx?sf];+/If0f ug{], ;d'bfosf sdhf]/ ju{;Dd a:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] / cy{ tGqdf l:y/tf sfod ug{ sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{] ub{5 (Huges, 1998) .

–k|Nxfb k|;fb ;fksf]6f*

* pk;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno

121

g]kfnsf] clGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df g]kfn ;/sf/n]] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf] nflulghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf !) j6f ;]jfx? / oL ;]jfleq ljleGg ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . o; n]vdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf leq ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;rfng ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; n]vsf] k|f/Dedf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x juL{s/0f ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff af/] ;+lIfKt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] / t];|f] v08df qmdzM g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf] u7g / lghfdtL ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . rf}yf], kfFrf} / 5}7f}+ v08df ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x?, ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;fGble{s ljifox? -Issues_ Pj+ ;]jf ;d"x ;+rfng sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox? af/] ljj]rgf ub}{n]vsf] clGtddf lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

! =;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x juL{s/0f ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffM

;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x / >]0fLsf] juL{s/0f sfo{n] sd{rf/L k|zf;g sfo{nfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpF5 . o;k|sf/sf] ju{L{s/0f ug]{ sfo{leq d'VotM # j6f sfo{ kb{5g\ . juL{s/0fsf] klxnf] OsfO{ kb -Position) xf] . kb leq st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L ;dflxt ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfg st{Jo / bfloTj ePsf] kbx? PslqteO{ >]0fL / tx aGb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu p:t} lsl;dsf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L ePsf ;fdfGo k|zf;lgssfo{x? ug]{ zfvf clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/g'nfO lng ;lsG5 . >]0fL jf tx dflysf] csf{] juL{s/0f ;]jf, ;d"x xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;g ;]jf, lzIff;]jf, jg ;]jf / tL ;]jf cGtu{tsf] ;d"xx?nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;]jf, ;d"x a9L ljlzli6s[t / sfo{;d"xLs/0f ePsf] x'G5 . ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ju{Ls/0f ubf{ z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd / cg'ejnfO{;d]t cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'G5 . ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x juL{s/0f ubf{ ljleGg kbx?sf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Llgw{f/0f ug{], o:tf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lx?nfO{ ;Lk / cGo cfjZostfx?;Fu cfj4 ug]{ / lhDd]jf/Lsf]cfwf/df txx? lgw{f/0f ug{] h:tf sfo{x? ul/G5 (Goel, 1995)

juL{s/0fsf cfwf/x?M

;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x tyf >]0fL lgw{f/0fsf s]xL ;}4lGts cfwf/x? /x]sf x'G5g . s'g} klg kbnfO{dflyNnf] jf tNnf] kb, dflyNnf] jf tNnf] >]0fL jf cd's ;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x lgw{f/0f ub{f kb, ;]jf jf ;d"x jf kbsf] ljifo jf sfo{If]q, ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x leqsf kbsf nflu cfjZos kg{] z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd jf cg'ej, ;'kl/j]If0fsf] dfqf / :t/, sfdsf] ;/ntf / ljifdtf cflb kb{5g . h:t}OlGhlgol/Ë sfo{sf] nflu OlGhlgol/Ë lzIff k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg{] cfjZos cfwf/nfO{ ljifo jf sfo{If]q xf] . cfkm"dfly a9L ;'kl/j]If0f x'g] kbnfO{ lgDg:t/sf] kb dflgG5 eg] ;fdfGo :t/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f x'g] kb

122

dflyNnf] :t/sf] kb dflgG5 . To:t} u/L s'g} kbn] cfkm" d'lgsf] kbnfO{ a9L dfqfdf ;'kl/j]If0f ub{5eg] To;nfO{ dflyNnf] kb dflgG5 . cfkm" eGbf d'lgsf] kbdf ;'kl/j]If0f ug{'gkg{] jf sd dfq} ;'kl/j]If0fug{'kg{] eP Tof] kb lgDg:t/sf] kb dflgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;x;lrj:t/sf] ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbn]7'nf] ;+Vofsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 eg] gfoj ;'Jjf:t/sf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;'kl/j]If0f lhDd]jf/L yf]/} dfq} jf guGo x'G5 .

sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ub{} cfPsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt / ljifdtfn] klg kbsf] >]0fL, tx÷:t/ juL{s/0fdf k|efjkf/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;x;lrj kbsf sd{rf/Ln] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g'kg{], k|zf;lgs,ljQLo / ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;du| lhDd]jf/L lng'kg{] x'gfn] pkNnf] :t/sf] kb dflgG5 . zfvfclws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Ln] lg0f{o k|s[of k|f/De ug{] / sfo{fGjog txdf ;+nUg /xg' kg{] x'Fbf ;x;lrjeGbf tNnf]:t/sf] kb dflgPsf] xf] .

kb, >]0fL / ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x juL{s/0fsf] nfex?M

• kfl/>lds lgw{f/0f ub{f ;dfg sfo{sf] nflu ;dfg Hofnf eGg] l;4fGt nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . sfdsf];d"xLs/0f eO{ sfdsfhdf bf]xf]/f]kg jf hl6ntf cfpg kfpFb}g .

• lgo'lQm, tflnd, ;?jf jf a9'jfnfO{ k4lt;+ut, Jojl:yt / j}1flgs agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

• sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ ljefhg, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8df :ki6tf x'g] ePsf]n] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;xh / :ki6 agfpF5 . ;fy} ;'k/Lj]Ifs–cwLg:y (supervisor-subordinate) ;DaGw ;xh agfpF5 .

• ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; u5{ .

@= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf] u7gM

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t lghfdtL ;]jfx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ?kdfkl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf # df plNnlvt lghfdtL ;]jfx?df g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof+s ;]jf,g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf, g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf, g]kfn jg ;]jf, g]kfn ljljw ;]jf / g]kfn lzIff ;]jf u/L !) j6f ;]jfx?/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^ df lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? /xg] Joj:yfePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xg] ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL # df;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cg';"rLdf b]xfo adf]lhd ;+Vofdf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

• g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof+s ;]jf- @ j6f ;d"x / $ j6f pk;d"xx? .• g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf- !% j6f ;d"x / @) j6f pk;d"xx? .• g]kfn s[lif ;]jf- !@ j6f ;d"xx? .• g]kfn Gofo ;]jf- # ;d"xx? .• g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf

123

• g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf- # j6f ;d"xx? .• g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf• g]kfn jg ;]jf- ^ j6f ;d"xx? .• g]kfn ljljw ;]jf• g]kfn lzIff ;]jf- ( j6f ;d"x / !* j6f pk;d"xx? .

#= lghfdtL ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng

g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+rfng ug{] sfg"gL cfwf/x?df d'VotM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#,lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL,@)^( nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^& lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) nf]s ;]jf cfof]u-sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^& tyf ;]jf ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx? /x]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf ;+rfngsf] ;+u7gfTds Joj:yfx? klg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @s df ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfnonfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo lgsfo tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; bkmfdf b]zsf] k|zf;g ;+rfngug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jf zt{x? tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / ;+rfngsf;DaGwdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug{] / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / pQm P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf pNn]v eP b]lv afx]s lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfd ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfnosf] gLltut :jLs[lt lagf ug{ kfOb}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| ?kdf ;+rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGt, lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]pko'Qmtf nufot ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf leq ljleGGf ;]jfx? / ;]jf leq ;d"x tyf pk;d"x? /xg] Joj:yf dfly pNNf]v eO;s]sf]5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf ;]jfx? / ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? ;+rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/L eg] g]kfn ;/sf/-sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( n] ljleGg dGqfnonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm lgodfjnL cg';f/;]jf, ;d"x ;+rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L ljefhg b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf] gfd ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfno1 g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf cy{ dGqfno2 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{tsf dfOlgª OlGhlgol/Ë

s]ldsn Ol~hlgol/Ë, d]6fnlh{sn OlGhlgol/Ë, d]6«f]nf]hL, lhof]nf]hL / s]ldi6«L ;d"x

pBf]u dGqfno

124

3 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x, d]sflgsn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x / l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] xfO8«f]kfj/ pk;d"x

pmhf{ dGqfno

4 g]kfn Gofo ;]jf sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

5 g]kfn s[lif ;]jf s[lif ljsf; dGqfno6 g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf k//fi6« dGqfno7 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] ;e{] ;d"x e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno8 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf]

xfOj] / /]n pk;d"xef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

9 g]kfn jg ;]jf jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno10 g]kfn lzIff ;]jf lzIff dGqfno11 g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf

g]kfn ljljw ;]jf;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

12 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] Pc/kf]6{ pk;d"x, P/f]gl6sn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x, l;len PlePzg ck/]zg P08 Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x

;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

13 g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len OlGhlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] hg/n pk;d"x

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

14 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] ljlN8Ë P08 cfls{6]S6 / :oflg6/L pk;d"x

;x/L ljsf; dGqfno

15 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] Ol/u]zg / xfO8«f]nf]hL pk;d"x, d]6]l/of]nf]hL ;d"x / Pu[ Ol/u]zg OlGhlgol/Ë ;d"x

l;+rfO dGqfno

16 g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] On]S6«f]lgs P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno

$= ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x?M

lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? ;+rfng ug{] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ljefhg_ lgodfjnLn] ljleGg dGqfnonfO{ ;'lDkP adf]lhd ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xdf l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/L sd{rf/L dfu ug{], lgo'lQm kq k|bfg ug]{, a9'jf k|lqmof ;+rfng ug]{ nufot ljleGg sfd sf/jfxLx? ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLaf6 tL sfo{x? Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ . pQm sfo{x?nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

125

1) kbk"lt{M lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf &s tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# df s'g} kb l/QmePdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf hfgsf/L k7fpg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnon] cfkm"n] ;+rfng ug{] ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xsf /fhkqf+lst tkm{sf ljleGg >]0fLsf l/Qm kbx?sf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt dGqfno÷lgsfoaf6 ;+sngu/L Psd'i6?kdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgwf{l/t dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno dfkm{t nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fpg] k|rng /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

2) lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg / zky u|x0fM lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !& df /fhkqf+lst lghfdtLsd{rf/LnfO{ lgo'lQm kq lbg] jf /2 ug{] lhDd]jf/L ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;DaGwL dGqfnosf] ;lrjnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ /fhkqf+lst kbdf v'nf k|ltof]lutf, cfGtl/s k|fltof]lutfjf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg nufotsf a9'jf k|lqmofåf/f l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg] / kb:yfkg ug{] sfo{ ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnoaf6 x'g] ub{5 . klxnf]k6slgo'lQm x'g] pDd]bjf/nfO{ zky u|x0f u/fpg] sfo{ klg ;+u;+u} ug{'kg{] x'G5 .

3) sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgM lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod &* sf] pklgod -%_ df /fhkqf+lstlåtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf]Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pQm k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL dGqfnosf] ;lrj jf lghn]tf]s]sf] ;DalGwt dGqfno ;lrjfno, cfof]u jf sfof{nosf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[tnfO{ ;b:o tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwn]/fhkqf+lst låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdfk|ltlglwTj ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .

4) a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnoM lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df /fhkq cg+lstk|yd >]0fLaf6 /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/L pkbkmf -!v_ df a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnodf /xg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod &@ sf] v08-s_ / -v_adf]lhdsf] /fhkq cg+lst kbdf a9'jf ug{ Joj:yf ePsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd klg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfno jf lgsfonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yf adf]lhda9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 ul/g] a9'jfsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg / b/vf:t ;+sng -/fhkq cg+lstkbsf] nflu_ pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] c+s u0fgf, a9'jf ;ldltsf] a}7s ;+rfng, a9'jfsf] glthf k|sfzg, a9'jf lgo'lQm / kb:yfkg nufotsf sfo{x? ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6x'g] ub{5 .

5) z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;Da4tf lgwf{/0fM lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% df lghfdtL ;]jf, ;d"xtyf pk;d"xx?df /xg] ljleGg kbx?sf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?df pNn]v x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xdf/xg] ljleGg kbx?sf] nflu cfjZos of]Uotf lgwf{/0f sfo{df ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfno÷lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf /xg] ub{5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !@& sf] pklgod -!_ df a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu lghfdtL

126

sd{rf/Ln] xfl;n u/]sf] z}lIfs pkflw ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x;+u ;DalGwt 5 jf 5}geGg] låljwf ePdf lg0f{o ug{ ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnosf] ;lrj jf lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} pklgod -@_ df a9'jf k|of]hgsf]nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] xfl;n u/]s]f tflndsf] ljifo, >]0fL / :t/ ;DaGwdf låljwf ePdf ;f]ljifodf ;dsIf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnosf] ;lrj jf lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm b'a} ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x;+u ;DalGwt dGqfnodf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg'?k lghfdtLsd{rf/Ln] z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?af6 k|fKt u/]sf z}lIfs pkflw / tflndx?sf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ug{]sfo{x? ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

6) cWofkg, k/fdz{ cflbsf] k"j{ :jLs[ltM lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ afx]s sDkgLsf]:yfkgf, Jofkf/, Joj;fo jf cGoq s'g} k|sf/sf] ;]jf÷gf]s/L :jLsf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg{] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfcg';f/ /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Ln] Jofkf/, Joj;fo ug{ jf cGoq gf]s/L :jLsf/ ug]{, cWofkg ug]{, k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] sfo{ ug]{ / ljQLo ljZn]if0f nufotsf sfo{ ug{] k"j{ :jLs[lt ;]jf, ;d"x jfpk;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnoaf6 lng'kg{] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;} k|fjwfg cg'?k lghfdtLsd{rf/Ln] sfof{no ;do afx]ssf] ;dodf cWofkg, k/fdz{ / ljQLo ljZn]if0f nufotsf] sfo{ug{] k"j{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] cfkm" sfo{/t lgsfo dfkm{t sf/jfxLsf] nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt k|bfg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

7) /fhLgfdf :jLs[ltM lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !@*s df lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] :j]R5fn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf lgh sfo{/t lgsfodf k]z ug{'kg{] / /fhkqf+lst låtLo / t[tLo>]0fLsf] kbsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;]jf ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnosf] ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] ljefuLo k|d'vn] :jLs[t ug{] Joj:yf /x] cg'?k o; ;DaGwL sfo{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{] dGqfnoaf6x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

8) kbgfd, ;d"x, pk;d"x ls6fgLM sltko lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf jf a9'jf x'Fbf kbgfd ;d"x jfpk;d"x pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] / lgj]bg ;]jf, ;d"x÷pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnodf cfpg]ub{5g . o; ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodfjnL / ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg'?k ;dfwfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .\

9) k/fdz{M lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ, ljsf;, a9'jf, z}lIfs of]Uotf tflnd nufotsf ljifodf cfˆgf] ;]jf, ;d"xaf6 pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnodf lh1fzfx? lnO{ cfpg] ub{5g . lghfdtL;]jf P]g, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL / ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?df ePsf] Joj:yf cg'?k To:tflh1fzfx?sf] ;dfwfg ul/G5 .

%= ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;fGble{s ljifox? -Issues_M

g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnLåf/f ljleGg dGqfnonfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Joj:yful/Psf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?sf] ;+rfngsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] tyf tL dGqfnoaf6 ;]jf ;+rfng ;DaGwL x'b} cfPsf sfo{x?af/] o; cl3 rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt

127

sfo{x? ;+rfngsf ;Gb{edf b]lvPsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx? / ;fGb{le{s ljifox?nfO{ oxfFrrf{ ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf ;d:ofx? / ljifoj:t'x? b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-!_ hgzlQm cfk"lt{M– v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf, a9'jf k|lqmof / ;?jfåf/f hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .sd{rf/L k|flKtsf] k|lqmof dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/L k7fpg] sfo{af6 k|f/De x'G5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]k|sflzt jflif{s sfo{tflnsf;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd k7fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;DalGwtdGqfno÷lgsfodf l/Qm lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst kbsf] sd{rf/Lsf] dfu u/L ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnodf k7fpg] / ;]jf, ;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnon] Psd'i6 ;+sng u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfno dfkm{t nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fpg' kb{5 . sltko sfof{no÷lgsfoaf6 l/Qm kbx?sf]ljj/0f ;dodf k|fKt gx'g] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgdf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sb}g t/ kb l/QmeO{ sfof{nosf] sfddf afwf k'u]sf]n] kbk"lt{ ul/lbg] Joj:yfsf] nflu lj1fkg eO{ ;s]kl5 n]vL cfpg] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ sfof{no÷lgsfosf] hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf cfpg] u/]sf]5 . ;dod} hgzlQm dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd k|fKt gx'Fbf sfof{nosf] sfdsfh / sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQljsf;df ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug] x'G5 . /f]huf/L vf]hL ub}}{ >dahf/df /x]sf lzlIft o'jfx?dfklg o;af6 c;/ kg]{ x'G5 .

-@_ ;d"xLs[t gx'g] kbsf] dfu M– sltko k|fljlws ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst kbdf ;]jf dfq -;d"x, pk;d"x gv'n]sf]_ pNn]v ePsf] b/aGbL :jLs[t eO/fv]sf 5g\ . o:tf] kbx? l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f];]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x, pk;d"x cGtu{t sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;d"x jf pk;d"xnfO{ ldNg] u/L ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x v'nfO{ kbk"lt{sf] dfu k7fpg cfu|x cfpg] ub{5 . kbsf] ;]jfdfq v'n]sf]b/aGbL :jLs[t ePsf] ePtfklg nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd k7fpFbf ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x v'nfO{ k7fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] kbsf] dfu k7fpFbf Gofof]lrt x'g] u/L k7fpg g;s]dfsltko sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sb5 .

-#_ a9'jf ;DaGwL sfuhft k|flKtM– ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnoaf6 /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLaf6 /fhkqf+lst t[lto >]0fLsf] kbdf x'g] a9'jf / /fhkq cg+lst >]0fLdf x'g] a9'jfsf];ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . a9'jf sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgkmf/fd, ljefuLo sf/jfxL, c;fwf/0f cWoog labf, uon s§L, a9'jf /f]Ssf nufot ljj/0f cfjZos kb{5 . o:tf sfuhft a9'jfsf] nflu b/vf:t kmf/fd e/]sf pDd]bjf/sf] sfof{no, ljefu/ dGqfno dfkm{t k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfuhftx? ;doleq} l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf k|fKt x'g g;sLa9'jf k|lqmof 6'ª\Uofpg nfdf] ;do nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .

-$_ z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;Da4tf lgwf{/0fM– z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?n] >d ahf/sf] dfu / k|ljlwdf cfPsf]kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ gofF– gofF z}lIfs pkflwx? k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf x'G5g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?df Jojl:yt ul/Psf z}lIfs of]Uotf / tflndx? gofF– gofFz}lIfs of]Uotf / tflndx? ;Fu tfbfDotf /fVg g;s]sf] cj:yf ePsf]n] ;dofg's'n ?kdfcBfjlws ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . a9'jf k|of]hgsf ;Gb{edf ;Dj4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6

128

;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePklg v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] ;Gb{edf cBfjlws ug{ tbf?stf b]vfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

-%_ ;d"x, pk;d"xsf] k'gM juL{s/0fM– lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf Jojl:yt s]xL ;d"xx? k|rngdf /x]sf 5}gg\ . k|ljlwdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{g / ljwfut ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ xfn ePsf ;d"x,pk;d"xx? kof{Kt gePsf] cj:yf 5 . o; kl/l:yltnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ xfnsf] ;d"x, pk;d"xnfO{k'gM Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

-^_ kbgfd, ;d"x, pk;d"x pNn]v gx'g]M– lghfdtL ;]jf ;d"x ;DaGwL lgodx?df pNn]v ul/Psf >]0fLut kbgfdx? kof{Kt gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . a9'jf ubf{ kbgfd glbO{ >]0fL dfq pNn]v x'g] ;d"x,pk;d"x gv'nfO{ a9'jf kq k|bfg ug]{ / ;?jf ug]{ ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g .

^=;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox?

lghfdtL ;]jf ;+rfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? ;+rfng sfo{ k|efjsf/L / ;do;fk]If agfpg gLltut, sfo{ut Pj+ k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df b]xfoadf]lhd ;'wf/ ug'{ jfG5gLo b]lvG5 .

-s_ s'g} /fhkqf+lst kb gofF l;h{gf ePdf jf s'g} sf/0faf6 l/Qm ePdf ;DalGwt lgsfon] lghfdtL;]jf P]g, tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf pNn]v u/]sf ;do;Ldf leq / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfodf dfu k7fpg] .

-v_ ;]jf dfq pNn]v u/L ;d"x, pk;d"x gv'n]sf] kbx? l/Qm eO{ dfu ubf{ ;f] ;]jfleq ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ;f] ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x, pk;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Gofof]lrt x'g] u/L sfo{ljlwjf gLltut Joj:yf u/L dfu ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;]jf dfq v'nfO{ ;d"xLs[t gx'g] kbx?sf] ;+Vof g} l;ldt ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

-u_ ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfnoaf6 x'g] a9'jf k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg a9'jfsfpDd]bjf/ sfo{/t lgsfoaf6 k7fpg'kg]{ ljj/0f l56f] k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgd"NofÍg kmf/fd a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno jf s]Gb|Lo:t/df /xg] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;f]Rg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

-3_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljleGg kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf / tflndnfO{ z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?af6 k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / >d ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] z}lIfs pkflw / tflndx?adf]lhd kl/dfh{g / cBfjlws ug]{ .

-ª_ ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?sf] k'gjuL{s/0fM lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'b} cfPsf sfdx?df ljljwtfcfO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x? a9L ljz]if1tfo'Qm x'g yfn]sf 5g . ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs b]lv lnP/ ljz]if1tfo'Qm k|fljlws ;]jfx?sf sfd ljlzli6s[t x'g yfn]sf] ;Gb{edf xfn sfod ;d"x, pk;d"x/ kbgfdx?nfO{ cWoog u/L k'gM juL{s/0f ug'{ jfG5gLo b]lvG5 .

129

&= lgisif{M

d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lqmofzLn /x]sf]5 . ;fy} ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd'ns / pQ/bfoL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL;]jfdf !) j6f ;]jf, %) j6f ;d"x / $@ j6f pk;d"xx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? ;+rfng ug{{] lhDd]jf/L !% j6f dGqfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+Rffng ug{] dGqfnox?af6 kbk"lt{sf] nflu sd{rf/L dfu ug{], lgo'lQm k|bfg ug{] / kb:yfkg ug,{] sfo{ ;Dkfbgd"Nof+sg sfo{df ;+nUg /xg], a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfo{ ug{], Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0fdf ;+nUg x'g] Pj+ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ug{], ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;, z}lIfs of]Uotf / tflnd ;DaGwL lh1f;f ;dfwfg ug{] cflb sfo{x? ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf]5 . oL sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf l;nl;nfdf s]xL ;d:ofx? / ;fGble{s ljifo a:t' b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng sfo{ k|efjsf/L / ;do;fk]If agfpg s]xL gLltut, sfo{ut / k|lqmofut;'wf/x? ug{'kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To:tf ;'wf/sf ljifoa:t'x?df l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu ;doleq} ug{],;d"xLs[t gul/Psf kbx? dfu ug{] gLltut Joj:yf ug{], a9'jf k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg], z}lIfs of]Uotf / tflndx?nfO{ ;dofg's'n ?kdf cBfjlws ug{] / xfn sfod /x]sf ;d"x / pk;d"xx?nfO{k'gjuL{s/0fsf] nflu cWoog ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o:tf ;'wf/x?af6 ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x ;+rfng sfo{ k|efjsf/L / glthfd"ns x'g] ck]Iff /fVg ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+l+jwfg, @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]usf] j]a;fO6 (www.lawcommission.gov.np) af6 k|fKt ul/Psf] .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]usf] j]a;fO6 (www.lawcommission.gov.np) .g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^(, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6 (www.opmcm.gov.np) .lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), g]kfn sfg"g cfof]usf] j]a;fO6 -www.lawcommission.gov.np) .g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf -u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg_ lgodx?, @)%! .

dxfb]j k|;fb zd{f / lj Pn ;8fgf -!((&_, nf]s k|zf;gM l;4fGt Pj+ Jojxf/, lstfadxn

Hughes, O.E. (1998). Public Management and Administration. London:Macmillan Press Ltd.

Goel,S.L (1995). Personel Administration and Management . New Delhi:Sterling PublishersPvt.Ltd.

130

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] b/vf:t ;+sng k|lqmof Pj+ ljleGg cfwf/df ltgsf] ljZn]if0f

;f/f+z

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] kbk"lt{ k|s[ofnfO{ dfgjLo z/L/ dfGg] xf] eg] b/vf:t ;+sngnfO{o;sf] /Qm ;+rf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cfof]usf] sfo{sf/L e"ldsf cGtu{t kbk"lt{sf sfo{sf]z'?jft g} lj1fkg / b/vf:t ;+sngaf6 x'g] x'Fbf b/vf:t ;+sngn] cfof]usf ;f] kZrftsfk/LIff ;~rfng, pQ/k'l:tsf ;+fs]lts/0f, lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg, cGtjf{tf{ tyf l;kmfl/z nufot Ps ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofx?nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ ug]{ x'G5 . ;+slnt b/vf:taf6 g} zf]wcg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{x? ul/g] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljj/0fx? tof/ ul/g] ePsfn] b/vf:t ;+sng / ljZn]if0f clt dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . aif]{gL >d ahf/df lzlIft hgzlQm a9\b}hfg], /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / j9\bf] ;+qmd0f sfnsf sf/0f nufgLsf] jftfj/0f sdhf]/ eO{cGo If]qdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf sd dfqfdf ePsf] / lzlIft a]/f]huf/sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'b} uPsf]cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfkm\gf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ kbk"lt{sfo{ ;"rf?kn] ug]{ ePsf] sf/0fn] klg x'g ;S5 cfof]u4f/f ul/Psf lj1fkgx?df b/vf:t lbg]x?sf] ;+Vof lbgk/lbg a9\b} uPsf] ljut s]xL jif{sf] tYof°x?af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . of] w]/} /fd|f]kIf xf] . b/vf:tsf] a9\bf] ;+VofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf ;do nfut sd ug{sf nflu b/vf:tk|s[ofnfO{ k|ljlw d}qL jgfO{ cgnfO{g b/vf:t lng'kg]{ ePsfn] cfof]u o;sf] tof/Ldf nfu]sf] 5 . cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgx?sf] If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?, c~rn sfof{nox? Pj+ uf]Zjf/f x'nfssfof{no / lhNnf l:yt lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?af6 ;d]t b/vf:t ;+sng Pj+ :jLs[lt ug]{ul/G5 . oL lgsfox?n] cfkm\gf] nflu 5'§ofOPsf] lj1fkg cg';f/sf sfo{If]qsf cfwf/df /lxb/vf:t ;+sng tyf :jLs[lt ug]{ ub{5g\ . k|fKt b/vf:tnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/x?df ljZn]if0f ug]{ul/Psf] 5 . o; n]vdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] b/vf:t ;+sng k|lqmof Pj+ ;+slnt b/vf:tnfO{pDd]bjf/x?sf] n}l·s l:ytL, hfltut, efiffut, wfld{s cf:yf, z}lIfs of]Uotf, ljsf;If]qut, ;]jfut, ;dfj]zL ;d"x cflbsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu !# wf/f !@^ df pNn]v ePsf sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L x]bf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] d"ntM sfo{sf/L, cw{Goflos, k/fdz{bfoL cg'udgsf/L nufot

– uLtfs'df/L xf]d]ufO{+*

* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

131

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfof]un] kbk"lt{ ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo;]jf, Pj+ Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;]jf tkm{sf b/jGbL, kbk"lt{ cj:yfs]f lg/LIf0f, dfu ;+sng, ;DalGwt P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePcg'?k k|ltzt lgwf{/0f, lj1fkg k|sfzg, k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt Pj+ k|of]ufTds k/LIff ;+rfng, cGtjf{tf{ / pDd]bjf/x?sf] lgo'QmLsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{ cfof]usf] sfo{sf/Le"ldsf xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] j9'jf ;DaGwdf ph'/L ;'gL 6'+uf] nufpg] cfof]usf] cw{Goflose"ldsf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf gLlt, ;]jfsf zt{ tyf sfg"gsf ;DaGwdf, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg]ljefuLo ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg] Pj+ ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?sf] sd{rf/L egf{, 5gf}6 nufot kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf ljifodf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf xf] . To:t} u/L ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgodfjnL / cGo k|rlnt sfg"g / cfof]un] ;do;dodf tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw / zt{ jdf]lhd lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL eP gePsf] ljifodf cGo;+j}wflgs lgsfo / g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu / sfof{nox?sf lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg],k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ pk/f]Qmfg';f/ sfo{x? gePdf pQm sfo{ ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]lv k7fpg], o:tf ljifonfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug]{ cfof]usf] cg'udgsf/L e"ldsf xf] . lghfdtL;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g / ljefluo ;hfosf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lbg] Pj+ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf]j9'jf tyf ;f] ;DalGw ph'/L x]g]{ ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxLjf6 cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] kfOG5 .

cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'QmLsf lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{] sfo{ k|s[ofut ?kdf ug]{]{ u/]sf] 5 . h;df jflif{s sfo{tflnsf k|sfzg, ;DalGwt lgsfox?jf6 l/Qm kbsf dfu ;+sng, ;+slntdfunfO{ tt\ tt\ ;]jf ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgodfjnLx?df Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f, dfu kbx?sf nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf Pj+ kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f eP gePsf] x]l/ gePsf] v08df lgwf{/0f ug{]] jf ug{ nufpg] / kl/dfh{g jf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ePdf ltgnfO{ kl/dfh{g jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/fpg] ul/G5 .o; kZrft dfukbsf] lj1fkg k|sfzg x'g], b/vf:t btf{ / :jLs[lt, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g, lnlvtk/LIff ;+rfng, pQ/k'l:tsf ;+s]tLs/0f -sf]l8ª_, Pj+ lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg, k|of]ufTds k/LIff ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;f] ;+rfng / cGtjf{tf{ lng] / of]Uotfqmddf k/]sf pDd]bjf/x?nfO :yfoL lgo'QmLsf]nflu dfu ug]{ sfof{nox?df l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

b/vf:t ;+sng

kbk"lt{ k|s[ofnfO{ Pp6f dfgjLo z/L/ dfGg] xf] eg] b/vf:tnfO{ kbk"lt{ k|s[ofsf] /Qm ;+rf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . z/L/sf] ;+rfngdf /Qm ;+rf/ k|fylds sfo{ xf] eg] kbk"lt{ k|s[ofdf b/vf:t ;+sngclt k|f/lDes / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o;nfO{ cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] / ePsf kbdf pDd]bjf/sf] j}Btfk/LIf0f ug]{ ljifosf ?kdf klg lnOG5 .

ljleGg lgsfox?jf6 k|fKt ljleGg >]0fL cg';f/sf ;]jf, ;d"x, pk ;d"xsf kbx?nfO{ lj1fkgdf lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ b]xfosf lgsfox?jf6 b/vf:t ;+sng, btf{ Pj+ :jLs[t ug]{ ul/G5 .

132

!_ cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox? Pj+ c~rn sfof{nox? M

cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox? Pj+ c~rn sfof{nox?n] cfof]ujf6 ePsf /fhkqf+lst >]0fLtkm{sf kbx? Pj+ /fhkq cg+lst >]0fLtkm{sf kbx?sf] b/vf:t ;+sng ug]{ btf{ ug]{, :jLs[t ug]{ / ;DjGwLtIf]q tyf c+rn sfof{nosf] cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]q cg';f/ lng kfpg] b/vf:t kmf/fdx? pDd]bjf/sf] :jLs[t gfdfjnL Pj+ k|j]zkqx? ;DalGwt k/LIff ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfox?df k7fpg] ub{5g\ -lgl{bi6 sfo{If]qcg';f/ cGoq s]Gb| /fv]/ el/Psf b/vf:t kmf/fdx?sf] xsdf_ . cfof]usf] dWodf~rn If]qLolgb]{zgfno cGtu{tsf] lj1fkgx?sf] b/vf:t ;+sng eg] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb| :yfkgf ePkl5 ;f]xL s]Gb|af6 g} x'b} cfPsf] 5 .

@_ sf7df08f} pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|M

ldlt @)^*.%.! df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] gofF sfof{nosf] ?kdf :yflkt o; s]Gb|n] cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / ;f] cGt{utsf c~rn sfof{nox? -gf/fo0fL– x]6f}8f /hgsk'/– hn]Zj/_ jf6 k|sflzt x'g] lj1fkgx?sf] b/vf:t ;+sng Pj+ btf{ ug]{ / pDd]bjf/x?sf:jLs[t gfdfjnL Pj k|j]zkqx? ;DalGwt sfof{nox?df k7fpg] sfo{ ub{5 .

cfof]usf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox? Pj+ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|af6 /fhkqf+lst >]0fL tkm{sf sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍgåf/f / h]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] j9'jfsf]lj1fkgx?sf b/vf:t ;d]t ;+sng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#_ uf]Zjf/f x'nfs sfof{no tyf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?M

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf sfof{nox? ;a} lhNnfdf g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn cfof]usf] % j6f If]qLolgb]{zgfno -k"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno–wgs'6f, dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}+, klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno–kf]v/f, dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno–;'v]{t tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno– lbkfon_ Pj+ ( j6f c~rn sfof{nox? -d]rL c~rn sfof{no– Onfd, ;u/dfyf c~rnsfof{no– lbQm]n, hgsk'/ c~rn sfof{no– hn]Zj/, gf/fo0fL c~rn sfof{no– x]6f}8f, n'lDagL c~rn sfof{no– j'6jn, wjnflu/L c~rn sfof{no– jfUn'ª, /fKtL c~rn sfof{no– bfª, s0ff{nL c~rn sfof{no– h'Dnf / dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{no– dx]Gb|gu/_ / sf7df08f}+ cgfdgu/l:yt s]lGb|osfof{nosf] kl/;/df sf7df08f} pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\ .

cfof]ujf6 x'g] lj1fkgx? b/vf:t ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ cfof]usf c~rn sfof{nox?af6 eO{ cfPsf]df Psflt/ cfof]usf ;+oGqx? ;a} lhNnfdf eO{ g;s]sf] / csf]{lt/ g]kfne/ ;j}lt/sf cf+sfIfLx?sfb/vf:t ;+sng ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] ;]jfu|fxLn] ;xh, ;/n, k|efjsf/L, ldtJooL Pj+ sd ;do, >d /

133

b"/Ldf cfof]ujf6 ePsf lj1fkgx?df cfj]bg ug{ ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ b]lv cfof]usf sfof{no gePsf lhNnfl:yt lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?, cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷)^* b]lv sf7df8f}+ ;'Gwf/f l:yt uf]Zjf/f x'nfs sfof{no Pj+ cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# b]lv cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / c~rn sfof{nox? /x]sf lhNnf l:yt lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?jf6 ;d]t b/vf:t;+sng Pj+ :jLs[ltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ck|fljlws kb tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL, zfvfclws[t jf ;f] ;/xsf kbx?;Ddsf] v'nf / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf lj1fkgsf b/vf:t ;+sng /:jLs[lt ug]{ u/L pQm sfof{nox?nfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 .

cfof]udf x'g] lj1fkgx?df b/vf:t ;+sng Pj+ :jLs[ltsf nflu ljleGg P]g, lgodfjnLx?nfO{ cfwf/ lng] ul/G5 . tL dWo] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^, lgodfjnL @)^&, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( /lgodfjnL, @)%), Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL,@)^%, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# / lgodfjnL, @)%%, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{;~rfng_ lgb]{lzsf,@)^& tyf ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ;DaGwL cGo P]g lgodx? kb{5g\ .

b/vf:t ;+sng k|s[of

kbk"lt{sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox?jf6 k|fKt dfunfO{ ;+sng ul/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f kZrft kb;+Vof 5'§ofP/ ltgnfO{ v'nf, ;dfj]zL v'nf, j9'jf -cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf, sfo{Ifdtf d"NofÍg, h]i7tf /sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg_ nufotsf ljifodf lgwf{/0f u/L s]Gb|, If]q, c~rnut 5'§fOPsf lj1fkg gDj/ cg';f/ lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/;s]kl5 b/vf:t ;+sng z'? x'G5 . b/vf:t ;+sngsf nflu cfof]un]b/vf:t kmf/fdsf 9fFrfx? lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . h;df v'nftkm{ / j9'jf tkm{ 5'§} b/vf:t kmf/fd lgwf{/0ful/Psf] 5 eg] xfn cfof]un] /fhkqf+lst t[lto >]0fL zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x, /fhkq cg+lstk|yd >]0fL gfoj ;'Aaf jf ;f] ;/x tyf /fhkq cg+lst lålto >]0fL vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/x kbx?sf nflu cjnDjg u/]sf] PsLs[t / ;+o'Qm k/LIff k|0ffnLsf nflu 5'§} -# kfg]_ b/vf:t kmf/fdsf 9fFrfx?lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL kmf/fdx?df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ljj/0fx?sf] cfwf/df b/vf:t ;+sngul/G5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ k|s[ofdf b/vf:t ;+sng clt dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . k|sflztlj1fkg cg';f/ cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?, c~rn sfof{nox? / sf7df08f}pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|, uf]Zjf/f P+j lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?n] k|To]s ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, lj1fkg gDa/, v'nf ÷;dfj]zL nufotsf cfwf/df cf–cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf b/vf:t ;+sng ug]{ ub{5g\ . h;df /fhkqf+lst >]0fL tkm{sf k|fljlws ck|fljlws ;j} kbx?sf] b/vf:t cfof]u cGtu{tsf;j} lgsfox?jf6 ;+sng ul/G5 . /fhkq cgls+t >]0fLsf b/vf:t Ps If]qdf jf ;f] / cGtu{tlgsfojf6 ;+sng ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . uf]Zjf/f Pj+ lhNnf l:yt x'nfs sfof{nox?n] eg] ck|fljlwstkm{ /fhkqf+lst t[lto >]0fL ;Ddsf] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qleqsf b/vf:t ;+sng tyf :jLs[lt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . b/vf:t ;+sngsf nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf lj1fkgx?, If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf

134

lj1fkgx? Pj+ c~rn sfof{nox?sf lj1fkgx?sf nflu 5'§f5'§} /f]n gDj/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . h'gb]xfo jdf]lhd 5g\ M

qm=; cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox? tyf c+rn sfof{nox?/f]n gDa/

b]lv ;Dd

! nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, d]rL c~rn sfof{no, Onfd 01 30000

@ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, k"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, wgs'6f 30001 70000

# nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, ;u/dfyf c~rn sfof{no, lbQm]n 70001 100000

$ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, hgsk'/ c~rn sfof{no, hn]Zj/ 100001 130000

% nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb| 130001 170000

^ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, gf/fo0fL c~rn sfof{no, x]6f}8f 170001 200000

& nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, n'lDagL c~rn sfof{no, a'6jn 200001 230000

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno,kf]v/f 230001 270000

( nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, wjnflu/L c~rn sfof{no, jfUn'Ë 270001 300000

!) nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, /fKtL c~rn sfof{no, bfË 300001 330000

!! nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t 330001 370000

!@ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s0ff{nL c~rn sfof{no, h'Dnf 370001 400000

!# nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/ 400001 430000

!$ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, lbkfon 430001 470000

uf]Zjf/f tyf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?sf nflu eg] tt\ lhNnf l:yt /xg] If]qLo lgb]{zgfno Pj+ c~rn sfof{nox?n] cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf] k/LIff /f]n gDj/ leq}af6 /f]n gDj/ 5'§ofO lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

b/vf:tx?sf] ljZn]if0f

cfof]udf k|To]s lj1fkgsf ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x Pj+ kbut ?kdf kg{ cfPsf b/vf:tnfO{ b/vf:t kmf/fddf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd b/vf:tsf] ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x, kbut, z}lIfs of]Uotf, b/vf:tbftfsf] hflt, wd{ , efiff, k]zf, n}lËs l:ylt , ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?, ljsf;If]qut cflb cfwf/df sDKo'6/dfk|ljli6 ul/G5 / ;f] sf] nut /fVg] sfo{ ul/G5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df cfof]us]f nflu cfjZos kg]{tYofÍx? tof/ ug]{, kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ k|of]u ug]{ Pj+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/L ug]{ ul/G5 .

o; n]vdf cflYf{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ b]lv cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! df k/]sf b/vf:tx?sf] n}lËs,wfld{s cf:yfut, z}lIfs of]Uotfut, z}lIfs ;+sfout, lghfdtL Pj+ cGo ;]jfut, dft[efiffut tyf ;dfj]zL ;d"xut cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ljj/0fx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

135

tflnsf – !n}l·s cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

ln· cfly{s jif{ 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71 s"n hDdfdlxnf ;+Vof 32457 139963 110307 113785 173418 255234 825164

k|ltzt 37.68 46.58 43.83 43.89 47.02 45.50 44.028

k'?if ;+Vof 53711 160500 141344 157792 195387 305681 1014415

k|ltzt 62.33 53.42 56.17 58.11 52.98 54.50 54.1259

hDdf 86168 300463 251651 271577 368805 560915 1839579

aif]{gL >d ahf/df lzlIft hgzQmL a9\b} hfg], /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / j9bf] ;+qmd0f sfnsf sf/0fnufgLsf] jftfj/0f sdhf]/ eO{ cGo If]qdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf sd dfqfdf ePsf] / lzlIft a]/f]huf/sf];+Vofdf j[l4 x'b} uPsf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfkm\gf] jflif{ssfo{tflnsf cg';f/ kbk"lt{ sfo{ ;"rf?kn] ug]{ ePsf] sf/0fn] klg x'g ;S5 cfof]u4f/f ul/Psf lj1fkgx?df b/vf:t lbg]x?sf] ;+Vof lbgk/lbg a9\b} uPsf] ljut s]xL jif{sf] tYofÍx?af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . ljut ^ aif{sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ cfof]usf lj1fkgdf cfj]bg ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ?kdf a[l4ePsf] dflysf] tflnsfn] k'li6 ub{5 . o; cjlwdf s"n b/vf:t ;+Vof !* nfv #( xhf/ % ;do&( /x]sf] 5 . h;df k'?ifsf] ;+Vof !) nfv !$ xhf/ $ ;o !% / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof * nfv @%xhf/ ! ;o ^$ /x]sf] 5 . pQm ^ jif{sf] cjlwdf kg{ cfPsf b/vf:tnfO{ n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0fubf{ k'?if tkm{ cf}ift %%Ü / dlxnf tkm{ $%Ü /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %;o $ dWo] k'?if ! s/f]8 @* nfv$( xhf/ $! -$*=%)Ü_ / dlxnf ! s/f]8 #^ nfv $% xhf/ $ ;o ^# -%!=%)Ü_ /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf – @hfltut cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

hflt

cfly{s jif{

2065÷66 2066÷67 2067÷68 2068÷69 2069÷70 2070÷71 s'n hDdf

a|fDx0f -kxf8÷t/fO{_ 41643 123287 107015 106261 113255 153103 644564

If]qL 15699 52793 45819 51679 63657 103435 333082

yf¿ 2563 12402 9066 11937 20879 38235 95082

du/ 3229 14371 11541 13199 20688 36378 99406

g]jf/ 4420 15026 12040 12702 22594 23213 89995

/fO{ 2435 14315 9400 10988 11826 20996 69960

tfdfª 1352 5517 4388 5802 8353 11934 37346

u'?ª 1049 3350 2138 2751 4890 6742 20920

blnt 1994 9831 8098 10194 6533 19891 56541

d'l:nd 322 1234 1048 1459 2223 3942 10228

cGo 11462 48337 41098 44605 93907 143046 382455

hDdf b/vf:t ;+Vof 86168 300463 251651 271577 368805 560915 1839579

136

o; cjlwdf k/]sf b/vf:tnfO{ hfltut cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;j eGbf w]/} b/vf:t a|fDx0f-kxf8÷t/fO{_, To;kl5 qmdzM If]qL, du/, yf?, g]jf/, /fO{, t]nL, tfdfª tyf blnt hfltdf k/]sf]b]lvG5 . cGo hflt cGtu{t ;f]gf/, xhfd, 7fs'/, s'dL{, sfg', snjf/, wfg's, /fhef/, /fhj+zL,/fhk't, /fhL, /fp6], ;Gyfn÷;tf/, 3tL{, 5Gt]n, a/fo', a/O{, aËfnL, af]6], jflgof, Jof;L, b"/f, b/}, bg'jf/, d]r], df/jf8L, dfemL, dfnL, dNnfx, r]kfË÷k|hf, s';'08f, s]j6, sdf/, s'Dxfn, kxf/L, lh/]n, ls;fg, nf]w, r'/f}6], ugufO{, sf]r], sx/f, tfhk'l/of, emFfu8, xfo', xn'jfO, ofbj, sf]O/L, 7s'/L, yfdL nufotsf hfltnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . blnt cGtu{t sfdL, bdfO{, / ;fsL{ hfltx?nfO{ ;+nUgul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/sf] d'n'sdf a;f]af; ug]{ k|d'v bz hfthfltx?df If]qL,a|fx\d0f–kxf8L, du/, yf?, tfdfª, g]jf/, sfdL, d';ndfg, ofbj / /fO{ /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf – #wfld{s cf:yfsf cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ lxGb' af}$ O;fO{ O:nfd cGo hDdf2065÷66 81191 3142 366 334 1135 861682066÷67 280673 11962 1576 1099 5153 3004632067÷68 236392 9514 1314 1019 3412 2516512068÷69 252627 12194 1594 1115 4047 2715772069÷70 339986 18306 2835 2211 5467 3688052070÷71 514317 24840 4795 3873 13090 560915

hDdf 1705186 79958 12480 9651 32304 1839579k|ltzt 92=69 4=3465 0=6784 0=5246 1=756 100

^ aif{sf] cjwLsf] s"n pDd]bjf/ ;+Vofn] b/vf:tdf pNn]v u/]sf] wd{sf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf w]/} lxGb'wd{df (@=^( k|ltzt, af}4 wd{df $=#% k|ltzt, O;fO wd{df )=^* k|ltzt, d'l:nd wd{df )=%@ k|ltzt / cGo wfld{s cf:yfdf pNn]v eO{ !=* k|ltzt b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo wd{ cGtu{tls/fFt, jf]g, h}g, jxfO{, lzv tyf k|s[tL cflb wd{ kb{5g\ . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ d'n'sleqljleGg !) j6f wd{ dfGg] JolQmx? /x]sf / lxGb' wd{ dfGg]x? s"n hg;+Vofsf] *!=#Ü, af}4 (Ü,O:nfd $=$Ü, ls/ft #Ü, lqmlZrog !=$Ü / k|s[lt wd{ dfGg]x? )=$Ü /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

tflnsf – $Zf}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df b/vf:tsf]] ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dfq ePsf cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf hDdf2065÷66 58911 27257 861682066÷67 165961 134502 3004632067÷68 124583 127068 2516512068÷69 96418 175159 2715772069÷70 134406 234399 3688052070÷71 228546 332369 560915

hDdf 808825 1030754 1839579

137

o; cjlwdf ;+slnt s"n !* nfv #( xhf/ % ;o &( b/vf:tx?df ;DalGwt lj1fkgsf] ;DalGwt;]jf ;d"x, pk;d"x Pj+ kbsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dfq pNn]v ePsfpDd]bjf/x? * nfv * xhf/ * ;o @% / ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf ! nfv #) xhf/ &;o %$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eO{ b/vf:t lbg] hgzQmL w]/} /x]sf] cj:yf ePjf6cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{ ul/g] kbx?sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .

tflnsf – %z}lIfs ;+sfosf] cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ dfgljsL ;+:s[t jg Joj:yfkg lj!fg lrlsT;f lzIff Ol~h= s[lif sfg"g cGo hDdf

2065÷66 20640 147 320 17759 3058 10247 14337 1976 3103 3382 11199 86168

2066÷67 82919 355 1413 61902 10280 14898 88579 8330 8398 6372 17017 300463

2067÷68 56711 263 1326 54794 12367 18160 83459 7975 7335 3635 5626 251651

2068÷69 57248 248 2369 61592 16112 1329 101591 11541 8360 2968 8219 271577

@)^(÷&) 57,720 231 2,001 80,360 21,993 80,409 84,995 15,096 9,665 3,371 12,964 368,805

@)&)÷&! 79320 397 7682 88574 29025 79250 183947 15283 14541 6283 56613 560915

hDdf 354558 1641 15111 364981 92835 204293 556908 60201 51402 26011 111638 1839579

k|ltzt 19=274 0=089 0=82 19=84 5=04 11=10 30=27 3=27 2=79 1=44 6=068 100

pDd]bjf/x?af6 k|fKt b/vf:tnfO{ z}lIfs ;+sfout ?kdf ;+VofTds ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf qmdzM lzIff, Joj:yfkg, dfgljsL, lrlsT;fzf:q, lj1fg, Ol~hlgol/Ë s[lif, sfg"g, jg Pj+ ;+:s[t ;+sfosf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df s"n b/vf:t !* nfv #( xhf/ % ;o &( dWo] lzIff;+sfodf ;a} eGbf a9L % nfv %^ xhf/ ( ;o *, Joj:yfkg ;+sfodf # nfv ^$ xhf/ ( ;o*!, dfgljsL ;+sfodf # nfv %$ xhf/ % ;o %*, lrlsT;f zf:qdf @ nfv, $ xhf/ @ ;o (#,lj1fg ;+sfodf (@ xhf/ * ;o #%, Ol~hlgol/Ë ;+sfodf ^) xhf/ @ ;o !, s[lif ;+sfodf %!xhf/ $ ;o @, sfg"g ;+sfodf @^ xhf/ !! Pj+ ;+:s[t ;+sfodf ! xhf/ ^ ;o $! / ;f] eGbf sd;+Vofdf b/vf:t kg]{ cGo ;+sfox?df k/]sf] b/vf:t ;+Vof ! nfv !! xhf/ ^ ;o #* /x]sf] 5 .lzIff ;+sfotkm{ dlxnfx?sf] b/vf:t pNn]Vo /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] Ol~hlgol/ª, lj1fg h:tf ;+sfodf sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

138

tflnsf – ^

ljsf; If]q cg';f/ b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ k"jf{~rn dWodf~rn klZrdf~rndWo

klZrdf~rn

;'b"/

klZrdf~rnhDdf

2065/66 9743 44313 13737 12682 5693 86168

2066/67 48662 146324 47920 35134 22423 300463

2067/68 31180 133669 37860 29406 19536 251651

2068/69 31885 143188 36892 40097 19515 271577

2069/70 96219 105079 79665 56263 31579 368805

2070/71 143590 141361 118779 99815 57370 560915

hDdf 361279 713934 334853 273397 156116 1839579

k|ltzt 19.64 38.81 18.20 14.86 8.48 100

ljsf; If]qut ?kdf k/]sf !* nfv #( xhf/ % ;o &( b/vf:t dWo] ;aeGbf a9L b/vf:t ;+sngdWodf~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 -& nfv !# xhf/ ( ;o #$_, bf];|f]df k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q -# nfv^! xhf/ @ ;o &(_, t];|f]df klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q -# nfv #$ xhf/ * ;o %#_, rf}yf]dfdWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q -@ nfv &# xhf/ # ;o (&_ / kfFrf}df ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q-! Nffv %^ xhf/ ! ;o !^_ /x]sf 5g\ . dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ;/sf/L s]lGb|o, If]qLo, ljefluoPj+ lhNnf :tl/o sfof{nox? w]/} ePsf sf/0f sd{rf/L ;+Vof w]/} x'g], kbk"lt{ x'g] kb ;+Vof w]/} eO{ dfu ;+Vof j9L x'g] tyf of] ljsf; If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ hg;+Vof ;d]t jl9 ePsf sf/0f cGo ljsf; If]qsf] t'ngfdf o; ljsf; If]qdf b/vf:t clws dfqfdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;jeGbf sd b/vf:t ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qaf6 k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy} Ps If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ pd]bjf/x? dfukb;+Vof , k|ltZkwf{sf] ef/ cflbnfO dWogh/ ul/ csf]{ If]qdf uO{ b/vf:t lbg] qmd klg a9\b} uPsf]b]lvG5 .

tflnsf – &;]jfut ?kdf b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

;]jfcfly{s jif{

hDdf2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71

cf=of]=tyf tYof° 469 880 962 763 1787 2312 7173

Ol~hlgol/é 2030 8594 8441 11628 14564 14484 59741

s[lif 3274 7759 7059 8312 9183 7230 42817Gofo 3947 13120 4241 1051 828 186 23373k//fi^« 1889 6728 7809 1159 888 10 18483k|zf;g 55340 219158 92112 18662 17219 2785 405276n]vfk/LIf)f 1030 726 962 356 299 9 3382

139

;]jfcfly{s jif{

hDdf2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71

jg 291 1537 1503 11174 2425 147138 164068ljljw 3011 4259 10978 15967 12719 12258 59192lzIff 1618 17665 24273 24811 18287 9942 96596:jf:Yo 12421 18970 21148 1333 91445 93287 238604;+;b 848 1067 440 217 208 581 3361PsLs[t 71723 176144 198953 270693 717513

hDdf 86168 300463 251651 271577 368805 560915 1839579

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL tyf Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePsf ;]jfut dfusf cfwf/df b/vf:tnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;+o'Qm / PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cGtu{t k|fKt b/vf:t ;a}eGbf a9L & nfv !& xhf/ % ;o !# /x]sf]5 . /fhkq cgls+t k|yd tyf låtLo >]0fL -gfoj ;'Aaf / vl/bf/ kb_ jf ;f] ;/x Pj+ /fhkqf+lstt[tLo >]0fLdf cjnDag ul/Psf] of] k|0ffnL leq g]kfn k|zf;g, g]kfn Gofo, g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f, g]kfn k//fi6«, Joj:yflksf ;+;b cflb ;]jfx? Psd'i7 ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . PsLs[t / ;+o'Qm k/LIff k|0ffnL afx]sg]kfn k|zf;g ;]jftk{m $ nfv % xhf/ @ ;o &^, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfdf @ nfv #* xhf/ ^ ;o$ / To;kl5sf ;]jfx?Dff qmdz jg, lzIff, Ol~hlgo/LË, ljljw, s[lif, Gofo, k//fi6«, cfly{s of]hgftyf tYofÍ, n]vfk/LIf0f / Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;]jf /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf – *

;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

-cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Dd_

;dfj]zL ;d"x

cfly{s jif{dlxnf

cflbjf;L÷

hghfltdw];L blnt ckf· lk5l8Psf] If]q hDdf

@)^^÷^& 5592 22196 13734 4155 2106 2830 100923

@)^&÷^* 44137 18694 12597 4824 3243 2167 84227

@)^*÷^( 55958 25743 18193 6013 2823 2832 111562

@)^(÷&) 70450 36384 26584 6317 2509 3936 146180

@)&)÷&! 103033 56343 44897 12015 4941 8420 229649

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ kZrft lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] kbk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yfsf] k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( s]f bkmf & -&_ df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{;dfj]zL jgfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbx? dWo] k}tfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'§ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dflg b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] pDd]bjf/x? ljrdfdfq 5'§f5'§} k|ltZkwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

140

dlxnf ## Ü

cflbjf;L÷hghflt @& Ü

dw];L @@ Ü

blnt ( Ü

ckfË % Ü

lk5l8Psf] If]q $ Ü

pNn]lvt ;dfj]zL kbk"lt{ Joj:yf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! ;Dd k/]sf] b/vf:t x]bf{ k|To]s ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] b/vf:t kg]{ qmd j[lå x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . k|fKt b/vf:tx?sf;jeGbf w]/} qmdzM dlxnf To;kl5 cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]q / ckfË /x]sf]5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* / @)^*÷)^( sf] b/vf:t j[lå yf]/} dfqfdf ePklg To;kl5sf jif{x?dfk|To]s ;dfj]zL ;d"xdf b/vf:t kg]{ b/ w]/} ;+Vofdf j[lå x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ )^^.^& dfpk/f]Qmfg';f/ ^ ;dfj]zL ;d"xtkm{sf] s"n b/vf:t ;+Vof ! nfv ( ;o @# /x]sf]df % jif{sf] cGt/fn-cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& b]lv @)&).&! ;Dd_ df of] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ eGbf a9L eO{ @ nfv @( xhf/^ ;o $( k'u]sf] 5 .

tflnsf – (dft[efiffsf] cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] ljj/0f

dft[efiffcfly{s jif{

hDdf2065÷66 2066÷67 2067÷68 2068÷69 2069÷70 2071÷71 k|ltzt

g]kfnL 66306 221890 191252 197752 254943 372592 1304735 70.93

d}lynL 7979 29823 23795 27178 47699 72624 209098 11.37

yf?-*uf}/f÷/fgf_ 1870 8134 6092 8801 13943 23901 62741 3.411

ef]hk'/L 1897 8044 7025 7713 12086 22156 58921 3.203

g]jf/ 2026 6277 5262 5665 8361 9651 37242 2.025

tfdf· 947 3697 3115 4095 5356 7605 24815 1.349

du/ 740 3998 2904 3789 4630 7771 23832 1.296

cjlw 334 1709 1421 1657 2667 6285 14073 0.765

lnDa' 308 1695 2016 2721 5417 12157 0.661

jfGtjf 730 1644 1313 1176 1648 3623 10134 0.551

u'?· 414 1394 876 1349 1743 2344 8120 0.441

/fha+zL 80 343 219 223 577 977 2419 0.131

cGo 2537 13510 6682 10163 12431 25969 71292 3.856

hDdf 86168 300463 251651 271557 368805 560915 1839579 100

141

pDd]bjf/x?sf] k|fKt b/vf:tnfO{ b/vf:t kmf/fddf pNn]v eP c'g;f/ pDd]bjf/x?n] jf]Ng] dft[efiffsf] cfwf/df x]bf{ ;aeGbf a9L b/vf:t g]kfnL dft[efiff pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 qmdzM d}lynL,yf?, ef]hk'/L, g]jf/L, tfdfË, du/ nufot efiffx? /x]sf 5g\ . ^ jif{sf] cjlwdf dft[efiffsf cfwf/dfb/vf:t ;+VofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ &)=(#Ü n] g]kfnL, !!=#&Ü n] d}lynL, #=$!Ü n] yf? / #=@)Ü n]ef]hk"/L dft[efiff jf]Ng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ b]zleq j;f]jf; ug]{ JolQmx?n]jf]Ng] dft[efiffsf] ;+Vof !@# j6f b]lvPsf] / g]kfnL efiff jf]Ng $$=^Ü, d}lynL !!Ü, ef]hk'/L ^Ü,yf? %=*Ü, tfdfª %=!Ü, / g]jf/ #=@Ü /x]sf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt cj:yfx?jf6 nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 cfAxfg x'g] lj1fkgx?df b/vf:t lbg]x?sf] ;+Vof jif]{gL j[l4 uO/x]sf] 5 . b/vf:tsf] a9\bf] ;+VofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfof]usf] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf j9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cfhsf] o'u lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . b/vf:t btf{nfO{ klg Jojl:yt ug{sfnflu cgnfO{g k|lqmofdf n}hfg' cToGt cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] cfof]u lgs6 eljZodf g} cgnfOg b/vf:t k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug{ uO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;~rflntInformation Communication Development Project (ICT Project) af6 k|f/lDes sfo{x? eO/x]sf 5g\ .

b/vf:t ;+sngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

cfof]udf kg]{ b/vf:tx? :jLs[t ubf{ sltko pDd]bjf/x?n] b/vf:t kmf/fddf pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? ;a} geg]{, el/Psf ljj/0fx? klg c:ki6 / cz'4 x'g], unt ljj/0fx? eg]{, b/vf:Tf kmf/fd pDd]bjf/:jo+n] ge/L bf];|f] kIfjf6 e/fpg], k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ ljj/0fx? :jo+n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] gx'g], b/vf:t;fy ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ sfuhftx? ;+nUg gul/Psf]], a'emfpg'kg]{ b/vf:t b:t'/ k'/f ga'emfPsf] Pj+ b/vf:t b:t'/ a'emfPsf] /l;b gTyL gu/]sf]], ;+o'Qm tyf PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf kbx?df lg{wfl/t P]lR5s k|fl1s ljifoeGbf cs}{ ljifo pNn]v ePsf h:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . b/vf:t lbg] pDd]bjf/x?n]k|sflzt ;"rgfdf pNn]v u/]sf ljj/0fx? /fd|f];Fu a'em]/ kmf/fd eg'{kg]{df ;f] gul/lbg] sf/0f sltko cj:yfdf lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf gk'u]sf] b/vf:tx? kg]{ / ltgnfO{ kl5 c:jLs[t ug'{kg]{ cj:yfb]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} b/vf:t ;+sngsf nflu cfof]udf k|ofKt 7fFp ;lxtsf] 5'§} ejg g/x]sf]n]klg ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . cfof]u / cfof]usf b/vf:t ;+sngdf ;+nUg uf]Zjf/f Pj+ lhNnf x'nfssfof{nox? ljr af/Djf/ cGt/lqmof ;xsfo{ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;y{ b/vf:t ;+sngsf qmddfb/vf:t kmf/fdx?nfO{ ;s];Dd a'lemg], ;xh, / ;/n agfpg'kb{5 / lj1fkg k|sfzg ubf{ ;"rgfnfO{ klg:ki6;Fu a'lemg] u/L k|sfzg ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} b/vf:t lbg] pDd]bjfx?n] ;"rgfdf ePsf ljj/0fx? /fd|/Lk9]/ b/vf:t kmf/fddf pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? eg]{, ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ b:t'/ sfuhft cflbnfO{ pNn]v eP jdf]lhd ;+nUg ug]{ ug{ ;s]sf] v08df b/vf:t lbg] / lng] b'j} kIfnfO{ ;xh eO{ b/vf:tsf]ljZn]if0f sfo{ klg oyfy{ x'G5 / gLlt lgdf{0fdf o;n] 7f]; ;3fp k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 .

142

lgisif{

:jLs[t b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df g} b/vf:tx?sf] ljZn]if0f x'g] xF'bf b/vf:t ;+sng / :jLs[t ug]{ sfo{Hofb} ;+j]bglzn ljifo xf] . b/vf:t ;+sngsf] k|efjsfl/tfjf6 cfof]usf kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL cGosfo{x? k|efjsf/L x'g] x'G5g\ . b/vf:t ;+sng k|s[ofdf s]xL sdL sdhf]/L ePdf cfof]usf] k/LIff;~rfng / Joj:yfkg, pQ/k'l:tsfsf] ;+fs]lts/0f, lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg cflbdf / o;jf6jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf lnOg] tYofÍ klg km/s kg{ hfg] x'G5 . cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lghfdtL;]jf, sd{rf/L / kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL gLltut ljifox?nfO{ ;d]t ulDe/ c;/ kg{ hfg] ePsf]n] o; sfo{nfO{k|efjsf/L jgfpg' cTofjZos b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

§ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^

§ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(

§ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$

§ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#

§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^&

§ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^%

§ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^&

§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg jif{sf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? -cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Dd_

143

af}l4s ;DklQsf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; /

g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yf

;f/f+z

dflg;sf] l;h{gfTds sfo{sf] pkh g} af}l4s ;DklQ xf] . o; lsl;dsf] pkh dfgjLo a'l4,ljj]s,;Lk,lrGtg / 1fgsf] dfWodjf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cfhsf] ;dodf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]If]qdf b]lvPsf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v sf/s tTj dWo] af}l4s ;DklQ klg Ps xf] . k|:t't n]vdfaf}l4s ;DklQ eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf] cjwf/0ffut ljsf; slxn] eof] < af}l4s ;DklQsfk|sf/x? slt lsl;dsf 5g\ < o;sf ljz]iftfx? s] s] x'g\ < g]kfnsf] sfg"gL ;+/rgfdf af}l4s;DklQnfO{ s;/L ;d]l6Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L, af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsfnflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x? , g]kfnsf nflu cj;/ Pj+ r'gf}lt / k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf nflurflng' kg]{ pkfox? h:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!=ljifo k|j]z M

;DklQ eGGffn] d"t{ / cd"{t (corporal and Incorporal) b'a} lsl;dsf] ;DklQnfO{ hgfpF5 . d"t{;DklQ cGtu{t rn crn ;DklQ kb{5g\ eg] cd"{t ;DklQ cGtu{t k/ j:t' dflysf] clwsf/ (Juriain realiena) h:t} lwtf] ,u'7L cflb ;DklQ kb{5g\ eg] cef}lts j:t'x?sf] ;fDklts clwsf/ (Jura in repropia) h:t}– k]6]06, 6«]8dfs{, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;d]tsf ;DklQ kb{5g\ .

;fdfGotof af}l4s ;DklQ eGgfn] dfgjsf] l;h{gfTds sfo{sf] pkhnfO{ hgfp5F . csf]{ zJbdf eGbfdfgjLo a'l4, ljj]s, ;Lk, lrGtg / 1fgsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;DklQ g} af}l4s ;DklQ xf] . o:tf;DklQnfO{ JolQut ;DklQsf] ?kdf lnOg] / sfg"gtM ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/ ;/x Jojxf/ ul/g] x'bfFo:tf] ;DklQ pk/sf] xs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ elgPsf] xf] . dflg;n]cWoog, cg';Gwfg,h:tf l;h{gfTds sfo{sf] dfWodaf6 cfkm"df cGtlg{lxt 1fg jf Ifdtfsf] k"0f{?kdf pkof]u u/]/ g} s'g}} gofF l;h{gf jf cfljisf/ Pj+ vf]hLgLlt ug{ ;Sb5, h'g jf:tljs ?kdf p;sf] cfˆgf] af}l4s ;DklQ xf] . o:tf] lsl;dsf] l;h{gfnfO{ bf];|f] kIfn] ;h{ssf] dGh'/L a]u/ k|of]u jfljlqm u/L u}/ sfg"gL nfe lng g;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon]] o; lsl;dsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ /fHon]

–dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n*

* pk;lrj, Gofo kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno

144

plrt Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] ljifosf] s'g} Ps b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq ;Lldt g/lxcGt/f{i6«Lo:t/df rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . af}l4s ;DklQ cGtu{t ljz]ift j}1flgs,k|fljlws,Jofkfl/s,;flxlTos,snfTds, cflb ljifox? cGtlg{lxt /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;|i6f jf ;h{sn] u/]sf] cfljisf/lghsf] :jLs[lt j]u/ s;}n] klg k|of]u ug{ gkfpg eGg' g} af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] d"n dd{ xf] . o:tf]lsl;dsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0faf6 dflg;nfO{ gljg sfo{ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ldNg hfG5 . af}l4s ;DklQsf]rf]l/ (Piracy) gxf]; eGgsf nflu g} af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] sfg"gåf/f g} ;+/If0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ JolQmsf] Psnf}6L (Monopoly) clwsf/ xf] . oBlko;sf s]lx cfˆgf ;Ldf / kl/lw eg] /x]sf x'G5g\ .

@= kl/efiffM–

af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;a{dfGo kl/efiff ug{ sl7g 5, tyflk o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx?n] cf cfˆg} tj/n] kl/efiff ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

jlzi7 ljsf;n]–The term Intellectual property (IP) includes copyright, patent, trademark, and design and has assumed international character.1 elg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

ANofS; n l8S;g/Lsf cg';f/ Intellectual Property is a category of intangible rights protectingcommercially valuable products of human Intellect.2 egL af}l4s ;DklQsf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .

af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwLdxf;efsf] wf/f @ sf] b]xfo * df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ af}l4s ;DklQ eGgfn] lgDg s'/fx?nfO a'‰g'kb{53

– ;flxlTos, snfTds / j}1flgs sfo{ (literary,artistic and scientifi c work)

– snfTds, Wjlg c8sg,/ k|;f/0f sfo{sf] k|bz{g tyf ;Dkfbg (performance of performing

and broadcast)

– dfgj k|oTgaf6 ePsf x/ If]qsf vf]lhx? (Invention in all fi elds of human endeavor)

– j}1flgs cfljisf/x? (scientifi c discoveries)

– cf}Bf]lus l8hfOgx? (Industrial design)

– Jofkfl/s lrGx, ;]jf lrGx, Jofkfl/s gfd, / pkflwx? (Trade marks,service marks, and

1 Vikas, vashishth, Bharts Law and practice of Intellectual Property in India (NewDelhi :Bharat Law House),1

2 Garner ABryan (Editor in chief) Blacks Law Dictionary,8th edition Reprint 2007 (west a Thomson, business2007),824

3 WIPO, Intellectual property Hand book: policy law and use 2nd edition ,WIPO publication No.489 (e)(Gevena : World Intellectual property Organization 2004),33

145

commercial names, designation)

– c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ lj?å ;+/If0f / j}1flgs, cf}Bf]lus, ;flxlTos, Pj+ snfTds If]qdf ePsf]af}l4s sfd sf/jfxLaf6 k|fKt ;a} k|sf/sf clwsf/x? (protection against unfair competition and allother rights relating from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientifi c, literary or

artistic fi eld etc.)

gfG;L P8]nsf cg';f/ Intellectual property may be defi ned as embracing rights to novel ideas as

contained intangible products of cognitive effort.4eGb} kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg kl/efiffx?sf] cWoog ubf{ af}l4s ;DklQ eg]sf] dfgjLo sNkgf, ljrf/ jf l;h{gfTds sfo{sf] pkh xf], h;sf] Jofj;flos d"No x'gfsf] ;fy} o; lsl;dsf] l;h{gfdf ;|i6fsf] ljz]if clwsf/ lgxLt /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a}sf] dt}Sotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

#= cjwf/0ffut ljsf;

af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff dfgj dfqn] df}lns ?kdf cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg, ljsf; u/]sf] lrGtg, l;h{gf u/]sf] snf, cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug{'sf ;fy} o;/L k|fKt ul/Psf] 1fg, ljrf/ / lrGtg l;h{gf ug{]sf]lxtdf ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; lsl;dsf] dfGotfn] n]vs,;h{s,cfljisf/snfO{p;sf] cg'dlt lagf tL JoSQ ul/Psf, l;h{gf ul/Psf jf cfljisf/ ul/Psf s'/fx?nfO{ Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ /f]s nufpF5 . o;/L l;h{gf u/]sf] cfkm\gf] af}l4s ;DklQ s;nfO{< s;/L< s] zt{df < k|of]u ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] eGg] ;jf{lwsf/ ;h{sd} ;'/lIft /xG5 .

o;/L ePsf l;h{glzntfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ To:tf JolQmsf] s[lt, l;h{gfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ;g\ !^)* df rLgsf tft\sflng ;Ë j+zsf afbzfxn] ( j6f k':tsnfO{ lt k':tssf] df}lnsn]vssf] cg'dlt a]u/ k'gM k|sfzg u/]df b08 ;hfo ef]Ug' kb{5 elg cfb]z hfl/ ug'{sf ;fy} o;/L hfl/ ePsf] cfb]zdf JolQmn] pAhlg u/]sf] cGgafnL jf kfng kf]if0f ul/ x'sf{Psf] kz'wg ;/x g} clwsf/ nfUg]5 elg k|i6 kf/]sf lyP5 . ;g\ !&(! sf] k|mfG;sf] gful/s sfg"gdf "All discoveries are

the property of author" elg x/]s ;[hgfnfO{ ;h{ssf] clwsf/df ;d]6]sf] kfOG56 . ;g\ !*$% df cfP/cd]l/sL /fHo Dof;fr';]6\;sf] circuit court n] dgsf] a'l4sf] kl/>dnfO{ sfg"gL dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf]b]lvG5 . af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ljZjJoflk ?kd} ;+/If0f x'g' kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;g\!*&) sf] bzs kl5 g} ;'? ePsf] ePtf klg ;g\ !(^& df ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g (world Intellectual property organization WIPO) sf] :yfkgf eP kZrft ;+:yfut ?kdf ljsf;

4 Dale A Nancy "forward owning ideas in symposinm Intellectual property " published in Harvard Journalsof Law and public policy issue no.13 1990 P. 77

5 Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ / g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno @)^^ k]h !

6 P]=P]=

146

ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((%df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organization) sf] :yfkgf ;Fu}Jofkf/ ;Daå af}l4s clwsf/ ;Demf}tf (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS) sfof{GjogdfcfP kZrft\ ;flxTo, snf, ;+uLt ;+of]hg, sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd, OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6, 6]«8dfs{, k]6]06 l8hfOg, kmf]6f]u|flkm, ef}uf]lns ;+s]lts/0f, cfljisf/, h:tf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf+z ljifox?nfO ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf d'n'sL P]g,!(!) df ePsf] cbnsf] dxn cGtu{t k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf g} klxnf] sfg"gL Joj:yf xf] . la=;+ !((# ;fndf k]6]06, l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ P]g!((# th'{df ul/ sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . To;kl5 la=;=@)@@ ;fndf k]6]06, l8hfOg, 6]«8dfs{ P]g@)@@, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)@@ hfl/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 . kl5 cfP/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%( tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lgodfjnL, @)^!,g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu $ df /fHosf bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?df;+lIfKt ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;h{ssf ljz]if clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ul/ ltgLx?sf] cGj]if0f (Innovation), ;[hgf (creation),cflaisf/ (Invention) ug{ k|]l/t ug{] clek|fon] :yflkt WIPO cGtu{t ljleGg ;lGw sGe]G;gx? ePsf 5g\, h;sf] tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 –

s= k]l/; sGe]G;g !**# (Paris Convention,1883)M– o; sGe]g;gn] k]6]06,cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg, 6«]8dfs{ h:tf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k]l/; sGe]g;gsf]kIf ePsf] Pp6f ;b:o /fi6«df k]6]06 btf{ u/]kl5 c? ;b:o /fi6\«df btf{ ul/ /xg' kb}{g .g]kfn ;g\ @))! b]lv k]l/; sGe]G;gsf] kIf /fi6« /xb}F cfPsf] 5 . k]l/; sGe]G;gsfclwsf+z ;f/e"t kIfx?nfO{ TRIPS ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

v= jg{ sGe]G;g, !**^(Bern Convention, 1886)M–of] sGe]G;g k|ltlnlk clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . h; cg';f/ ;h{s jf ;|i6fåf/f ;[hgf ul/Psf ;flxlTos / snfTds /rgfn] ;dfh/ /fi6«nfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPafkt plgx?nfO{ Psnf}6L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;g\@))% df o; sGe]G;gsf] kIf d'n's ePsf] 5 . k]l/; sGe]G;gdf em} jg{ sGe]G;gsfclwsf+z ;f/e"t kIfx?nfO{ TRIPS ;Demf}tfdf klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

u= /f]d sGe]G;g, !(^! (Rome Convention,1961)M– o; sGe]G;gn] k|ltlnlk clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGo clwsf/x? (Related rights) h:tf] performers, procedure of phonograms /

Broadcasting organization sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .xfn;Dd g]kfn o; sGe]G;gsf] kIf d'n's ePsf] 5}g tfklg kIf d'n's x'gsf nflu 5nkmn k|f/De eO/x]sf] 5 .

3= d]l8«8 k|f]6f]sn !(*( (Madrid Protocol, 1989)M– o; k|f]6f]snn] Jofkfl/s lrGx (Trademarks

/ servicemarks) ;DalGwt clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 . WIPO sf] 5ftf cGtu{t

147

cGt/f{li6«o:t/df Jofkfl/s lrGxx?sf] ;/n / ldtJooL tl/sfn] btf{ tyf ltgsf] k|zf;gug]{ o; k|f]6«f]sndf g]kfn kIf aGg] ljifo 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

ª= jflzª\6g ;lGw, !(*( (Washington Agreement, 1989)M– o; ;lGwn] Integrated Circuit of

Layout Design sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 . oBlk of] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf] 5}g .

$= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/

Jofkf/df af}l4s l;h{gf / 1fgsf] dxTjnfO{ pRr d"NofÍg ub}{ p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{n] af}l4s ;DklQsf]clwsf/sf] If]qnfO{ jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;d]6\g] lg0fo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o; cGtu{t k|ltlnlkclwsf/ ;DaGwL clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ u/L d'VotM b'O{ If]q 5g\ . af}l4s;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' k5fl8sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] gofF gofF cfljisf/ / l;h{gfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ ;h{ssf] cfljisf/nfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{ xf] .TRIPS sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M–

$=! /fli6«o Jojxf/ (National treatment)

af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL (World Trade Organization WTO) df cfj4 ;b:o /fi6«x?n] :jb]zL/ ljb]zLsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] k]6]06, l8hfOg,6«]8dfs{, /lhi6«]zg jfkt nfUg] b:t'/df :jb]zL / ljb]zL lar lje]b gul/ ;dfg Jojxf/ug{' kb{5 .

$=@ clt ;f}laWo k|fKt /fi6«sf] Jojxf/ (MostFavored Nation Treatment)

o; ;DaGwdf WTO sf ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x?sf ;h{s jf ;|i6fsf] l;h{gfnfO{ ;dfglsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .

$=# ;Gt'lnt ;+/If0f (Balanced Protection)

o;df pTkfbs / pkef]Stf b'a}n] ;Gt'lnt ?kdf nfe xfl;n ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 .oBlk pTkfbsn] pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No al9 sfod u/]sf] cj:yfdf pSt j:t' pkef]Stfsf] kx'rF eGbf 6f9fsf] x'g hfg] s'/fdf ;/sf/ cfZjt ePdf clgjfo{ cg'dlt kq (Compulsory

Licensing) dfkm{t ;/sf/n] pTkfbssf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .

TRIPS ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf s]xL gf}nf], hl6n, vlr{nf] / k|fljlws kIf;Fu ;d]thf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ljifo k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/Lo; If]qdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 .

148

%= af}l4s ;DklQsf ljz]iftfx?

– of] cd"t{ ;DklQ xf] . s'g} ef}lts:j?k (Physical Structure) gePklg To;df clwsf/sf]k|ltlaDa x'g ;S5 .

– Ps} k6sdf Pp6} af}l4s ;DklQ w]/}af6 k|of]u x'g ;S5 .

– of] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .

– ;|i6fsf] ;jf{lwsf/ eP klg k|sfzg, btf{, clen]vg, gljs/0f cflbsf nflu eg] kxn ug'{ kb{5 .

– af}l4s ;+klQsf] ;+/If0fn] l;h{gzLntfdf k|f]T;fxg x'G5 .

– Ps eGbf a9L clwsf/x? ;lGglxt /xg' cyf{t clwsf/x? Ps csf{df vflkg ;S5g\ .

^= af}l4s ;DklQsf k|sf/x? M

af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ (Industrial Property)

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ (Copyright Property)

^=!= cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ M–

;fdfGotof cGj]if0faf6 ;[lht ;DklQnfO{ cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ cGtu{t /fVg ;lsG5 . o;If]q cGtu{t k]6]06, Jofkf/Ls lrGx, ef}uf]lns ;f+s]lts o"Qm pTkfbg, cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg, Jofkf/Ls ;"rgfx?sf] uf]kgLotf, PsLs[t ;ls{6sf] gd'gf 9fFrf, c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ lj?4sf] ;+/If0f cflb kb{5g .

^=!=!= k]6]06 (Patent)M Product / Process sf] cfljisf/sf nfuL k]6]06 btf{ ul/G5 . btf{gu/L of] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ ;+/lIft x'Fb}g . of] clwsf/ slDtdf @) jif{ ;+/lIft ul/G5 .pQm cjlw ;dfKt ePk5L o:tf cfljisf/x? :jtM ;fj{hlgs k|of]u (Public Domain) sf] nfuL v'Nnf x'g] k|fjwfg 5 . k]6]06 btf{ ug]{ cfljisf/ (Invention) , cfljisf/sfr/0fx? (Inventive steps), gf}nf]kg (Novelty) cf}Bf]lus pkfb]otf (Industrial Applicability) h:tf zt{x? k"/f x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf jf g}ltstf sfod ug{ To:tf]cfljisf/sf] nflu k]6]06 hf/L gug{ klg ;S5 . k]6]06sf] :jfdLn] Go"gtd clwsf/k|of]u ug{ cg'dtL k|fKt u/]tf klg s]xL ckjfbsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k]6]06sf]:jfdLn] cfljisf/ u/]sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/df cfk"lt{ gu/L cfKfm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] Tof] j:t'sf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;f] j:t' pTkfbg jf k|lqmof k|of]u ug{ clgjfo{ cg'dtL kq lbg ;S5 . xfnsf] WTO sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ cltsd ljsl;td'n'sn] ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd cf}iflwsf] k]6]06 eg] ;Da{åg ug'{ gkg]{ 5'6 kfPsf 5g .

149

^=!=@= Jofkfl/s lrGx (Trade Mark): s'g} pBdL jf Jofj;foLn] cfkm"n] pTkfbg jf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ c?sf] eGbf leGg ?kdf b]vfpg jf lrgfpg k|of]u x'g]ljz]if lrGx (Distinctive Sign) nfO{ 6]«8dfs{ elgG5 . o:tf] lrGx zAb, cIf/, c+s, ;+s]tcflb x'g ;S5 . cfhef]nL >Jo jf uGwsf] ;+s]tnfO{ klg 6«]8dfs{sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{kfOG5 . 6]«8dfs{sf] z'?df & jif{ ;Ddsf] nfuL btf{ ul/G5 / o;nfO{ cgGt sfn;Dd klggljs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . j:t'df k|of]u x'g] lrGxnfO{ 6«]8dfs{ elgG5 eg] ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g]lrGxnfO{ Service Mark eGg] ul/G5 . VoftL k|fKt lrGx (Well Known Mark) nfO{ cltl/Qm ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] lrGx s'g} If]qdf btf{ gePtf klg ;f] sf] ;+/If0fug'{ ;a}} ;b:ox?sf] g}lts bfloTj xf] .

^=!=#= cf}Bf]lus 9fFrf (Industrial Design): Jofj;foLs k|lti7fgx?n] cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'k|lt pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cfsli{ft ug{ ljz]if lsl;dsf 9fFrf jf cfsf/åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . oBlk o:tf] 9fFrf gljg jf gf}nf] eg] x'g' kb{5 . o:tf l8hfOg /+u,/]vfcflbsf] ;+of]hg u/]/ jf s'g} ;fdu|L, j:t' hf]8]/ a'g]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . l8hfOgcfvfFn] b]Vg ;lsg] x'g' kb{5 . of] sDtLdf !) jif{ ;+/lIft x'G5 . btf{ gu/];Ddl8hfOgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;/sf/ afWo x'g] 5}g .

^=!=$= ef}uf]lns ;f+s]ltso'Qm pTkfbg (Geographical Indication ): ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns If]qsf] pTkfbg ePsf] sf/0fn] j:t'df vf; u'0f, ljz]iftf jf Voflt ljBdfg 5 eGg hfx]/ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lrGxnfO{ Geographical Indication elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL /l;og ef]8\sf, :S6NofG8sf] :sr, bflh{lnËsf] lrof, Onfdsf] lrof, jf:dtL rfdn, cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ geO{ ;DalGwt ef}uf]lns If]qsf jfl;GbfnfO{ ;fd'lxsx:tfGt/0fLo :jfdLTjsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f clglZrtsfnLgx'G5 . t/ o;sf nfuL k|of]u ul/Psf lrGx ;w}+ c?eGbf leGg x'g' kb{5 . ;fy} of]clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nfuL btf{ ;d]t ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd o;sf];+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5}g .

^=!=%= Jofkfl/s ;"rgfx?sf] uf]kgLotf (Industrial Information and Trade

Secrets):sltko cj:yfdf Jofkf/;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? uf]Ko ?kdf /fVg'' kg]{ x'G5 .o:tf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu btf{ ul//xg' kb}{g . Jofj;foLs uf]kgLotf cgGtsfn;Dd/xg ;S5 . Jofj;foLs uf]kgLotf ;/sf/L k|of]hgsf nfuL ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z u/]sf]cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ;f] uf]kgLotf e+u ug{ xF'b}g . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL sf]sfsf]nfsf]Jofj;foLs uf]kgLotf nfdf] ;dob]lv oyfjt\ /xb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd klgo;sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf eO{;s]sf] 5}g .

150

^=!=^ OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6sf] gd'gf 9fFrf (Integrated Circuits Layout) :s'g} klg On]S6«f]lgs l8efO;x?df /x]sf ljleGg v08x?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L To;nfO{ sfo{ (Functional) agfpg]sfo{ g} OlG8u|]6]8 ;ls{6 xf] . s'g} pTkfbgdf /x]sf] tTj h;n] Ps eGbf jl9 efu cyjfj:t'sf] efux?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L cfk;df ;DjGw :yflkt ub}{ On]S6«f]lgs sfo{ ug{ of]Uo agfpF5 / OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6df k|of]u ePdf To:tf] lqsf]0ffTds kIfaf6 Ps tTj ;lqmo x'G5/ cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 eg] Tof] g} OlG6«u]6 ;ls{6 n]cfp6 l8hfOg xf] .

^=!=&= c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ lj?4sf] ;+/If0f (Protection Against Unfair Competition)

M o; k|fjwfgn] Jofj;flox? åf/f cfk\mgf k|lt:kwL{x?sf] pTkfbgsf] af/]df e|d l;h{gf ug]{ unt ;"rgfx? ;Dk]|if0f ug]{ tyf ahf/sf] ;fv lu/fpg] / cfk\mgf pTkfbgsf jf/]df;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ kof{Kt ;"rgfx? pknAw gu/fpg] h:tf k|j[lQx?sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k ahf/df :j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

^=@= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ / ;DalGwt clwsf/x? (Copy Rights and Related Rights):–Copy rights is a property rights that subsists in certain specified types of creative works conferred by statuteto an author of an original literacy, dramatic musical and artistic work, sound recordings and cinematography films7 o; clwsf/ cGtu{t ljleGg ;flxlTos, snfTds, / j}1flgs sfo{x?;d]l6G5g\ . o; lsl;dsf clwsf/n] ;h{snfO{ cfk\mgf] ;[hgfsf] k|sfzg, ljj/0f, k'gM pTkfbg,h:tf lqmofsnfk ug{ Psflwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . n]vssf] cg'dtL a]u/ s;}n] klg k|sfzg ljt/0f, k'gMpTkfbg ug{ kfFpb}g . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ btf{ ug}{ kg]{ afWotf klg x'Fb}g . w]/} h;f] d'n'sdfof] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ :j]lR5s btf{sf] Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOG5 . g]kfndf klg k|ltlnlk clwsf/ljgf btf{ :jtM ;'/lIft x'g] eP klg :j]lR5s ?kdf o; clwsf/sf] nflu btf{ ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . /rlotfsf] clwsf/ lghsf] d[To' kZrft\ sDtLdf %) jif{ ;Dd ;+/lIft x'G5 .;fdfGotof k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cGtu{t lgDg adf]lhdsf ;flxlTos, snfTds, / j}1flgs sfo{x?nfO{;d]6\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

^=@=! k|ltlnlk clwsf/ (Copy Rights) :– k|ltlnlk clwsf/n] dflg;n] u/]sf /rgf jf cleJolQmsf] ;+/If0f ub{5 . To:tf] /rgf jf cleJolQm df}lns x'g' kb{5 / d"t{ cYff{t;b[Zo ?k (Tangible Form) df k|:t't ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . oBlk o; lsl;dsf] clwsf/n]To:tf] /rgf jf k|:t'lt u'0f:t/Lo,pkof]uL jf d"Nojfg x'g' kb{5 eGg] cfu|x /fVb}g . o;lsl;dsf clwsf/ cGtu{t lgDg clwsf/x? kb{5g –

- ;flxlTo tyf snfTds sfo{x? (Literary and Artistic works).

7 Shiva Sahai Singh, the law of Intellectual property Rights ,(New Delhi ;Deep and Deep Publications Pvt.Ltd.@))%–225

151

- k':ts, krf{ / cGo n]vx? (Books Pumplets and other writings).

- k|jrg,;Daf]wg / wdf]{kb]z (Lectures Addresses and sermons).

- gf6s tyf gf6s ;DaGwL jfBjfbs sfo{x? (Drama or Dramatics Musical Works).

- sf]l/of]u|flkms sfo{ / df}g xf:o k|b{zgL (Choreographic and Entertainments in Dumb show).

- zJb ;lxt jf /lxtsf] jfB ;"rgf (Musical composition with or without words).

- l;g]df ;DaGwL sfo{ (Cinematographic works).

- /]vflrq, k]lG6Ë, jf:t'zf:q, d"tL{snf, a'§f, s'bfO{, lnlk 5kfO{ ;DaGwL sfo{x? (Architecture, sculpture,Engraining, Lithography)

- kmf]6f]u|fkmL ;DaGwL sfo{x? (Photographic Works)

- Jofjxfl/s snf, lrq, gS;f, of]hgf lrq, /]vflrq, e"uf]n tyf gS;f, jf:t'snf jf lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt lqcfoflds lrq gS;fx? (Works of Applied Arts,Illustrations,Maps, Plans, Sketches and SD works Releted to Geography,Topography, Architecture and Sciences)

- cg'jfb / Do"lhs ;+of]hg, ;flxlTos jf snfTds sfo{x?sf] ;[hgfTds kl/jt{g(Translation, Adopation, Music Composion and other Alteration of Literaryor Artistic work)

- ;flxlTos / snfTds sfo{x?sf] ;+sng (Collection Obliterary works such as encyclopedia)

- sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng / e08f/0f h:tf k|ljlwdfcfwfl/t sfo{x? (Technology based works like computer programs, Electronicdatabase)

- ljleGg dlN6ldl8of ;DaGwL pTkfbgx? (Multimedia Production)

^=@=@ ;DalGwt clwsf/x? (Related Rights) :– k|ltlnlk clwsf/x?;+u ;DalGwt lgDg tLg clwsf/x? ;d]t af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ cGtu{t kb{5g–

- clego ;DaGwL sfo{sf] clwsf/ (Performance Rights)

- kmf]gf]u|fd pTkfbgsf] clwsf/ (Producers of Phonography)

- k|;f/0f ;:yfx?sf] clwsf/ (Broadcasting Organization Rights)

152

&= af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfndf ePsf k|of;x?M–

g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f ;DjGwdf ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L >L # h'å zdz]/k|wfgdGqL ePsf] a]nf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ x]t'n] lj=;+= !((# ;fndf k]6]06, l8hfOg /6«]8dfs{ P]g, !((# th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . of] g} g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fug]{ klxnf] cf}krf/Ls k|fjwfg lyof] . kl5 lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf o; P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/]/ k]6]06,l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . h'g xfn;Dd ljBdfg 5 . To;}u/L k|ltlnlkclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;= @)@@ ;fndf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . ;g\ !(%% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organization WTO) sf] :yfkgf eP kZrftWTO sf]] ;b:otf lngsf] nfuL g]kfnn] s]xL zt{ Pj+ k|lqmofx? ;d]t k'/f ug{ ljBdfg P]g, sfg"gx?df ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ l;nl;nfdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g @)@@ nfO{ @)%( ;fndf ;+zf]wg u/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%( / k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lgodfjnL, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . lj=;= @)^!;fndf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{no :yfkgf eP kZrft klxnf] /fli6«o k':tsfnon] s[lt btf{ ug]{ sfo{ nufotsf cGo sfo{x? o; /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

k]6]06, l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ n] cf}Bfl]us ;DklQ ;Djå k]6]06, l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{;+u ;Daåljifox?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g ,@)%( n] lgDg ljifox?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 58 .

- lstfa, krf{, n]v, ;f]wkq

- gf6s, gf6\o, ;+uLt, d"slrq / o:t} lsl;dn] d~rgsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] /rgf

- cfls{6]Sr/n l8hfOg

- lrqsnf, k]lG6Ë, d"lt{snf, sfi7snf, lnof]u|flkm / cfls{6]Sr/ ;DaGwL cGo /rgf

- kmf]6f]hGo /rgf

- k|of]ufTds snf;DaGwL /rgf

- på/0f dfglrq, of]hgf, e"uf]n ;DaGwL lqcfoflds /rgf 6f]kf]u|fkmL / a}1flgs n]v/rgf

- sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g , @)%( n] bkmf !$-!_ cg';f/ pQm P]g, jdf]lhd /lrotfnfO{ k|fKt cfly{sg}lts clwsf/ /lrotfsf] hLjge/ / lghsf] d[To' ePsf] %) jif{;Dd ;+/lIft x'g]5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/P]g , @)%( sf] bkmf @& cg';f/ ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]df pNn+3g stf{nfO{ s;'/sf] dfqfcg';f/ bzxhf/ ?k}of b]vL Ps nfv ?k}of ;Dd hl/jfgf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] 5 .bf];|f] k6s b]lv k6s} lkR5] aL; xhf/ ?k}of b]lv b'O{ nfv ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{ ;Dd s}b

8 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g @)%( bkmf @ -s_

153

jf b'a} ;hfo x'G5 . To;/L k|sfzg jf k'g?Tkfbg u/]sf] jf ljt/0f u/]sf] jf k'g?Tkfbg ug{ k|of]uul/Psf ;fdfu|Lx? hkmt x'g]5 . ;+/lIft clwsf/sf] pNn+3g x'g] JolQmaf6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKtJolQmnfO{ k/]sf] gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t u/fO{ lbg] Joj:yf 5 .

k]6]06, l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ P]g , @)@@ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmsf] clwsf/ leqs} k]6]06, l8hfOg, / 6«]8dfs{sf]s'g} JolQmn] gSsn u/]df lghsf] lnlvt d~h'/L glnO jf c?sf] gfdaf6 rnfpg] jf pkof]u u/]df qmdz b'O{ xhf/ cf7 ;o / Ps xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] / s;'/;+u ;Djlwt ;a}} dfn;fdfgx?hkmt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . af}l4s ;DklQ cg';f/ ul/Psf] ;hfo pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

&=!= g]kfnsf nflu cj;/

lj=;+= !((# b]lv xfn;Dd af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ lbzfdf w]/yf]/ k|oTgx? ePsf 5g\ .g]kfnn] Jofkf/;+u ;DaGwLt af}l4s ;DklQsf] dfWodaf6 d'ntM lgDg k|sf/sf nfe lng] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 .

- ljb]zL k|ljlwsf] b]z ;'xfpFbf] ?kdf cfoft ug]{

- cg's'n jftfj/0f jg]df ljb]zL nuflgdf 7'nf7'nf cWoog cg';Gwfg g]kfn leq yfngL ug]{

- g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] pkof]u u/L Jofkf/ clea[lå ug]{

- gSsnL j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ sd u/L j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ / pkef]Qmfsf] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{

g]kfn ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g (World IntellectualProperty Organization WIPO) sf] ;g\ !((&,cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL k]l/; sGe]G;gsf] ;g\ @))!, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;g\ @))$df, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL jg{ sGe]G;gsf] ;g\ @))%;b:otf k|fKt u/]kl5 ;f] cGtu{tsf] Trade Releted Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) ;Demf}tfsf] g]kfn :jt MkIf /fi6« /xb} cfPsf] 5 .af}l4s ;DklQsf] klxrfg, cGj]if0f, ;[hgf jf cfljisf/ u/L o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daå{g ug{ ;s]df g]kfnklg af}l4s ;Dkbf If]qsf] wlg d'n's aGg ;Sg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] snf, ;+:s[tL / ;flxToh:tf ljifodf tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fjn] ;d[å d'n's ePsf]n] of] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt af}l4s ;DklQsf] lasf; tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df w]/} sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] / ltgsf] pkof]uaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s,;fdflhs, ljsf;df pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .

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9 >Lw/ ;fksf]6f / nfn jxfb'/ s'Fj/,af}l4s ;+klQ clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ -/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg,@)^*_k]h,(#

154

k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPaf6 cfheGbf sl/a !^! jif{ cl3 b]lvg}af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ /fHosf] sfg"gdf ;d]l6g' ;/fxgLo kIf ePtf klg ljBdfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;d]t k|f/lDes r/0fdf /xg' lgZro klg ;'vb kIf xf]Og tyflk o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgfx? eg]k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf af}l4s ;Dkbfx?, snf, ;Eotf, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtfn]cfˆg} ljlzi6 klxrfg /fv]sf 5g, sfi7d08k, s[i0fdlGb/, Goftkf]n dlGb/, Pj+ lxdfn kxf8 / t/fO{df/x]sf ljljw snf / ;+:s[ltsf] cg'kd 56fn] ;du|tfdf /fi6«sf] snf, ;:s[lt, / k/Dk/f cflb kIfsf]k|ltlglwTj x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf af}l4s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf ljBdfg b]xfo adf]lhdsf]sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 –

- g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] Joj:yf,

- d'n'sL P]g, !(!)

- k]6]06, l8hfOg, / 6]«8dfs{ P]g, !((#

- k]6]06, l8hfOg, / 6]«8dfs{ P]g, @)@@

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)@@

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%(

- k|ltlnlkclwsf/ lgodfjnL, @)^!

pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yf ePtf klg af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'§} lj:t[t gLlt eg] xfn;Ddlgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . af}l4s ;DklQsf dxTjk'0f{ b'O{ xFfufx? dWo]sf] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf]ljifosf] gLlt lgdf{tf dGqfno pBf]u dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf pBf]uljefu :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLltut dGqfnosf] ?kdf ;+:s[lt,ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno /xL o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] btf{ ;DaGwL cf=j= @)$*÷$(b]lvcf=j= @)^(÷&) ;Ddsf] sf] pBf]u ljefuåf/f k|sflzt ul/Psf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] btf{ ;DaGwL lj/0f -6]«8dfs{, k]6]06 / l8hfOg_ ;DaGwL tYofÍnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 10

cf=j=6]«8dfs{ k]6]06 l8hfOg

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2053÷54 423 411 834 – 2 2 – 2 2

10 www.doind gov.np visited 26August ,2014

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2054÷55 442 377 819 – 2 2 – 2 2

2055÷56 429 454 883 – – – 1 1 2

2056÷57 574 588 1162 – – – 3 – 3

2057÷58 678 485 1163 – – – – 1 12058÷59 660 518 1178 1 2 3 4 1 52059÷60 804 557 1361 5 2 7 – 5 5

2060÷61 1255 396 1651 2 2 4 – 5 5

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2062÷63 609 565 1174 – 1 1 – – –2063÷64 585 419 1004 3 – 3 – – –2064÷65 612 529 1141 1 – 1 2 2 4

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To;}u/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ :jt k|fKt x'g] x'bfF btf{ jf cf}krfl/stf k'/f ug'{ gkg]{ ePtf klg w]/} d'n'sx?df ;fj{hlgs clen]vsf] nflu tyf k|df0f k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] xf]; eGg] clek|fon] :j]lR5s ?kdf btf{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox? g]kfnk|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ug]{ ul/G5 . pQm /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] cf=j=@)&)÷&! ;Ddsf] tYofÍnfO{ x]bf{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .11

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066÷067 71 – – – 7 – – – – 2 – – 80

067÷068 56 – – – 1 – – – – – – 2 59

11 Nepal Copyright gov.np visited 26 August 2014

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s"n hDdf !!^^ ljifox? btf{ x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L btf{ x'g cfPsf k|ltlnlk clwsf/;Fu;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] btf{sf] nut cToGt Go"g b]lvG5 . x'g t k|ltlnlk clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwtljifox? btf{ g} gul/ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] x'G5 . oBlk xfd|f] Jojxfl/s k|of]unfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ btf{g} gul/ k|of]udf NofPsf] ge} k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf ljifosf ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ hfgsfl/ gx'bfFsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} xf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt ul/Psf] pBf]u ljefu tyf k|ltlnlk/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] hDdf btf{ nutnfO{ x]bf{ xfd|f] d'n'sdf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdfs'g l:yltdf 5 elg ;xh} cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf] nut ljb]zL /fi6«x?df x'g] btf{sf]nutsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} Go"g xf] . tl:j/ cfkm} af]Nb5 eg] em} of] oyfy{n] af}l4s ;DklQsf] pkof]usf];jfndf ;Gtf]if dfGg] cj:yf 5}g\ .

lj=;= @)@@ ;fndf jg]sf] k]6]06, l8hfOg, 6]«8dfs{ P]g , @)@@, k'/fgf] P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L @)%(;fndf jg]sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g , @)%(, n] sltko goFf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .h:tf] ls ef}uf]lns ;+s]t (Geographical Indication), OlG6u]|6]]8 ;ls{6, n]cfp6 l8hfOg (Integrated Secrets Layout Design), Jofkfl/s of]Uotf (Trade Secret) h:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{sf] ;fy} To; lsl;dsf ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;/L x]bf{ xfd|f] b]zsf] sfg"gdfdxTjk'0f{ s'/fnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg'sf ;fy} eO/x]sf] sfg"gsf] ;d]t ;xL ?kdf k|of]u x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{tf xfd|f] ;fd' 5n{Ë 5 .

af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nfuL ug'{kg]{ /rgfTds kxnx? k|z:t} 5g . ljZjJoflks/0f,e"d08lns/0f, / o;a}f6 b]vf k/]sf cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o,kl/l:ytL tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf,cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ If]qLo ;lGw, ;Demf}tf / ;fldKotfsf]sf/0faf6 g]kfnn] cfˆgf] af}l4s ;Dklt ;DaGwL sfg"gL / k|zf;lgs Joj:yf cGt/f{li6«o d"NodfGotf cg'?k agfpg' kg]{ afWotf Tolts} 68\sf/f] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u ljefu, k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf]/lh:6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 af}l4s ;DklQsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df ul/b}F cfPsf sfdsf/afxLx?df guGo dfqfdf ;'wf/sf ;+s]t b]vf k/]sf ePtf klg ;dosf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] oyfy{ xfd|f];fd' hu hfx]/ 5 . g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f / pkef]usf] lbzfdf ljljw lsl;dsf gLltut,;F:yfut, k|lqmofut tyf ;fwg;|f]thGo ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? ljBdfg 5g . d'Vo ?kdf tL r'gf}ltx?lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g –

- af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fdf kof{Kt hgr]tgf clea[lå (Public Awareness) x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n]ubf{ xfd|f] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, cflbsf] hu]gf{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;DjGwdf gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ ;+/rgfut

157

Joj:yf cnu cnu gx'g', h;sf] sf/0f sfd sf/jfxLdf tfbfDotf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . - k|ltlnkL clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo cnUu} ePtf klg af}l4s

;DklQsf] ;du|?kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . - TRIPS nfu' ug]{ ;DjGwdf ljsl;t d'n'sn] ;g\ @)!# ;Ddsf] ;dofjlw tf]lsPsf] ePtfklg

cf7f+} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ;f] cjwL ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd a9fpg ;DalGwt kl/ifbnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] x'Fbf To;sf] nflu cfjZos u[xsfo{ u/L k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ sfo{ Tolts} r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

- cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tf tyf ljsl;t k|ljlw / cjwf/0ffx?nfO{cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;+efjgfx?sf] pkof]u ug{ k|efjsf/L af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL a[xt gLlt tyf sfg"gsf] th'{df x'g g;Sg' .

- b]zsf] af}l4s ;DklQsf] If]qdf ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L If]qaf6 x'g] nuflg ;d]t cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf pko'Qm k|ljlw tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj cg';Gwfg / cGj]if0fdf rf;f]Go"g b]lvg' / k|f]T;fxgsf] sdL cflb sf/0fn] ;h{s, cfljisf/s tyf cGa]if0fnfO{ tL If]qdfcfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .

- b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] ult Go"g /x]sfn] gofF gofF k|ljlw leq\ofpg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ lghL If]qnfO{ o; tkm{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

dfly pNn]lvt r'gf}ltx?sf] k|efjsf/L /mkaf6 ;fdgf ug{sf nflu lgDg pkfox? cjnDag ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5

- eO/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ .

- af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ hg:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg o; ;DjlGw hgr]tgf clea[lå sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'sf ;fy} :s'n Pj+ sn]hdf k9fO{ x'g] kf7\ok':tsdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ .

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ h:tf gLltut ljifox? Pp6} ;+oGq dfkm{tlgoldt ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

- af}l4s ;Dklt ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cefj /x]sf] x'bfF ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ .

- g]kfn k|x/Ldf h;/L dlxnfx?sf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dlxnf ;]nsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5, To;/L g} af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{ 5'6\6} ;]nsf] Joj:yf ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] .

- af}l4s ;DklQsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ljifodf ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[lå ug'{ kg]{ .

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df jg{ dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« aGg] k|ltaåtf adf]lhd ;f] sfo{ k'/f ul/Psf] ePtfklg /f]d dxf;lGw !(^! sf] ;b:o aGg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

- k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f / cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ lgsfout Joj:yf ePklgaf}l4s ;DklQsf] k|zf;gsf] nflu 5'66}\ sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ k|ltaåtf adf]lhd ;f] sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ kxn ug'{kg]{ .

158

- Plant varieties protection / genetic resoures ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf sfg"gL ;+oGq lgdf0f{ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Ptf klg ;f] adf]lhd sfg"g gag]sf] x'bfF ;f] tkm{ kxn ug'{kg]{ .

- g]kfndf xfn af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwdf Copy rights Act, / Patent Design,TradeMark Act sfof{Gjogdf /x]tf klg cf}Bf]lus If]qdf Industrial Intellectual Property Act klg cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

*= lgisif{M

af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ ;dfhsf] cfly{s, k|fljlws / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfxf] . h'g ;|i6f / ;dfh larsf] ;Demf}tf xf] . s]jn o;df /fi6«n] Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf dfq lgjf{xub{5 . ;|i6fn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg, ;[hgf jf cfljisf/af6 gofF 1fg, ;Lk, xfl;n ub{5, h'g 1fg, ;Lk ;dfh Pj+ ;du| ?kdf /fi6«nfO{ kmfObfhgs x'G5 . s]jn To:tf] 1fg jf ;Lkdf ;Lldt ;dosf] nflUf;|i6f jf ;h{ssf] Psflwsf/ /xG5 . ;h{sn] u/]sf] ;[hgf jf cfljisf/n] gofF k|ljlw Pj+ j:t'sf]klxrfg x'g d2t k'Ub5 . o;n] b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug'sf] cnfjf ;du|df /fli6«o tyf dfgjLo ljsf;df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k''Ug hfG5 . cfhsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, j:t' tyfsnf cflb If]qsf] pGgltsf] k|d'v sf/0f af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fn] xf] eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg pNn]lvt Jofkf/ ;Dj4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Da{4gu/L Jofj;foLs pkof]u ug{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 7f]; kxn ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZos 5 .

1. Vikash, ashishth, Bharts Law and practice of Intellectual Property in India (New Delhi:Bharat Law House)

2. Garner A Bryan (Editor in Chie) Black's Law Dictionary, 8th edition Reprint 2007(West a Thomosn, Business 2007)

3. WIPO, Intellectual property Hand Book: Policy law and use 2nd edition WIPO Publication No.489 (e) (Geneva: World Intellectual property Organization 2004)

4. Dale A Nancy "forward owning ideas in slympsinm Intellectual property" publishedin Harvard Journals of Law and public policy issue no.13 1990 Shiva shai Singh, the law of Intellectual property Rights, (New Delhi; Deep and Deep Publications Pvt.Ltd. 2005)

5. www.doind.gov.np visited 26 August, 20146. Nepal Copyright.gov.np visited 26 August, 2014&_ Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;Dklt clwsf/ / g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, @)^^*_ k]6]06, l8hfOg, 6]8«dfs{ P]g, @)@@, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt(_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%(, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;dllt!)_ >Lw/ ;fksf]6f / nfnaxfb'/ s'Fj/, af}l4s ;DktL clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{

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ljsf; Ps ax'cfoflds k|lqmof xf] . ljsf;n] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs nufot;du| If]qdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] ub{5 . ljsf; /fHon] dfq} PSn} ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n]ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHo / /fHo afx]ssf If]qx? lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;xsf/L If]q,u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh / afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] plQs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHo / /fHo jfx]ssf cGo If]qx? lhDd]jf/ ePsf] v08df ljsf; k|lqmofn]lgZro g} ult lng ;Sb5 . k|:t't n]vdf ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHo / /fHo afx]sf If]qx?sf]e"ldsf, tL If]qx?n] ef]u]sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?jf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z M

ljsf; eGgfn] pGglt, k|ult pGd'v kl/jt{gnfO{ a'lemG5 . ljsf;n] dflg;sf] hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds;'wf/ NofpbF5 . ljsf;df ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs, ;f:s+[lts, k|fljlws, jftfj/0fLonufotsf kIfx? ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . ljsf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' hgtf x'g . ;/sf/ PSn}sf] ;|f]t, ;fwg /k|of;af6 d'n'ssf] ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . t]x|f}+ of]hgfdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/LIf]q, ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf 5'6\6f5'6\6} e"ldsf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+lawfg, @)^# df ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon]canDjg ug]{5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . To;}n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHosf ;fy;fy} lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo,;xsf/L If]q, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh / afX\o ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g]k|i6;Fu a'em\g ;lsG5 .

-s_ /fHo cyf{t ;/sf/

/fHosf] cl:tTj k|bfg ug]{ rf/ tTjx? hg;+Vof, e"–efu, ;/sf/ / ;fj{ef}d;Qf x'g\ . h;/L d'6'lagf z/L/ hLljt x'b}g To;} u/L ;/sf/ lagf /fHosf] cl:tTj /xg ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ /fHosf] cfTdf xf] .d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] x'G5 . ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;/sf/n] cGo If]qsf] ;xof]uk|fKt ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ub}{ cu'jfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

–/d]z cof{n*

* k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, sf7df08f}, If]q g+= !

160

ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHosf] e"ldsf

ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHosf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ / lgikIf Gofo k|0ffnLsf] k|Tofe"lt hgtfnfO{ lbnfpg] .

• bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff to u/L of]hgf tyf gLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{{ .

• ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu ul/aL lgjf/0f Pj+ ;fdflhs bfloTjsf If]qx?df k|d'v ?kdf e"ldsfcufl8 a9fpg] .

• pbf/ tyf v'nf ahf/f]Gd'v cfly{s k|lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ d"ntM pTk|]/s, ;xhstf{ /lgofdssf] e"ldsf v]Ng] .

• ;'zf;g clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'/\ofOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ;dod} Gofof]lrt ?kdf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ .

• /f]huf/L clej[l4 Pj+ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm tyf cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; sfo{df lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{] .

• b'u{d If]qsf] ljsf; ub}{ dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, blnt, ckfË, czQm, Ho]i7 gful/s, dw];L Pj+ d'l:ndsf] pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f tyf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .

• pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, ko{6g, hn;|f]t nufotsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghL If]qsf] k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ .

• lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'g] If]qsf] ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .

• lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{?k lbg jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg Pjd\ hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?nfO{ k|To]s ljsf; sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ?kn] cfa4 ug]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ljsf; sfo{df k|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg /xL sfo{ ug{ cfjZos clwsf/ Pj+ ;|f]t / ;fwg qmdzM x:tfGt/0f ug]{ .

• :yfgLo :t/sf] of]hgf th'{df, k|fyldsLs/0f / hg;xeflutf kl/rfngåf/f cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog/ cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍgh:tf sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

• lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q, u}/;/sf/L Pj+ ;fd'bflos If]q / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;/sf/ Pj+:yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;xeflutfTds ?kn] sfo{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

• k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] clwstd pkof]u ub}{ o;sf] ;+/If0f /k|a4{g ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs Gofo / If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fdf k'¥ofpg cfjZosgLltut / sfo{ut kxn ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, vfB ;'/Iff tyf ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ .

• d'n'ssf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg / lbzf lglb{i6 ug]{u/fpg] .

161

;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ klg b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

• /0fgLlts e"ldsf -Strategic Role_ M ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f / :yfgLos/0fsf];Gbe{df /fli6«o gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh ?kn] ;dfof]hg ug{ cfjZos /0fgLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

• ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf -Protector Role_ M lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q nufot ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] ;+/Ifssf]e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

• ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf -Facilator Role_ M /fli6«o ljsf;df ;j}n] of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] cj;/sf]l;h{gf ug{ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng] .

• ;|f]t kl/rfnssf] e"ldsf -Resourse Mobilizor Role_ M :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ;|f]tsf]klxrfg / kl/rfng ug]{ .

• cg'udg / d"Nof+sgstf{sf] e"ldsf -Monitor and Evaluator Role_ M cfkm}n] tyf cGo lgsfo,If]qaf6 eP u/]sf sfdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ .

• ;dGjostf{sf] e"ldsf -Coordinator Role_ M ljleGg lgsfox? jLr ;dGjo ug]{ .

• of]hgfstf{sf] e"ldsf -Planner Role_ M bL3{sfnLg ?kdf d'n'snfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg];Gbe{df /fli6«o of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .

• jftf{sf/sf] e"ldsf -Negotator Role_ M ljleGg lxt ;d"x tyf ljb]zL d'n's / ;+:yf;+u /fli6«olxt cg's"n jftf{ ug]{ .

;d:of

;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts bnx? :ki6 gx'g', /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f gLlt tyf sfo{qmd af/Daf/ kl/jt{g e}/xg', Pp6f ;/sf/sf kfnfdf NofO{Psf /fd|f] sfdsf] csf]{ ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf glbg', ;dod} ah]6 gcfpg', ;/sf/L lgsfosf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g g;Sg', ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|s[of ckf/bzL{ / k|s[ofd'vL x'g', ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofs+g lgoldt/ k|efjsf/L gx'g' cflb ;d:ofx? ljsf; k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/df b]vf k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljleGg kxn ug'{k5{ . b]zdf /fhgLltsl:y/tf geP;Dd cfly{s ljsf;n] ult lng g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;j} /fhgLlts bnx?n] b]zdf l:y/tf Nofpg k|ltj4 / sl6j4 x'g'k5{ . /fd|f / sfof{Gjog of]Uo gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ePdf ;/sf/ kl/jt{gx'bfF ;d]t tL gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ . cfly{s jif{ z'? x'g' eGbf cufj} ;dod}ah]6 Nofpg'k5{ . lghL If]q ;Ifd e};s]sf] If]qdf ;+rflnt tyf ;/sf/n] ;+rfng ug{ cfjZosg7fg]sf Joj;flos tyf Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] nufgL qmdzM ljlgj]z< ug'{k5{ .

162

;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pknlAwd"ns agfpg'k5{ . glthf;Fucfj4 x'g] u/L cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|s[of kf/bzL{ /kl/0ffdd'vL x'g'k5{ .

-v_ lghL If]q

lghL If]q b]zdf ljBdfg gLlt lgodsf] kl/lwleq :jM:k"mt{ ?kdf nufgLsf] k|ltkmn clwstd k|fKt ug]{ u/L ;+rfng x'g] If]q xf] . ljutdf ;/sf/L If]qsf] ljsNk 5}g eGg] ul/Psf]df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f,lghLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] pbokZrft\ xfn lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf lagf b]z ljsf;sf] sNkgf ;d]tug{ ;lsb}g .

ljsf; k|lqmofdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf

d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cTo'Qd kl/rfngåf/f cfly{s If]qx?nfO{ a9L ultzLn Pjd\ k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ :j:y ljsf;af6 ul/aL lgjf/0f ;d]tdf 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf] lgldQ lghL If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . nufgL, pTkfbg, ljt/0f, ;fdflhs ljsf; Pj+ /f]huf/Ldf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] lghLIf]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• ljZjJkfkLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg ljZj cy{Joj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .

• pkef]Qmfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ .

• lghL If]q;+u ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{dfdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• nufgLstf{ / >ldsx? aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ / afn>d lg/fs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug{ / ;'ne ?kdf a:t' / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;xof]uk'¥ofpg] .

• ahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yfsf] cawf/0ff cg'?k sfo{ u/fpg ;xof]u k'/\ofpb} ;+ul7t ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ .

• ;/sf/n] lgoldt ?kdf ug]{ ahf/ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgefpg] .

• ul/jL lgjf/0f / ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ If]qdf nufgL j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• jftfj/0fd}qL sfo{ tyf ;+/rgfsf] dfWodaf6 lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• b]zdf pBf]u Joj;fo k|a4{g ug{] sfddf ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L ;fem]bf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

• /fHon] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf If]qx?df nufgL ugF]{ .

163

• ;fdflhs bfloTjsf ?kdf ul/aL lgjf/0f, nlIft ;d"x sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f ;'wf/ h:tf If]qdf ;Sbf] of]ubfg ug]{ .

• k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ Pj+ pTkfbg Joj:yf ljsf; ug{ ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng] .

• sfg"gL tyf lgodg Joj:yf kfngf u/L lgodfg';f/ s/ ltg]{ / c;'n u/fpg]tk{m ;lqmo ;xof]uug]{ .

• /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

• Jofkf/3f6f sd ug{ lgof{t k|j4{g / lj:tf/ ug]{ .

• b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng ug]{ .

• pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, hn;|f]t nufotsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf nufgL u/L b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ :jfwLg agfpg] .

lghL If]qsf ;d:of

cf}Bf]lus c;'/Iff, czflGt, r/d phf{ ;+s6, pBdzLntfsf] sdL, nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] cefj, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lghL If]qn] ck]lIft ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . d'n'sdf ljBdfg/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, gLltut c:ki6tf / sfof{Gjog txdf /x]sf JolQmx?sf] l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g, >d/ ljB'tsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{df sdL, rGbf / lkm/f}tL h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f gx'g' lghLIf]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .

lghL If]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf]n] lghL If]qn] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf ;d:ofx? ;dod} ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] pQ/bfloTj / e"ldsf :ki6 ug'{kg]{, /fhgLltsl:y/tf sfod ug'{kg]{, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffan u7g u/L cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{kg]{, cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{, pBf]usf] ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] If]qsf] klxrfg u/L afx|}dlxgf pknAw x'g]u/L ljB't cfk"lt{ nufotsf cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{, nufgL pTk|]l/t ug{cfjZos k"jf{wf/ Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{, s/sf b/x? lghL If]q d}qL x'g'kg]{, ;/sf/n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf nufgL u/L lghL If]qnfO nufgL ug{ cfslif{t t'Nofpg'kg]{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

-u_ ;xsf/L

JolQmx? ldn]/ cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;|f]t ;fwg ;+sng / kl/rfng u/L ;fd"lxs ?kdf Joj;fo ug]{ dfWod;xsf/L xf] . cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf cg';f/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cfjZostf tyfcfsf+Iff kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;fd"lxs :jfldTj / k|hftflGqs 9+ujf6 lgolGqt :jfoQ pBd g} ;xsf/L xf] .;dfhdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] >d, ;Lk, k|ljlw / k"FhLnfO{ Pslqt u/L ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fu/L ;du|df ;d[4 b]zsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

164

ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf

ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• :yfgLo >d, ;Lk / k"FhLnfO{ clwstd ?kdf kl/rfng u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] Ps k|d'v :tDesf?kdf :yflkt x'g] .

• zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf :j/f]huf/L tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub}{ ul/jL 36fpg] /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• ljkGg, dlxnf tyf cGo nlIft ju{sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf nflu /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Ldf kFx'r clej[l4 ug]{ .

• ;xsf/L If]qsf pBf]u, Joj;fo, pTkfbgd'ns lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t cfly{s j[l4 tyf /fli6«o ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• u|fdL0f If]qdf cfkm\gf ;b:ox?nfO{ art kl/rfngdf ;xefuL u/fpg] / ;d'bfod} nufgL ug]{ r]tgfhufpg] .

• pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf >dhLjL hgtfsf] kFx'r k'¥ofpg] / pgLx?sf] pkhsf] ahf/ ;'lglZrttf k|bfgug]{ .

• /fHo / lghL If]qsf] kxF'r gk'u]sf] If]q tyf ;d'bfodf ;d]t ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 pBdsf]ljsf; ug]{ .

• ufFpsf s'gfsGb/f;Dd pBd Joj;fosf] k|j4{g / s[lif pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

• cfod"ns tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ d'n'ssf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg lbg] .

• ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts d'n's g]kfndf ;xsf/Ldfkm{t ;a}df efOrf/fsf]ljsf; u/fpg] .

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4 ;a} ;b:osf] clwsf/ Pp6} x'g] ePsf]n] ;fdflhs lje]b tyf snxnfO{ cGTo u/L ;fdflhs PsLs/0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] .

• 5'jf5't / k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs s'/Llt cGTo ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

• g]t[Tj ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ lbg] .

• ;dfhdf 5l/P/ /x]sf AolQmx?nfO{ Pp6} ;~hfndf cfa4 u/fO{ ;fd"lxstf / kf/:kl/stfsf]efjgf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• k|hftflGqs k|s[ofaf6 sfdsf/jfxL x'g] ePsf]n] nf]stGqsf] k|j4{g ug{ d2t ug]{ .

• zf]if0f, pTkL8g / bdgsf la?4 ;+ul7t ?kn] h'‰g] / ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfknfO{ j}1flgs 9+un]kl/rfng ug]{ .

• ;dfhsf cNk;+Vos, ckx]lnt, pk]lIft / pTkLl8t AolQm, ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;b:osf]?kdf :yfg lbnfpg] .

• ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .

165

;xsf/L If]qsf ;d:of

;xsf/L If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• ;xsf/L If]qsf] 5'6\6} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf gx'g',

• ;xsf/L P]g / lgodsf] ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g gx'g',

• lgodg tyf cg'udg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg',

• ;xsf/Lsf ;~rfnsåf/f ;b:ox?sf] hDdf ePsf] 7"nf] /sd lxgfldgf ug]{ / aGb u/L efUg] k|j[lQx'g',

• ;xsf/L If]qsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf pko'Qm gx'g',

• bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL / Go"g ;fwg ;|f]tsf sf/0f ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;dfofg's"n k|j4{g x'g g;Sg',

• ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿df pBdzLntfsf] cefj x'g',

• ;xsf/L lzIff, ;"rgf / tflndsf] ckof{Kttfn] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] Aoj:yfksLo 1fg / bIftf;'b[9 x'g g;Sg',

• ;xsf/L cleofgdf /fhgLlt k|j]z eO{ ;xsf/Lsf d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGt kfngf x'g g;Sg',

• ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;xsf/L cleoGtfx¿aLr cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] sdL x'g' .

;xsf/L If]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo

;xsf/L If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ b]xfosf pkfo cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 M

• bL3{sflng of]hgfsf] cefjdf ;xsf/Lsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; cfzfltt ?kdf gePsf]n] ;xsf/L If]qsf] bL3{sflng of]hgfsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{,

• ;xsf/L P]g / lgodsf] ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{,

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lgodg tyf cg'udg k|efjsf/L ?kdf lg/Gt/ ug'{kg]{,

• pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL u/L pTkfbg a9fpg / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfUg'kg]{,

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt / d"NodfGotf adf]lhd ;~rflnt x'g'kg]{,

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ r':t / kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{,

• ;dofg's'n ;xsf/L P]g, lgod / dfkb08sf] kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{,

• ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;x'lnot x'g] u/L s/ gLlt cjnDjg ug'{kg]{,

• ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

• lzIff, ;"rgf / tflndsf] dfWodaf6 ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfksLo 1fg / bIftf ;'b[9u/fpg'kg]{,

• ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;xsf/Lsf cu'jf aLr cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg'kg]{ .

166

-3_ :yfgLo lgsfo

:yfgLo lgsfo hgtfsf] lgs6 /x]/ sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfo x'g . xfn :yfgLo lgsfosf]?kdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfon] k|bfgug]{ ;]jfk|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{n] ;/sf/ k|lt hgtfsf] wf/0ff k|s6 x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] s]Gb|Lo;/sf/sf] k|lt:kwL{ geO{ kl/k"/s e"ldsfdf /x]/ :yfgLo lgsfon] sfo{ u/L ljsf;sf] ult tLj| kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 .

ljsf; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf

ljsf; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• :yfgLo:t/df ;]jfsf] kxF'r j[l4 u/L ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

• cfjlws of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt / k|fyldstf adf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ .

• :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] .

• :yfgLo cfly{s ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .

• :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L ;[hgf / cfo cfh{g j[l4 ug]{ .

• :yfgLo ;'zf;g sfod u/L ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL :yfgLo ljsf; k4lt cjnDag ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;fd'bflos ;zQmLs/0f / ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog /cg'udg ug]{ .

• :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng, /fh:j j[l4 / ljQLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .

• s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿, lghL If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;+u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

• :yfgLo nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

• ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]l6g g;s]sf ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] ;zlQms/0fsf nflu ljz]ifsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

:yfgLo lgsfosf ;d:ofx?

:yfgLo lgsfodf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

• lj=;+= @)%( ;fnb]lv :YffgLo lgsfodf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwsf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg' .

• :yfgLo lgsfosf] a9\bf] ;|f]t / lhDd]jf/L cg'?ksf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g g;Sg' .

• :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s /fh:j tyf ljQLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ x'g' .

• ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k|s[ofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|lta4tf / ;+/rgfsf] sdL x'g' .

• lgIf]lkt ljifout If]qsf] ;DaGwdf klg s]Gb|af6 ;dfgfGt/ of]hgf th'{df ul//xg' .

167

• :yfgLo lgsfox?af6 ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sdL x'g' .

• ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;DaGwdf 7f]; gLltx? cjnDag ug{ g;Sg' .

• :yfgLo:t/df cfGtl/s ;|f]t clej[l4sf] ;DefJotf cWoog k|efjsf/L?kdf gx'g' .

• :yfgLo lgsfox? cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{]eGbf s]Gb|Lo cg'bfgdf e/ kg'{ .

• lhNnf:t/df ;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf cfof]hgfx?df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] ug]{ sfo{:ki6?kdf juL{s/0f x'g g;Sbf ;Dj4 kIfnfO{ Ps csf{n] u/]sf] sfdaf/] hfgsf/L / kf/blz{tfgx'g' .

• :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+:yfut?kn] sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /xg' .

• s]Gb|af6 v6fOg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jfsf] sf/0f :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxsf] sfo{k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg' .

• :yfgLo of]hgf Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos;+:yf Pj+ cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLrsf] ;dGjo k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g' .

• cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|efjsf/L gxF'bf of]hgfut cg'zf;g sdhf]/ x'g' .

;'emfjx?

:yfgLo lgsfodf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf pkfo cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M

• :YffgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/L hgk|ltlglwåf/f pQ/bfoL 9+un] :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

• :yfgLo ;]jf P]gsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ / :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L :yfgLolgsfox?df bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfosf] a9\bf] ;|f]t / lhDd]jf/L cg'?ksf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ .

• :yfgLo:t/sf cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s ;|f]t j[l4sf ;fy} vr{ k|lqmof k|efjsf/L jgfpg'kg]{ .

• :yfgLo cfjZostf / dfusf cfwf/df ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k|s[ofnfO{ :f+:yfut ug'{kg]{ .

• ljifout sfof{nox?sf] :yfgLo lgsfok|lt pQ/bfoL eO{ ;dfgfGt/?kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ kl/kf6L x6fO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] dfWodaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

• ;a} :yfgLo lgsfosf] juL{s/0f u/L cfjZos ljQLo Joj:yfkg, of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg tyf cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ .

• ;fdflhs / cfly{s?kdf kl5 k/]sf Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ljleGg ju{ Pj+ ;d"xx?sf] klxrfg u/LtL ju{sf] pTyfg, ljsf; / d"nk|jfxLs/0faf6 u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg nlIft sfo{qmd;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfodf ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf sfo{qmdx?df /x]sf] bf]xf]/f]kgfx6fO{ PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds 9+un] sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/L?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ .

168

• :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{x? k|efjsf/L?kdf kl/rfngug{ lgIf]lkt If]qx?, ;/f]sf/jfnf, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfox?k|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg'kg]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xLt'Nofpg ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdfsfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ .

-ª_ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf

gfkmf/lxt p2]Zon] Jofks ;fdflhs lxtsf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf / ;/sf/ eGbf k[ys ?kdf/x]sf ;+:yfnfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf elgG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjJofkLs/0f, jftfj/0fLo, dfgjLo,:jf:Yo ;DjGwL ;d:of, ul/jL, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g h:tf ;jfnx? tyf ;/sf/sf] ablnbf] e"ldsf h:tf ljljw sf/0fn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

ljsf;df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

ljsf;df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• cfjlws of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf k|fyldstfsf If]qdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] /fli6«o nIo xlf;n ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

• ;/sf/L gLlt lgdf{0fdf hgcfsf+Iff k|ltljlDjt ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj / bjfj lbg] .

• ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

• ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf gLlt, of]hgf /sfo{qmdx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L hgkIfLo gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ .

• nlIft sfo{qmd+x? -;fdflhs ;'wf/, hg;+Vof lgoGq0f, hgr]tgf, ;Lk clej[l4 nufot dlxnf ;zlQms/0f, ckfu+, blnt tyf hghfltsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f cflb_ ;+rfng ug{ u/fpg ;lqmotf / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs kl/rfng4f/f ;+u7g lgdf{0f, cfocfh{g / /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .

• b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qx?sf] ljsf;, hgr]tgf clej[l4 / ;]jf ;'ljwf cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ ug]{h:tf sfo{x? ug]{ .

• gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

• lgoldt sfo{df pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .

• ljsf; sfo{k|lt hg;xeflutf, ;+nUgtf / ;dk{0f clej[l4 ug]{ .

• :yfgLo ;Lk, ;fwg / IfdtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs ljs[ltx?sf] cGTo ug{ k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg] .

169

• ;/sf/L, lghL If]q / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr cfk;L ;DaGw, ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] ljsf; ug]{ .

• bafa ;d"xsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ / cGt/lqmof ug]{ u/fpg] .

• ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLr ;xsfo{ / ;xof]udf l;sfOsf] cfbfg k|bfg / cg';/0f ug]{ .

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;d:ofx?

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;d:ofx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• u};; :yfkgf / ;~rfng ;DaGwdf Ps?ktf gx'g' . - ljleGg P]gaf6 btf{ x'g' ._

• u};;nfO{ s:fn], s'g txdf, s;/L / s'g k|lqmofn] ;dGjo / lgodg ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf:ki6tf gx'g' .

• u};;sf l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf aLr tfnd]nsf] cefj x'g' .

• s]Gb| tyf ;'uddf dfq sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ .

• u};;n] s'g txdf sfd ubf{ sf] k|lt s;/L hjfkmb]xL x'g' kg]{ xf] :ki6 gx'g' .

• hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, cfly{s sf/f]af/ / sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf kf/blz{tf sfod x'gg;Sg' .

• u};;x? bftfd'vL / gfkmfd'vL x'g' .

• u};;x? :yfgLo 6f7faf7fx?sf] k|efjdf kg'[{ / bftfsf] k|fyldstfdf sfof{Gjog x'g' .

• u};;n] ug]{ sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g' .

• u};;sf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;d'bfo, hgtf / :yfgLo lgsfo k|lt ;+j]bgzLn / ;fem]bf/agfpg] k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; x'g g;Sg' .

• u};; dfkm{t kl/rfng x'g] /sdsf] pkof]u / To;af6 eP u/]sf sfdsf] clen]vf+sgug]{ tyf cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug]{ e/kbf]{ / ;j{:jLsfo{ ;+:yfut ;+oGq / kl/kf6L ljsf;ug{ g;Sg' .

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfa

u};;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ lgDg sfo{ ug'{kb{5 M

• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / lgodgdf Ps?ktf Nofpg PsLs[t Pjd\ lj:t[tJoj:yf ;lxtsf] 5'§} P]g hf/L x'g' kg]{ .

• k/f]ksf/L, ;]jfd'vL, ;xeflutfd'vL / ;zlQms/0fd'vLsf] ?kdf u};;nfO{ juL{s/0f u/L s'g} Psk|sf/sf] lqmofsnfkdf dfq Ps u};; ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd lgodg /cg'udg ug]{ .

170

• u};;sf l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf aLr tfnd]n Nofpg'kg]{, sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ bnut /fhgLltd'Qm ug{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ ljifodf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? g} lqmoflzn x'g'kg]{ .

• s]Gb| tyf ;'uddf dfq sfo{qmd ;~rfng gu/L b'u{d / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxtug'{kg]{ .

• u};;sf sfd sf/afxLx? kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ .

• sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] nflu sfo{qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo -bft[ ;+:yf_, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo -:yfgLo u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf_ tyf ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfo -lh=lj=;=_ / bIftf ePsf] ljifoutsfof{nosf] ljrdf of]hgf th'{df ug]{ tx b]lv g} ;dGjo x'g'kg]{ .

• sfo{qmd th'{df b]lv sfof{Gjog tx;Dd nlIft ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf x'g' kg]{ / o;/L ag]]sf sfo{qmdx?;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifbaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg' kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy nfu' ug'{kg]{ .

• u};;x?sf] sfdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg If]qLo tyf :yfgLo :t/df u};;sf] ;xhLs/0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ .

-r_ Gfful/s ;dfh

;femf rfxgf kl/k"lt{sf nflu :j+o;]jL ?kdf ;+ul7t ePsf dflg;x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ gful/s ;dfh elgG5 . of] JolQmut gfkmf k|flKtsf nflu geO{ hgsNof0f, ;fj{hlgs lxt tyf ;fdflhscly{s kl/jt{gtkm{ pGd'v ;+u7g xf] . o;n] ;dfg cfjZostf / lxtaf/] ;f]Rg], ;dfg dfGotf /fVg]ub{5 . To:t} cfkm\g} df}lns / :jfwLg tl/sfaf6 ljsf;sf] ;f]r /fVb5 .

gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf

gful/s ;dfhn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf lgDgfg';f/ e"ldsf v]Nb5 M

• ;/sf/nfO{ pko'Qm sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f / ;f] sf] kl/kfngf u/fpg d2t ug]{ .

• nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|a4{g ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

• ;fdflhs, ;f:+s[lts d"No dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ .

• clgoldttf, cGofo, cTofrf/, lje]b, lj;+utL la?4 cfjfh p7fpg] .

• ;dfhsf sdhf]/, k5fl8 kfl/Psf / lgd'vf ju{sf] ;zlQms/0f ug]{ .

• ;'zf;gsf nflu ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L Pj++ sfof{nosf] sfdsf/jfxLdf lgu/fgL /fVg] /hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg] .

• ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs Gofosf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ .

• dlxnf, blnt, ckfu, Ho]i7 gful/s, afnaflnsf, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] cfjfh tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf; nufotsf ljifodf ;fdflhs ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .

• /fhgLlt lg/k]If cfjfh p7fO{ hgtfsf cfjfhx? /fHo;+oGq ;dIf k'¥ofpg] .

171

• :yfgLo ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf k|s6 ug]{

• ;/sf/L ;]jfdf kx'Fr gk'Ug] jf gk'u]sf] 7fFpdf ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ .

• gful/s xs / st{Jok|lt ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf d2t ug]{ .

;d:ofx?

/fhgLlts bnsf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x? ;d]t gful/s ;dfhsf] g]t[Tjdf cfpg', 6f7fjf7f dfG5]x? /hfO{ ug]{ d~rsf] ?kdf gful/s ;dfh /xg',/fhgLlts :jfy{ cg's"n / bftf lgb]{lzt eP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfngug'{, /fHo / cGo ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf pQ/bfoL agfpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd Nofpg g;Sg' gful/s;dfhdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? x'g\ .

;'emfjx?

Gfful/s ;dfhdf /fhgLlts k|efj kg{ lbg' x'b}g . ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|j4{g ug]{ k|hftflGqsd"NodfGotfsf] /Iff ug{ gful/sx?df ;r]tgf a9fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo cfjZostf cg's"n :yfgLo :t/df g}gful/s cu'jfx?sf] ;xsfo{df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts Pj+ gful/sxs lxtsf] nflu /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ lhDd]jf/ Pj+ gful/snfO{ ;zlQms/0f agfpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

-5_ afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/

cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ /fi6« tyf ;+:yfnfO{ afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/ jf bft[ lgsfo eGg] ul/G5 . ljsf;sf /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljQLo ;|f]t,;fwg / k|ljlwsf] cefj k'/f ug{ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .

ljsf;df afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] e"ldsf

• ljsf;sf nflu cg'bfg, C0f tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] .

• ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{,

• cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ,

• cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug]{, ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug,]{

• Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt a9fpg],

• gofF k|ljlw d"No dfGotf;Fu cg's"ng x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ,

• ljsf;sf nflu nufgL h'6fpg],

• ljsf;sf ;kmn cEof; / k|of]usf] cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;Dks{ a9fpg],

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ pknJw u/fpg],

• b]zsf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljz]if1tf pknJw u/fpg],

172

• ;fdflhs Gofo, åGå Joj:Yffkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf hNbf aNbf If]qdf ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ v8f ug]{ .

;d:of

ljsf; k|ls|ofdf b]lvPsf afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf ;d:of b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ M

• ;j} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotf ah]6 k|0ffnL leq cfpg g;Sg',

• ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf If]qdf bftfsf] k|fyldstf cfa4 gx'g',

• :yfgLo cfjZostf ljkl/t bftfsf] zt{df ;xfotf cfpg', cgfjZos zt{x? /xg] ug'{,

• cfof]hgf sfo{qmdsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tf ug'{ cufl8 k"j{ tof/L gx'g',

• ;xof]u /sd vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf sdL x'g',

• 7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ck]Iff cg'?k a9\g g;Sg,'

• cg'udg / d"Nof+sg kIf sdhf]/ /xg',

• ;j} ;xfotfnfO{ sfo{qmdut / If]qut cfwf/df lng] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsg',

• cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dfkm{t cfpg] ;xfotfsf] kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL 9+un] kl/rfng u/fpgg;lsg',

• cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of x'g' .

;'emfj

ljsf; k|ls|ofdf b]lvPsf afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDg ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 M

• ;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ ah]6 k|0ffnL dfkm{t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ .

• /fli6«o k|fyldstf tyf lxtsf] cfwf/df ljb]zL ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng x'g'kg]{ .

• cfof]hgf sfo{qmdsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tf ug'{ cufl8 k"j{ tof/L ug'{kg]{ .

• ;xof]u /sd vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg k|s[ofut ;/ntf / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{

• Dffu / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;xfotf kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .

• ;xfotf kl/rfngdf kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj j[l4 ug'{kg]{ .

• pTkfbg a[l4 ug]{, k'FhL lgdf{0f / lbuf]kgfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfjlws of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sfk|fyldstfsf If]qdf nufgL s]Gb|Lt ug]{ .

• k|fKt ;xfotfsf] PsLs[t tYof+s /fvL n]vfk/LIf0f ;dod} u/fpg] .

• ;xfotf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

• ;xfotfsf gfddf cgfjZos zt{nfO{ :jLsf/ gug]{ .

173

• cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

lgisif{

ljsf; ax'cfolds k|lqmof ePsf]n] /fHo PSn}sf] k|of;n] dfq} ljsf; ;Dej x'b}g . ;/sf/;Fu}lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;xsf/L If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, gful/s ;dfh / afXo ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf];+o'Qm k|of;n] dfq} b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;j} lgsfon] cf–cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/fu/]/ jf ;fem]bf/LnfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ sfo{ u/]df ljsf; k|lqmofn] ;fy{s ult lng] ePsf]n] oL If]qdfb]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• cf=j= @)&!÷&@ sf] ah]6 jStJo, @)&!, sf7df8f}+ M cy{ dGqfno .

• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}+M sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .

• bzf} of]hgf- @)%(÷^) —@)^#÷^$ _, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf - @)^$÷^% —@)^^÷^& _, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• lqjifL{o of]hgf - @)^&÷^* —@)^(÷&) _, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• t]x|f}+ of]hgf - @)&)÷&! —@)&@÷&# _, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .

• ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&!, sf7df8f}+ M cy{ dGqfno .

cof{n, /d]z -@)&)_, cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf, ;d;fdlos dfldnfx?-;Dkfbs M bz/y wdnf, nId0f cof{n_, sf7df08f} M lgxfl/sf k|sfzg .

yklnof, lbg]z -@)^(_, ljsf;df u}];;sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwL sfo{kq .

k|zf;g, /fh:j, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx? .

174

;dfj]zLs/0f cjwf/0ffM ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s kIfx?

;f/f+z

/fHosf] gLlt lg/k]If ?kdf hft ln·, ;d"x cflbdf cfwf/df dfq} lgwf{/0f ul/bf To;} ;d"xleqsf 6f7fjf7fx?n] dfq ;a} ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug]{ ;+efjgf /xG5 . jx'njfbL;dfhdf /fHon] ;a} hfthflt efiff, ln·, wd{ / If]qsf hgtfx?k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L/fHosf ;a} txdf pgLx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .ax'ntfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{ / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf lglDt ;dGofosf] l;4fGtsf]cjnDjgåf/f ;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfgtfsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg u/L /fHo k|0ffnLk|lt ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf]ckgTj sfod u/fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . c;dfg,pk]Iffk"0f{ / prgLr Jojxf/ ul/g] jftfj/0f sfod /xbf;Dd ;dfh ;Gt'lnt x'g ;Sb}g .;dfg cj;/ dfq} k|bfg ubf{ ljljw sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sf , kfl/Psf sdhf]/ nf]kf]Gd'v Pj+;LdfGts[t ju{sf ;d'bfosf] k|utL x'g g;sL pgLx? ;w} kl5 kl//xg] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsf]n] ;dGofosf cfwf/df o:tf sdhf]/ / kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf ju{x?sf] pTyfgdf /fHon] k|ofKtWofg lbO{ c;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx?nfO{ ;dfg cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cjwf/0ff ljZje/ lj:tf/ x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} kIfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] blnt,cflbjf;L÷hghflt, ckf·, dw];L, ;d'bfo nufot wd{, ln·, ;+:s[lt / e"uf]n ;a}sf cfwf/df;dfj]zLs/0f ul/g] k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} sfg"gL gLltut cfjlws of]hgfaf6;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ pNn]vgLo :yfg lbPsf] 5 eg] ltgsf ;+:yfut ljsf; ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 ;fy}cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df ;d]t ljleGg k|ltj4tfx? hfx]/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . oL kIfx?nfO{ Jojxf/dfk|ToIf b]lvg] ul/ sfof{Gjog ug'{ clt cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff

;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ /fHon] ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnb} ubf{ s]xL k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ju{, ;d"x,lnª\u, ;Dk|bfoleq ;d]t ljljw vfnsf JolQmx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . sf]xL ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg / ;'lzlIfttyf Ifdtfjfg x'G5g\ eg] sf]xL lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hLjgofkg ug{ afWo /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f/fHosf] gLlt lg/k]If?kdf hft, lnË, ;d"x cflbsf cfwf/df dfq} lgwf{/0f ul/Fbf To;} ;d"xleqsf

–xl/bQ kf08]o*

* g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ ;x;lrj

175

6f7faf7fx?n] ;a} ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;'ljwfk|fKt ug]{ ju{leq ;d]t ljkGg / sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|sf/sf gLlt÷sfo{qmdx? cjnDagubf{dfq /fHosf k|of;x?n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . o;}u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf b[li6n] cjnDagul/Psf ;sf/fTds lje]bh:tf sfo{gLltx?n] ;dfgtfh:tf] cfwf/e"t df}lns clwsf/dfly ;Demf}tf ub}{ cl3 a9\g] ePsf] x'gfn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjlws nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

;fdfGotof ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL sf/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ nf]stGqsf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffsf ?kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . lnª\u, hfthflt, wd{, ;Dk|bfo, If]q, ;LdflGts[t ju{ cflbsf]cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gu/L ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ub}{ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ;dfg cj;/ dfq} k|bfg ubf{ ljljw sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf sdhf]/, nf]kf]Gd'v Pjd\;LdflGts[t ju{sf ;d'bfosf] k|ult x'g g;sL pgLx? ;w} kl5 kl//xg] ;Defjgf /lx/xg] ePsf]n] ;dGofosf cfwf/df o:tf sdhf]/ / kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf ju{x?sf] pTyfgdf /fHon] kof{Kt Wofg lbO{c;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx?nfO{ ;dfg cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cjwf/0ff ljZje/ lj:tf/ xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfg cj;/ cTofjZos x'G5g\ .

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifoj:t'sf] :ki6tfsf nflu s]xL ljlzi6 ljåfg tyf ;+:yfx?jf6 k|sflzt wf/0ffx? tn k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M– Nmehielle & Menon (2014, P 5&6) sf cg';f/– "Denial ofequal opportunity in terms of access to basic needs such as health, education, work, leisure and housing, particularly in socities with a long history of discrimination and exploitation basedon race, caste, gender and religion, results in skewed development inemic to the rule of law, equal justice under law. Arguments based on equity and inclusion can be advanced to equalize development oppourtunities through the introduction of appropriate policies and regulations of the government concerns."

o;}u/L dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))) n] cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo jf lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f / hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k|zf;sLo cbfntn] @)&) df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5M– ax'njfbL ;dfhdf /fHon] ;a} hfthflt, efiff, lnª\u, wd{ / If]qsf hgtfx?k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L/fHosf ;a} txdf pgLx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ax'ntfdfcfwfl/t ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{ / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf lglDt ;dGofosf] l;4fGtsf] cjnDagåf/f;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfgtfsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg u/L /fHo k|0ffnLk|lt ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ckgTj sfod u/fpg]dfWodsf] ?kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0fs} ;DaGwdf ljZj a}ª\ssf]wf/0ff lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] kfOG5M Æ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] ;+:yfut cj/f]wx? x6fO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwfx?df j[l4 u/L ljljw vfnsf JolQm / ;d"xx?sf] ljsf;df cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ xf] .Æ

176

kmf]6f]kf]N;n] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ kl/efiff ub}{ eg]sf 5g\M Æ;dfj]zL nf]stGqdf ljleGg txdf clwsf/sf] ;dfg ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbOg] ePsf] x'Fbf ljBdfg ;ª\s6sf] Psdfq lgsf; o:tf] Joj:yfdf dfq} ;Dej 5 .Æ

;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf e§rg -@))%_ sf] egfO lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M Æ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, hgdt ;ª\u|x, ;+ljwfg;ef h:tf k|lqmofx?sf] cjnDagåf/f :jfoQtf, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / /fHosf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t ljz]ifJoj:yf h:tf dfWodx?af6 ;a} hflt, n}lª\us, eflifs, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ If]qLo ;d'bfodf clwsf/ / zlQmsf] ;fem]bf/L eGg] a'lemG5 .Æ

g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cf}lrTo

g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ lgDg sf/0fx?jf6 cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvG5M

¨ nfdf] ;dob]lv s]xL hfthfltx?sf] dfq} /fHo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ar{:j /lxcfPsf],

¨ If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod x'g g;s]sf],

¨ k'?ifx?sf] bfFhf]df dlxnf ju{ kl5 kg{ uPsf,

¨ ;fdflhs lje]b sfod /x]sf],

¨ clwsf+z hgtf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt x'gg;s]sf,

¨ ax';ª\Vos hgtfdf cem} ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] cefj /x]sf] .

;dfj]zLs/0fdf /fHon] Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ k|d'v kIfx¿ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu /fHon] lgDg k|sf/sf kl/jt{gx? ug'{kg]{tkm{ ljåfgx? Psdt b]lvG5g\M

¨ hLjgofkgsf nflu cTofjZos ;a} ;fwg / ;]jfx?df ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{,

¨ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;j} gful/sn] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff÷dt k|s6 ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf j9fpg],

¨ ;a} gful/snfO{ cfkm"k|lt pQ/bfoL jgfpg] jftfj/0fsf] pknAwtf,

¨ /fli6«o / ;fdflhs hLjgdf JolQm÷gful/ssf] ;xeflutfsf] lgodg / Joj:yfkg,

¨ JolQm÷gful/snfO{ hLjgofkgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ /fhgLlts k|efjdflysf] kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf,

¨ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df JolQm÷gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf x'g] jftfj/0f .

;dfj]zLs/0fsf If]qx?

JolQm–JolQmaLrsf] leGgtf, km/s Ifdtf / x}l;ot Pjd\ klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] lgdf{0f ;dfhsf]cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsh:tf ljleGg sf/0fx?jf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . o:tf] ljljwtf

177

lgdf{0f ug]{ k|fs[lts sf/0fsf cnfjf /fHon] clVtof/ u/]sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd, ;f]r / dgf]j[lQsf sf/0fcfw'lgs /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;d]t s'g} ju{ ljz]if t'ngfTds ?kdf sd nfeflGjt x'g] cyjf a9L nfeflGjt x'g] / alx:s/0f jf ;LdflGts[t ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f jf alx:s/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf ;DalGwt If]q jf lgsfox?n] cf–cfkm\g} b[li6sf]0faf6 klxrfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .o:tf oL ljljw b[li6sf]0fx?af6 ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] eP klg ;du|df g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?df /x]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2f ljz]ifu/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts Pjd\ efjgfTds tj/n] clek|]l/t ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfgjLo ljsf; / ;d[l4df kl5 kfg{ ;xfosl;4 /x]sf] ;fdflhs Pjd\ /fhgLltskl/j]z, ;/sf/sf] gLlt / ;]jf k|jfxsf If]qx? g} jf:tjdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'Vo sfo{If]q / 5nkmnsf]s]Gb|laGb' x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljljw :j?kx? x'g] ePtfklg ;du| ?kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf ug]{ k|efjsf/L cf}hf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;y{ cfw'lgs nf]stflGqszf;g k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]zLs/0f /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf / ;fdflhs ;d[l4sf nflu ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

alx:s/0fsf] cj:yfsf] cWoogsf] kl/0ffdaf6 g} s'g ;d"x÷;d'bfo÷ju{÷lnª\u÷If]q ÷hfthflt cflbnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg x'g ;S5 . cyf{t;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cf}hf/ klxNofpg' eGbf klxn] alx:s/0fdf kg'{ jf kfl/g'sf] sf/0f vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 h'galx:s/0fsf] :j?kcg';f/ leGg leGg x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]cf}hf/ / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cf}hf/ km/s x'g;S5 lsgls oL b'O{ ;d'bfoaLrsf] alx:s/0fsfsf/s tTj / kl/j]z km/s x'g ;S5g\ .

nfdf] ;dob]lv al~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx? s'g–s'g ;d:ofaf6 u|l;t 5g\ / s:tf–s:tf ;dfgclwsf/af6 al~rt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf /fHo ;+oGq k|i6 x'g'kb{5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf;d:of eg]s} k|foM sdhf]/ / ljkGg ju{ /fHo k|0ffnLsf ljleGg If]qx?df ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ k|fKtgu/L cGofodf kb}{ cfPsf x'G5g\ . oxL oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n];a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf]5 . kmn:j?k g]kfndf xfn ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] vf]hL ljleGg If]qx?df x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ljutsfhgcfGbf]ngx?n] d'vl/t u/]sf ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL xfd|f] b]zdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf If]qx?sf]lgwf{/0f lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] kfOG5M

• /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0fM /fhgLltaf6 ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s nufotsf If]qx? k|efljt x'g]ePsf]n] /fhgLltnfO{ d"n gLltsf] ?kdf lng'k5{ . /fhgLltsf k|To]s lqmofsnfkx?df ;a}hgtfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf / lgoGq0f gx'Fbf;Dd o:tf] /fhgLltn] ;a} hgtfsf] ;dy{g kfpglgM;Gb]x sl7g 5 . nf]stGqdf hg;dy{glagfsf] pknlAw cy{k"0f{ dfGg ;lsb}g . b]zsf]Joj:yflksfdf ;a} hfthflt, ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] cy{k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]dfdfq ;dfj]zLnf]stGqsf] dd{ k'/f x'g;S5 . g]kfndf ;dfg"kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] cEof; ;+ljwfg;efsf

178

b'O6} lgjf{rgx?df eO;s]sf] 5 / ;+ljwfg;efsf] agfj6 w]/} xb;Dd ;dfj]zL;d]t /x]sf]kfOG5 .

• ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fM d'n'sdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs ljlw, Jojxf/ / ;+/rgfx?af6 ;dfhleqkf/:kl/s ;b\efj / ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs zf]if0f /lje]bx? cGt geP;Dd ;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tf sfod x'g ;Sb}g . c;dfg, pk]Iffk"0f{/ prgLr Jojxf/ ul/g] jftfj/0f sfod /xFbf;Dd ;dfh ;Gt'lnt x'g ;Sb}g .

ljleGg sfg'gL k|of;sf afah'b\ klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf 5'jf5'th:tf] ;fdflhs ljs[lt ljBdfg/xL/xg' ;fdflhs zf]if0f / lje]bsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f, 5'jf5't h:tfljs[ltx?sf] cGTo ug{ ;a}n] ;dfhdf cToGt dof{lbt / ;Ddflgt eO{ afFRg kfpg] k|of]hgsfnflu ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfu ;zQm ?kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

• ;f+:s[lts ;dfj]zLs/0fM g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] b[li6n] Ps ;d[4 d'n's xf] . k|To]s/fi6«df ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ljifo ;+j]bgzLn x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg ;+:s[ltdf cfa4x'g]x?n] cf–cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cToGt 7"nf] uf}/jsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL;dfhdf ;f+:s[lts ax'ntf sfod 5 / tL ;a} ;+:s[ltx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf ;dfgJojxf/ ub}{ nf]kf]Gd'v ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf ;fy /fHo nfuL kg'{kg]{ x'G5cGoyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;+:s[ltsf cg'ofoLx?n] cfkm" pk]lIft /x]sf] / cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ /fHon]ckdfg u/]sf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . /fHosf] tkm{af6 slxNo} klg Ps}dfq ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdfplePsf] cg'e"lt x'g lbg' x'b}g . ;a} ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg / ;Gt'lnt 9ª\un] k|j4{g ug{'sf ;fy};+/If0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{ Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] pTyfg ub}{ cl3 a9\g ;s] lbuf] ?kdf ;f+:s[lts ;b\efj sfod x'g;S5 .

• wfld{s ;dfj]zLs/0fM ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]sf ;a} wd{x?k|lt /fHon] ;dJojxf/ u/]sf]cj:yfdf dfq /fHok|lt ;a} hgtfsf] ;xof]u / ;b\efj /xg] ub{5 . o;y{, wfld{s ax'ntfnfO{/fHon] dfGotf lbFb} ;a} wd{x?sf] Gofof]lrt ljsf;sf] cfwf/df cl3 a9\g] gLlt cjnDag ug'{ /fHosf] nflu lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .

• eflifs ;dfj]zLs/0fM efiffsf] k|ToIf k|efj dfgj ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, lzIff / /f]huf/LsfIf]qdf kg]{ ub{5 . efiffsf] lx;fan] cd"s efiff af]Ng] ;a} ;d"x, ;d'bfosf aLr 3lgi7;DaGw sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} efiffnfO{ pk]Iff ul/Fbf ;f] efiffefifLx?sf] Gofof]lrt k|ultx'g ;Sb}g . efiffsf] km}nfj6 /fli6«o l;dfgfeGbf aflx/ ;d]t /x]sf] x'G5 . efiffsf] cfwf/df/fHon] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ub}{ uof] eg] o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ b]zleqdfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o hutdf klg kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] ;a} efiffx?nfO{ ;dfg ?kn] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDagclk/xfo{ x'G5 .

179

• hftLo ;dfj]zLs/0fM g]kfn ;3g ?kdf hftLo ljljwtf /x]sf] d'n's xf] . /fli6«o hgu0fgf,@)^* sf] glthfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] s]xL hfltx? ;LdfGtLs[t / s]xL hfltx? nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L s'g} hfltljz]ifsf] nf]k x'Fbf To;;Fu ;DalGwt wd{ Pjd\ ;+:s[lt;d]tk|efljt x'g] ub{5 . oL ;a} kIfx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] blnt,cflbaf;L, hghflt, ;d'bfo, wd{, lnª\u, ;+:s[lt / e"uf]n ;a}sf cfwf/df ;dfj]zLs/0ful/g] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf gfddf ;dfg clwsf/sf] k|fjwfg x'b}df /fHo;+oGqsf ;a} If]qdf k|ltlglwTj lbg ;Sg] cj:yfdf ;a} efiff af]Ng]x? k'uL;s]sf x'b}gg\ .t;y{ oxL tYosf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns Jojxf/af6 sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kb{5 .

• n}lª\us ;dfj]zLs/0fM ;}4flGts ?kdf lnª\usf] cfwf/df e]b\efj gul/g] s'/fnfO{ k|fozM;a}n] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ t/ lkt[;QfTds ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf lnª\usf] cfwf/df ;lbof}+b]lv e]b\efj x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] e]b\efjsf sf/0f dlxnfx? w]/} k|sf/sf zf]if0f/ lx+;faf6 kLl8t alg/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 u|l;t, k|tfl8t / kLl8t dlxnfx?nfO{k'?if;/x ;dfg xs k|bfg ul/b}df /fHosf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf ;dflxt ug{ ;lsb}g lsgeg] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / ;fdYo{sf lx;fan] dlxnfx? kl5 kl//fv]sf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{df k'?if;/xcfpg ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;f]xLcg'?ksf dlxnfd}qL sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .o;sf nflu ;dfhdf ;lbof}+b]lv h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] dfgj dgf]lj1fg / dgl:yltdf kl/jt{gub}{ cl3 a9\g ljz]ifu/L k'?ifx? tof/ x'g'kb{5 / /fHosf gLltx?;d]t o;tkm{ kl/nlIftx'g' h?/L 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ln08g la= hf]G;g -;g\ !(^%_ sf] lgDgegfO dgg\of]Uo 5M "Freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars ofcenturies by saying, "Now you are free to go where you want and do as youdesire, and choose the leaders you please." You do not take a person, who foryears, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him upto the startingline of a race and then say, "You are free to compete with others", and still justlybelieve that you have been completely fair. Thus it is not enough just to open thegates of opportunity. All our citizens must have been abiltity to walk throughthose gates….. We seek not just freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legalequity but human abitlity, not just equality as right and a theory but equality asa fact and equality as a result….. To this end, equal opportunity is essential but notenough (As quoted in the Report on the Equal Opportunity Commission, Ministryof Minority Affairs, Government of India, 2008).

• k|fb]lzs ;dfj]zLs/0fM b]zsf] s'g} If]q ljz]ifnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ubf{ csf]{ If]q cGofodfkl//fv]sf] x'G5 / kmn:j?k To;If]qsf afl;Gbfx?sf] gsf/fTds ;f]r a9\g hfG5 . o;y{;a} If]qsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ub}{ cl3 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . /fli6«o ;|f]tsf] afF8kmf8 ;a} If]qx?df;dfg cg'kftdf ub}{df lk5l8Psf] If]q ;DkGg If]qsf] :t/df cfpg ;Sb}g . pbfx/0fsf]nflu g]kfnsf] s0ff{nL c~rn Pjd\ ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf lxdfnL Pjd\ kxf8L

180

If]qx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf b[li6n] cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf cem} lgs} k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ . d'n'ssf c? If]qx?s} ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf oL If]qx?nfO{ k'¥ofpg ;dfgah]6 ljt/0f u/]/ dfq x'b}g, cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf yk ;fwg ;|f]tsf] nufgLsf ;fy} ljz]if /0fgLlt;d]t cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

• cfly{s ;dfj]zLs/0fM /fHosf] c;dfg jf lje]b\sf/L gLltsf sf/0f s'g} If]qsf afl;Gbfx?n]/f]huf/Lsf kof{Kt cj;/x? pkef]u ub}{ hfg' / csf]{ If]qdf rsf]{ a]/f]huf/L JofKt ePsf]sf/0faf6 ToxfFsf hgtfx?df c;Gt'li6 a9\b} hfG5 . o:tf] c;Gt'li6sf sf/0f b]zleq åGål;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . ctM ;dfhdf JofKt cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts c;dfgtfnfO{ b"/ub}{ ;a}nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fsf l;4fGtx¿

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg l;4fGtx? 5g\ h;dWo] k|d'v s]xL tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\M

• Ifltk"lt{sf] l;4fGt

• ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt

• ;dfg'kflts ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt

• ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGt

• :jfoQtfsf] l;4fGt

• ;zlQms/0fsf] l;4fGt

;dfj]zLs/0fsf pkfox¿

nfdf] ;dob]lv kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf ju{ Pjd\ ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;d'Ggt u/fpg] clek|fon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLlt nfu" ul/Psf] x'G5 . lgDg pkfox?nfO{ cjnDag u/L ;dfj]zL nIo k"/fug{ ;lsG5M

s_ cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bM kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg ju{;Fua/fa/Ldf gNofP;Dd /fHon] 5'§} gLlt t}gfy ug{ ;Sb5 h;af6 lglZrt cjlwdf o:tf kl5 k/]sf÷kfl/Psf ju{x?sf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 . tTkZrft ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/k|bfg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] pbfx/0f lbg'kbf{ ;+;b\df lglZrt k|ltzt :yfg dlxnf, blnt /cflbaf;LnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDag ub}{ ;dfj]zL ;d"xn] cGo ju{sf]eGbf Ps jif{ sd cg'ej x'Fbf;d]t kbf]Ggltsf] ;DefJo ;"rLdf kg]{ / dlxnf / ckfËsf] xsdf $) jif{;Dd;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu pd]/sf] xb tf]lsg' -k'?ifsf] xsdf #% jif{ dfq 5_ .

181

v_ ;zlQms/0f / Ifdtf ljsf;M nlIft ;d"x lgwf{/0f u/]/ tL ;d"xx?nfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] ub{5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf nflu Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ tof/L sIffsf] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

u_ ;r]tgfd'vL sfo{qmdM ztflAbof}+b]lv g]kfnL ;dfhdf JofKt e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/sflj?4ljz]ifu/L ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljleGg ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'b} cfPsf5g\ .

3_ sfg'gL pkrf/M sdhf]/ ju{dfly e]b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/ x'g glbg ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf gLltx?nfu" gu/]df cyjf nfu" ug{ Jojwfg v8f u/]df sfg'gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

ª_ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;, dfgj ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf nufgLM oL If]qx?df /fHon] nufgLubf{ nlIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf; eO{ k|lt:kwL{ aGg ;Sb5g\ / k|lt:kwf{af6 gLlt lgdf{0fug]{ :yfgdf k'Ub5g\ . o;af6 eljiodf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L gLlt lgdf{0f x'g] jftfj/0ftof/ x'G5 .

g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

§ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;j{k|yd ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|fjwfg phfu/ ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] ;dfgtfsf] xscGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfsb[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

§ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf Æb]zsf] ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}lª\us ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k''g;{+/rgf ug]{Æ ;+sNk u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o; ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf lgDg k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]zu/]sf] 5M

– /fi6«sf] kl/efiff ubf{ Æax'hflto, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[ltsÆ /fi6«sf] ?kdfpNn]v u/]sf]] 5 .

– b]znfO{ wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL / k"0f{nf]stflGqs /fHosf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5,

– ;a} dft[efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L ;Ddfgefj k|s6 ul/Psf] 5,

– cfwf/e"t df}lns xssf ?kdf Æ5'jf5't tyf e]befjlj?4sf] xsÆ nfO{ ;dfj]zul/Psf] 5,

182

– k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf lzIff lng kfpg] Joj:yful/Psf] 5,

– ;fdflhs, cfly{s / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt,dw]zL ;d'bfo, u/La, ls;fg / dhb"/nfO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfg"kflts l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df/fHo ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL u/fOg] k|fjwfg ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .

– /fHosf bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGtx? tyf gLltx?df ;dfj]zL;DaGwL ljleGg Joj:yfx?;dflji6 5g\ .

– ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu ax'dtLo cfwf/df lgjf{lrt x'g]df pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zLl;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg] / ;dfg"kflts k|0ffnL cGtu{t pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;"rLs/0f ubf{dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt, cflbaf;L, hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw]zLnufotsf cGo ju{;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

– /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yfdf ;d]t ;dfj]zLl;4fGtsf] cjnDag ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .

– /fhgLlts bnx?sf ljleGg:t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltx?df ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cg's/0ful/Psf] 5 .

– g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;dfj]zL rl/q lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

cGo sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ /fHo cl3 a9\g] k|lta4tf u/]sf] ePtfklg cem} ;+ljwfgcg'?ksf] kof{Kt sfg'gL Joj:yfx? eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . tyflk@)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngeGbf klxn] klg s]xL sfg'gL Joj:yfx? lyP h;n] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;xh agfPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

§ @)@) ;fnsf] d'n'sL P]gn] 5'jf5'tnfO{ b08gLo sfo{ dfg]sf] lyof],

§ @)$& ;fnkl5 n}lª\us lje]b x6fpg] p2]Zon] d'n'sL P]gdf k6s k6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof],

§ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf kIfdf ljleGg k|fjwfgx? /fv]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng,ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs ;dtfNofpg] sfo{df hghflt, cflbaf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6n] lk5l8Psfju{ ;d]tsf ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ /:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5,

183

§ lj=;+= @)^# df ;DkGg lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfn] /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 -lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf # sf] #=%_,

§ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ul/Psf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg cGtu{tsf y'k|} k|fjwfgx?dWo] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf v'nfk|ltof]lutfaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g] kb;ª\Vofsf] $% k|ltzt kb ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf nflu 5'6\ofO{ To;nfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfocg';f/sf pDd]bjf/x?aLr dfq} k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5,

dlxnf ##Ü, – cflbaf;L÷hghflt @&Ü

dw];L @@Ü – blnt (Ü

ckfª\u %Ü – lk5l8Psf] If]q $Ü

§ o;}u/L ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 ul/g] kbk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ePsf] kfOG5,

§ bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(÷^)–^#÷^$_ n] d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcGtu{t b]xfosf ljifox?nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5M

– dlxnf, b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;d"xsf] nflu ;/sf/n] k|ToIf Pjd\ cu'jfsf]e"ldsf v]Ng],

– dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf ;fy} blnt / cflbaf;L hghfltsf] pTyfgsf lglDt 7f]; gLltcjnDag ug]{,

– ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf k5f}6] Pjd\ b'u{d If]q tyf lk5l8Psf]hg;d"xsf lgldQ ;/sf/n] To; If]q / ;d"xsf] ljlzi6tf / ;DefJotfnfO{ ljsf; ug]{u/L nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rflnt ug]{ . o:tf sfo{qmdx?af6 tL If]q / ;d"xnfO{ ljsf;sf]d"nwf/df Nofpg'sf] ;fy} /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf u/L ul/aL 36fpg],

– lbuf] ljsf;sf] b[li6af6 ;|f]t, ;Dkbfsf] clwstd ;+/If0f, pkof]u / ljsf; ug]{,

– s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] lgsfox?sf] sfof{GjogIfdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],

– ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ km/flsnf] / Gofof]lrt agfpg pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgx?df ;dfhsf ;a}ju{x?sf] kx'Fr j[l4 u/L pkof]usf cj;/x? v'nf, ;/n / km/flsnf] agfpg],

§ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf k|fjwfgx? cGtu{t !!cf}+, !@cf}+ / !#cf}+cfjlws of]hgfx?df ;d]t ;dfj]lztfsf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5,

§ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_ df lgDgfg';f/sf k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fk|lt k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] 5M

184

– bL3{sfnLg ;f]rM ;a}sf] ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 ;fwg / ;|f]tdf Gofof]lrt tyfljj]szLn ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/L ;d'Ggt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;3fpg k'¥ofpg],

– p2]ZoM dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, ckfª\u,cNk;ª\Vos / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf ;a}sf] nflu Pjd\ s0ff{nL If]q;d]t b'u{d kxf8LPjd\ lxdfnL If]qsf afl;Gbf tyf ljkGg ju{ / ;d'bfo;lxt al~rtLdf k/]sf / kfl/Psf;d'bfox?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df NofO{ pgLx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dfgjLo tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / cj;/x?df Gofof]lrt kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{,

pk/f]Qm sfg'gut, gLltut, / of]hgfut Joj:yfx?af6 ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ pNn]vgLo :yfg lbOPsf]kfOG5 . o;}u/L /fli6«\o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«\o blnt cfof]u, cflbaf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«ok|lti7fg, s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u, ;'b"/klZrd ljsf; cfof]uh:tf ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .;fy} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df ;d]t g]kfnn] ljleGg k|lta4tfx? hfx]/ ub}{ ltgnfO{ ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .sltko sfg'gL Joj:yfx?n] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfcg'?k sfof{Gjog of]hgf;d]t tof/ eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM

� sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)$&_, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&,

� sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)^$_, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( ;+zf]wg;lxt,

� sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)%%_, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%,

� /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, -@)%(_, bzf}+ of]hgf, -@)%(÷^)–@)^#÷^$_

� zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno, -@)^#_, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, @)^#

� k|zf;sLo cbfnt -@)&)_, p4jk|;fb bfxfnlj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;d]t, @)&) ;fnsf] k'=j]= g+= %, lg0f{o ldlt @)&)÷*÷!&,

� /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, -@)&)_, lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)&)÷&!–&@÷&#_ sf] cfwf/kq,

� zdf{, OlGb/f, -@)&!_, ÆlghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fM Jojxfl/s r'gf}tLx?Æ, lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f, jif{ !!, cª\s !!, efb|, @)&!, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @)&!, k[i7 !–( .

� ;+o'Qm /fi6« ljsf; sfo{qmd -@)))_, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg–@))),

� The World Bank, (2014), The World Bank Legal Review, 2014, Fostering Development through Opportunity, Inclusion, and Opportunity, vol. 5, Edited by- Hassane Cisse, N.R. Madhava Menon, Marie- Claire, Cordoneir Segger & Vincent O. Mehielle, WashingtonD.C.

� Bhattachan, K.B. (2005), Quest for Inclusive Democracy in Nepal: Identifying Process and Content in Mukti Rijal Ed. Reading on Governance and Development, Vol. IV, Kathmandu, Institute of Government and Developmnet (IGD), pp 70-85.

185

;bfrf/, e|i6frf/ / clVtof/M hgd'vL k|zf;g d"n cfwf/

;f/f+z

;a} JolQmn] cfrf/ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] e|i6 k|j[lQdf Go"lgs/0f x'Fb} hfG5 . e|i6frf/zAb e|i6 ;+:s[t tT;d ljz]if0fjfrL zAb xf] . e|i6 zAbn] v/fa cfr/0f jf cg'zf;gxLg eO{b'Zrl/q k|j[lQnfO{ Ol·t u5{ . cfrf/ zAbn] s'g} klg gLlt, lgod cflbsf] kl/kfngf, afgL,Joxf]/f, rl/qnfO{ ;+s]t u5{ . b]z, ;dfh, ;+:yf, cflbn] to u/]sf] gLlt lgod, cfrf/;+lxtf/ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf ga;L n]gb]g, kIfkftk"0f{ lg0f{o tyf clgoldt sfo{ ug'{nfO{ hgfpF5 .To;}n] cfrf/sf] kfngf gug]{ b'/fr/L dfgl;stf g} e|i6frf/ xf] . g}lts x|f;, b'lift dof{bf Pj+Jolerf/L dg;fonfO{ a9fjf lbg' g} e|i6frf/ xf] . 6«fG;k/]G;L O06/g]zgnn] blIf0f Plzofdfg]kfnnfO{ e|i6frf/sf] cu|0fL d'n'ssf] ?kdf k|:t't ug'{n] xfd|f] lz/ lgx'l/Psf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df,e|i6frf/ pGd'ng h:tf] hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn sfo{df ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] afah'b k|efjsf/L ?kdfh'6]sf]n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] z'esfo{, ;f]r / uGtJonfO{ ;x|fxgf ub}{;Ddflgt lgsfosf] ?kdf hf]ufO{/fVg' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . pQm dxfo1nfO{ ;kmntfk"0f{ ;DkGgug]{ cu|0fL e"ldsf sd{rf/L k|zf;g s} xf] .

!= k[i7e"ld M

;t\ cfrf/af6 g} ;bfrf/ pTkGg ePsf] xf] . cfr/0f z'4 x'g' g} ;bfrf/ xf] . g}ltstfsf] cfr/0fdf;+nUg eO{ hgtfk|lt k"0f{ akmfbf/L /xg' ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLsf] dd{ xf] . ;bfrfl/tf cfTd;ft\ ug]{ l;nl;nfdfOdfGbfl/tf, g}ltstf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf Pj+ j}wflgstfnfO{ ;dtfd"ns ?kdf tnb]lv dfly;Dd nfu" ug'{ ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 .

csf]{tkm{, e|i6frf/ (Corruption) Nofl6g efiffsf] s/K6;\af6 k|fb'ef{j ePsf] xf] . o; zAbn]e|i6+cfrf/ zAbsf] of]unfO{ hgfpF5 / ;bfrf/ ljkl/tsf] sfo{nfO{ k|ltljlDat u5{ . ;dfhn] clËsf/u/]sf] gLlt, ;+:s[lt, wd{, k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t cGwljZjf;, s'k|yf cflb cg}lts Jojxf/nfO{ e|i6 Jojxf/ dflgg yflnof] .

–Nffnaxfb'/ e"h]n*

* k"j{ ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

186

ha;Dd, ljåfgx?sf] ;d'lrt sb/ x'b}g, d'v{, e|i6 / rl/qlxgx?sf] xftdf zf;gsf] afu8f]/ /xG5,ta;Dd, ;dfhdf e8'jfx?sf] laulauL sfod} /xG5 . rfl/lqs ;kmfO{ ub}{, ;dembf/L, ;fem]bf/L Pj+;xeflutfsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t eO{ cg}lts / ckf/bzL{ ljs[ltsf] cGTo ub}{ hfg] ;+sNk lng' k5{ .

;+:sf/, k|yf, k/Dk/f, cfxf/–ljxf/, cfrf/ / ljrf/ ;+Unf] eP dfq rl/q z'4 / :kml6s em}+ kfOG5 .;/sf/L jf lghL If]qsf] ;+:s[ltn] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/sf] 5lj k|ltljlDat u5{ . lgisn+lst / lgle{ssd{rf/Laf6 dfq hgck]Iff xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf / P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M

sd{rf/L k|zf;g Tof] xf], hf] /fHo / hgtfk|lt gtd:ts x'G5, ;dlk{t x'G5 . ;'zf;gdf sd{rf/Lk|zf;gs} cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n'snfO{ bnbndf ws]Ng] jf cu|udgtkm{ n}hfg] sd{rf/L k|zf;gg} xf] .

k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg], lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL agfpg], k|zf;lgs k'/fgf ;f]r Pj+ ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx r':t, b'?:t, kf/bzL{, ;/n, ;xh tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] l;nl;nfdf kfFr tf/] xf]6nx?df a]nfavtdf ax;, cGt{lqmof grn]sf klg xf]Ogg\ . t/ lj8Djgfsf] s'/f of] 5 lsvlr{nf tL hd36x? /f;g d} / sfuh d} ;Lldt 5g\ . tL ax;x? k|ftM sfn d} xf]6ndf pbfpF5g\ /c:tfpF5g\ klg . tyflk k|zf;g ;'wf/sf gf6s / emf/km's d~rg ug{ 5f]l8Psf] 5}g . /fhwfgLsf] 5]pd}:s"n] afnaflnsf kf7zfnf k9\g t'Og / 6fo/ 6'o"jsf] ;xf/fn] gbL tg'{kg]{ cj:yf, :s"n sn]hsf]dgk/L z'Nssf] /]8 sg{/ gf]l6;, dxFuLn] cfqmfGt ;dfh, o'jf hgzlQmsf] b}lgs xhf/f}+ ;+Vofdfknfog eO/x]sf] cj:yf, a];xf/f, a[4a[4f / afnaRrf, kfl/jfl/s ljrng / tx;gx;, alnofkfv'/fx?sf] sGtljhf]u, s}of}+ em'6f] cf/f]kdf ljb]zdf h]ng]n, cËeË / sf]dfdf a:g'kg]{ cj:yf /b}lgs lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf $ hgfsf] nf; cfpg] u/]sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, n}lËs lje]b,xTof, lx+;f, n'6kf6, c;dfgtf blntk|ltsf] b'Jo{jxf/, lzIff, /f]huf/Ldf cem} kx'Frjfnf s} jr{:j, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt pbfl;gtf, /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt 3ft–k|lt3ft, h]i7 gful/sx?k|ltsf] pbfl;gtf,/fi6«;]jsx?sf] ;]jfu|fxL k|ltsf] ljsif{0f cflb k|zf;gsf ;du| kIfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf k|of; ljutb]lv jt{dfg ;Dd gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ t/ ltgn] d"t{?k lng t k/} hfjf];\, nHhf:kbcj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ .

;/sf/L If]qaf6 lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfndf gful/s ;dfh u|l;t 5g\ .;j{q clgoldttf, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, l9nf;':tLn] k/fsfi7f gf3]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] cy{ ;a}gful/snfO{ ;dfg, ;'ne, ;xh, ;Ddfg Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo tyf k|efjsf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] eg]/ kl/eflift ul/P klg gf/f / efif0fd} ;Lldt 5 .

P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;dodf k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ u/L ljlwsf] zf;g k|Tofe"lt

187

u/fpg] ;Gbe{df b]xfo cg';f/sf pRr:t/Lo lgsfox? Uf7g ePsf] kfOG5 M

lj=;+= @))( ;fndf k|zf;gjLb Pd=Pr=j'rsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfndf k|zf;sLo k'gMu7g ;ldlt u7g u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{ yfngL ul/Psf] .

lj=;+ @)!# ;fndf, k|=d= 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u u7g ePsf] .

lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf j]bfgGb emf, lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf, tyf lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf % j6f clwsf/ ;DkGg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] u7g u/]sf]lyof] . jt{dfg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf sfzL/fh bfxfnsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo ;ldltu7gsf] nx/ b]lvG5 . @)&! ;fn >fj0f dlxgfdf k|=d= sfof{nosf k'j{ ;lrj s[i0fxl/ jf:sf]6fsf];+of]hsTjdf k|zf;g ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g eO{ ut c;f]h dlxgf d} k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] .

pko'{Qm ul7t cfof]ux?sf p2]Zo d"ntM sd{rf/Lx? Hfgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL, clwsf/ lgIf]k0fdf hf]8, /fhgLlt b]lv t6:y, sfo{ k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f, dGqfno ;+Vofdf s6f}tL, bIf hgzlQmdf hf]8, kf/bzL{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk, P]g, sfg"gdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ h:tf s'/fx? lyP . dfly pNn]lvt u7g ePsfpRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g x'g'sf] d"n p2]Zo sd{rf/Lju{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;b}j h'6'g\ eGg] dg;fo xf] .

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# df zf;g ;+rfngsf] k|d'v ;fwgsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jf /xg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / of]hgfx? th'{df u/L ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgM:jfy{ efjn] x/avt;xof]u u/L hgtfnfO{ :jR5 k|zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg kg]{ eP klg l;4fGt / Jojxf/df cfsfz-hldgsf] km/s b]lvG5 .

;+j}wflgs lgsfox?df lgo'Qm ug]{ qmddf bnLo efuj08fsf] sf/0fn] jif{};Dd lgo'lQm geO{ kbflwsf/L ljxLg x'g' b'ef{Uosf] s'/f xf] . ;Qf;Lg bnn] /fhg}lts lgo'lQmdf xfd|f dfG5] xf]Og /fd|f dfG5] lgo'lQmug]{ eGg] t/ Jojxf/df bnsf] glhssf cg'ejlxg, tTf\ ;DaGwL 1fg} gePsf kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm u/L of]hgf, ;+:yfnfO{ e8\vfnf]df xfNg], etL{ s]Gb|df ?kfGt/0f ug]{, cg]sf}+ jxfgfdf …e]l/Pzg c8{/Ú :jLs[t ug'{ ;dol;df leq ;DkGg ug{ g;sL xfF:of:kb / u'0f:t/xLg sfo{sf] sf/0fn] lbuf] ljsf; geO{ nfutal9/xg] k|j[lQ xflj ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . To;}n], :jtGq lgsfox?df bnLo /fhg}lts lgo'lQmsf]sf/0fn] 7"nf bnx?sf] af]nfO{, n]vfO{ / u/fOdf Ps?ktf b]lvb+}g .

188

#= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf cr"s pkfox? M

-s_ g}lts lzIff M

ælzIff hLjg Hof]lt xf], hutsf] cfFvf] snf ljZjsf]

emgf{ xf] dgsf] sl;+u/, ;a} wf]P/ n}hfG5 Tof] .Æ

lzIff To:tf] d"n dGq xf], h;n] hutsf] cfFvf, hLjg rqmsf] Hof]lt, dgleqsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nf kvfNg] em/gfsf] sfd ub{5 . of] ljZjsf] snf xf] . lzIff ljgfsf] dfG5] kz' h:t} xf] .

lzIff To:tf] cr"s cf]vtL xf], h;sf] /;f:jfbgn] r]tgf 55{, ;dj]bgf e5{ . cfTdfsf] txaf6 r]tgfhfu[t u/fO{ b'Mvsf] ;fu/af6 tfb5{ . t/ cfhsf] lzIff vf]qmf] eof] . ef}ltsjfbnfO{ cjnDjg u/Lk"jL{o bz{gnfO{ r6Ss} e'Ng yfn]sf] 5 . cfhsf] lzIffdf g}lts d"No dfGotfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 .lzIffn] t dfof, bof, k/f]ksf/, d}qL, s?0ff, ;+j]bgf hufpg' k5{ . o;n] t dg, a'4L / lrGtfnfO{ z'4fGtagfpg' k5{ . cfhsf] lzIff wg cfh{g ug]{, cx+lt/ cu|;/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . cd"No dfgj hLjgsfhLjGt dd{, wd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ gu/L hh{/ ag]sf] 5 . l/;, O{iof{ 8fxf, 3d08, 5nsk6, 3ft–k|lt3ft,cTofrf/ xTof, lx+;f, anfTsf/ Pj+ e|i6frf/ h:tf cg}lts cdfgjLo cfr/0fx? j[4L eO/x]sf 5g\ .clwsf/df dfq rgfvf] ag]sf] 5 eg] st{Jo af]w e'n]sf] 5 . -cfh eP- u/]sf cdfgjLo, csNkgLo36gfx? lzlIft ju{af6} 36]sf 5g\ . lzIff gLlt, sfo{qmd d} st} vf]6 5 ls < cfh ljj]szLn dfG5]x?z"Godf ljnfO{ /x]5g\ . wg sdfpg] snf eGbf hLjg lhpg] snf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eg]/ l;Sg kfPsf 5}gg\,lzIffn] ljj]szLn agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

ef}lts o'udf klg ;bfrfl/tf ;+/lIft x'g'k5{ . ;bfrf/ g}lts lzIffdf dfq k|fKt x'G5 . cfh g}ltslzIffsf] v8]/L 5 . /f]k]sf] s'/f pd|g] xf], h] l;s]sf] 5, Jojxf/df ToxL b]lvG5 . /fd|f] s'/f l;sfpg;s] /fd|} l;lsG5, Jojxf/df ToxL b]lvG5 . cfh lzIff gLlt s} 68\sf/f] vf]6 b]lvPsf] 5 . gLltdfelgPsf] 5 M

æljBf bbflt ljgo+ ljgoft\ , oflt kfqt+

kfqTjft\ wgdfKgf]lt wgft\ , wd{ ttM ;'vd\ .Æ

cyf{t\ ;'vsf] cfwf/ g} wd{ -g}lts Jojxf/_ xf] . wd{ / ;'vsf] ef}lts cfwf/ g}lts cfr/0fn] cfh{gu/]sf] wg xf] . wg c;n rl/qn] sdfpg' k5{ . of]Uokfq eGg' g} rl/qo'Qm dflg; xf] . ljgolzntfaf6dfq of]Uo kfq k|fKt x'G5 . ;Rrl/qtf, ;bfrf/L u'0f, ljgozLn :jefj, ;Tsd{sf] wg lzIffaf6sdfOG5 . To; kl5 dfq zfGt / ;'vL dfgj hLjg x'G5 . oxL ljgozLntfsf] cy{ ;Tolgi7fdf /xg'xf] . rf0fSon] eg]sf 5g\ M

189

æe"if0ffgf+ e"if0f+ ;ljgt ljBfÆ

ljBf / ljgolzntf ;jf]{Qd uxgf x'g\, h;n] ;+;f/nfO{ g} ;'Gb/ agfpF5g\ .

-v_ /fhgLltdf ;'wf/ M

;fu/, dxf;fu/ :jR5 x'g d'xfgb]lv g} ;kmf x'g'k5{ . /fhg}lts cf8 / ;+/If0fdf 7"nf e|i6frf/sfsf08x? x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . sfof{nodf x'g] u/]sf lemgfdl;gf n]gb]g eGbf /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmof g} 7Kkkfg]{ u/L x'g] u/]sf glltut e|i6frf/ a9L xflgsf/s 5g\ . /fHo;Qfdf cfl;g kbflwsf/Lx?n] lghL /gftf s'6'Djsf] :jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zon] cfkm" / dftxtsf cf;]kf;]x?sf] nflu kmfObf k'Ug] P]g, sfg"g,gLlt th'{df ug'{ /fHo sAhf?lk e|i6frf/ xf] . sfg"g sfof{GJfog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ul/g] e|i6frf/ h3Goxf] . o:tf] e|i6frf/ /fhg}lts txaf6 x'g] x'gfn] ;'wf/ klg ;f]xL txaf6} x'g'k5{ .

/fhg}lts bnsf] lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / lgolGqt ub]{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] vFfrf] 5 . /fhg}lts cf8 / ;'/Iff lng ljleGg If]qdf clgoldtsfo{ ug]{ dflkmofx?sf] nsf]{ nfUg] b]lvPsf] / cfkm" ;b}j ;'/lIft /xg bnsf sf]ifdf cg'lrt /sd;xof]usf] ?kdf hDDff ug]{ k|j[lQ xfjL ePsf]n], bnLo sf]if ;s+ng / Joj:yfkgdf kf/bzL{ agfpg;'wf/fTds sfo{nfO{ k|fylds ljifo agfpg' k5{ .

lgjf{rg dxFuf] x'g' ;'zf;gsf] /fd|f] nIf0f xf]Og\ . nf]stGqsf] k|f0f eg]s} lgjf{rg xf] . :jR5 / lgikIflgjf{rgaf6 g} pQ/bfoLk"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . dxFuf] lgjf{rg ePdf c;n / of]Uo pDd]bjf/jl~rt x'g] / unt sfo{sf k[i7kf]ifsx? pDd]bjf/ agL dtbftfx?nfO{ cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L ljhoL x'g]l:ylt ePdf lgjf{rg sbflk Gofo;+ut x'g ;Qm}g . k|ltlglw 5gf}6 / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf x'g] wfFwnLn];'zf;g sfod x'g ;Qm}g .

:jR5 5lj ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgjf{rgdf al~rt u/L k};fsf] vf]nf] aufpg ;Sg] c;Ifd k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+;bdf hd36 eof] eg] To;n] nf]stGqnfO{ g} ;vfk kf5{ . o:tf] ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf] a]n}df bnLozLif{ g]tfx?n] /f]Sg'k5{ / cfkm}+ ;dod} pbfx/0fLo aGg'k5{ . ha;Dd /fhg}lts bnx?n] cGwfw'Gw vr{ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ /f]ls+b}g, nf]stGq ;+:yfut x'g ;Qm}g . To;}n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{:jtGq / k"0f{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfOg' k5{ .

-u_ ;zQm gful/s ;dfh M

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;s]g eGg] hgcfqmf]; eP klg e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fdf ;lqmotf sd 5 . clVtof/b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 bfo/ ePsf d'2fdf cbfntaf6 5fgaLg ePsf sf/jfxLdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;b\efj / efjgfTds ;dy{g k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cfof]un] ;'? u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;~hfn

190

km];a'sdf k|fKt ;dy{g / k|ltlqmof x]g]{ qmddf !^ cu:t @)!# b]lv !# hgj/L @)!$ ;Dd !@* k|];lj1lKtnfO{ (,%$& nfOs k|fKt ePsf] / @$*! k|ltlqmof k|fKt ePsf lyP . Pp6} k|]; lj1lKtsf nflu$^) j6f nfOs / !%* j6f k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'g' cfof]u k|ltsf] hgrf;f]df j9f]Q/L b]lvG5 .

-3_ e|i6frf/sf] r'/f] clzIff M

s'g} klg lrhsf] oyf{y ?k x]g{ To;sf ;a} cËx? Pj+ ;fwgx? H'f6fPkl5 dfq zf]efodfg x'G5 / To;n];dfhnfO{ b]g k|bfg ug{ aNn ;dy{ x'G5 . To;}u/L s'g} dflg; d]xgtL 5, z/L/sf ;a} cË alnof 5g\,ljj]szLn, g}ltsjfg 5 lsGt' sfddf bQlrt eg] b]z / hgtfn] nfe xfl;n ug{ xDd] k5{ . To:t}hgtf ;fx;L, hfFul/nf, km"lt{nf, /l;nf 5g\ / d'n's cg]sfg]s vlgh, ko{6sLo ;Dkbfn] kl/k"0f{ 5 t/o'ufg's'n lzIff xfl;n u/]sf 5}gg\ eg] pNn]lvt ;b\u'0faf6 glthfxLg x'g ;S5 . d'n's d'v gePsf]lsGt' cd[tsf hnn] k"0f{ 38f h:t} x'G5 . /fd|f] eP/ klg ;'uGw lbg g;Sg] knfF;sf] km"n h:t} x'G5 .

lzIff To:tf] cd"No ;fwg xf] h;n] cfTdfnfO{ ;lqmo, hfu?s / ljsf;zLn agfpF5, clwsf/ /st{Jo af]w u/fO{ ;r]tgf, g}lts / ;Rrl/qjfg agfpF5 / c?nfO{ To:t} aGg pb\3f]if u5{ . plrt /cg'lrt klxrfg u/L ;r]t gful/ssf] x}l;otn] eoljrf/, b'/frf/ / e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;b}j tuf/f] aGb5tyf s73/fdf pEofpg va/bf/L u5{ . ;fnj;fnL x'g] / b'/ufdL dxTjsf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf]ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ :k]lzlkms]zg cg';f/ ;dol;df leq} :jLs[t b/ /]6df, u'0f:t/Lo tj/n] ePsf] 5÷5}g lg/LIf0f÷cg'udgdf ;lqmo x'g lzlIft JolQmn] x}l;ot /fVb5 . ;"rgfsf] xs k|lt ;b}j hfu?saG5 .

-ª_ e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;r]tgf, uLt, sljtf / gf6s M

cfhsf afnaflnsf, o'jf k':tf ef]lnsf g]kfnsf cu|h, dfu{bz{s / g]t[Tjstf{ ePsf]n] k|fyldstxb]lv pRr:t/Lo z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df e|i6frf/ / kbLo clVtof/Lsf] b'?kof]usf] sf/0f / kl/df0f,;]jfu|fxL k|ltsf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwdf tflnd k|bfg ug{ ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . uLt,sljtf / ;8s gf6s d~rg u/]/ klg ;"–;"lrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

-r_ e|i6nfO{ lt/:sf/, ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|rf/M

e|i6frf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs jlxisf/ ug'{sf] ;fy} k|dfl0ft cf/f]lktnfO{ ;~rf/ dfWod dfkm{t Jofks ?kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{k5{ . e|i6frf/df d'l5Psf JolQmpk/ k'li6 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ax; yfNg'k5{ . e|i6 cf/f]lktlj?4 k|df0fsf cfwf/df lgoldt tj/n] ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/L cfd hgtfnfO{ ;"–;"lrt ug{ plrt x'G5 .cfof]udf ph'/L k|fKt eO{ k|dfl0ft ePsf] cfwf/df s;"/ d'tfljssf] b08 tyf hl/jfgf c;"n pk/ u/L ;f] ;dfrf/ lgoldt tj/n] ;Dk]|if0f u/]df e|i6x? lg?T;flxt x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 .

191

-5_ cfˆg} sd{rf/Lx? ;lxtsf] ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg clVtof/ M ;fs{ If]q s} gd"gf xf/ .

;fs{ If]qd}, e|i6frf/ lj?4 n8\g ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] Psdfq d'n's g]kfn xf] . sl/a b'O{ jif{cl3 …uf]uf] kmfp08]zgÚ sf] k|of;df cfof]usf] lqmofsnfk Pj+ ;+/rgfut :j?k ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ kfls:tfgsf] !^ hgfsf] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L pRr:t/Lo 6f]nLn] e|d0f u/L nfeflGjt ePsf lyP . ljutdf cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;fy} cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg lbUbz{gsf] th[{df, $( jf6;/sf/L ljefunfO{ sfo{ljlw lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf ;fy} cGo dGqfnodf OsfO{ u7g u/L e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] k|of;df P]Soj4tf hfx]/, @)&) ;fndf e|i6«frf/ lj?4 k|efjsf/L?kn] wfjf af]Ng d''n'[ssf kFfrj6} ljsf; If]qx?df If]qLo sfof{nox? :yfkgf u/L k|rf/k|;f/ sfo{nfO{ cem Jofks agfOPsf] 5 .

uj{sf] s'/f of] 5 ls, e|i6frf/ lj?4 sfo{ ug{] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsf]n] cGo /fi6«x?sf] nflu of]gd'gfsf] ?kdf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . t/ cfofltt sd{rf/Lx?jf6 cfof]usf] hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn sfo{;DkGg ug{ slt ;kmntf ldN5 hf] sf]xLn] cg'e"lt ug]{ s'/f xf] . j[lQ ljsf; / bfgf kfgL hFxf vfg' 5Tolxsf] sd{rf/Lsf] cg';Gwfg ÷ txlssft slt pknlJwk"0f{ xf]nf Û km]l/ xfd|f d"No dfGotf, k/Dk/f,;+:sf/, g}ltstf cflbn] slt ;fy b]nfg\ . cfof]usf] cfˆg} s{drf/L Joj:yf x'g ;s], cg';Gwfgsfo{df lgle{stf x'g] x'gfn] sfo{s'zntf, kf/bzL{ Pj+ lzw| sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g ;S5 .

hlt gLlt lgod, lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f u/]klg ljsf; lgdf0f{sf sfdx? Kfl5Nnf] rf}dfl;sdf ;DkGg ug]{ k/Dk/fut k|j[lQn] dfkb08 jdf]lhd sfo{ gx'g], ;do;fk]If, geO{ u'0f:t/lxg / nfutdf j[l4 x'g],e]l/P;g eO{ ;dod} ;~rflnt of]hgfsf] nfe kfpgjf6 ljd'v x'g] kl/kfl6 cfh klg 68\sf/f] 5 .kl5Nnf] ;do, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Jofkstfsf] jfjh'b lg0f{ostf{x? clVtof/sf] cFfvf 5nL lhDd]jf/Ljf6 klG5g dGqLkl/ifbaf6 :jLs[lt u/fpg] kl/kfl6 b]lvPsf] 5 h'g If0feË'/ 5 .cGttf]uTjf, /fi6«lxt k|lts'n 5 . lghLIf]q, ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx? nufotsf] 5fgljg,cGj]if0f u/L ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] / clVtof/af6 lgld{t sfo{gLltnfO{ ;+;bn] kfl/tu/L ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg clVtof/nfO{ ;fs{ If]q s} gd"gf xf/ agfpg' kg]{ s'/fsf] ljsNk 5}g .

-h_ cGo ljljw M

-s_ g}lts cfr/0f / cfrf/;+lxtf,

-v_ dxËf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL, e8\lsnf /Llt l/jfh / dxËL lgoGq0f,

-u_ bfOhf] x6fpm, r]nL arfpm cleofg ;zQm kfg]{,

-3_ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox? aLr ;dGjosf] vFfrf],

-ª_ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ck/fwnfO{ /fHo lj?4sf] ck/fw 7fgL @) jif]{ ;hfo / ljuf] adf]lhdb08 hl/jfgf,

192

-r_ ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg,

-5_ z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf clgjfo{ g}lts lzIffsf] Joj:yf,

-h_ sd{rf/L ;+3÷;+u7g k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Pp6} s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] :yfkgf,

-em_ gful/s j8fkq / ;f] sf] ;zQm / k|efjsf/L cg'udg ÷ sfof{Gjog .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM

!= ;bfrf/ q}dfl;s klqsf, @)^$ >fj0f, ljb|f]x kmfp08]zg, s'k08f]n, nlntk'/ .

@= e"h]n nfnaxfb/', :dfl/sf @)&), clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, 6Ëfn, sf7df8f}+ .

#= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)%) -bzf}+ ;+zf]wg_, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%

$= rDks dfl;s klqsf, @)&) df3

%= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

^= g'jfuL -dfl;s klqsf_, jif{ #, cs+ %, ebf} @)&! k[i7 !# .

193

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx kl5 k|hftGq

cfudgk"j{sf] k|zf;g

;f/f+z

k|zf;gn] ;/sf/sf] ;fdLKotf gful/s;Fu k'¥ofpFb5 . k|zf;gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx u'0f:t/Lo?kdf gful/s ;dIf k'¥ofpg /fHosf] pTklQ;Fu k|zf;gsf] kl/jt{gzLn :j?kdf gful/snfO{ ;]jf ljt/0f ub} cfPsf] 5 . ljutsf] ljleGg sfnv08df s]lGb|o tyf :yfgLo k|zf;gsf txx?ljleGg lsl;dsf sfof{no÷lgsfo÷c8\8f tyf ljleGg gfdsf kbx?sf] Joj:yf u/L lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] cjlwdf s]lGb|o k|zf;g klxnf] tx, bf];|f] tx tyf t];|f] txdfu'? rf}tf/f, sfhL, ;/bf/, sk/bf/, vhf~rL, l8¶f h:tf kb Pj+ s'df/L rf]s, sf}ifLtf]iffvfgf, h};Lsf]7f, d'G;Lvfgf, 5]e8]n, bˆt/vfgf h:tf sfof{nosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

:yfgLo k|zf;gdf ;'Aaf, vl/bf/, l8¶f h:tf kbx?n] sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxb]lv /f0ffsfnsf] pbok"j{sf] cjlwdf s]lGb|o k|zf;gnfO{ klxnf] txdf ef/bf/L, u'?, rf}tf/f, sfhL, bf];|f] txdf ;'Aaf, l8¶f, ljrf/L, d'G;L / t];|f] txdf c8}, k|wfg, j}7s], alxbf/, gf}l;Gbf,eG;f/L, l;kfxL / 6xn'jf cflbdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL kbx?af6 tt\ lhDd]af/Lx?sf]sfo{;Dkfbg x'g] u/]sf] lyof] .

!_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx -lj=;+= !*#!_ kl5 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff -lj=;+= !()#_ k"j{sf] k|zf;g

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgsfn x'Fb} g]kfn c+u|]h o'4 -O{:jL ;g\ !*!$–!%_ ;Dd k|zf;g ;'wf/tkm{ zf;s ju{sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g ;s]g . tyflk ;}lgs k|zf;g;DaGwL kbx?df klZrdL t/Lsf cFufNg]k|of; ePsf] lyof] . zfxsfnLg -!*@%–!()#_ cjlwsf] k"jf{w{df lhNnf tyf :yfgLo k|zf;gsf]Tolt ljsf; gePsf sf/0f /fhf / hgtfaLr k|ToIf ;Dks{ lyof] . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] laGtLkq n]vLl;w} /fhfnfO{ lbg kfpg] k/Dk/f lyof] . /fhfn] tL laGtLkqnfO{ b"wsf] b"w kfgLsf] kfgL u/L 5'6\ofpgs;/t ub{y] . To;sf/0f To;a]nfsf] k|zf;g ljz]iftM s]lGb|s[t lyof] . tfklg lhNnf k|zf;gsf]k|d'vsf] ?kdf ;'Aafx? lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . PsLs/0ftfsf ;xof]u ug]{ /fhfnfO{ /hf}6f /fhfsf] ?kdfdfGotf lbO{ pgLx?nfO{ w]/} ljifodf :jfoQtf lbOPsf] lyof] . aemfª, afh'/f, xgf{, hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg,d':tfª / pbok'/ o:tf /hf}6f lyP . zfxsfnLg ;f] k|zf;g dWosfnLg / cfw'lgssf] ld>0fsf] ?kdflyof] . !

–df]xg aGhf8]*

*clwjQmf, sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ tyf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf :gfts .

194

;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ tnasf] ?kdf hUuf lbOGYof] . To:tf] hUufsf] cfDbfgL tnasf] ?kdfp7fpg pgLx?nfO{ …lthf{ k"hL{Ú lbOGYof] . d'lVtof/b]lv lkog;Ddsf /fi6«;]jsx?sf] …khgLÚ x'GYof] .sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, kbf]Gglt, ydf}tL / lgisf;g -cjsfz_ ;DaGwL sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ …khgLÚ elgGYof] .zfxsfnLg k|zf;gdf ^ y/ -kfF8], kGt, cof{n, vgfn, af]xf]/f / /fgf_ sf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] lyof] .Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, ;}lgs / cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;d]t ;DalGwt s]lGb|o ljefux?^ y/sf dflg;x?nfO{ cfnf]kfnf] u/L ;'Dkg] ul/Psf] lyof] . zfxsfnLg s]lGb|o k|zf;gsf] kb;f]kfgcGtu{t /fhf, gfoj, rf}tfl/of, /fhu'?, y/3/, sfhL, ;/bf/, vhf~rL, sk/bf/, v/bf/, 6S;f/L l8¶f, sKtfg, ;'j]bf/, åf/], wdf{lwsf/, ljrf/L cflb kbx? lyP .@

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hLjgsfndf sfod /x]sf] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf s]xL dfqfdf dfq kl/jt{g kl5 o; sfnv08df lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsfnLg k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lkof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g g;s]sf / pknAw ePsf]df klg k|zf;gsf ;a} k|Zg pNn]v gePsfn]To;sf] ?k/]vf tof/ kfg{ g;lsPsf] xf] . t/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] b]xfj;fg kl5 h+uaxfb'/ s'Fj/ -/f0ff_n] sf]tkj{ u/fpFbfsf] aLrsf] ;fdfu|L eg] k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o; sfnv08df k|zf;g ;Dj4 sd{rf/Lsfgfd -kbgfd_ k'/fg} /x]sf ePklg ltgsf clwsf/ / st{Jodf kl/jt{g ePsf] lyof] .#

o; sfnv08df /fhb/af/df /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgDglnlvt ;"rLn] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf] s]lGb|o:j?ksf] ?k/]vf k|i6 x'G5 .

!_ s]lGb|o k|zf;g

klxnf] tx

!_ u'? @_ rf}tf/f #_ sfhL $_ ;/bf/ %_ skbf{/ ^_ vhf~rL &_ bbf *_ åf/]

bf];|f] tx

!_ ;'Aaf @_ l8¶f #_ larf/L $_ d'G;L %_ h]7fa'9f ^_ glhsL &_ v/bf/ *_ d'lvof (_pd/f !)_ j/k/ !!_ rf]jbf/ !@_ sf]6jfn !#_ ch{j]hL !$_ txjLnbf/ !%_ hdbf/ !^_sf]7] !&_ b/f]uf

t];|f] tx

!_ c8} @_ k|wfg #_ a}7s] $_ alxbf/ %_ gf}l;Gbf ^_ eG;f/L &_ l;kfxL *_ 6xn'jf

-k"jf{]Qm kbx?sf] qmd eg] ldnfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g_

s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kb / ltgsf sfo{x?

!_ u'?

/fhb/af/df wfld{s sfo{ u/fpg' /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ lzIff–bLIff, /fhfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg' u'?sf

195

sfd lyP .$ /fhfsf u'?dWo] s'g} u'?nfO{ wdf{lwsf/sf] kb lbOGYof] / pgL Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{df;+nUg x'Gy] .%

@_ rf}tf/f

/fhfnfO{ vf; ;xfotf ug'{, sfhLn] 3/;f/ Gofo s6s lauf/]df p;nfO{ /fhf ;dIf k]z ug'{ / /fhfsf]x's'dn] vf]:g', lgdssf] ;f]emf], a'l4dfg, rnfv, ;'/f], sfdnfos, dGq0ffdf kf]Vt JolQmnfO{ yfDg, ku/L lbg /fhfdf laGtL ug'{, sfhLx?n] lgds 5f8L sfdsfh laufg{ nfu] /fhfsxfF laGtL ug'{ / lj/fof dflkms -s;"/ cg';f/_ sf] ;f;gf -;hfo_ ug'{, 9'Ëfsf] ;k|Gof aGof -b]z ;k|g] /aGg]_ s'/f laGtL ug'{ tyf sfhL tyf ef/f -ef/bf/_ nfO{ aGg] ;k|g] s'/f ug'{ rf}tf/fsf k|d'vsfd lyP .^

#_ sfhL

s]lGb|o k|zf;gdf d'Votof rf/ sfhLx?sf] afx'Notf lyof] . kl5 k|zf;lgs bfo/f a9]sf sf/0fsfhLx?sf] ;+Vof klg j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] lyof] . sfhLx? dWo]af6 d"nsfhL rog x'GYof] . lghfdtL,;}lgs, Gofo / k//fi6« ;DaGwL sfo{ef/ cnu cnu sfhLnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] x'GYof] . t/ dfyj/l;+xyfkfnfO{ eg] wd{, Gofo, khgL, k//fi6«, ;}lgs / k|zf;g;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .&

;+jt !*^( ;fnsf] sfhL avtj/ l;+x a:Goftn] ug]{ sfdsf] ;jfnaf6 sfhLsf sfd st{Josf]5gs kfOG5 .*

!_ lkm/fb kq lnO{ hfFra'em u/L lg;fkm ug]{ .

@_ l8¶f larf/L abnf ug]{ .

#_ df]x/ b:tvt gePsf] hUuf lemSg] .

$_ sl/of hUuf csl/of u/L vfPsf] eP sDkgLnfO{ ;'Dkg] .

%_ 5f]/f5f]/L df:g], :jf:gL 5f]/f5f]/L a]Rg], 5f]/L a'xf/L ljufg]{ cflbnfO{ lj/fp -s;"/_ cg';f/ b08 ;f;gf lbg] .

^ hUufsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ / sfhLn] aGbf]a:t u/]sf] s'/f ;'j]bf/, hdbf/, x'2f, l;kfxL ;a}n] dfGg' kg]{ .

&_ zq'sf] cfqmd0faf6 /f]]Sg] .

*_ dftxtsf sd{rf/L -;'j]bf/, hdbf/ cflb_ n] x'ns'n -cj1f / cg'zf;gxLg sfd_ u/] k'k{If u/Llj/fp cg';f/ ;f;gf lbg] .

(_ n]gb]g cflb Jojxf/ ldnfO{ lbg] .

!)_ 5'jf5't;DaGwL Jojxf/ x]g]{ .

!!_ p7fpFb} cfPsf b} b:t'/ p7fpg]

196

!@_ 3'; vfO{ hUuf laufg]{nfO{ sfon u/L b08 ug]{ .

$_ ;/bf/

;/bf/ To;a]nf ;fwf/0f k|zf;g, Gofo k|zf;g / ;}lgs Joj:yfsf] ;+o'Qm kb lyof] . of] kb kfPsfJolQm Gofofnosf tfn'sjfnf, ;}Go ;~rfns, ;fdfGo k|zf;gflwsf/L / cln 7"nf] If]qsf clwIfsklg /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .(

;/bf/sf] :yfg sfhL kl5 lyof] . ;/bf/sf kb cfjZostf cg';f/ /xGy] . ;/bf/x?n] d'VotM ;}lgsg]t[Tj ug'{ kYof]{ . pgLx?n] To;sf cltl/Qm l5d]sL b]zx?;Fu 3lgi6 ;DaGw /fVg] / cGo k|zf;lgsPj+ nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfd ;d]t ub{y] . ;/bf/x? To;avt jf:tljs zf;s lyP . h] xf];\ ;/bf/nfO{kmf}hL tyf lghfdtL b'j} tkm{sf sfo{df ;+nUg u/fOPsf] lyof] .!)

%_ sk/bf/

sf]tkj{k"j{ g]kfnsf] s]lGb|o k|zf;gdf sk/bf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] . sk/bf/n] klxnf klxnf/fhfsf] efG;f, u/uxgf / /fhb/af/leqsf sfd uy]{ . lj=;+= !*%( sf] Pp6f ;jfn cg';f/ sk/bf/n];]/fhUuf, lx6Lrf]s, sf]6, uf]7, af?bvfgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug'{kYof]{ . ;fy} dftxt sd{rf/Lsf] …tg'/jfxfÚ/ …khgLÚ sf] k|aGw ug'{kb{Yof] . ;fy} sltko hftdf hftcg';f/sf] sfd ug{ nufpg], s]xL hftx?aLrsf] hftkftsf] emu8f ;'Gg], duGt]x?nfO{ cGgbfg lbg], b}b:t'/ p7fO{ b/af/ k7fpg], dftxtaf6 x'g]3';l/;jt /f]Sg] ;d]tsf sfd sk/bf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lyof] .!!

^_ vhf~rL

b]zsf ljleGg efudf sfl6g] tfdfsf k};f s]Gb|df k'¥ofO{ vhf~rLsf] /]vb]vdf /flvGYof] . /fhb/af/sf]vr{ / /fi6«;]jssf] kfl/>lds :j?k /sd 5'6\ofpg] / cfDbfgL vr{sf] x/lx;fa /fVg] sfd vhf~rLn]uy]{ .!@

&_ 6S;f/L

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zf;gsfndf ;[hgf ePsf] dflgPsf] of] kbsf] d'Vo sfd 6ssf] 9nfO{sf] lhDdf lng' lyof] . s'g} ;dodf 6S;f/Ln] g]kfn ltAat Jofkf/df eG;f/ ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .!#

*_ l8¶f

s]lGb|o k|zf;gdf l8¶fsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] . l8¶fx?n] s]lGb|o:t/df k|zf;lgs k|d'vsf] ?kdf / Gofo;Dkfbg ;DaGwL sfo{ uy]{ . t/ k|zf;g tkm{ / Gofo ;Dkfbg tkm{ leGbf leGb} l8¶fx? x'Gy] . /fhZj,k|zf;g tkm{ l8¶fn] s/ c;'nL ug]{ sfd klg ub{y] .!$

s]lGb|o:t/sf sfof{no

-s_ s'df/Lrf]s

197

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] :yfkgf u/]sf] o; sfof{non] /fhZj ;DaGwL sfd ub{Yof] . ;fy} n]vfk/LIf0f/ /sd lgsf;f lbg] sfd s'df/Lrf]sn] ub{Yof] .!% ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ljefux?sf] lx;fa hfFr ug]{sfd o; c•fn] uYof]{ . o:t} hflu/sf] vfGuLsf] ?kdf k|fKt ePsf hUuf afx]s c? ;a} hUufsf]dfnkf]tsf] lx;fa klg oxLF /flvGYof] . dfnkf]t ;DaGwL d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f klg o;} c•faf6x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .!^

-v_ sf};Ltf]iffvfgf

dNnsfndf :yflkt of] ljefun] zfxsfndf ;/sf/L ;|]:tf, P]g, ;jfn, ;gb cflb ;+sng u/L/fVg] ub{Yof] . /fhZj ;+sng / /sd lgsf;f ;DaGwL sfddf klg of] ljefun] bfloTj lnPsf]lyof] . sf};Ltf]iffvfgf sf};L c•f cGtu{tsf] ljefu lyof] . of] ljefudf dfn;fdfgsf] ?kdf/fHosf] ;DklQ /flvGYof] .!*

-u_ h};L sf]7f

h};L sf]7fn] ljb]z gLlt;DaGwL sfo{ ub{Yof] . ljb]zL /fi6« / k|ltlglw;Fu n]vfk9Lsf] sfd o;c•fsf sd{rf/Ln] ub{y] . h};L sf]7f vf;u/L ltAat rLg;Fusf] ;DaGwdf a9L ;DalGwt lyof] .ltAatdf /xg] g]kfnL k|ltlglw / Nxf;fdf /xg] g]kfnL ;DaGwL kqfrf/ u/L clen]v /fVg] sfdklg ub{Yof] .!(

-3_ d'G;Lvfgf

eLd;]g yfkfsf] d'lVtof/ sfndf :yfkgf ePsf] d'G;Lvfgf klg k//fi6« gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt c•flyof] . o;n] la|6]g, ef/t / ef/tdf /x]sf g]kfnL jfl0fHo b"tfjf; ;DaGwL cfjZos rfFhf]kfFhf]ldnfpg] sfd ub{Yof] .@)

-ª_ 5]e8]n

pkTosfdf dNnsfnb]lv sfod /x]sf] of] c•fn] g]kfn PsLs/0f kl5 ;/sf/L ejg lgdf{0f /;/sf/L ejg ;DaGwdf p7]sf ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ub{Yof] . o;n] b/af/sf bfp/f, c? ;fwg / uf]7sf]aGbf]a:tL ub{Yof] . ;fy} o;n] dlGb/, kf6L, kf}jf, wd{zfnf k'glgdf{0f ug]{ tyf tL ;+/rgf /x]sfhUuf / ltgsf] ;DklQ ;b'kof]u eP gePsf] ljifo x]/L b'?kof]u ePsf] kfOP ;hfo klg ub{Yof] .@!

-r_ bkmb/vfgf÷bˆt/vfgf

bkmb/vfgfsf] d'Vo sfd ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ tnaeQfsf] ?kdf hflu/ hUuf pknAw u/fpg'lyof] . hflu/ hUufsf] k"hf{ o;} c•fn] ljt/0f ub{Yof] . hflu/ hUufdf vf]nf], klx/f] nfu]df o;c•fn] hUuf ;§f egf{ ub{Yof] . lj=;+= !*($ sf] bkmb/vfgfsf gfddf hf/L ePsf] ;jfndf o;n]ug]{ sfdsf] ljj/0f kfOG5 .@@ vfGuL hUufsf] 9•f -clen]v_ o;} sfof{nodf /flvGYof] . vfGuL

198

hUuf kfpg] hflu/bf/ sd{rf/L / ltgsf df]xL aLrsf] d'2f o;} c•fn] x]b{Yof] . dxf/fhflw/fhaf6;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L JolQmnfO{ ljleGg ?kdf lbOg] hUuf;DaGwL sfd oxLFaf6 ul/GYof] . ;fy}To:tf hUufaf6 ;/sf/n] p7fpg] ;nfdLh:tf cfDbfgL klg o;} ljefun] p7fpFYof] .@#

@_ :yfgLo -lhNnf_ k|zf;g

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fn] uf]/vf /fHosf] lj:tf/ dfq ePg, o;n] ljljwtfo'Qm j[xt g]kfn /fHo:yfkgf u¥of] . g]kfndf ca t/fO{ / kxf8sf] 7"nf] e"efu ;dfj]z eof] . kmntM k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf/ sd{rf/L klg a9\b} uP . ca s]Gb|af6 dfq k|zf;g ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug{ tyf hgtfsf ;d:of;dfwfg ug{ ;Dej ePg . kmntM :yfgLo k|zf;g clgjfo{ x'Fb} cfof] / s]Gb|af6 clwsf/x?ljs]lGb|s/0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . :yfgLo k|zf;g ;~rfngfy{ k|zf;lgs clwsf/L lgo'lQmug'{kg]{ eof] . tyflk sltko cj:yf / :yfgdf tfTsfnLg /fhf /hf}6f / hftLo g]t[TjnfO{ klg oLclwsf/ lbg] sfd eof] . :d/0f /xf];\ w]/} ;do;Dd g]kfndf lhNnfsf] jf:tljs ;Ldf to lyPg /ljleGg Oltxf;sf/n] k|zf;lgs ljefhgnfO{ cf–cfˆg} lx;fan] k|:t't u/]sf klg 5g\ . g]kfndflhNnf k|zf;gsf] Joj:yf /f0ffsfnsf] k|f/Dekl5 eP klg :yfgLo k|zf;g g]kfn PsLs/0f kl5 k|efjsf/L aGb} uof] .@$

o; sfnsf] ;du| k|zf;gnfO{ b'O{ lx;faaf6 ljefhg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] xf], k|zf;lgs Pj+/fhZj ;DaGwL / bf;|f] xf] Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL . ;fy} g]kfnnfO{ To;a]nf k"jL{ If]q / klZrdIf]q u/L afFl8Psf] lyof] . k|zf;lgs ljefhgx? ;'ljwf cg';f/ x]/km]/ eO/xGYof] .@%

k|zf;lgs ;'ljwfsf b[li6n] To;a]nf b]zsf] e"efunfO{ lhNnf, df}hf / ufpFx?df ljefhg ul/Psf]lyof] . z'?df lhNnfsf] ;+Vof k|i6 geP klg eLd;]g yfkfsf] d'lVtof/L sfndf g]kfnnfO{#( lhNnfdf afFl8Psf] lyof] . lhNnfsf k|d'vnfO{ ;'Aaf elgGYof] . -sltko_ lhNnfnfO{pklhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] / pklhNnf k|d'vnfO{ kmf}hbf/ elgGYof] . ufpF:t/sf k|d'vnfO{kxf8df åf/] / t/fO{df rf}w/L elgGYof] .@^

@))& ;fn k"j{sf] zfxsfnLg g]kfnsf] k|zf;gsf] :j?k kxf8 tyf t/fO{ tkm{ Ps} lsl;dsf]lyPg . g t k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx? g} ;dfg lsl;dsf lyP . kxf8df :yfgLo b}lgs k|zf;g //fhZj ;+sngsf nflu ufpF, Onfsf, b/f, uvf{, y'd / ufpFdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ljefhgklg kxf8e/ Ps}gf;] lyPgg\, k"j{ / klZrddf cnu cnu lyP . ;fy} kxf8df lhDdfjfn, d'lvof,yfgL, y/L, åf/], pd/fv, cdfnL, h]7fa'9f, k|wfg cflb k|d'v lyP . t/fO{ tkm{ vf;u/L lhNnf /k|uGgf k|d'v OsfO{ b]lvG5g\ . To; a]nfsf] t/fO{sf] :yfgLo eg]sf] klg d"ntM /fhZj k|zf;g /;f] ;DaGwL d'2f dfldnf x]g'{ / zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ lyof] . jf:tjdf k|uGgf ufpFx? ldn]/ag]sf] /fhZj k|zf;gsf] Ps PsfO{ lyof] . t/fO{df klg k|d'v k|zf;ssf ?kdf ;/sf/åf/f lgo'Qm;'Aaf /xGy] . To;sf] cnfjf t/fO{df kmf}hbf/, d'lG;km, rf}w/L, sf]tjfn, df]sbd, sfg'uf]o, k6jf/Lh:tf clwsf/L /xGy] . o:t} To;a]nf g]kfndf ldhf/, /fO{, sfdLg, h]7f/}ot, g]uL cflb h:tfkbx?sf] klg k|rng lyof] .@&

199

;'Aaf@*

/fhfsf] ljZjfl;nf], jkmfbf/ / tf]lsPsf] bfloTj -vf;u/L /fhZj ;DaGwL_ lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] hËL jflghfdtL tkm{sf] clwsf/LnfO{ ;'Aafdf lgo'Qm ul/GYof] . lhNnfdf ef/bf/ txsf JolQm k|zf;s lgo'Qmx'Fbf pgsf] clVtof/L cem Jofks x'GYof] . ;'Aaf z'?z'?df d'ntM s/ ;+sns clwsf/L x'g] uYof]{, t/kl5 uP/ ;'AafnfO{ g} lhNnf k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf k|bfg ul/of] . logLx?sf] kbfjlw # b]lv %jif{ /xg] u/] klg tf]lsPsf] /fhZj c;"n ug{ g;s] jflif{s khgLdf vf]l;Gy] . sxLF sxLF Ps lhNnfdfPseGbf a9L ;'Aafx? klg lgo'Qm x'Gy] / h;df Ps hgfn] lhNnf k|zf;ssf] ?kdf / c?n] tf]lsPsf]If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L x]b{y] . s'g} s'g} ;'AafnfO{ b'O{ lhNnfsf] lhDd]jf/L klg lbOGYof] .@(

lhNnf k|d'v ;'Aafsf] d'Vo sfd cfˆgf] If]qdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ lyof] . /fhZjsf ;|f]tx?sf]cWoog / /fhZj ;+sng csf]{ k|d'v bfloTj lyof] . dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] khgL tyf cfjZostfcg';f/ sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ug]{ sfd klg ;'Aafn] ub{y] . ;'Aafn] vfGuLsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] sfd ub{y] .cfˆgf dftxtsf sfof{nosf] /]vb]vsf] lhDdf klg ;'AafnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . afFemf] hldgdf dflg;x?a;f]af; u/fO{ cfjfb u/fpg], jflif{s k|ltj]bg s]Gb|df k7fpg], vfgLsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ / gfktf}n ;DaGwLaGbf]a:t ldnfpg] sfd klg ;'Aafn] ub{y] . o;}u/L ;'Aaf lhNnfsf] k|d'v GofowLz klg x'GYof] . pgn]vt cg';f/ b08 ;hfo lbg ;Sby] . pgn] d[To'b08 ;d]tsf] ;hfo ;d]t lbg] clwsf/ /fVby] . ;fy}ljb]zL e"efu;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg] / ;Ldf ;DaGwL / cGo ljjfb p7]df ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df ;dfwfgug]{ ;d]tsf cfb]z ;'AafnfO{ lbOPsf] x'GYof] .#)

To;a]nf ;'Aaf lgo'Qm x'g] JolQmnfO{ clwsf/ kq lbO{ k7fOGYof] . To;nfO{ d"ntM ;'AafËL ;jfneGg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu h'Dnfdf sfd ug]{ ;'AafËL ;jfn, dw];sf ;'AafËL ;jfn, k;f{af/fdf sfd ug]{ ;'AafËL ;jfn, df]/ª ljhok'/df sfd ug]{ ;'AafËL ;jfn / s'dfp u} sfd ug]{ ;jfnk|d'v 5g\ .#!

o:t} lj=;+= !*(% sf] Pp6f ;jfndf ;'AafnfO{ k"jf]{Qm eGbf cem a9L clVtof/L lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .k;f{ cdfgtsf] sfd ug]{ ;jfndf vf;u/L zq'n] cfqmd0f u/] j}/L x6fpg], uf]Ko ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ /s]Gb|df k7fpg] tyf ljb]zL kfx'gf cfP d]hdfgL lbg] h:tf sfd klg ;'AafnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 . #@

#_ tTsfnLg k|zf;gsf] k|s[lt / k|j[ltx?

lj=;+=!*#! b]lv !()# ;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;sf] k|j[lQ / ljz]iftf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf] g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf; -!*@%–!()#_ efu ! sf] kl/lzi6af6 ;xof]u lng;lsG5 . ;f] kl/lzi6df !& j6f ;jfn / kq oyfjt\ k|sflzt 5g\ . ;fy} ;f] eGbf nfdf] ;"lr ;Gbe{;fdu|Ldf lbOPsf] 5 .##

tL ;jfn / kqx?sf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ To; sfnv08sf] g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs k|j[lQ lgDgfg';f/ b]lvG5 M

!_ h'g kbsf] h'g JolQmnfO{ sfd, st{Jo tf]lsPsf] jf clVtof/L lbOPsf] xf] ;f]xL JolQmsf gfddf ;jfn hf/L ug]{ u/]sf],

200

@_ To:tf] lhDd]jf/L kfpg] kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} ef}uf]lns If]qleq sfd ug{ kfpg] xf] pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf],

#_ ;jfn jf kqadf]lhd sfd ug{ lgb]{z ug]{ u/]sf],

$_ st{Jo jf clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmn] s] s'g sfd ug{ kfpg] xf] To;sf] pNn]v,

%_ ;jfnsf] ?kdf bkmfjf/ ?kdf ug{ x'g], gx'g] / ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ljj/0f pNn]vg,

^_ s]Gb|df k|ltj]bg lbO{ s]Gb|sf lgb]{zg adf]lhd sfd ug'{kg]{ eGg] ljifo / Joxf]/f, h:t} b}jLk|sf]k, gofF nfndf]x/ nfu]sf Joxf]/f cflb,

&_ b08sf] eo b]vfO jf b08 ug]{ clVtof/L lbO{ sfg"gsf] kfngf ug{ nufpg] u/]sf],

*_ vf; ;do jf jif{b]lvsf ljifodf sfd ug'{ kg]{ eP To:tf] ;dosf] ls6fgL,

(_ vf; sfd ug{ sd{rf/L cfjZos kg]{ eP s'g tx / kbsf slt sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug{ kfpg] xf]/ tL kbflwsf/Ln] s] slt tna ;'ljwf kfpg] xf] ;f] sf] ljj/0f,

!)_ lhDd]jf/L lbFbf s'g} 3'; l/;jt\ gvfO{, kIfkft, dfof df]nlxhf gu/L sfd ug{ eGg] ul/Psf] .

o;}u/L 8f= b]jLk|;fb zdf{ sF8]nåf/f lnlvt æck|sflzt P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lx?sf] Ps ;Fufnf]Æ gfds k':tsdf klg o; sfnv08sf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s lnvt k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . oL lnvtklg g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] cflwsfl/s lnvt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;k':tsdf o; sfnv08sf] xsdf kb cg';f/sf ;jfnx?sf] ljj/0f pknAw 5 . cyf{t\ sfhL,sk/bf/, 6S;f/L, l8¶f, ;'Aaf h:tf kbsf cfwf/df tyf If]qut ?kdf ;d]t ldnfO{ h'Dnfsf ;'Aaf, dw];sf ;'Aaf, df]/ª ljhok'/sf ;'Aaf juL{s/0f u/L ;jfn af/] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . tfTsfnLgk|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lng oL ;jfn / ;+u|lxt k':ts 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tsf]?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

oxfF oxL k':tssf cfwf/df tfTsfnLg k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q / k|fyldstf s] /x]5g\ tT;DaGwLk|j[lQaf/] pNn]v ul/G5 .

!_ :yfgLo :t/df em}–emu8f ;'gL Gofo ug]{

@_ hUuf hldg ;DaGwL aGbf]a:tL

#_ ck/fw lgoGq0f / b08 ;hfo lbg]

$_ zq'n] cfqmd0f ug{ nfu]sf] jf u/]sf] -r9L cfP s]Gb|df ;"rgf ug]{, tTsfn cfqmd0f /f]Sg]_

%_ :yfgLo :t/sf hUuf hldg, kfl/jfl/s ljifo h:tf b]jfgL ljjfbsf] lg?k0f

^_ wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts Joj:yf / aGbf]a:tsf] ;+/If0f

&_ /fhZj ;+sng

*_ e|i6frf/L / 3':ofxfnfO{ sf/jfxL u/L ;'zf;g sfod

201

(_ :yfgLo :t/df s]Gb|af6 v6]sf] k|zf;saf6 khgL

!)_ k|zf;lgs vr{ aGbf]a:tL / Joj:yf

!!_ kz' Joj:yf

!@_ gfktf}n, 6S;f/L

!#_ vfgL aGbf]a:t / Joj:yfkg

!$_ sd{rf/Lsf vfGuL / ;'ljwf aGbf]a:t / Joj:yf

!%_ ljsf; lgdf{0f

!^_ sd{rf/L egf{, khgL

!&_ ljb]z ;DaGw, s'6gLlts / dof{bf /fVg]

!*_ ck/fw cg';Gwfg

!(_ hUuf hldgnfO{ v]tLof]Uo agfpg] -la/fpg]_

@)_ zflGt ;'Joj:yf

@!_ zf]if0f x'g glbg] -lk/ lk/fp, ;f:tL ;f;gf, ljB't ljhfO_

@@_ x'nfs aGbf]a:t

@#_ hUuf gfkhfFr

@$_ em'7f ljj/0f lbg, ug{, af]Ng / askq ug{ /f]Sg]

@%_ Jofkf/ aGbf]a:tL / Joj:yfkg

@^_ jg ;+/If0f

@&_ ;]gf / ;}lgs aGbf]a:t

@*_ ;Ldf ;'/Iff cflb .

lj=;+= !*$( df axfb'/ zfxn] k|zf;g ;DaGwL l:ylt afFw]sf] b]lvG5 . !*$( ;fn kmfNu'0f jbL $/f]h $ df g'jfsf]6 Jof;Laf6 d'n's ;b/ df]km;ndf nfu" x'g] u/L hf/L of] aGbf]a:tsf] sfuh hf/Lu/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] l:yltdf k|zf;g ;DaGwL d"ntM lgDg Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .#$

;f] l:yltsf] klxnf] a'Fbfdf ;do–Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL s'/f 5 . h; cg';f/ :jo+ dflns klg lglZrt;dodf p7\g' kg]{, vf; ;dodf cfˆgf lgTosd{ / wfld{s sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ / vf; ;dodf vf; vf;k|s[ltsf k|zf;lgs / /fhsLo sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ atfOPsf] 5 . /fHo ;+oGqdf ;do Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL of]dxTjk"0f{ cfn]v / Joj:yf xf] .

o; lyltsf] bf];|f] a'Fbfdf ljleGg kbgfd / c•fsf] gfd pNn]v ub}{ pgLx?nfO{ ltgLx?n] ug]{ sfd st{Jo-sfh_ sf] ljj/0f ;'Dkg' kg]{ -h'bf h'bf ug]{_ atfOPsf] 5 . kb juL{s/0f u/L sfo{ ljj/0f ;'Dkg] of]k|ToIf pbfx/0f xf] .

o:t} t];|f] a'Fbfdf h'g kbflwsf/Ln] h'g sfd st{Jo jf clVtof/ kfPsf] xf] p;}n] dfq ;f] sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;f] clVtof/ 36fpFbf jf a9fpFbf p;};Fu ;Nnfx u/L 36fpg jf a9fpg h]

202

ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;f] adf]lhd 36fpg, a9fpg eg] ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

o; l:yltsf] rf}yf] a'Fbfdf lsNnf, 7fgf / cf8 agfpg] h:tf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;d]tsf] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 .

kfFrf}+ lyltdf vf; u/L Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

5}7f}+ a'Fbfdf h'g JolQmnfO{ …kTofP/Ú h'g clVtof/L lbOPsf] 5 To;sf] ku/L lbg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . To;/Lku/L dfkm{t lhDd]jf/L lbP kl5 tLg jif{;Dd To;n] s] s;/L sfd u5{ af6f] x]g]{, Tof] cjlwdf p;nfO{ sfd ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug]{ ;f] cjlwdf /fd|f] sfd u/] axfn ug]{ / g/fd|f] sfd u/] -lj;b/_ kbRo"t-tflst_ ug'{ eGg] Joj:yf klg o; a'Fbfdf 5 . o;/L To;a]nf of]Uotf ePsf] -kTofOPsf]_ JolQmnfO{lhDd]jf/L lbPkl5 sfd ug{ lbg] / tLg jif{;Ddsf] k/LIf0f sfndf /fvL sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df axfnug]{ gug]{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ elgPsf] kfOG5 .

o;sf] ;ftf}+ l:yltdf ku/L -kb_ cg';f/sf] vfGuL -tna ;'ljwf_ sf] ;|]:tf afFwL lbg], /fd|f];Fu sfd ug]{sf] ;'ljwf xF'bf a9fO lbg] ;d]t Joj:yf b]lvG5 .

cf7f}+ l:yltdf hUuf hldgsf] hfFr u/L To;sf] ljj/0f ;/sf/df /fvL hUuf hldg k|bfg ubf{ ;f] ljj/0f x]/]/ lbg' eGg] hUuf k|zf;g ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

o:t} gjf}+ l:yltdf /}jGbL afx]s hUuf k|bfg gug]{ / u/] vf/]h -t'lDax_ ug]{ elgPsf] 5 .

bzf}+ l:yltdf xfd|f] t/fOsf dflg;n] lhldbf/ gx'Fbf hUuf kfpg g;sL ;d:of k/]sf] / hUuf kfpg]sf7df8f}+ -b/af/_ cfpg vlr{nf] x'g] x'Fbf t/fOd} lhldbf/L ;|]:tf afFWg] Joj:yf ug{ elgPsf] 5 .

P3f/f}+ l:yltdf hUufsf] Ohf/f cdfnL nufpg] tyf 7]Ssf / ldgfxf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .

afx|f}+ / t]x|f}+ l:yltdf b/af/sf] vr{ Joj:yf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .

kxf8df / ljx|fpg -v]tLkftL ug{_ ldNg] hUuf eP;Dd To:tf] hUuf ljx|fO{ hflu/df xfNg] / To:tf]hUufn] hflu/ -tna eQf_ gk'u] gubLdf lbg' egL rf}wf}+ l:yltdf elgPsf] 5 .

kGw|f}+ l:yltdf ahf/ Joj:yf cyf{t j:t'sf] d"No 36fpg] a9fpg] aGbf]a:t ug{ elgPsf] 5 . cyf{tof] Joj:yf d"No lgoGq0f ug]{ pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f / sfnf]ahf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwtb]lvG5 .

;f]x|f}+ l:yltdf s/ ;nfdL ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .

;qf}+ l:yltdf k"hfcfhf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .

;a} sfdsf] df]x/ x'Fbf -lhDd]jf/L lbFbf_ rf/hgf dflg;nfO{ æhfFrg] v8f ug'{Æ / pgLx?sf] hfFrsf]k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df sfd cufl8 a9fpg], df]x/ u/]kl5 To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{, df]x/ gdfGg]nfO{ t'lDax -;hfo÷vf/]h_ ug]{, hfFr ug]{n] unt u/]sf] eP hfFRg]nfO{ g} t'lDax ug'{ egL c7f/f}+ l:yltdf elgPsf] 5 .

203

k|To]s ef/bf/n] s] slt kfpg] xf] :ki6 ug{ eGb} kfpg] eGbf a9L 3'; l/;jt lnP To;nfO{ t'lDax -vf/]h÷;hfo_ ug'{ eGg] s'/f pGgfO;f}+ l:yltdf pNn]v 5 .

aL;f}+ l:yltdf ;'Aaf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 .

PSsfO;f}+ l:yltdf d"n'ssf] aGbf]a:t ug{sf nflu ef/bf/x?sf] lhDd]jf/L k|i6 u/L v'nfO{ lbg' kg]{ uf]nd6f]n ug{ gx'g] s'/f pNn]v 5 .

clGtd tyf afO;f}+ l:yltdf h'g sfdsf] clVtof/ h;nfO{ 5 To;sf] lj:tf/ aGbf]a:tsf] ;jfn ;f]xLkbflwsf/Ln] n]vL Nofpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

lj=;+= !*#@ b]lv !()# cyf{t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] b]xfj;fgkl5 hËaxfb'/sf] pbo;Ddsf] ;dofjlwdf d'n'ssf] s]lGb|o k|zf;gnfO{ tLg txdf juL{s/0f klg ul/G5 .–#^

!_ klxnf] tx M ef/bf/L, u'?, rf}tf/f, sfhL, skbf{/, vhf~rL, bbf / åf/] u/L cf7 kbflwsf/L

@_ bf];|f] tx M ef/bf/ d'lgsf sd{rf/L h:t}M ;'Aaf, l8¶f, ljrf/L, d'G;L, h]7fa'9f, glhsL, v/bf/,d'lvof, pd/f, j/k/ rf]jbf/, sf]6jfn, ch{j]uL, txlanbf/, hdbf/, sf]7] / b/f]uf u/L ;qkbflwsf/L

#_ t];|f] tx M c8}, k|wfg, a}7s], alxbf/, gf}l;Gbf, eG;f/L, l;kfxL / 6xn'jf u/L * kbflwsf/L

o; sfnv08sf k|zf;lgs ljz]iftfx?

!_ o; sfnv08df k|zf;g d"ntM s]lGb|s[t k|s[ltsf] lyof] . vf;u/L o; sfnv08sf] k"jf{w{ g]kfnPsLs/0fsf] lgldQ ;dlk{t /x]sfn] o'4hlgt s]lGb|otf c:jefljs lyPg . ;fy} /fhf /hf}6fnfO{clwsf/ lbP/ / :yfgLo :t/df sfd ug]{ k|zf;lgs clwsf/L s]Gb|af6 lgo'Qm u/]/ :yfgLok|zf;gnfO{ klg c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . t;y{ o; ;do v08sf] k|zf;g dWosfnLg / cfw'lgsk|zf;gsf] ld>0f lyof] .

@_ :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ k|zf;lgs clwsf/L s]Gb|af6 vl6P/ hfg] / :yfgLo dflg; g} lgo'Qm ul/g]u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf lyP .

#_ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ gubsf] ;§f vfGuLsf] ?kdf hUuf pknAw u/fOGYof] .

$_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ o'4 / /fhgLlts Joj:yfkgdf OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ^ y/ -kfF8],kGt, cof{n, vgfn, af]xf]/f / /fgf_ s]lGb|o k|zf;gsf] s]Gb|df lyP . log} ^ y/nfO{ dxTjk"0f{s]lGb|o sfo{x? cfnf]kfnf] u/L ;'lDkGYof] . of] Joj:yf aflx/af6 hftLo b]lvP klg OdfGbf/L,jkmfbf/L, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;[hgzLntf / lg:jfy{ k/fdz{sf sf/0f logLx?nfO{ rog ul/Psf] lyof] .

%_ o; sfnv08df JolQmnfO{ p;n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] kq lbOGYof] / p;n] ;f]xL;Ldf leq /xL cfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug'{ kb{Yof] .

204

^_ Pp6} JolQmnfO{ vf; u/L :yfgLo txdf sfd ubf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g, cfly{s k|zf;g, Gofo ;DaGwL, ;Ldf ;DaGwL nufotsf ljleGg k|s[ltsf sfd ;'Dkg] ul/GYof] . kmntM k|zf;gsf] cfsf/ ;fgf]lyof] / w]/} cf}krfl/s lyPg .

&_ k|zf;g clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{sf nflu eGbf st{Jo lgjf{x / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf nflu lyof] .k|zf;g hflu/ vfg / sdfpg geO sfd ug{sf nflu lyof] .

*_ h;n] sfd ug{ ;Qm}gYof] p;n] khgLdf k/L kb u'dfpFYof] . kb :jo+ klg clwsf/ lyPg .st{Jod'vL k4lt ePsfn] st{Jo / kbsf] lg/Gt/tf aLr k|ToIf ;DaGw lyof] .

(_ ef}uf]lns ?k / :yfgLo ;Gbe{ cg';f/sf k|zf;lgs OsfO / kbgfd lbg] k|rng lyof] . To;}n]t/fO / kxf8df o:tf] leGgtf sltko ;Gbe{df k|i6 b]lvGYof] .

!)_ :yfgLo :t/df vl6Psf] s]Gb|sf] k|zf;lgs clwsf/Ln] :yfgLo txdf k//fi6« ;DaGwL ljifo x]g{ kfpYof] .

!!_ s]Gb|sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf vl6Psf] d'Vo k|zf;lgs clwsf/Ln] dftxt sd{rf/L cfkm}+n] lgo'Qm ug{ ;SbYof] .

!@_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q aflx/sf] / dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf s]Gb|df k|ltj]bg lbO{ lgsf;f ePadf]lhd ug]{Joj:yf lyof] .

kf7 l6Kk0fL1. 8f= b]jLk|;fb zdf{ sF8]n ck|sflzt Pltxfl;s ;fdfu|Lx?sf] Ps ;Fuflnf], /Tg k':ts e08f/,

sf7df8f}+, -@)%&_ k[i7 !, @ 2. P]=P]= k[i7 @ 3. 8f=hulbzrGb| /]UdL, g]kfnsf] j}wflgs k/Dk/f kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| sf7df8f}+, k|=;+= -@)#^_

k[i7 @)*–@!)4. k"j{jt\–! g+= k[i7 $5. k"j{jt\–# g+= k[i7 @!^6. P]= P]= k[i7 @!$7. k"j{jt\–! g+= k[i7 $,%8. P]= P]= k[i7 %9. k"j{jt\–# g+= k[i7 @@@10. k"j{jt\–! g+= k[i7 ^–&11. P]= P]= k[i7 &–!)

205

12. P]= P]= k[i7 !!13. P]= P]= k[i7 !!–!#14. P]= P]= k[i7 !$–!%15. P]= P]= k[i7 !%16. k"j{jt\– # g+= k[i7 @%!17. k"j{jt\ –! g+= k[i7 !%18. k"j{jt\– # g+= k[i7 @%!19. k"j{jt\ –! g+= k[i7 !%, !^20. P]= P]= k[i7 !^21. P]= P]= k[i7 ^–&22. P]= P]= k[i7 ^–&23. k"j{jt\– ! g+= k[i7 @%!24. 8f= 3gZofd e§/fO{, g]kfnsf] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] Oltxf;, /f8«f]d]6 klAn;;{ gofF lbNnL, -@)^$_

k[i7 ^#–^&25. P]= P]= k[i7 ^*26. k"j{jt\– ! g+= k[i7 !(27. k"j{jt\– @$ g++= k[i7 *&, **, !)*–!@)28. 8f= ej]Zj/ kFu]gL, g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;, efu !, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f}+, @)^$

df ;'Aaf ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5. 29. k"j{jt\– @$ g+= k[i7 &#, &$30. k"j{jt\– ! g+= k[i7 !(–@!31. P]= P]= k[i7 @@– #@32. P]= P]= k[i7 ##–#^33. k"j{jt\– @( g+= k[i7 !&!–@)&34. 1fgdl0f g]kfn, g]kfn lg?k0f, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}+, k|=;+= -@)%%_ k[i7 @#%35. k"j{jt\\– @* g+= k[i7 !&

206

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/sf] ;Gbe{

;f/f+z

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf]nflu k/LIff ;+rfng ug]{ st{Jo af]s]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))* c;f/ ! dfæklAns ;le{; sldzgÆsf] gfdaf6 ePsf] lyof] . xfn;Dd ^ j6} ;+ljwfgdf cfof]usf] Joj:yful/Pklg o;sf] sfo{If]qsf ;DaGwdf eg] slxn] ;+s'rg / slxn] lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 .cfof]usf sfo{ k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] uf]klgotf, bf]xf]/f] ;fª\s]tLs/0f tyf pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtf° yfxf gkfpg] k|0ffnL h:tf kIfn] ubf{ cfof]u k|lt hgljZjf;sf] dfqf a9\b} hfg' cfof]usf] nflu ;sf/fTds kIf x'g\ . jflif{s sfo{tflnsf th'{df u/L kbk"lt{df eljiob|i6tf sfod u/Lkf/bzL{ sfo{ k|0ffnL ckgfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf k/LIffsf cfsf+IfLnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cfof]u ;du|df ;kmn ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q a9fpg kg]{ gkg]{ ljifodf a]nf a]nfdf ax; x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfd hgtfsf]ljZjf; / e/f];f cfof]uk|lt /xg', /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u eGbf aflx/ k|ltlglwTjePsf lgsfosf kbk"lt{df a]nfavt ljjfb / l6sfl6Kk0fL x'g' / To:tf lgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{k|lqmofdf cfd hgtfsf] ljZjf; cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ klqmofsf] t'ngfdf sd x'g', cfof]usf] kbk"lt{sf]Jojl:yt sfo{ k|0ffnL / bIftf ;d]tsf kIfnfO{ dgg ubf{ cfof]usf] sfo{If]q (Jurisdiction) / ef}uf]lns If]q (Geographical Region) a9f]Q/Lsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf]nflu cfof]usf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cjnDag, sd{rf/Lx?sf] bIftf ljsf;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . cfufdL lbgdf ;'/Iff lgsfosf kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;a]} lqmofsnfkdflgoGq0ffTds ;xeflutf, a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno cfof]unfO{ agfpg ;lsg], lhNnfl:yt x'nfs sfof{nox?af6 ;a} kb / >]0fLsf b/vf:t :jLs[t / ;+sng ug]{ k|aGw ldnfpg], :yfgLolgsfox?df kbk"lt{sf nflu PsLs[t lsl;dn] k/LIff ;+rfng ug]{ tyf ;?jf / kb:yfkgsf]kIfsf] Joj:yfkg kIfdf cfof]usf] If]q lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . To;sf nflu cfjZosgLltut Joj:yf tyf >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt k|aGw ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

ljifo k|j]zM

;/sf/n] gful/sk|lt u/]sf] k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ ljleGg ;+oGqx?sf] u7g tyf kl/rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .To;/L :yflkt ;+oGqx?nfO{ hLjGttf k|bfg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm lsl;dsf] hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf

–;"o{k|;fb ;fksf]6f*

* zfvf clws[t, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

207

kb{5 . plrt hgzlQm k|fKtL, ljsf;, ;~rfng tyf ;+ef/ ug{ ;s]df dfq h'g;'s} ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf]nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5g\ . hgzlQm lagf ;+u7gsf] cf}lrTo /xFb}g . To;}n] hgzlQmsf] kl/k"lt{klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . lgikIf / :jtGq lgsfoaf6 of]Uotd hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ emg} dxTjk"0f{x'G5 . ljZjsf k|To]s d'n'sdf ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{ Ps :jtGq/ ;Ifd lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . d'n'sn] cjnDag ug]{ /fhgLlts zf;g k|0ffnL cg';f/hgzlQm 5gf}6 ug]{ To:tf :jtGq lgsfox? ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gaf6 :yfkgf x'g] ub{5g\ . g]kfndf klglghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ st{Jo;lxt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljlwjt\?kdf @))* ;fn c;f/ ! df g]kfndf æklAns ;le{; sldzgÆ gfdaf6 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgfePklg @))$ ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] j}Bflgs sfg"gdf b/vf:t kl/ifb\sf] gfddf xfnsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ canDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% af6 dfq cfof]un] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;doqmd cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q yk36x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

^$ jif{sf] nfdf] ofqfsf cf/f]x cj/f]xdf, d'n's /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] e"dl/df /xFbf klg cfkm\gf] lgi7fdf cljrlnt nf]s ;]jf cfof]u Pp6f :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo lgsfosf] ?kdf cfd hgtfsfdfem kl/lrt 5 . cfof]usf] ljZj;gLo sfo{k|0ffnL / ;Gt'lnt lgoGq0f Joj:yfn] ubf{ cfof]un] ;Ddfg/ ljZjf;sf] of] prfO k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] xf] . cfof]u em+} cGo ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] klg lgikIftf;fy sfdu/] b]zdf ljsf; / ;'zf;g sfod x'g] cfd ;j{;fwf/0fdf ljZjf; /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]un] kbk"lt{;DaGwL sfo{df k|fKt u/]sf] lj1tf / pko'Qm k/LIff k2ltn] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf cGo ;fj{hlgslgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{sf ;Gbe{df cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf cem} a9] x'GYof] egL cfd hgck]Iff a9\b} hfg'nfO{ :jefljs / cf}lrTok"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

sfo{If]q

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] bfo/f o;sf] sfo{If]q xf] . sfo{If]q s] slt x'g] eGg] ljifo ;DalGwtb]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnL, /fhgLlts kl/kSjtfsf] cj:yf, sfo{ k|0ffnL, sfo{z}nL tyf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g] lgsfosf] ;Ifdtf h:tf kIfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gåf/fk|bfg ul/Psf] lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x ug]{ :jR5 / ;Ifd lgsfosf] ?kdf lnOg]u/]sf] / oxL :jR5 5lj s} sf/0fn] o;sf] sfo{If]q a9\g'kb{5 eGg] cfjfh p7\g] u/]sf] xf] .

sfo{If]qdf vf; u/L @ kIf /x]sf x'G5g\ M -s_ clwsf/ If]q (Jurisdiction) -v_ ef}uf]lns If]q(Geographical Region) . clwsf/ If]q (Jurisdiction) n] sfg"gtM s'g}klg lgsfonfO{ xfn k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ eGbf 36L jf a9L ug]{ s'/f kb{5g\ . h:t}– lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgo'lQmsf] nfluof]Uo pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ug]{ cfof]usf] clwsf/df g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f k|bfg ul/of] eg] of] clwsf/ If]qleq kb{5 . To:t}

208

ef}uf]lns If]q (Geographical Region) n] xfn cfof]u h'g If]qdf ;Lldt ePsf] 5, ;f] eGbf a9Ljf 36Lsf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf cfˆgf] pkl:ytL hgfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{] sfo{nfO{ a'emfpF5 . h:t}– xfnc~rn sfof{no;Dd ;Lldt cfof]u lhNnf;Dd k'Ug] jf ;f] eGbf tn;Dd cfkm\gf] ;~hfn agfpg] sfo{ ef}uf]lns If]qsf] a9f]Q/L xf] .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfb]lv /f0ffzf;g sfn;Dd k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ug]{ k|rng g/xL khgL k|yf sfod lyof] . /f0ffsfndf vl/bf/÷l8¶f, d'lvof h:tf tnsf kbdfzf;ssf] glhs /x]sf JolQmx? lgo'lQm x'g] k|yf lyof] . ;'wf/sf qmddf rf/kf;]÷cf7kf;] k/LIff kf;ug'{kg]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; xF'b} uof] . o;} qmddf @))$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg b/vf:t kl/ifb\sf] ?kdfkl/sNkgf ul/Psf] / ;f] kl5sf g]kfnsf ;a} ;+ljwfgdf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf af/]ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;+If]kdf b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M–

s= g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ sf] wf/f ^% df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg b]xfo cg';f//x]sf] lyof] M–

-s_ d'n'se/ ;a} 7fpFdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx? egf{ x'g\ egL >L # dxf/fhaf6 Ps b/vf:t kl/ifb\v8f ul/aS;g] .

-v_ o;df >L # dxf/fhsf thlahaf6 vl6Psf ;b:ox? / h'g ljefudf egf{ ug{] xf] ;f]xLljefusf] Ps k|ltlglw ;d]t /xg] .

-u_ o; ljifodf aGg] lgod adf]lhd ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf nflu pDd]bjf/x?sf] b/vf:t cfPdf o; kl/ifb\n] of]Uotf / Nofst hfFra'em u/L ;/sf/df l;kmfl/z k]z ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] .

o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] @))$ ;fndf /f0ffzf;sx?af6 g} d'n'ssf] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu of]Uo sd{rf/L egf{ ug'{k5{ eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; e};s]sf] lyof] . t/ of] j}wflgs sfg"g nfu" gePsf]n] b/vf:tkl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g .

v= g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k|flKt;Fu} g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& hf/L eof] . of] ;+ljwfgsf] efu % dfnf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] lyof]M—

-s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM– g]kfnsf] lgldQ Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -klAns ;le{; sldzg_ /xg]5 . To;df Ps ;efklt / >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 tf]lsaS;] adf]lhd c? ;b:o/xg]5g\ .

209

-v_ lgo'lQm M– ;/sf/af6 klAns ;le{; sldzgsf ;efklt / c? ;b:ox? egf{ ug]{5 .

-u_ tnj / gf]s/Lsf zt{x?M– klAns ;le{; sldzgsf ;efklt / ;b:ox?sf] tnj / gf]s/Lsfzt{x? k|wfg Gofofnosf GofofwLzx? ;/x x'g]5 .

-3_ st{Jo M– != g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} hfuL/bf/df egf{sf lgldQ hfFr ug'{ klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

@= b]xfosf ljifodf klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] ;Nnfx lng'k5{ M–

-s_ lghfdtL bhf{ / gf]s/Ldf egf{ ug]{ tl/sf ;DaGwL ;a} ljifox?df .

-v_ lghfdtL gf]s/L / kbx?df lgo'lQm ug]{ / ;?jf a9'jf ug]{ l;4fGtdf / pQm lgo'lQm/ ;?jf a9'jf ;DaGwL pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotfsf] ljifodf .

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL hfuL/bf/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ;a} ljifo / o; ;DaGwL:d[ltkq, ljGtLkq, ph'/L jf lgj]bgkq ;d]t ;a} ljifodf .

/ ;/;Nnfxsf] lgldQ k]z ul/Psf] / >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 ;NnfxdfluaS;]sf] h'g;'s} ljifodf ;Nnfx lbg] sfd klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] x'g]5 .

t/ >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 o; ljifodf ;fwf/0f tj/;Fu jf ljz]iftM cd'sljifox? jf cd's kl/l:yltdf klAns ;le{; sldzg;Fu ;Nnfx lng cfjZos 5}g egL lgodåf/f tf]lsaS;]df ;f] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -wf/f ^&_

u= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%

o; ;+ljwfgsf] efu & sf] wf/f %( df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] lyof] . >L % sf];/sf/sf ;a} kb jf ;]jfdf egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . b]xfosf ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ u/L :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] M–

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jf tyf kbdf egf{ ug]{ tl/sf ;DaGwL ljifox?df,

-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'QmL ug]{, ;?jf, a9'jf ug]{ tyf lgo'lQm, ;?jf / a9'jf ubf{pDd]bjf/x?sf] ljifodf ljrf/ ug]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf,

-u_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ;a} ljifo / o; ;DaGwL :d[ltkq, laGtLkq, ph'/L;d]t ;a} ljifodf,

210

-3_ lghfdtL sd{rf/L jf lghfdtL sd{rf/L /x]sf] JolQmn] cfkm\gf] kbsf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ ;f] ;DaGwdf lghsf] lj?4 ePsf] s'g} sfg"gL sf/afxLdf ;+/If0fsf nflu u/]sf] vr{ ;+lrt sf]ifaf6 e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ ljifosf] bfjf u/] lbg'kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ljifodf,

-ª_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf] jf hf]lvdLdf k]G;g jf pkbfgsf] bfjf u/]sf] ljifo / slt lbg'kg]{ xf] egL c+s lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifodf,

-r_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] h'g;'s} ;]jf jf kbsf] ljifodf >L % af6 k/fdz{ dfluaS;]sf] h'g;'s}ljifodf,

of] ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]kl5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sf/afxL aGb]h lgodx?, @)!& hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

3= g]kfnsf]] ;+ljwfg, @)!( M

of] ;+ljwfgsf] efu !# wf/f && df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df g]kfnsf]Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 / To;df >L % af6 tf]lsaS;] hlt ;b:o /xg]5g\ h;dWo] >L %af6 tf]lsaS;]sf Ps ;b:o cfof]usf cWoIf x'g]5g\ eGg] pNn]v 5 .

wf/f &* df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ cGtu{t b]xfosf ljifodf k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,

-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGol;4fGtsf] ljifodf,

-u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dxLgfeGbf a9L ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf]ljifodf,

-3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodfÙ /

-ª_ /fhkqf+lst lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfoFsf] ljifodf lghfdtL kbdf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf ca pk|fGt gofF egf{åf/f :yfoL lgo'QmL ePsf] s'g} klg JolQmn] lgj[te/0f gkfpg] ;d]t ls6fgL Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ s]xL ;do;Ddcfof]usf] sfd cj?4 ePsf] lyof] .

211

ª= g]kfn clw/fHosf]] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] efu !$ sf] wf/f !)! df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx?df lgo'lQmsf] lgldlQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx? ;+rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g] pNn]v ul/g'sf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[te/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf :yfoL lgo'lQm gul/g] Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .b]xfosf] ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:Yff ul/Psf] lyof] M–

-!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,

-@_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf]ljifodf,

-#_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dxLgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf]ljifodf,

-$_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

-%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, /

-^_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfoFsf] ljifodf .

r= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu !# wf/f !@% b]lv !@& ;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf :yfoL lgo'lQm gul/g] k|fjwfg ;d]t /flvPsf] 5 . b]xfosf]ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg ;d]t pQm ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v 5 M–

-!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,

-@_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf]ljifodf,

-#_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dxLgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf]ljifodf,

-$_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

212

-%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, /

-^_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfoFsf] ljifodf .

o;sf] cnfjf ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm /a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ k|fjwfg ;d]t of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf];]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] egL cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L a9fOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ cfof]un] cfk\mgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 eg] ;f] k|ltj]bgdf cfk\mgf jif{ el/ eP u/]sf sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ;'wf/ / ;'emfj ;DaGwLljifox¿;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:tf ljifox¿df jif{el/dfpDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf]k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f, k/fdz{ adf]lhd sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f] sf]ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .

pNn]lvt ljj/0fn] cfof]usf] sfo{If]q yk 36÷lj:tf/ tyf ;+s'rg ePsf] / kl5Nnf] r/0fdf hgljZjf;/ hgefjgf cg';f/ sfo{If]q lj:tf/ xF'b} hfg] k|j[lQ -Trend_ a9\b} uPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}jflif{s k|ltjb]gdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljj/0fx? klg j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 .

cfof]usf ;sf/fTds kIfx?

cfof]usf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf b]xfosf kIfdf cfof]u ;jn, ;'b[9 / ;Ifd ePsf] b]lvG5M–

§ :yfkgfsf] em08} ^$ jif{df cfOk'Ubf o;n] sfod u/]sf] lgikIftf, :jR5tf / ljZj;lgotfn]cfdhgtfdf ckf/ ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf] 5 .

§ ;a} c~rn :t/df cfkm\g} sfof{no / a9L b/vf:t kg]{ ck|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo>]0fL / ;f] eGbf tnsf kbsf] nflu b/vf:t ;+sng ug{ lhNnf x'nfs sfof{no;+u ;xsfo{u/L ljs]lGb|t 9fFrfdf ;+u7g lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

§ pQ/k'l:tsfdf bf]xf]/f] ;+s]tLs/0f u/L k/LIf0fsf] qmddf pQ/k'l:tsf klxrfg x'g g;Sg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf cjnDag ePsf] 5 .

§ ljleGg tx / kbsf kf7\oqmd tof/ x'g], kl/dfh{g x'Fb} hfg] u/]sf]n] ;d;fdlos x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^, lgodfjnL, @)^&, lgb]{lzsf, @)^&, cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^( af6

213

;+rfng :jfoQtf kfPsf]n] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf r':ttf ePsf] dx;"; ul/Psf] 5 .

§ glthf k|sfzgdf pDd]bjf/x?n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfÍsf] uf]Kotf sfddf /fVg bf]xf]/f] lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf -Double locked System) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

§ k/LIffsf] dfWod efiff g]kfnL jf c+u]|hL jf b'j} x'g] Joj:yfn] k/LIffyL{nfO{ efiffut sl7gfO gx'g] ePsf]n] cfof]usf] k/LIffdf cfsif{0f j[l4 u/fPsf] 5 .

§ k/LIffdf k|0ffnL ;'wf/, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL, 5'§f5'§} k/LIffljlw, sDo"6/ ;Lk k/LIf0f h:tf Joj:yfn] ubf{ b/vf:tdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

§ ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

§ pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof a9L ePsf :yfgdf k/LIff pks]Gb| :yfkgf u/L lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ul/Psf]n] k/LIff ;+rfng ljs]Gb|Lt eO{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ cem} a9L ;'ljwf k'u]sf] cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 .

§ ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{df cfof]usf] ;n+Ugtf a9\b} uPsf n] tL lgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{ k|s[ofnfO{ cem} a9L ljZj;gLo agfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx?

§ nfdf] cjlw;Dd k|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst / /fhkq cg+lst kbx?sf] kf7\oqmdkl/dfh{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] kl/dfh{g ckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] 5 .

§ kf7\oqmd ;dofg's'n ;a} kbdf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;s]sf], s'g} kbsf] lj1fkg x'bf;d]t kf7\oqmd gePsf] sf/0f kb lj1fkgdf hfg g;sL lgwf{l/t ;dodf kb k"lt{ ug{g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg lbg'x'Fb}g .

§ kbk"lt{ k|lqmofnfO{ lj1fkg eP/ l;kmfl/z x'Fbf;Dd em08} * dlxgf nfUg hfg'n] kbk"lt{cjlwnfO{ 5f]6f] agfpg cfof]u k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{ cj:Yff /x]sf] 5 .

§ b/vf:t ;+sng ;DaGwL sfo{ ;a} kb / txsf] nflu lhNnf:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;+oGqsf]ljsf; u/fpg]tkm{ ;f]r /xg' cfjZos 5 .

§ z}lIfs of]Uotfdf c:ki6tf x'g] u/]sf] h:t}, :gfts jf ;f] ;/x -æ;f] ;/xÆ eGg] zAbn] ljleGg z}lIfs of]Uotfsf ;DaGwdf låljwf Nofpg] u/]sf] _n] ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x lgodfjnLdf o:tf] z}lIfs of]Uotf :ki6 agfpg cfof]un] ;DalGwt dGqfnotyf lgsfonfO{ cg'/f]w / tfs]tf ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

§ k|Zgkqsf] sl7gfOsf] :t/ ;a} txdf Ps} gfzsf] gx'g] u/]sf] h:t}– gfoa ;'Aafjf zfvf clws[tsf] P]lR5s ljifodf x'g] km/s km/s ljifosf] k|Zgsf] sl7gfOsf]:t/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

§ cfof]usf] lg/LIf0f÷cg'udg÷cg';Gwfg k|efjsf/L ?kdf ljsl;t x'g g;s]sf]n]o;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

214

§ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] Joj:yf kof{Kt dfqfdf x'g'kb{5 . cfof]usf sltko sfof{nox?df sd{rf/LnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{sIf ;d]t gx'g] l:ylt cj /xg' x'Fb}g .

§ cfof]usf] hgzlQm oyf;dodf g} k"lt{ u/fpg' kb{5 .

§ cfof]usf ;'emfj ÷k/fdz{x?sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog u/fpg' kb{5 . o;sf]nflu sfof{Gjog cg'udg ;d]t cfjZos 5 .

sfo{If]q lj:tf/sf] cf}lrTo,

� cfof]usf] df}lns sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnLk|lt cufw hg ljZjf; x'g',

� cfof]usf] k]zfut lj1tf, lgikIftf / ljZj;gLo sfo{ ;~rfng tf}/tl/sfn] ;a}nfO{ k|efljtagfpg',

� cfof]un] cjnDag ul/cfPsf] Multiple blindness system h;n] cfof]un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ ofjt\ sfo{ lgikIf / ljZj;gLo x'g hfG5g\ .

� k|fKtfÍnfO{ uf]Ko /fVgnfO{ Double Locked system Joj:yfn] clGtd glthf k|sfzgsf]cj:yfdf afx]s lnlvt k/LIffsf] k|fKtfÍ s;}nfO{ klg yfxf gx'g] x'Fbf cfof]usf] sfo{ ;~rfng k|lqmof cToGt} ljZj;gLo x'g] u/]sf]n] cGo lgsfox?df cfof]usf] sfo{If]q a9f]Q/L eP x'GYof] eGg] rfxgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

� ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] 3/b}nf]df g} cfof]usf] ;]jf kfpg] rfxgf a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 .

� ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbk"lt{ sfo{ cfof]usf] sfo{If]qleq kg{ hfFbf cgfjZos /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf /xb}g .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u u/L cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;~rfng ub}{ uPsf]n] yk sfo{ lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ;d]t clea[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

� kbk"lt{ nfut sd x'g hfG5 .

� ;du|df /fHodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

sfo{If]q a9fpg ;lsg] ljifox? M

� ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;a} lqmofsnfkx?df cfof]usf] lgoGq0ffTds k|ltlglwTj /xg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

� ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?sf] nflu kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGt clgjfo{ ?kdf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . cfof]usf] k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] lgsfox?df oyf ;Dej;a} lgsfodf Ps} vfnsf] kbk"lt{ lgodfjnL jf lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L ;f]xL cg'?k sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;f] cg'?k eP gePsf] cg'udg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fdWo] kb:yfkgf tyf ;?jf ;DaGwL k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g

215

dGqfnoaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 xF'bf ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflucfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf tbg'?k agfpg' kb{5 .

� a9'jf ;ldltsf ;lrjfno /fhkqf+lstsf] xsdf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ agfpg] / lhNnf:t/sf] /fhkq cg+lstsf] kbsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf cfof]un] k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/L x'g] u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf]df ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ cfof]us} If]qLo÷c~rn sfof{nosf k|d'v jf sDtLdf pk;lrj ;/xsf] kbflwsf/L cWoIf x'g] u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg'pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� cfof]usf] b/vf:t ;+sng ;DaGwdf sDtLdf zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/xsf kb tyf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf k|fljlws jf ck|fljlws ;a} >]0fL jf txsf] kbdf lhNnf :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] / ;f]xLc'g;f/ kl/IffyL{ ;+Vofsf] dfkb08 tf]sL k/LIff s]Gb|nfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' ;do ;fk]If x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ;s] b'/b/fhsf / ljkGg gful/ssf] klg ;]jfdf kx'Fr clej[l4 xg]b]lvG5 .

� cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] k/LIff ;+rfng ug'{eGbf cg'udg, d"NofÍg / cWoogcg';Gwfgd'ns sfo{ tyf gLltut ;'wf/sf] ljifodf Wofg lbg' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .

� cfof]usf] nfOg Ph]G;LnfO{ sfo{df ;/ntf, Ps?ktf / pRr dgf]jn ;lxt pTk|]/0ff hufpgcled'vLs/0f tyf k'gtf{huL tflnd Pj+ cWoog e|d0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

� cfof]usf bIf lj1sf] cBfjlws ;"lr tof/ u/L clwsflws ;+nUgtf a9fpg / cGolgsfosf] sfo{sf nflu lj1nfO{ l/k|m]G;sf] ?kdf lng k|f]T;fxg ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� cfof]usf] sfo{sf] klg k/LIf0f ug{ / cg'udg ug{ cfjZos k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/fpg' kb{5h;n] ubf{ cfof]usf] sfddf cem} u'0f:tl/otf, r':ttf / lgVv/tf cfpF5 .

lgisif{

lghfdtL ;]jf nufot /fHosf ;du| cËdf :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo 9+un] hgzlQm cfk"lt{ clxn]sf]cfjZostf xf] . emg\ /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f, bnut :jfYf{ / lvrftfgLn] lghfdtL ;]jf afx]ssf cGoljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jfdf hgzlQm 5gf}6 nufotsf sfo{df ljleGg ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf / l6sfl6Kk0fLx'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfd hgtfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|lt cufw cf:yf / ljZjf; /xg' / cfof]u klgcfkm\gf] ;fv hf]ufpg sl6j4 ePsf] ;Gbe{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q -ef}uf]lns If]q /clwsf/If]q b'j}df_ a9f]Q/L clxn]sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfof]usf] ljBdfg Ifdtfclea[l4 tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fv arfpg] sfo{df o;;Fu ;Da4 ;a} kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/Lx?, bIf, lj1, z'e]R5's tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;a}sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 5 . cfof]u cfufdL lbgdf hgtfdfem cem}

216

nf]slk|o, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /xg o;sf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .ljs6 If]qdf ;d]t ;xh ;]jf k'/\ofpg] / hgzlQm cfk"lt{sf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s] zf;g ;+oGqdf;'zf;g sfod ug{ d2t k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .

em08} *) xhf/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/Ifssf ?kdf :yflkt cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf dfu{bz{g ug'{ k|zf;lgs sfo{ x'g ;Sb5 . sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/sf]gfddf cfof]usf] uf]klgotf / sfo{ k|0ffnLdf st}af6 k|Zg p7fpg] 7fFp lbg'x'Fb}g . g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf/ sfo{ ug]{ k|j[ltsf] dfgl;stfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ cfof]usf] ;fv clej[l4 ug{ cfof]usf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfkIf -kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L, bIf, lj1, pDd]bjf/, n]vs, ljrf/s, k/LIfs_ ;s[o ?kdf nfUg' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . ;:tf] nf]slk|otf / ;fdfGo df}lb|s pTk]|/0ffsf nflu sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug'{ sbflk x'Fb}g .h] hlt sfddf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg ;lsG5 tL If]qsf] sfo{sf] u'0f:t/Lotf sfod u/]/ hgljZjf; cfh{gdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 . cfof]u sd{rf/L kbk"lt{sf] nflu Ps kljq dlGb/ xf] . nugzLn, d]xgtL /OdfGbf/ h'g;'s} lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f ;+rfng x'g] k/LIffx?df ;lDdlnt x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 cfkm\gf] x}l;ot / Ifdtf cg';f/ ;xof]u, ;'emfj / ;xsfo{pknAw u/fpg' ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . o;/L ;a} kIfaf6 ;xsfo{ x'Fb} uPdf cfof]usf] cfkm\gf]sfo{If]q lj:tf/ dfq} xf]Og . ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/Lotf / lzw|tf eO{ ;'zf;gdf klg 6]jf ldNg ;Sb5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

!= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)&!

@= g]kfnsf lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgx?

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^&

%= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

^= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljleGg jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, cgfdgu/, sf7df08f}+ .

&= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf, @)#!

*= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?

(= ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ;ldlt, @)^^ sf] k|ltj]bg

!)= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgx?

217

;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg] s]xL pkfox?

;f/f+z

;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ;fj{hlgs bfloTj / k|fyldstfsf] If]q xf] . g]kfndf ljutsflbgdf ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 k|ToIf / ck|ToIf tl/sfaf6 ;fdflhs;'/Iffsf If]qdf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf 5g\ . cfGtl/s åGå / dfgjLo Pj+ k|fs[ltsk|sf]ksf sf/0f u/La, dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a[4 Pj+ czQmdf hLjg ofkgsf hf]lvdx? a9\b}uPsf 5g\ . a9\bf] vfB c;'/Iff / hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gn] klg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] yk rfkl;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 eg] o;nfO{ ljQLo ?kdf s;/L lbuf] agfpg] eGg] ;d:of klg 68\sf/f]b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu k|i6 PsLs[t gLltut / sfg"gL cfwf/x? tof/ ug{' kg{] b]lvG5 . d'n'sdf;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kIfdf alnof] hgdt alg/x]sf] 5 . k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx? tyf gLltlgdf{tfx?df klg o;sf cfwf/e"t tTjx?sf af/]df ;xdlt aGb} u}/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . o; ;Gbe{dfcfTdlge{/tf / :jfjnDagdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;dy{g k|0ffnLx?nfO{ k|a4{g ub}{ n}hfg ;Sg]xf] eg] /fHodflysf] bfloTjnfO{ sd af]lemnf] ug{ d2t ldN5 .

!= k[i7e"ld (Background)

o'/f]kLo d'n'sx?n] pGgfO;f}+ ;tfAbL cfO gk'Ub} nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] gfddf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfP klg Plzof–clk|msfsf w]/} d'n'sx?sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gf}nf] ljifo xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;fdflhs Gofosf] cleGg efu xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs?kdf hf/L ul/Psf hf]lvd tyf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;sf]p2]Zo cf3ft Joxf]/]sf tyf tgfjdf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . o;sf ;fy} o;nfO{dfgj k'FhLsf] ljsf; Pjd\ ;'wf/ dfkm{t dflg;x?nfO{ ;an agfO{ pTkfbgd"ns k'FhL hDdf ug{ tyf eljiodf pgLx?sf] cfocfh{g Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cGt/k':tfut ?kdf x'g] u/LaLsf] x:tfGt/0fnfO{ tf]8\g] cf}hf/sf ?kdf x]g'{ xf] . o;y{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf c;'/lIft jf

–afa'/fd cof{n*

* zfvf clws[t, u[x dGqfno

218

hf]lvd ;+efJo JolQmnfO{ ljleGg pkfo / lgsfoaf6 ljz]if ;x'lnot, ;xfotf / ;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrtub{5 . ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdflhs ladf, ;fdflhs ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sjr jf slxn]sfxLF;fdflhs Gofodfq klg eGg] ul/G5 . h] elgPtf klg of] Gofo / nf]sNof0fsfl/tf k|j4{g ug]{ gLltuttyf sfo{qmlds pks/0f xf] .

c;dfgtf / ljljwtf ;fdflhs oyfy{ xf] . t/ ;dfgtf / Gofo /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;y{ /fHok|0fffnLn] ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttf lbgsf nflu pkof]udf Nofpg] ljleGg pkfodWo] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Ps xf] . ;fdfGotM a]/f]huf/L, ladf/L, c;Ifdtf / j[4fj:yfsf] ;'/Iff o;sf sfo{If]q x'g\ . ljZjJofkLs/0f, ljQLo tgfj, hg;flª\Vos ;+/rgf kl/jt{g, k|fs[lts / dfgjLo k|sf]k,hnjfo' kl/jt{g, o'4 tyf ck/fw h:tf sf/0fn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf / dxTj lj:tf/ePsf] 5 . o; n]vdf k|:t't ljifosf] k|rlnt cjwf/0ff, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ljleGgcjwf/0ffx? tyf g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"gx?sf] ;;{lt cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f u/L eljiodf cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ pkfox?sf af/]df ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ffTds kIf (Concept on Social Protection)

;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf nflu tLg zAbfjnLx? kof{ojfrL ?kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf 5g\M ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff hfnf] -saftey nets_ / ;fdflhs ;+/If0f . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn] cS;/ ;fdflhs;xof]u Pj+ ;fdflhs ladfsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+Zn]lift ?k / ljz]if u/L klZrdf d'n'sx?df ljsl;ta[xt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k4ltnfO{ O+lut ub{5 -gf]6{g / cGo, @))@_ . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff hfnf]n] cS;/ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf u/LjL, ljklQ, jf cfly{s ;dfof]hgaf6 k|efljt ;d"xsf nflu ;+rfng ul/g] cNkfjlwsf / tTsfn /fxt pknAw u/fpg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hgfpF5 .

;fdflhs ;+/If0f -social protection_ ck]Iffs[t gofF zAbfjnL xf] h;n] plNnlvt b'j} y/Lsfsfo{qmdx?sf ;fy} dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fh:tf a[xQ/ p2]Zox?nfO{ klg cfTd;ft ub{5-Jofl/ofG6f];\ tyf ;]km8{, @))#_ . of] zAb ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b'j} y/L d'n'sx?df k|of]u e}/x]sf]kfOG5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] kl/j]z, cfjZostf, pknAw ;|f]t;fwg, Pj+cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df ;+sL0f{ jf la:t[t ?kn] kl/eflift u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ;+s6/ hf]lvdsf] a]nf gub jf lhG;L x:tfGt/0f u/L tTsfn /fxt pknAw u/fpg dfq k|of]u ug]{ jf dfgjljsf;sf nflu nufgLsf ?kdf ;d]t k|of]u ug]{, jf cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f Pj+ -8]e]/S; / ;jf6;–lXjn/, @))$_ ;fdflhs Gofo, bLuf] zflGt / ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] dfWodsf ?kdf klg k|of]u ug]{eGg] s'/f /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] ljifo xf] .

To;}n], ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kl/efiff / b[li6sf]0fx?df leGgtf kfOG5 . o;nfO{ ;fFu'/f] -h:t} ul/aL /

219

hf]lvds]Gb|Lt_ jf ;dfj]zL / Jofks ?kdf dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/Lkl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf lbOg] cg'bfg tyf ;du| lgz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff /:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;df ;/sf/sf sbdx?nfO{dfq ;dfj]z ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ;fy} lghL, ;xsf/L, :j}lR5s ;+:yf jf cgf}krfl/s ;~hfnsfk|of;nfO{ klg ;dflxt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljkGg d'n'sx?df /fHok|bQ ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd cfkm}df oy]i6gx'g] x'Fbf gLlh, ;fd'bfoLs tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf gjk|jt{gzLn sfo{qmdx?n] klg 6]jf lbg'kb{5 /ljleGg k|bfosx?sf] ;xlqmofTds / ;fy{s ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0fn];fdflhs cfly{s k|0ffnLdf ljBdfg To:tf ;+/rgfTds ljifdtfx?nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 h;n] hf]lvd, c;'/Iff / jlxis/0fnfO{ hGd lbG5g\ -s's / slj/, @))(_ / k'g?Tkfbg ul//xG5g\ .

;fj{ef}lds kl/efiffx?sf] vf]hL ug'{eGbf o;nfO{ b]zsf] ljlzi6 cj:yf / cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/efliftu/L nlrnf Kofs]hx?df ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . sfd rnfpgsf nflu ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ hLjgrqmdf cfOnfUg] dxTjk"0f{ hf]lvdx? ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd agfpg], u/Llj,hf]lvd, ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / alxis/0fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{, / dfgj ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs GofonfO{k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] cjnDag ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs, lghL jf ;femf pkfox?sf ?kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df lgDg ;a} jf s'g} pkfox? ;dflji6 x'G5g\ h;n]M

� ljkGgx?nfO{ gub jf lhG;L x:tfGt/0f u/L Go"gtd cfo / pkef]u ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .

� hf]lvddf /x]sfx?nfO{ cflhljsf ;Da4 ;+s6 / em6\sfx?af6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5g\ .

� dfgj ljsf;nfO{ k|a4{g u/L cGt/k':tf ul/aLsf] >[vnfnfO{ tf]8\g d2t u5{g\ .

� ;LdfGts[t jf ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx?sf] clwsf/ / ;fdflhs x}l;otnfO{psf:b} Gofok"0f{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbG5g\ .

#= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf (Social Protection in Human Rights Perspective)

dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] /fHo / ;dfhaf6JolQm tyf kl/jf/n] ;+/If0f k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . 3f]if0ffkqsf] bkmf @@ df k|To]sJolQmsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] / To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu /fli6«o k|of; / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]ux'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . bkmf @# -#_ df sfd ug]{ x/]s JolQmn] p;sf] / kl/jf/sf] dfgjLou/Ldfo'Qm hLjgofkg ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ / cfjZos ePdf To;sf nflu;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf cGo k"/s pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{ pNn]v 5 . bkmf @% df k|To]s JolQm / kl/jf/sf]:jf:Yo / sNof0fsf nflu ef]hg, nQfsk8f, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/ tyf cGo cfjZos ;]jfx? /

220

a]/f]huf/L, ljdf/L, ckfFutf, a}wJo, a[4fj:yf jf cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f jflx/sf cGo kl/l:yltsf sf/0f hLjgofkgdf kg]{ c;/sf lj?4 ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 -;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, !($*_ .

To:t}, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 dxf;efaf6 kfl/t cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq -!(^^_ df x:tfIf/ ug]{ kIf /fHox?n] ;a}sf] ;fdflhs ladf ;lxtsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g], kl/jf/ / ljz]if u/L cfdf, afnaflnsf / o'jfx?nfO{ oyf;Dej km/flsnf] ;+/If0f -bkmf!)_ kof{Kt hLjgofkgsf] :t/ -bkmf !!_, dfgl;s / zfl//Ls :jf:Yo -bkmf !@_ / lzIff k|fKtug]{ -bkmf !#, !$_ clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf 5g\ . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGtug]{ dxf;lGw, !(&( n] ;a}nfO{ / ljz]if u/L cjsfz k|fKt, a]/f]huf/, ljdf/, c;Qm / a[4fj:yfsfsf/0fn] sfd ug{ g;Sg]x?sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / tnjL ljbfsf] clwsf/ Pj+ sfo{:yndf :jf:Yo/ ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 -bkmf !!_ . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwLdxf;lGw g+=!)@ -!(%@_ df /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf nflu cf}ifwf]krf/, ljdf/L, a]/f]huf/L, a[4fj:yf, sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf nfUg] rf]6k6s, dft[Tj, czQmtf, tyf z]ifkl5 / cl3 kl/jf/n] kfpg];'ljwfx?sf] k|fjwfg ug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;GwLn] ckfFutf ePsf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xof]u, :t/Lo lzIff / :jf:Yo Pj+ kf]if0f;]jfx?, ul/aL / cefjdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf nflu/fHoaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ -bkmf, @#, @$, @%, @^_ zfl//Ls / dfgl;s cfjZostf k"lt{ug{ ;Sg] hLjg:t/ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ -bkmf @&_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ckfFutf ePsf JolQmsfclwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;GwLdf ckfFutf ePsf JolQmx?k|lt lje]b ug{ gx'g], / /fHon] ;a}gLlt / sfo{qmdx?df pgLx?sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;'/IffnfO{ Vofn ug'{ kg]{, ljz]if u/L ckfFutf ePsfdlxnf / afnaflnsfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;r]i6 /xg'kg]{ nufot ;dfj]zL ;xeflutfx'g] u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, k'g:yfkgf / cGo ;fdflhs ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ pNn]v 5-;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, @))^_ . o:t}, ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx?, ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIox? nufotsf3f]if0ffkqx?n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ljljw kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .

$= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf pks/0fx? (Tools of Social Protection)

;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd rf/ k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\, ;+/IffTds, lg/f]wfTds, k|a4{gfTds /?kfGt/0fd'vL . kl/efiffdf h:t} o;sf 36s jf pks/0fx?sf ;DaGwdf klg ;xdlt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .ljleGg ;+:yfn] ljleGg 9fFrf cufl8 a9fPsf] kfOG5 . s;}n] o;sf d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/ dfg]sf 5g\–;fdflhs ;xof]u / ;fdflhs ladf -g6{g / cGo, @))@_ . pNn]lvt @ k|sf/df s;}n] >dahf/sf]lgodg -;]lrlg / dfl6{g]h, @)!!_ yk]/ tLg k|sf/sf dfg]sf 5g\ . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+sn] ;fdflhs

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;xof]u, ;fdflhs ladf, >dahf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, ljz]if If]q s]Gb|Lt sfo{qmdx? / afn ;+/If0fu/L kfFr tTjx?df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 -Pl8lj, @))#_ s;}n] ;fdflhs ;]jfx? -ljz]if u/L cfwf/e"t ;]jfx? lzIff / :Jff:YonfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ -8]e]/S;, / ;jf6;–lXjn/, @))$_ . ;fdfGot;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf cf}hf/x?nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd /fVg ;lsG5M–

s_ ;fdflhs ;xof]u -Social assistance_ M cS;/ ;a} vr{ ;/sf/n] s/dfkm{t Joxf]g]{ / nfeu|fxLx?sf]of]ubfg cfjZos gkg]{ h:t}M h]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, nf]kf]Gd'v hghfltnfO{ lbOg] eQf, 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd, lgz'Ns :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu ef}r/ cflb .cGt/f{li6o >d ;+u7gsf cGo dxf;GwLx? h:t} kf6{6fOd js{ sGe]G;g -g+=!&%_, czSttf, a[4fj:yf / kl/jf/Ls j[lQ;DaGwL dxf;lGw -g+= !@*_ / 3/]n' sfd;DaGwL dxf;lGw -g+=!&&_ df klg ;fdflhs;'/Iff;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? ;dflji6 5g\ .

v_ ;+/If0ffTds sfo{qmdx? (Protective Programs)M ;+/If0ffTds sfo{qmdx? tTsfn p4f/ //fxtdf hf]8 lbG5g\, lg/f]wfTds sfo{qmdx? ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / em6\sfx?sf] c;/ sd ug]{ -h:t},;fdflhs ladf, cgf}krf/Ls art / nufgL jf ;Dkltsf] ljljwLs/0f sfo{qmdx?_ vfnsf x'G5g\,k|a4{gfTds sfo{qmdx?n] cfo / ;Ifdtf a9fpF5g\ -h:t}, n3'ljQ, cflhljsf k|j4{g, ljBfno kf]if0f,lzIff / :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?_, / ;LdfGts[tx?sf] ;zlQms/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dtfd"ns gLltPj+ sfg"gx? / dfgj clwsf/ k|a4{g ?kfGt/sf/L sfo{qmdx?df kb{5g\ -8]e]/S;, / ;jf6;–lXjn/,@))$_.

v_ ;fdflhs ljdf -Social Insurance_ M of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx? h:t}, :jf:Yo ladf,pkbfg, ;+rosf]if, lgj[lQe/0f / a]/f]huf/ ladf cflb .

u_ cfwf/e"t ;]jfx? -Social Services_M cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, cfjf;, a[4f>d, k|f/lDesafnljsf;, cgfyfno, åGb k|efljt tyf ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx?sf nflu cfjfl;o jf u}/cfjfl;o x]/rfxh:tf sfo{qmdx? .

3_ ;+/IffTds sfg"g tyf gLltx? -Protective legislations and policies_ M ;lqmo >dahf/gLltdfkm{t ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, /f]huf/ ljlgdo ;]jf, :j/f]huf/sf nflu C0f, /f]huf/d"ns ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f, sfdsf nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd h:tf /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmdx? / zf]if0fd"ns >d cEof;x?sf] cGt / ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo, Go"gtd Hofnf, lj/fdL ljbf, k|;'lt ;'ljwf,rf]6k6ssf nflu Ifltk"lt{, cf/If0f, JolQmsf] lhpwgsf] ;+/If0fh:tf >d sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx? .

222

%= g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|of]u / cg'ej (Experiment and Experience on social Protection in Nepal)

g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kaf6 x]g]{ yflnPsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . /f0ff zf;gsf ;dodfsdf08/L lstfavfgfsf] :yfkgf kZrft ;}lgs tyf kl5 lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ nlIft u/L lgj[lQe/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg ul/Ptf klg cfd hgd'bfonfO{ nlIft u/]/ sfo{qmd NofOPsf] eg] b'O{ bzs klg ePsf] 5}g . vfB 9'jfgL, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf Pj+ ul/aL lgjf/0f;+u cfj4 tyf nlIft sfo{qmddf /x]sf];fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cjojnfO{ glng] xf] eg] cf j @)%@÷%# b]lv dfq o;tkm{ s]xL k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf5g\ . gjf} k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf klxnf] k6s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ :yfg lbOof], h;n] h]i7gful/s, dlxnf tyf ckfËsf ;Lldt sfo{qmdnfO{ dfq cfjlws of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ k'Uof] . g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !* df /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .To:t} /fHosf gLlt cGtu{t wf/f #( n] dlxnf, cgfy, jfnjflnsf, c;xfo, a[4, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'vhfltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /fHonfO{ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsfefjgf nf]ssNof0fsfl/tf / ;fdflhs Gofodf nlIft /x]sf] 5 . h; cg'?k hf]lvddf /x]sf, cToGtljkGg / alxis/0fdf k/]sf, a[4 c;xfo, ckfª\u, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L hghflt tyfljkGg gful/snfO{ lhljsf]kfh{gdf cfOkg]{ hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] b[li6sf]0fn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;j} k|sf/sf] cfDbfgLdf Ps k|ltzt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff z'Nsc;'n u/L a[xb ?kdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cjwf/0ff klg cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5, t/ o;nfO{ sfo{ ?kdf NofO ;lsPsf] eg] 5}g . g]kfndf vfBfGgdf cg'bfg -5flgPsf b'u{d lhNnf_;DalGwt sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;xfotf ladf -a[4 eQf, Psn dlxnf eQf, czQm eQf, nf]kf]Gd'vcflbjf;L eQf cflb_ /f]huf/ ;'/Iff of]hgf, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{ -sfdsf nflu vfBfGg_, s0f{fnLljz]if sfo{qmd, sd{rf/L ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, ;Lk ljsf; sfo{qmd, nlIft sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf -cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]b_ dfkm{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ;Lldt k|of]ue}/x]sf] 5 . rfn" t]¥xf} of]hgfn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Plss[t / k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofO ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIo/fv]sf] 5 .

^= ljBdfg gLlt tyf sfg"gx? (Existing Policies and Laws)

g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL Joj:yf ePsf P]g, lgodfjnL jf If]qut gLlt sfo{qmdx? k|z:t 5g\ . jt{dfg t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] ;fdflhs;+/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhsGofodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;a} gful/sx?sf nflu Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{, a9L hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf ;d'bfox?nfO{ klxn] ;Daf]wg ug]{, ljBdfg sfo{qmdx?sf] PsLs/0f, ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ / ;/sf/sf k|of;x? Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]

223

w/ftn tof/ ug{df s]lGb|t ub}{ :j]lR5s Pjd\ of]ubfgd"ns k|0ffnLx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cToGt hf]lvddf /x]sf nf]kf]Gd'v Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox?, Pr=cfO=eL= P8\;af6k|efljt afnaflnsf / cfdfafa' b'a} u'dfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ qmdzM sfo{qmdx?sf] ;~hfnleqNofpg], ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o k|f?knfO{ clGtd ?k lbg], lghfdtL sd{rf/L, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/LnufotnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lgj[lQe/0f k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg / ;'wf/ ug]{, ax'If]qLo kf]if0fof]hgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{, a9\bf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{nfO{ wfGgsf nflu ljQLo ;+efjgf / ;|f]tx?sf]/0fgLlt tof/ ug]{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ nlIft u/Lof]ubfgd"ns ;fdflhs aLdfsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;fdflhs :jf:Yo aLdfsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{, s[lif / kz'kfngsf] If]qdf gjk|jt{gzLn aLdfsf sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/Lsfof{Gjog ug{] h:tf ljleGg sfo{gLltx? pNn]v u/]sf] 5 -/fof]cf, @)!#_.

pNn]lvt kl/k|]Iodf tn ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;Fu k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfg"gx?sf] ;;{lt{ l;xf+jnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ km/flsnf] cy{df kl/efliftul/Psf] 5 h;n] cfly{s hf]lvdeGbf k/ k'u]/ dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf d'2fnfO{ ;d]tcfTd;ft\ ub{5 . To;}n] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;]jfx?nfO{ klg o;sf] pks/0fsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]5 . o; sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpgsf nflu b]xfosf $ ;d"xdf /fvL ;dLIff ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5M.

s_ ;fdflhs ;xof]u;DaGwL k|fjwfgx? (Provisions relating to Social Services)

g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;xof]u x:tfGt/0fsf nflu eg]/ 5'§} sfg"g ag]sf] 5}g . cfly{s aif{ @)%!÷%@b]lv ah]6 efif0f dfkm{t h]i7 gfu/Ls, ljwjf / ckfFutf ePsf JolQmnfO{ gub x:tfGt/0fsf] sfo{qmdNofOof] . @)^# sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 o; sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L nf]kf]Gd'v hfthfltx?,afnaflnsfx? / ^) jif{ d'lgsf ljwjfx?nfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f !# df ;a} gfu/Lsx? / ljz]if u/L h]i7 gful/s Pj+ jl~rlts/0fdf k/]sf cGo JolQmx?sf]clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu k[ys sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g], ;a} gful/sx? ;dfg x'g], ln+u, hfthflt, eflifs jf wfld{s cfwf/df s'g} lje]b ug{ gx'g], dlxnf / k'?if ljrdf kfl/>lds jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifodflje]b ug{ gkfOg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;a} gful/sx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf]clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{, ;'s'Djf;L, x?jf, r?jf, / aFw'jf dhb"/ nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kn] kl5k/]sf ;d'bfosf nflu hUuf ;lxt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{, /f]huf/L / cfocfh{g x'g] If]qdfnufgL ug]{ h:tf sfd ug{ /fHonfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 -wf/f ##,g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg—@)^#_.

h]i7 gful/s ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu ag]sf] P]g -@))^_ n] ^) jif{dflysf h]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfsf nflu dfu{bz{g ub{5 . b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g,@)#( n] ;/sf/nfO{ b}jL k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ePsfnfO{ ;+/If0f / p4f/ ug{sf nflu sfg"gL / ;+:yfut

224

9fFrf k|bfg ub{5 . ;/sf/n] lglZrt ;do;Dd s'g} If]qnfO{ b}jL k|sf]k k|efljt If]q 3f]if0ff u/L ;/sf/Ltyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5 . ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, lhNnf, /:yfgLo:t/df b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo txdf cfk"lt{, cfjf; tyf k'gM:yfkgf pk;ldlt / /fxttyf pkrf/ pk;ldltx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;"rgf ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, k|jfx/ ;dGjosf] nflu s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / lhNnf txdf tyf gu/kflnsfx?df cfkt\sfnLg sfo{;~rfngs]Gb|x¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]if / Joj:yfkg ;ldltx? dfkm{t Joj:yfkg / p4f/sfsfo{x? ug]{ / gub tyf lhG;L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ul/G5 -u[x dGqfno, @)&)_.

v_ ;fdflhs ladf;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? (Legal Provisions about Social Insurance)

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%) n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx?sf] ;]jfsf ;t{x?tf]s]sf 5g\ . o:t} g]kfnL ;]gf, hgkb tyf ;z:q k|x/Lx?, ;fd'bfoLs ljBfno, dxfljBfno /ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs jf k|fWofksx?sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ cfcfkm\g}P]g / lgodfjnLx? /x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if P]g, @)!( n] lghfdtL sd{rf/L, ;+j}wfgLs c+usfkbflwsf/Lx?, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx?, k|x/Lx?, g]kfnL ;]gfsf ;fy} !) hgf jf Tof] eGbf al9 sfdbf/x? /x]sf lghLIf]qsf k|lti7fgsf sd{rf/Lx?af6 ;+ro x'g cfpg] sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+:yfut cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 . ;xsf/L P]g, !((@ n] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? / o'lgogx?sf]:yfkgf / ;+rfngsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f, btf{, ;b:otf,sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . o:t}, g]kfndf la:tf/} km:6fpg yfn]sf] csf]{ If]q xf] ladf . g]kfndfladf If]qnfO{ ladf ;ldltn] lgodg ub{5 h;nfO{ ladf P]g, @)$( n] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . ladf;ldltn] Ps :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ladf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ub{5, / To;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgodg ub{5 ./fli6«o n3'ljQ gLlt, @))* dfkm{t ;/sf/n] n3'jrt, n3'ljQ, n3'ljdf sfo{qmdx?sf ;DaGwdf al9 nlrnf] b[li6sf]0f lnPsf] 5 .

u_ cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?;DaGwL sfg"g tyf gLltx? (Basic Laws and Policies)

:jf:Yo / lzIff JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] sNof0f / hf]lvdsf] Ps k|d'v kIf xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgdf k|To]s gfu/Lsn] /fHosf tkm{af6 sfg"gL k|fjwfg u/L lgz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ -wf/f !^_ / dfWolds tx;Dd lgz'Ns lzIff k|fKt ug]{ -wf/f !&_ pNn]v ePsf] eP tf klgTo:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOFb}g . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] Onfhsf] dxnn] lj/fdLnfO{ pkrf/ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;ts{tf, / c;fjwfgLsf sf/0fn] Iflt k'Ug uPdf x'g] sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 ./fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)&! n] lg/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds, k|a4{gfTds / k'g:yfkgfd"ns :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]la:tf/ Pj+ :t/f]Gglt nufotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] cfwf/e"t / :t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf;a} gful/sx?sf] ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

225

lzIff ;]jftkm{ ;a} txsf] lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr / u'0f:t/df clea[l4 ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOFb} cfPsf]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ! b]lv *_ ;Dd lgz'Ns lzIff / kf7\ok':ts k|bfg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tfnLd kl/ifb\ P]gaf6 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flostfnLd kl/ifb\ u7g u/L /f]huf/ / :j/f]huf/d"ns tflndx? k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . lzIff P]g, @)@* /lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n] ljz]if lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff, v'nf lzIff / b"/ lzIffsf dfWodaf6lzIffsf cj;/df a[l4 / ;dfj]zLs/0fdf hf]8 lb+b} ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffx? / lg/Gt/ l;Sg] jftfj/0f lbgvf]h]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\ u7g u/L cfjZos ljlQo ;fwgx?sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ljz]iflzIffsf nflu ;fd'bfoLs ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s cg'bfg lbg] h:tf Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t} Joj:yf5fqa[lQ P]g,@)@! tyf lgodfjnL @)^) n] klg dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, ljkGg ;d'bfo, dw];L, blnt, ckfFutf ePsf JolQm, / lk5l8Psf] b'u{d If]qsf jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .jlxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ g} d'Vo e"ldsf k|bfg ub}{ pgLx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] /;/sf/sf] ul/aL Go"lgs/0f ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ ;3fpg @))$ df cWofb]zaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ;fdflhs ;]jfx?sf] If]qdf gLlt / sfg"gx?sf] sdL b]lvFb}g .

3_ ;+/If0ffTds sfg"g tyf gLltx? (Protective Laws and Policies)

;+ljwfg cg';f/ s'g} klg afnsnfO{ sf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf sfddf nufpg jf k|x/L, ;]gf jf åGådf ;+nUg ug{ gkfOg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 -wf/f @@_ . To:t}, s'g} klg JolQmnfO{k/Dk/f, l/ltl/jfhsf] gfddf zf]if0f ug{ gx'g], hjh{l:t sfddf nufpg gx'g] / j]rljvg ug{, bf; jfafFwf agfpg gx'g] Joj:yf 5 -wf/f @(_ . s'g} klg >ldsnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;+ul7t e} cfkm\gf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ 5 -wf/f #)_ . d'n'sL P]g, @)@)sf] Hofnf dhb'/Lsf] dxndf s;}nfO{ lghsf] dGh"/L a]u/ s'g} sfd nufpg gx'g], dGh"/L lagf sfd nufPdf jf Hofnf dhb'/L glbPdf Hofnf dhb'/L e/fO{ ;hfo / hl/jfgf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo;]jf P]g, @)%# lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf ;Da4 lgodfjnL, k|x/L P]g tyf lgodfjnL @)$( nufotn] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] nflu tnj;lxtsf] ljbf, cf}ifwf]krf/, jif{df Ps k6s rf8kj{ vr{, ;+rosf]if, pkbfg, tnj ;lxtsf] k|;'lt ljbf, tyf k]G;g nufotsf ljleGg k|fjwfgx? u/]sf] 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ dof{lbt sfdsf cj;/ k|bfg ug{sf nflu dlxnf,cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfFutf ePsf JolQm, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf jfl;GbfnfO{ ;/sf/L /f]huf/Ldf v'nftkm{sf kbx?df $% k|ltzt cf/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . >d P]g, @)$* / >d lgodfjnL,@)%) n] >dsf dfkb08x?sf] lgwf{/0f, ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL nufotsf clwsf/ Pj+ sNof0fsf/L /Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]Sg] k|fjwfgx? /fv]sf] 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^@ n] nufgL d}qL jftfj/0ff l;h{gf u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{, afFwf >d nufot jfWosf/L >d cEof;nfO{ pGd"ng ug]{, cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] u/L

226

PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff / :jf:Yosf] k|a4{g ug]{, /f]huf/Ldfdlxnf, blnt, lj:yflktsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, >dnrstf / ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;+t'lnt ?kdfcl3 a9fpg], cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut / ;+/rgfut ljsf; ug]{ / ;fdflhs;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ lqkIfLo of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . oftfoft Joj:yfP]g, !((@ / lgodfjnL, !((& n] jfxgsf] wgLn] ;jf/L rfns nufotsf :6fkmx?sf] ladf ug'{kg]{Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a}b}lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^* / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/k|lqmofdf hf]lvdx?sf] Go"gLs/0f ug]{, ;Lk k|bfg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg], 7lu, dfgj t:s/L /j]rljvgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifnfO{ sfdbf/ sNof0fsf nflu clwstd ?kdf kl/rfng ug]{ nufot dlxnfx?sf nflu ;x'lnot k"0f{ C0f pknAw u/fpg], ljk|]if0fsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{ pNn]v 5 . 6]«8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( n] sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+ul7t x'g, ;fd'lxs;f}bfjfhL ug{ / sfdbf/sf lxtdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ ;dy{ agfpF5 . ckfFutf ePsfJolQmx?sf] ;+/If0f / sNof0fsf nflu ag]sf] P]g -@)#(_ n] ;/sf/nfO{ ckfFutf ePsf JolQmsf nflutflnd tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|bfg ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ckfFutfsf] cfwf/df/f]huf/Ldf lje]b ug{af6 lgif]w ub{5 . ;+ljwfgt s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd jfx]s jf Ifltk"lt{glbO{ p;sf] ;DklQaf6 a]bvn ug{ gx'g] -wf/f !(_ Joj:yf 5 . afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$*/ lgodfjnLn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff / :jf:Yosf nflu dftflktfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] 5 . d'n'lsP]g, @)@) sf] u/Lj s+ufnsf], nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf], c+zj08fsf], :qL wgsf], s'6lk6sf] nufot ljleGg dxnx?df ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efljt kfg]{ ljleGg k|fjwfgx? /x]sf 5g\ .

&= sfof{Gjog / kl/0ffdsf] ;+lIfKt emns (Implementation and Results)

sfo{qmdx? g} gLlt / sfg"gx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf jfxgx? x'g\ . o;/L x]bf{ ;+Vofsf cfwf/df sfo{qmdx?sf]sdL b]lvb}g . t/ ltgsf] kx'Fr, ltgaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] kof{Kttfsf af/]df c;+tf]ifsf :j/ klg;'lgg] u/]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}+sn] P]g, @))( df ( lhNnfdf u/]sf] cWoogaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cem}klg u|fdL0f If]qdf ;+s6 / em6\sfx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ tl/sfx? cgf}krf/Ls g} al9 5g\ . ;d:ofsf a]nfkl/jf/hg, ldqx? / ;fdflhs ;+hfnx? g} ;xof]usf nflu cl3 cfpF5g\ . ;j]{If0fsf] cl3Nnf] jif{dfPs k|ltzt eGbf sd dflg;x?n] ljkbsf a]nf ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] kfOof] . ljkbsf] ;fdgfug]{ ;+oGqx? klg ef}uf]lns If]q, hfthflt, / cfly{s x}l;otsf cfwf/df km/s x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] -ljZja}+s, @)!!_ . ;fdfGotM h]i7 gful/sx?n] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt eQfsf] k|;+zf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

xfd|f ;fdflhs x:tfGt/0fsf clwsfFz sfo{qmdx?sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] oL ef}uf]lns / ;+jlu{ocfwf/df nlIft ePsf 5g\ / lgzt{ 5g\ . h; cg';f/ nlIft ljz]iftf ePsf -ef}uf]lns If]q, hflt,pd]/ ;d"xdf kg]{_ ;a} JolQm To;df ;xeflu x'g kfpF5g\ rfx] lt ul/j x'g jf wlg . sfdsf nfluvfBfGg, ljBfnodf lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd h:tf sfo{qmdx? ef}uf]lns cfwf/df nlIft x'g\ . vf; u/L

227

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx? / o; k|sf/sf] ef}uf]lns k4lt ljkGgx? s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] If]qdf k'Ug;xfos l;4 ePsf] kfOG5 . lzIfftkm{ x]g]{ xf] eg] k|fylds ljBfnodf v'b egf{b/ (%=# k'u]sf] 5 .em08} (% k|ltzt k|fylds ljBfnox? #) ldg]6sf] b'/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ -ljZj a}+s, @)!#_ . ef}uf]lnsagf}6 / lgz'Ns ;/sf/L lzIffsf] b[li6n] of] 7"nf] pknlAw xf] . ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf n}+lus ;dtf;"rs ;db/df k'u]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf &* k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x? cfwf306fsf] ;dodf ;/sf/L jf lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'Ug ;Sb5g\ .:jf:Yo If]qdf s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] % k|ltzt nufgL x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ cfo / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]pkof]ujLr alnof] ;x;DaGw /x]sf] 5 -ljZj a}+s, @)!#_ . :jf:Yo If]qdf tTsfn ks]6af6 ltg'{kg]{/sdsf] cg'kft %% k|ltzteGbf al9 ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dflg;x? / ljz]if u/L ljkGg ;d'bfon]:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ lxrlsrfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . k|hgg :jf:Yo ;]jf / aRg ;lsg] /f]usf lj?4vf]k sfo{qmdx?sf] cfj[ltdf k|ult ePsf] kfOG5 . kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ k|lt xhf/df^! -@))^_ af6 36]/ %$ k'u]sf] 5 -@)!!_ eg] ;f]lx cjlwdf lzz' d[To' b/ k|ltxhf/df $* af636]/ $^ k'u]sf] 5 . dft[ d[To'b/tkm{ k|lt Ps nfv hGddf @*! af6 36]/ @@( k'u]sf] 5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if dfkm{t $) lhNNffsf hDdf !^*! uf=lj=;=x?sf] ^@@,$#( 3/ kl/jf/df k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfodf cfo cfh{gsf cj;/ a9fpgsf nflu s[lif, kz'kfng, n3'pBdx?, Jofkf/ / l;kdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx?, n3' l;rfO{, uf]/]6f] tyf ln+s/f]8, n3' hnljB't, kfgL ldn,;/;kmfO{, ;fd'bfoLs lgdf{0f h:tf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ul//x]sf] 5 -ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if,@)!@_ . oL pknlAwx? ljut b'O{ bzssf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGåsf]jfjh"b k|fKt ePsf x'g\ .

*= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? (Problems on Social Security)

k|fo ;a} h;f] cWoogn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut cGof}n ljBdfg /x]sf] /Jojl:yt gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 -/fof]cf, @)!@, ljZj a}+s, @)!!, pk|]lt,@)!)_ . To:t}, sfof{Gjog kIfsf cfkm\gf ;d:ofx? 5g\ . ljleGg lgsfox?dfkm{t 5l/P/ / sltkol:yltdf bf]xf]l/P/ sfo{qmdx? hfFbf vr{sf] bIftf / k|efjsf/Ltfdf k|lts'n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . hjfkmb]lxtf,kf/blz{tf, b"/ b/fhdf /sdsf] ;'/Iff / nlIft ;d'bfodf kx'Frsf] b[li6n] ljleGg sdhf]/Lx? ljBdfg5g\ -/fof]cf, @)!#_ . afF8\gnfO{ k|of{Kt x'g] u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg gx'g] / ck|ToIf /f;lgËsf] l:yltljBdfg /x]sf], PsLs[t / Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf], ;"rgf, cg'udg / d"NofFsg k|0ffnLsdhf]/ /x]sf] h:tf sdLsdhf]/Lx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf gLlt, sfg"g / sfo{qmdx?sf]k|efjsf/Ltfsf] dfkg ltgsf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df xf]Og ls ltgn] k|bfg ug]{ nfesf] cfsf/ / u/Llj tyf

228

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ltgn] lgjf{x ug]{ jf:tljs e"ldsfsf cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dflysf] ljj]rgfsf]cfwf/df o; If]qdf ljBdfg k|d'v ;d:of / l/Qmtfx?nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M–

Jojl:yt / km/flsnf] /0fgLltsf] cefjM kl/efiff, ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] Go"gtd w/ftn, ljlQo, ;+:yfut, sfof{Gjog / ;dGjosf /0fgLltx? / nlIft ug]{ k4ltsf af/]df k|i6 dfkb08 ;lxtsf] Ps Jojl:yt/0fgLlt / k|fyldsL/0fsf] cefjdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"g / sfo{qmdx? cToGt 5l/Psf5g\ h;n] ubf{ xr'jfsf] e/df o:tf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 h'g nfut bIftf /k|efjsf b[li6n] sdhf]/ 5g\ . Psftkm{ e}/x]sf sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;ls/x]sf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 eg]csf]{tkm{ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu agfOg'kg]{ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f x'g g;ls/x]sf] lj;+ultk"0f{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 .

nufgL cg'Tkfbs / ljt/0fd'vL eGg] ;f]rM gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf cem} klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] nfluul/g] nufgLsf] cf}lrTo dfly k|Zg ug]{ k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . o:tf] ;f]rdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf nfluul/g] vr{ cg'Tkfbs xf] / o;n] ubf{ nufgLnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qaf6 x6fO{ ljt/0fsf] cg'Tkfbs If]qdfs]Gb|Lt ub{5 . ;fdflhs / cfly{s nIox? ;+u;+u} hfg ;Sb}gg\ ls eGg] ;Gb]x klg b]lvG5 . o;nfO{clwsf/d'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj k'FhL ljsf;sf nflu nufgLsf] ?kdf eGbf sNof0fsf/L b[li6sf]0f /tTsflng ;'/Iff hfnf]sf] ?kdf lng] k|j[lQ cem} alnof] 5 .

;+s6, hf]lvd / sfo{qmdx?sf] gS;fÍg gx'g'M /fli6«o :t/df ;+s6sf] al9 rfk ePsf ;d"x, ;d'bfo /If]q clg ltgn] ;fdgf ug]{ ;+s6 jf hf]lvd / ltgsf] ulDe/tfsf] Jojl:yt gS;fÍg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .To:t}, ;/sf/L, lghL, u}/;/sf/L / bft[lgsfox?af6 ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf] klg gS;fÍg gx'Fbf sfo{qmdjLr ;dGjo / Ps?ktf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljgf s'g} cfwf/ nfesf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f u/L ljt/0fe}/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ljt/0fdf bf]xf]/f] t]xf]/f]kgsf] hf]lvd klg 5 . hf]lvd tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] gS;fÍgePsf] eP sfo{qmdx?nfO{ nlIft ug{, cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo ug{ / ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf hf]lvdx?nfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ lyof] .

ckof{Kt ljZn]if0f / u[xsfo{M clwsfFz gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmaf6 lg;[t ePsf 5g\ .ltgsf] ljifout If]qleq / jflx/sf cGo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;dGjo, sfof{Gjogsfnflu rflxg] k|zf;lgs Ifdtf / cfly{s ;+efJotfsf] af/]df kof{Kt ljZn]if0f / u[xsfo{ geO{ nx8sfcfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . Ps} k|s[ltsf sfo{qmddf klg leGg leGg nfe k|bfg ug]{ u/Ll8hfOg ePsf 5g\ . sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]kl5 To;sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt ug]{ s;/t z'? x'g] ub{5 .

cToGt w]/} sd nfesf sfo{qmdx?M a9\bf] dx+uLsf] ;Gbe{df sfo{qmdx?sf] PsLs/0f / ;'b[l9s/0fgx'g] xf] eg] sltko sfo{qmdx?sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g ;Sb5 . Pp6} k|s[ltsf sfo{qmdx? ljleGg

229

lgsfox?af6 ;+rflnt e}/x]sf 5g\ h;sf] Ps csf]{;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] 5}g / h;n] ubf{ ;]jfk|jfx ;+oGqx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g u} nfut k|efjsf/Ltfdf sdL cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . cToGt sd /sdx'g] 5fqj[lQx?sf] klg cf}lrTo ;fljt ug{ ufx|f] kb{5 .

a9\bf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f vr{sf] Joj:yfkgM ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] vr{df lgs} a[l4 x'Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 eg] emg\7"nf] vr{ x'g] vfnsf] /f]huf/ k|Tofe"lt ljw]os klg rrf{df 5 . l56f] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]x?sf] ;+Vof/ cf}ift cfo" a9\b} hfFbf ljgf of]ubfgsf] k]G;g vr{ wflg g;Sg' x'g] k|i6 5 . To;}n] gofF sfo{qmdNofpg' cl3 pknAw ljlQo Ifdtf (fiscal space) / bLuf]kgsf] b[li6n] cWoog / ljZn]if0f x'g'kb{5 .o;sf nflu j}slNks pkfo cjnDag gug]{ xf] eg] alg/x]sf] ;du| k|0ffnL g} w/fzfoL x'g ;S5 .

g]kfndf ladf Joj;fosf] lj:tf/M ljdf If]qsf] la:tf/ e}/x]sf] 5 t/ o;sf pTkfbgx? u'0f:t/ /gjk|jt{gsf b[li6n] sdhf]/ 5g\ . ladf If]qdf Jofj;foLs ;+:s[ltsf] /fd|/L ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ahf/dfc:j:ys/ / Go"g u'0f:t/sf ladf ;]jfx? k|rngdf 5g\ . To;df klg :jf:Yo, s[lif / kz' If]qdf ladfcem} klg k|i6 dfu{lrqsf] cfwf/df cl3 a9\g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . :t/Lo pTkfbx?sf] l8hfOgu/L ahf/Ls/0f ug'{ cTofjZos e};s]sf] 5 . ladf ;]jfx? u|fdL0f / sd cfo ePsf ;d"xtkm{ k'u]s}5}gg\ / ;fgf] Joj;fosf k5fl8 ladfstf{x?sf] 7"nf] hdft nflu/x]sf] 5 b]zdf k'gljds sDkgLsf]cefj 5 . elgG5, xfn hg/n ladf sDkgLx?n] cfkm\gf] lk|ldodsf] (* k|ltzt;Dd ljb]zL k'gljdssDkgLx?nfO{ a'emfO{ /x]sf 5g\ .

;xsf/L / n3'ljQ If]qM cgf}krfl/s ?kdf cglulGt n3'ljQ ;+oGqx? lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ / ltgn];fdflhs ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ o:tf ;+oGqx? / oLgsf sf/f]jf/x? cb[Zo 5g\ . sltko:yfgdf o:tf ;+oGqx?df ljkGg hg;d'bfon] k]6 sf6]/ hDdf u/]sf /sdsf] b'?kof]u Pj+ 7lu ePsf] kfOG5 . o; If]qnfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL / ;+:yfut k|fjwfgx?sf] cefj 5 . o;If]qdf 7"nf] dfqfdf /sd kl/rflnt ePsf] 5 t/ cfsif{s pTkfbgx?sf] ljsf; / ahf/Ls/0f x'g;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

gLltut / sfg"gL ;'wf/M ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt gLltut tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ PsLs/0f/ ;'b[l9s/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . jt{dfg cj:yfdf s'g sfg"g jf gLlt ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL xf]jf xf]Og eg]/ PsLg ;fy eGg ;lsg] l:ylt klg 5}g . Ps} ljifodf ljleGg sfg"gx?df af]lnPsf]kfOG5 . t;y{ To:tf gLlt tyf sfg"gx?nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .sltko sfg"gx?df tf]lsPsf ;'ljwf jf hl/jfgfsf /sdx? xfnsf] ;Gbe{df lg/y{s h:tf nfUb5g\ .>d sfg"gdf klg ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L cgf}krf/Ls If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g cfjZos 5 cyjf cgf}krf/LsIf]qsf nflu cnu sfg"g Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;a} k|fjwfgx? ;d]6\g] u/L

230

PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f P]g Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

lgofds / cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf] cefjM ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] sf/f]jf/ a9\b} hfg] qmddf o; If]qnfO{ gLltut / /0fgLlts lbzf lgb]{z ug]{, ;'ljwfx?sf;DaGwdf dfgsx? lgwf{/0f ug]{ -standardization_, lgodg ug]{ / cg'udg tyf d"Nofsg ug]{ Ps 5ftf lgsfosf] cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ?kdf dx;"; ePsf]5 .

a9\bf] ljlQo hf]lvdM ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf a9\bf] nufgL;Fu} ljlQo hf]lvdsf d'2fx? klg dxTjk"0f{ePsf 5g\ . k|fo hxfF;'s} / ljz]if u/L sdhf]/ zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'sx?df 3f]6fnf, e|i6frf/, /vr{df cbIftf a9L b]lvG5 / nlDag] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fn] o:tf] k|j[ltnfO{ dnhn ub{5 . g]kfndf klg;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf /sdsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf], kfpg]n] gkfpg] / gkfpg'kg]{ kfpg] u/]sf], d[tsx?sf] gfddfklg e'QmfgL x'g] u/]sf] eGg] h:tf vj/x? aflSng yfn]sf 5g\ .

(= efjL sfo{lbzf (Way Forward)

;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL /fli6«o 9fFrfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{M ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL pNn]v ul/Psfk|Zgx?sf] ;d]t ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L kl/efiff, k|fyldsLs/0f, ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] Go"gtd w/ftn, ljlQo, ;+:yfut, sfof{Gjog / ;dGjosf /0fgLltx? / nlIft ug]{ k4ltsf af/]df ;d]t gLltut k|i6tf cfpg]u/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] /fli6«o 9fFrf lgdf{0f x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;}n] To;sf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'cfjZos 5 .

;+s6, hf]lvd / sfo{qmdx?sf] gS;f°g ug]{M ;+s6, hf]lvd / sfo{qmdx?sf] gS;fÍg ug]{M ;+s6, hf]lvd/ sfo{qmdx?sf] gS;fÍg ug]{M b]zdf ;+s6sf] al9 rfk ePsf ;d"x, ;d'bfo / If]q clg ltgn] ;fdgfug]{ ;+s6 jf hf]lvd / ltgsf] ulDe/tfsf] gS;fÍg / ;/sf/L, lghL, u}/;/sf/L / bft[lgsfox?af6;+rflnt sfo{qmdx?sf] klg gS;fÍg u/L efjL /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?jLr ;dGjo / Ps?ktf :yfkgfug{sf] nflu dfu{ lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .

gLlt, sfg"g, tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] PsLs/0f / ;'b[l9s/0f ug]{M ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DalGwt gLlt tyfsfg"gx?nfO{ Pslqt u/L ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx? / /fli6«o 9fFrfsf] cg'?k x'g] u/L PsLs/0f / ;'b[l9s/0fug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu PsLs[t /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;+/If0f P]gsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 . To:t},hyfefjL ljgf ljZn]if0f tyf u[xsfo{ /fhgLlts nf]slk|otfsf nflu gofF sfo{qmd Nofpg' eGbf ljBdfg sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+Vof 36fO{ To;sf] bfo/f / nfesf] cfsf/df a[l4 ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] sfof{GjognfO{ klg;xh agfpF5 . ;fy}, ;'ljwf jf nfesf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ klg dfkb08 tof/ u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 .

231

ljdf, ;xsf/L / n3'ljQ If]qnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{M pko'Qm lgodgsf nflu sfg"gL / ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/Lljdf, ;xsf/L, / n3'ljQ If]qnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf lglZrt e"ldsf k|bfg ug]{ u/L la:tf/ ug'{cfjZos 5 . o; If]qsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ klxrfg u/L clwstd pkof]u ug]{ b[li6sf]0f lnOg' kb{5 . o;sfnflu k'gljds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ug]{, :t/Lo / gjk|jt{gzLn pTkfbgx?sf] ljsf; / ahf/Ls/0f ug]{,logLx?sf] sf/f]af/nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] / ljz]if u/L :jf:Yo, s[lif / kz' If]qdf o; If]qsf];|f]tnfO{ k|jflxt ug]{ k|of; cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 .

;a}sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/IffM ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dfgj clwsf/ xf] / o;af6 s;}nfO{ al~rt ug'{ x'Fb}g .o; tYonfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t ;d"x, ;d'bfo jf If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfsfcfwf/df ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;a}sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] nIotkm{ cu|;/ x'g] t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] nIonfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 ;3fpg' kb{5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qsf nflu pko'Qm pTkfbgx?sf] ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs x:tfGt/0f,;fdflhs ladf nufot ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ;a} pks/0fx? nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy n}hfg] k|of; x'g'kb{5 . ;/sf/L If]qdf ;d]t b}lgs Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug]{ jf s/f/df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|fjwfg 5}g .

ljlQo hf]lvdx? Go"gLs/0f ug]{M /fd|/L l8hfOg ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?, sfof{Gjog k|0ffnL / pko'Qmcg'udg tyf d"NofFsgsf] k|fjwfgn] ljlQo hf]lvdx?sf] Go"gLs/0fdf d2t ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf nflugofF sfo{qmdx? / ljBdfg sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t ljlQo hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /0fgLltx?nfO{ PsLs[tu/]/ n}hfg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf/blz{tf, ;"rgfsf] k|jfx, hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9 cg'udgtyf d"NofFsg k|0ffnLsf] klg cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+rf/ dfWod / gfu/Ls ;dfhn] o;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .

lgofds / cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf] :yfkgfM ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] If]qsf nflu gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{, /0fgLlts lbzf lgb]{z ug]{, ;'ljwfx?sf ;DaGwdf dfgsx? lgwf{/0f ug]{, lgodg / cg'udg tyf d"Nofsg ug]{ Ps5ftf lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 .

cgf}krfl/s ;+/If0f k|0ffnLM g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|0ffnLx?, kfl/jf/Ls / ;fd'bfoLs;+hfnx?n] cem} klg w]/} g} k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf cfTdlge{/tf/ :jfjnDagdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;dy{g k|0ffnLx?nfO{ k|a4{g ub}{ n}hfg ;Sg] xf] eg] /fHodflysf]bfloTjnfO{ sd ug{ d2t ldN5 . To;}n] o;sf nflu k|efjsf/L /0fgLltsf] th'{df ug'{ kb{5 .

ljlQo Joj:yfkgsf nflu If]qut b[li6sf]0fM ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL ah]6 / vr{sf] Joj:yfkgsfnflu PsLs[t / Psåf/ k|0ffnLdf hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . PsLs[t sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;"rgf

232

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; geP;Dd pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u / nfe nlIft ;d"xdf k'Ug] s'/fdf bIftf /k|efjsf/Ltf cfpg ;Sb}g .

!)= lgrf]8 (Conclusion)

dfly ul/Psf] rrf{af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] p2]ZonfO{ ;3fpg] w]/} gLlt, sfg"g / sfo{qmdx? lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf 5g\ . cfjlws of]hgfdf klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwLk[ys cWofo ylkPsf] 5 / lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, vfg]kfgL, :yfgLo ljsf;h:tf k|foM ;a} ;DalGwtljifout If]qx?sf gLlt, sfg"g / sfo{qmdx?df k|ToIf jf k/f]If ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]zx'Fb} u}/x]sf 5g\ . ljsf; ePsf / pknAw k|fo ;a} pks/0fx? k|of]udf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ax'If]qLob[li6sf]0faf6 o; d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] hfnf]sf] lj:tf/ e}/x]sf]5 . t/ o;If]qnfO{ lbzflgb]{z ug]{ jf ;dGjo ug]{ s'g} lgb]{zs gLlt, sfg"g jf ;+oGq ljgf g} k|To]scfly{s jif{df th'{df ul/g] ah]6 jQmJo dfkm{t 6'qm] cfwf/df gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? ylkg] u/]sf 5g\ /oL sfo{qmdx? slDtdf !@ dGqfno, sf]ifx?, / ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t ;+rflnt 5g\ . t;y{;j{kIfLo ;dGjo g} o;sf] pQd ljsNk xf] .

;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] b[li6n] klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;fGble{s / k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf5g\ . ;fdflhs x:tfGt/0fsf sfo{qmdx?, 5fqj[lQx? / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?nfO{ ljkGgd'lv, ;dfj]zL /;dtfd'ns agfpg]tkm{ klg gLltut sfg"gL / sfo{qmdut ?kdf k|of; cl3 al9/x]sf] kfOG5 h;sf]kl/0ffd:j?k ;LdfGts[t hfthflt, If]q / ;d'bfox?sf] kx'Frdf a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg sfo{qmdx?sf]agf}6 / ld>0f x]bf{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] Go"gtd w/ftn :yfkgf ug{sf nflu /fd|f] cfwf/e"ld v8f ePsf]b]lvG5 . To;}n] g]kfndf laNs'n} l/Qtfaf6 ;'? ug{ kb}{g . ljBdfg sfo{qmdx?sf] g} k|fyldsLs/0fu/L xfnsf ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tLx?sf] ;dfwfg ub{} cl3 j9\g'sf] klg ljsNk 5}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M–

• ADB.2004. Social Protection Study Nepal: Final Report. Asian DevelopmentBank.

• Central Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Nepal Living StandardSurvey2011.Kathmandu:Central Bureau of Statistics.

• DFID, 2006. Using social transfers to improve human development. Social Protection Briefing Series. No. 3 GoN. 1991. National Health Policy. Governmentof Nepal.

• GoN. 2012. “National Plan of Action for Children 2005-2015”. Government of

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Nepal.

• ILO. 2010. World Social Security Report 2010/2011: Providing Coverage in Timeof Crisis and Beyond. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

• Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health andPopulation, New Era and ICF International.

• National Planning Commission. 2013. Teheraun Yojanako Aadharpatra.Kathmandu: National Planning Commission.

• The World Bank. 2013. Nepal Report on Human Development: Access, Equity,and Quality in the Education, Health and Social Protection Sectors. The WorldBank Human Development Unit, South Asia Region.

;fGble{s gLlt tyf of]hgf

t]x|f}+ of]hgf, @)!# . >d tyf /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^@ . /fli6«o :Jff:Yo gLlt, @)&! . ckfFutf ;DaGwL/fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @))^ . h]i7 gful/s ;DalGw /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, @)^) . k|wfgdGqLb}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]if ;~rfng lgodfjnL, @)^# . /fli6«o ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf] sfo{9fFrf, @)&) .;fdflhs ;'/Iff ljt/0fsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) . >d P]g / lgodfjnL, @)$* . 6]«8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( .lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) . h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) . a}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if P]g, @)!( / gful/s nufgL sf]if P]g, @)$& . lzIffP]g, @)@* .

234

pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / sfo{

;Dkfbg:t/sf] ;DaGw

;f/f+z

Why does a man work? because he is motivated..

pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;sf/fTdspTk|]/0ffn] dgf]jn pRr sfod x'g] kl/0ffd:j?k JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 eO{ ;+u7g(Organisation) sf] p2]Zo k'/f x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpgsf nflucfjZos kg]{ ljifoa:t'nfO{ ;"qsf ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] 5l/tf] Joj:yfkg tyfu'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ug{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljz]ifu/LhgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf ;|f]tx? h:t}M df}lb|s / u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgx¿cfjZostf cg';f/ pknAw u/fpg h¿/L 5 . kmn:j?k sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9\g uO{ JolQmsf]sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ (performance standard) a9f]Q/L ePsf] x'g]5 .

!= k[i7e"ld M

'Motivation is the process of liberating the will to work' O Glenn Sthal.

;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{ ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] OR5fzlQm hfUg', sfdk|lt clek|]l/t x'g'nfO{ g} sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . It is the desireness to fulfi ll the organizational goal. Due to

motivation, everyone wants to do the better job. sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] sfd ug]{ hf]; hfFu/, rfxgf jf OR5f eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 . pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx?n] cf—cfkmg} lsl;dn]JofVof Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;} ;Gbe{df Abhram Maslow n] Motivation sf kfFr tx x'G5g\ egL pNn]v u/L Hierarchy of Needs sf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L Frederick Herzberg n] s'g}klg JolSQdf pTk|]/0ff k|j4{g ug{ Pull Factors and Push Factors n]e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o;nfO{ pgn] Hygien factors Theory egL gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g' . To;}u/LVictor Brooms n] Expectancy Theory tyf Douglas Mc Gregor n] Theory X / Theory Y tyf William Ouchy n] Theory Z Motivation ;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] tYo cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

–k|sfz b]jsf]6f*

* cWofudg clws[t, cWofudg ljefu .

235

vf;u/L pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] sfd k|ltsf] nufj, em'sfj tyf ;sf/fTds ;f]r Pj+ JolStsf] cfGtl/s OR5fzlSt xf] eGg] a'l´G5 . pTk|]/0ffn] JolSTfnfO{ sfdk|lt pT;'s / hfu?s agfpF5 . c+u]|hLdfegfO{ 5 "Why does a man work ? because he is motivated" eg] em}+ ljleGg k]zfdf h:t} lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l¢ ug{ pTk|]/0ff cfjZostf kb{5 eg] pRr dgf]jn sfod x'g' pTk|]/0ffsf] k|ltkmn xf] . d"ntM sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn eGgfn]dgsf] cfGtl/s ;f}+Gbo{kg xf] . pRr dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff Ps csf{df cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . dgf]jnpRr x'g' egsf] ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff hfUg' xf] eGbf km/s kb}{g, pTk|]/0ff ePg eg] dgf]jn pRr x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . ljleGg bz{gx¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ pTk|]/0ff gful/s k|zf;g;Fu;DalGwt 5 eg] dgf]jn ;}lgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ePsf] a'e\mg ;lsG5 . ljZj ;d|f6g]kf]lnog jf]gfkf6{n] lbUjLho k|flKtsf nflu xltof/, ;+:yf, k};f / dgf]jn dWo] k|d'v tTjdgf]jn g} xf] eg]sf 5g\ . dgf]jn eGg] ljifo cd"t{ (Abstract) x'G5 o;n] JolStsf] cfGtl/s OR5f zlStnfO{ j9f]Q/L u/fO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpF5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ rfx] ;}lgs,k|x/L ,lghfdtL cyjfcGo hf];'s} xf]pg sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg pTk|]/0ff,dgf]jn oL b'j} kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds?kn]ljsf; x'g h¿/L 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ (Performance Standard) eGgfn] vf;u/L lgDgfg';f/a'emg ;lsG5 .

Performance Standard = f ( AMOI )

Where, 'f' means function, 'A' for Ability, 'Mo' means Motivation and 'I' forintegrity.

dfly k|:t't ;"qdf plNnlvt æAMOIÆ sf] Psd"i7 ?k g} sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ xf] . sd{rf/Lx¿sf]sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/nfO{ ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L / pTkfbgd"ns agfpg ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff lg/Gt/¿kdfsfod /fVg' kb{5 . pTk|]/0ffsf] a9f]Q/Ln] sd{rf/Lx¿df pRr dgf]jn sfod x'g] cg'dfg ug{;lsG5 . s'g} klg JolStsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg p;sf] sfo{ Ifdtf, pTk|]/0ff Pj+ bIftfa9fpg h¿/L ePsf] tYo dflysf] ;"qn] ;d]t :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/a9fpg] s]xL pkfox¿ tn ;+If]kdf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .

@= sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ a9fpg] pkfox?M–

Ø df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿ M– sd{rf/Lx¿4f/f ;Dkflbt sfdsf] plrt d"Nof+sg u/L Monetary Incentive fund kof{Kt dfqfdf k|bfg ul/of] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn Pj+ sfo{Ifdtf k|efjsf/L?kdf a9\5 . Monetary fund eGgfn] d"ntM tna, eQf, :yfgLo eQf,gub k|;'tL :ofxf/ eQf, af]g;, 3/ef8f, kf]zfs eQf, sd{rf/Lsf ;GtltnfO{ 5fqj[lQ, cltl/SQ ;do sfd u/] jfkt eQf,;+rosf]if tyf ladf /sd, cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ cflb /sdnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . sd{rf/Lsf]

236

sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L d"Nof+sg u/L cfjZos Monetary incen!ve k|bfg ugf{n] sd{rf/LdfpTk|]/0ff clej[l4sf cltl/SQ pRr dgf]jn clej[l¢ x'g uO{ :jfefljs ¿kdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf (Efficiency) a9\5 .

Ø u}x| df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿M– sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtf tyf dgf]jn psf:gsf nflu u}x|df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . ljz]ifu/L u}x| df}lb|s ;'ljwf (Non—monetaryIncen ve) eGgfn] tnsf ljifonfO{ a'emfpFb5 .

• j[lQ ljsf; ;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?, h:t} M– ;?jf, a9'jf, kb:yfkg, tflnd, cjnf]sg, e|d0f, cWoog .

• sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] lgodfg';f/sf ljleGg labfx¿, h:t} kj{ e}k/L, 3/ labf, cWoog labf, ;'Ts]/L labf tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ labf, j]tnaL labf .

• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, sfo{ lgIf]kLs/0f, cs]Gb|Los/0f, sfod d'sfod tyf lgldQ .

• Joj:yfksLo Jojxf/sf s'/fx¿, h:t} M– Pat at the back ,Thank You, Very Good,Nice nufot ;+u7gdf sd{rf/LnO{ Pay-incentive sf cltl/SQ ld7f] af]nL ljz]ifu/Lsfd cx|fpFbf k|of]u u/]df sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr x'G5 . t/ To;}nfO{ 5'b| af]nLaf6cx|fpFbf sd{rf/Ldf frustration cfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ 36\5 .

• kl/jxg ;'ljwf,sd{rf/L cfjf; u[x,:s"n tyf lghfdtL c:ktfn ;'ljwf Pj+ sfof{no sfo{ jftfj/0f (MBWA), Ergonomics, sfof{no ;dosf] nrstf .

• sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{k'li6s/0f, sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f, sfo{ ljefhg , sfo{ kl/jt{g .

• k|efjsf/L cg'ud0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf d"Nofªsgaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] sdL sdhf]/Lx¿sf] klxrfg eO{ ;dfwgfy{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] sd{rf/Lx¿ sfdk|lt k|lta¢x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

• ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kb cg';f/sf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug{' kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jflgodfjnL, @)%) n] sd{rf/LnfO{ b'O{ dlxgf eGbf a9L ;do;Dd kbLo lhDd]jf/ ljxLg agfO{ /fVg gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cltl/Qm ;d'xsf] Joj:yf x6fOg' kb{5 . o;af6Ghost Staffi ng sf] ;d:of Go"g x'G5 .

• sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf cg';f/ Right man in the right place at right time ul/g'kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ frequently transfer k|lqmofaf6 xtf]T;flxt ul/+bf sd{rf/Ldf;+u7gk|lt lat[i0ff k}bf x'G5 . o;n] JolStsf] sfo{Ifdtf Ifo (detoration) ug{;S5 .

237

o;n] New Blood Inject sf] ;+efjgfnfO{ c;/ k'–ofpg;S5 .

• ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn tyf sfo{Ifdtf psf:g cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofsf nflu lg/fs/0fsf pkfox¿df crisis management, conflict management, stress management, Knowledge management & Talent management h:tf ljifodf ljif]z Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o;af6 ;d:of xb};Dd Go"g eO{ sd{rf/Lsf] Morale high x'G5 .

• ;+u7gdf proper evaluation tyf sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udg ug{ lgtfGt h¿/L 5 . o;/Lljljw Joj:Yffx¿ Jojxf/df NofO{of] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] Efficiency a9\5 / dgf]jn klg;w}+ pRr /xG5 .

#= lgisif{M

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ pgLx¿sf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn b'j} k|j4{g (boostup) ug{ h¿/L5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L dof{lbt, k|ltK7fk"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns agfpg sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jnpRr x'g clt cfjZos 5 . ljutdf lghfdtL ;]jf æl;+Gb"/Æ sf gfdn] kl/rLt lyof] . o;n];fdflhs k|ltK7f (social recognition) k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] egL ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;d]t o;sf] ;f}Gbo{tf (beautiness) sfod ug{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . d"ntM sd{rf/Ln]uDeL/ ck/fw gu/];Dd gf]s/Lsf] ;'/Iff sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ePsf]] sdL sdhf]/Lk|lt ;/sf/n] k|ltjfb u/Llbg], IfDox'g] cyf{t\ c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfdsf] arfp, j[lt ljsf;sf cj;/sf]Uof/]G6L Pj+ kof{Kt tna eQfsf] Joa:yf,;]jf lgj[t kZrft\ kof{Kt lgj[tLe/0fsf] Joa:yf ePdf lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;j} /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] ;sf/fTds pTk|]/0ff, pRr dgf]jn eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ clej[l4 x'G5 . kl/0ffdtM pTkfbsTj ;d]t j[l4 eO{ ;+u7g (organisation) sf]nIo k"/f x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, sd nufgLdf w]/} k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ ;Sg] cj:yf;d]t pTkGg ePsf] x'g]5 ofg] sL o;af6 ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ Organisation af6 Institution

sf ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf] b]Vg ;lsg] 5 .

$= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( , lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) .

• ljeLGg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ .

• k|f=8f= ledb]j e§ M sd{rf/L k|zf;g .

• t]h k|sfz >]K7 M g]kfndf Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L k|zf;g .

238

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;}4flGts /

Jojxfl/s kIf

;f/f+z

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx h'g;'s} d'n'ssf] zf;sLo k4ltsf] k|efjsf/Ltf dfkg ug]{ dfWod xf] .d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] Goflos lhjGttf sfod /fvL hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cGt/cfTdf b]lv cg'e'tL u/fpg ;dsflng k|zf;gdf ;}4flGts clg Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 .g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] t/ ljljw e"uf]n, efjgf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /fi6«df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ Goflos, ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns jgfpg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffnfO{ kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . cjsf] k|zf;g hgtfsf] dflns xf]O{g, ;Rrf ;]jsxf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf l;nl;nfdf s'g} s'/fdf sfg'gnfO{ afws b]vfP/ klG5g] xf]O{g lsxb} ;Ddsf] nrstf ckgfO{ sfg'gnfO{ hgtf cg's'n JofVof u/]/ ;]jf ug'{ k5{ . To;}u/L afwssfg'gnfO{ ;+zf]wgsf nflu 3r3Rofpg' kb{5 . lsgsL sfg'g hgtfs} nflu xf], ;]jf hgtfs}nflu xf] . tj dfq o; jif{sf] lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf] gf/f …lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dfGotf M cg'zf;g,Odfgbf/Ltf / g}ltstfÚ n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .

!= kl/ro

;/sf/n] cfd gful/ssf] ;jf]{Qd lxt / pGgltsf] nflu lgMz'Ns, ;z'Ns jf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] k|ToIfjf ck|ToIf ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf (Public Service) elgG5 eg] To:tf];fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ /fHo jf ;/sf/n] ;]jfu|fxL ;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|s[ofnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx (Public Service Delivery) elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx g} xf] .d'n'ssf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ub}{ hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;Rrf pkl:ylt cg'e"t u/fpg' ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] st{Jo / bfloTj x'G5 eg] lgoldt,;/n, ;xh / ;'ne ?kdf e/kbf]{ ;]jf k|fKt ug'{ gful/ssf] clwsf/ x'G5 . To;}n] cfd gful/ssf]lxtsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf b]lv k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pj+ dgf]/~hg ;Ddsf ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 .

–ef]nf zdf{*

* k|zf;sLo clws[t, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

239

Ps ;]jfu|fxLsf cfFvfdf x/]s ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] k|mG6nfOg cflwsfl/s ;/sf/L k|ltljDa x'G5 .oxL ;/sf/L k|ltljDasf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxLn] ;/sf/ k|ltsf] Pp6f wf/0ff / dfGotfagfpF5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf ;/sf/ k|lt gful/ssf] wf/0ff k|s6 x'g] ePsf]n];/sf/ / dftxtsf c+ux?n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ l;3| / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;]jf k|jfx ug'{ kb{5 . To;}n] kl5Nnf];dodf eGg] ul/Psf] 5 –æhgtfsf] jl/k/L ;]jf x'g' kb{5 g ls ;]jfsf] jl/k/L hgtfÆ .

;/sf/n] ljt/0ffTds / k'gMljt/0ffTds u/L @ cjwf/0ffaf6 hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 .ljt/0ffTds cjwf/0ff (Distributive Approach) cg';f/ hgtfsf] cfjZostf / dfusf cfwf/df;]jf k|bfg ub{5 . h:t} M lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/, vfg]kfgL, ljB't cflb . k'gMljt/0ffTds cjwf/0ff(Redistributive Approach) cg';f/ ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug{sf] nflu s'g} If]q, pTkLl8t ju{,hfthfltsf nflu ljz]if ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . h:t}M ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf, ;'s'Daf;LnfO{ hUufk|bfg, b'u{d If]qdf vfBfGg ljt/0f cflb . o:tf] ljt/0ffTds / k'gMljt/0ffTds ;]jf k|jfxsf] k4ltb]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, cfly{s ;Ifdtf, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts kl/j]z, hgtfsf] cfjZostf,;/f]sf/jfnfsf] bjfa cflb h:tf ljleGg cfofdx?jf6 lgb]{lzt /xG5 .

@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf l;4fGtx?

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx /fHosf] cfwf/e"t clg Go"gtd lhDd]jf/L xf] . /fHosf] e"ldsfdf ljZjJofkLkl/jt{gsf] nx/ rn]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf klg dfqfTds / u'0ffTds kl/jt{gx?b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / o;sf ;]jfu|fxLx? ljrsf] ;DaGwdf ljidosf/L 9+un]kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . tbg'?k, cfd gful/sx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ qmddf ;dofg's"n;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf ljleGg l;4fGtx? k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . lt l;4fGtx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• ;'zf;gsf] l;4fGt

ljZj a}+sn] ;j;xf/fg clk|msL d'n'sx?sf] ljsf;sf] cWoog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !(*( df ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] lgDg dfGotfx? cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 M

� kf/blz{tf (Transparency)M ;]jf k|jfx gfË} xf]O{g t/ 5\ofË} x'g' kb{5 .

� hg;xeflutf (People's participation)M ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf x/]s r/0fx?df hgtfsf];lqmo ;xeflutf /xg' kb{5 .

� hjfkmb]lxtf (Accountability)M hjfkmb]lxtf ljgfsf] ;]jf ckfË x'G5 .

� k'jf{g'd]otf (Predictability)M ;]jf k|jfxsf] nfut, ;do, dfqf / u'0f:t/ klxNo}cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g' kb{5 .

240

� ;dfj]lztf (Inclusiveness)M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dfgtfsf ;fy;fy ;dtfd"ns x'g'kb{5 . dlxnf,jfnjflnsf, ckfË, czQm / j[4nfO{ Pp6} jf:s]6df /fv]/ Jojxf/ug{ ldNb}g .

� e|i6frf/ ljxLgtf (Corruption Control)M e|i6frf/ Go"lgs/0fsf] cfbz{ ;'zf;gsf]k"j{zt{ xf] .

§ gful/s j8fkqsf] l;4fGt

;g\ !((! df a]nfotsf k|wfgdGqL hf]g d]h/n] nfu' u/]sf] gful/s j8fkqsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf l;3|tf / k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg dfu{bz{g ub{5 . o;df gful/sn] cfkm"n]k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfsf] :t/, nfut, ;do, 5gf}6 cflbsf ;DaGwdf ;]jf k|fKt ug'{eGbf klxn] g} hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To:tf] ;]jfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/L, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Ltyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] qmddf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s'g} Iflt k'Ug uPsf] eP To;sf] Ifltk"lt{{sf] Joj:yf ;d]t k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] gful/s j8fkqdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf s'/fx?;d]t pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

– ;DalGwt sfof{non] lbg] ;]jf / To;sf] k|s[lt,

– ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw,

– ;]jf k|bfg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw,

– ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kbflwsf/L / lghsf] sfo{sIfsf] ljj/0f,

– s'g} u'gf;f] ePdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L / lghsf] sfo{sIfsf] ljj/0f,

– Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx? .

gful/s j8fkq k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] sfof{nosf] kl/;/leq ;a}n] b]Vg] pko'Qm 7fpFdf /fVg'kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% n] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

• ;/sf/sf] k'gMcfljisf/sf] l;4fGt

David Osborne / Ted Gaebler n] Reinventing Government k':ts k|sfzg u/L ;/sf/ ;~rfng ;DaGwdf lgDg cjwf/0ffx? k|:t't u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 M

– pTk]|/s ;/sf/ -Catalytic Government_,– ;fd'bflostfdf cfwfl/t ;/sf/ -Community based Government_,

241

– k|lt:kwf{Tds ;/sf/ (Competitive Government),

– nIod'vL ;/sf/ (Mission Driven Government),

– glthfpGd'v ;/sf/ (Result Oriented Government),

– u|fxs lgb]{lzt ;/sf/ (Customer-Driven Government),

– pBdlzn ;/sf/ (Entrepreneur Government),

– eljiobzL{ ;/sf/ (Anticipatory Government),

– ljs]Gb|Lt ;/sf/ (Decentralized Government),

– ahf/ pGd"v ;/sf/ (Market Oriented Government) .

pQm !) l;4fGtx?nfO{ Jojxf/df ;xh ?kn] cjt/0f u/fpg Osborne / Pastrik n] Banishing Bureaucracy df Core Strategy, Consequence Strategy, Customer Strategy / Cultural Strategy cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

• gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jf (New Public Service) sf] l;4fGt

;g\ @))@ b]lv hgtfnfO{ u|fxssf] ?kdf xf]Og gful/ssf] ?kdf lnO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ / ;]jfk|jfx ubf{ hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, ;dGofo, ;dfj]lztf h:tf dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ dfGotf;lxtsf] gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jf (NPS) sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cjwf/0ffsf/cd]l/sL Joj:yfkgljb\ 8]Gxf6{ x'g\ . o;sf d'Vo l;4fGtx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

– /0fgLlts 9+un] ;f]r / nf]stflGqs 9+un] sfd u/ (Think Strategically, act democratically),

– pTkfbgnfO{ eGbf hgrfxgfnfO{ s]Gb| ljGb"df /fv (The Public interest is the aim not by product),

– gful/ssf ?kdf ;]jf u/, u|fxssf ?kdf xf]Og (Serve citizens not customers),

– pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;fwf/0f g7fg (Accountability is not simple),

– pTkfbsTjnfO{ eGbf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ dfGotf b]p (Value people not just productivity),

– ;d;fdlos ?kdf ;+u7g / Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/ (Act organization and management survey recently),

– pBdlzntfnfO{ eGbf gful/s / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dfGotf b]p (Value Citizenship and Public Service above Entrepreneurship) .

242

#=k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf u'0fx?

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx gful/s;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo ePsf]n] a9L eGbf a9L hgd'vL /k|efjsf/L x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu b]xfosf u'0fx? x'g' kb{5 M

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– ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnL 5l/tf] x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jf u'0f:t/Lo x''g' kb{5,

– ;]jf hgtfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jf 5gf}6 ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jf ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|lqmofTds kf/blz{tf x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jf ldtJooL x'g'kb{5 t/ u'0f:t/df ;+emf}tf ul/g' x'Fb}g,

– ;]jf e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo x''g' kb{5,

– ;]jf ul/ad'vL (Pro-poor) x''g' kb{5 lsgsL lj4fgx?sf] egfO{ 5 Poor are poor because they are poor.

– ;]jf k|jfxsf] cg'e'lt / ;]jf k|bfossf] lzi6tf af/] ;]jfu|fxLaf6 ;fj{hlgs k[i7kf]if0flnO{Psf] x'g' kb{5,

– ;]jfu|fxLd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Kf|jfx ug'{ kb{5,

– ;]jf k|jfxsf x/]s r/0fdf hg;xeflutf cfTd;ft ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 .

$= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf cfwf/x?

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx lglZrt cfwf/x? dfkm{t ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . tL cfwf/x? w]/}x'G5g\ . vf;u/L tL cfwf/x?nfO{ d'Vo ?kdf lgDg adf]lhd jlu{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 –

s_ gLltut cfwf/ M g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ lnO{g] ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL / gLltut cfwf/lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df pNn]lvt /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?,

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^(

243

• :yflgo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)%^

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• ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%

• pkef]Qmf xs ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#

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• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;DaGwL P]g lgod tyf u7g cfb]z

• cfly{s P]g-k|To]s jif{ cfpg]_

• cfjlws of]hgf

• jflif{s ah]6

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• zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsflng sfo{of]hgf, @)^(

• g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;GWfL ;Demf}tfx? cflb .

v_ ;+:yfut cfwf/M g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;+:yfut cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf]kfOG5M

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu / ljleGg :t/sf sfof{nox?,

• ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?

• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?

• :yflgo lgsfox?

• ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?

• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?

• pkef]Qmf÷bafa ;d"x cflb .

244

u_ cGo Joj:yfksLo cfwf/x? M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf cGo gljg Joj:yfksLo cfwf/x? o; k|sf/5g\ M

• ;fJf{hlgs ;'g'jfO{

• kqsf/ ;Dd]ng

• gf]8n clws[t

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• u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f cflb .

%= sdhf]/ ;]jf Kf|jfxsf ;Gb]zx?

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– gful/s ;fd" ;/sf/sf] ljZj;lgotf / ;fvdf lu/fj6 cfpg]

– hgtf / ;/sf/aLrsf] ;'–;DaGw vnalng]

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– ;dfhdf c/fhstf / e|i6frf/ a[l4 x'g]

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245

– d'n'ssf] ljsf;] ult Go"g x'g]

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246

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• :yfgLo lgsfosf] l;3| lgjf{rg u/L lgIf]lkt clwsf/ adf]lhd hgk|ltlglwd'ns :yfgLo;/sf/af6 ;]jf k|jfx ug]{

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• ;]jf k|bfos sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr agfP/ ;]jf k|jfxdf yk cfsif{0f k}bf ug]{

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• ;]jf k|jfxdf /fhgLlts ;fldKotf, k|zf;lgs gftfuf]tf / JofKt e|i6frf/sf] cGTo u/L ;dfg/ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{

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• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL df}h'bf Joj:yfx?sf] Jojxf/df dha't sfof{Gjog ug]{, OToflb .

*= pk;+xf/M

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247

af]w u/fpg' xf] . o;nfO{ ;'ne, ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, lgoldt / gful/sd}qL agfpg ;s]sf] v08df /fHosf]cfwf/e't lhDd]jf/L k"/f x'g ;S5 . ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] cToflws ljsf;n] ljZjJofkLs/0f /pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ prfO{df k'¥ofPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f dfgjLo OR5f, cfsf+Iff / k|lt:kwf{df ;d]t ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] e"ldsf kl/jt{g h?/L e};s]sf] 5 . ptf czQm, ckfË, h]i7 gful/s,gfafns / dlxnfx?sf nflu ;dfj]zL ;]jf h?/L 5 . pgLx?nfO{ ;s];Dd Home Service Delivery dfkm{t g;s] LIFO (Last in first out) k4lt dfkm{t ;]jf k|jfx u/L ltgLx?sf] d'xf/df d':sfg Nofpgckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] 5 . gful/s j8fkq ;]jfu|fxLsf] bk{0f xf] . l;ldt sfof{nox?df dfq Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkqnfO{ l;ldt g/fvL lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;a} ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ;d]t tTsfn clgjfo{ ug{ h?/L 5 . cjsf lbgx?df h'Dnfsf] :ofp s'lxP/hfg] t/ sfl:d/sf] :ofp lsGg hgtf jfWo x'g' kg]{ cj:yf, hnljB'tsf] ckf/ ;+efjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljzfn nf]8;]l8Ë , vfg]kfgLsf xfxfsf/ Joxf]g{' kg]{ cj:yf, s[lifk|wfg d'n's e}sg cfwf/e"t vfBfGgcfoft ug'{kg]{ / Tof] klg d'u', x'Dnfdf k'Ug g;Sg] cj:yf O{Toflb gbf]xf]l/Pdf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L aGg]Go"gtd cfwf/ ;[hgf x'G5 . d'n'ssf ;a} ;]jfk|bfos lgsfox?n] x]Ssf /fVg h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M

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$_ ljB't cw{jflif{s klqsf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, jif{ @$, c+s @, kmfu'g, @)&)

248

Abstract

With a total popula on of 29.96 million (2010) of Nepal, rural popula on24.38 million(81.38 percent), Agriculture popula on 27.85(92.96 percent), total economically ac vepopula on in Agriculture 12.07 million (43.33 percent), female economically ac vepopula on in Agriculture 5.81 million (20.86 percent, 2010) and popula on living belowthe poverty line is 23.8 percent (2012/13).Nepalese suffer from food and nutri oninsecurity. With Gross na onal income per capita of US 721.00(CBS 2012/13), Nepalremains the poorest country in south Asia and the 16 poorest country in the world.The Approach paper to the Thirteenth Plan (APTP, FY 2013/14 -2015/16) sets goal forlowering the percentage of people living below the poverty line from the current 23.8percent to 18 percent, increasing the annual average economic growth rate from 3.6to 6.0 percent, maintaining the popula on growth rate at 1.35 percent and raising lifeexpectancy from 69.1 to 71 years. Like cereals, vegetables, fruits crops, Livestock is alsoan integral component of Nepalese farming system. Livestock are raised for milk, meat,manure, hide and wool. Nepal is rich in livestock biodiversity. There are more than 5.24million buff aloes, 7.27 million ca#le, 9.78 million goats and about 1.16 million pigs inthe country (MOAC, 2011/12), which can contribute for reduc on of poverty. Though inrecent years, contribu on of livestock sector in AGDP has decreased to 27percent dueto various reasons but this sector is supposed to be a lead sector to propel the growthof agriculture in totality. Contribu on of dairy, meat and eggs to livestock is 63 percent;32 percent; and 5 percent, respec vely (2013/14). APP has projected its share in AGDPto reach to 45 percent by the end of 2015 (APP, 1995).Livestock contributes 34 percentto the agricultural domes c produc on. Buffalo contributes about 70 percent and 65percent to the total milk and meat produc on, respec vely. Ca#le contribute 30 percentof total milk produc on. Contribu on of goat meat in total meat produc on shares 19percent (2010/11)..

Goat as a Poor Man’s CowNathu Prasad Chaudhary*

* Livestock Produc!on / Fodder,pasture,rangeland specialist. Email: [email protected], [email protected],Mobile phone: 977 9841392220.

* Former Secretary, Government of Nepal.

Goat farming:

The goat is a versatile animal. It is known as the ‘poor man’s cow’ in India and Nepaland ‘wet nurse’ of infants in Europe.

249

Domesticated goat :

Phylum Chordata (backbone), class Mammalia (suckle their young), orderArtiodactyla(hooved, even-toed), family Bovidae (ruminants), genus Capra (domestic and wild goats), and species Capra hircus.Domestication:-

With the Development of human civilization, it is believed that goat farming hadstarted as domestic animal since about 9000 years back. Out of four main wild goat species, Bezoar and Markhor wild goat species is believed to be an ancestor of present domestic goat species .It is also believed that first of all, North –east Africa, West Asiaand India were considered to start goat farming as domestic animal then later on, its farming was widespread to other parts of the world like China, Pakistan, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan and Ethiopia.

The following four species of wild goats are found :-

Capra ibex : Ibex

Capra pyrenacia : Spanish Ibex

Capra falconeri : Markhor – found in Quetta, Turkistan, Afghanistan,Baluchistan and Kashmir.

Capra aegarus : Bezoar / Psang / Wild goat - found in Baluchistan,Sind, Asia minor; various domestic goat breeds have evolved from this.

The Kashmir and Chegu are reported to have been derived from the Markhor, and theAngora goat from a cross between the Markhor and Bezoar. The present 800 millionglobal goat population and its distribution shows that the number of milch type goats is more in the temperate zone and dual types are mostly located in sub-tropical Asian and African countries.

The livestock sector has a significant potential for round the year employmentgeneration particularly in rural areas. This provides subsidiary source of livelihood to the people living below the poverty line due to lack of suffi cient agricultural landto sustain, particularly in the draught prone, hilly, tribal and other remote areas wherecrop production on its own may not be capable of engaging them fully.

Goat as a Poor man’s cow :

Goat has been called as a poor man’s cow (or mini-cow) because of its immensecontribution to the poor man’s economy in form of majorly meat and milk. They notonly supply nutritious and easily digestible milk to their children but also regular source of additional income for poor and landless or marginal farmers and ultimately

250

the household nutrition security and livelihood to downtrodden people. Being small-sized animals, goats can easily be managed by women and children. Feeding, milking and care of goats Does (female adult goats) not require much equipment and hard work. The reasons for high growth rate include low cost and handy technology to the landless laborers, marginal farmers and industrial workers particularly less volume of feed is required than cattle, more resistant to diseases, easily manageable by child or female and easy market accessibility. Capital investment and feeding costs are alsoquite low. Four goats can be maintained as cheaply as one indigenous cow. Goats canbe successfully reared in areas where fodder resources are limited and milch cattle do not thrive. Returns on capital of up to 50 percent and recovery of 70 percent of retail price are possible in goat farming. In rural areas, goat farming plays a vital role inproviding gainful employment.

Economic Importance of Goat Raising In Nepal

The goats are unique in their ability to adopt and maintain themselves under diverse environments and forage conditions, which other animals would rarely utilize. Therefore, they are raised in diverse climates and regions of the Nepal, ranging from tropics to the temperate. Due to less investment and space requirement for goat rearing the animals are particularly useful for the people with limited resources and where the agriculture (crop production) activities are constrained due to limited availability of cultivable land and unsuitable environment. Even the landless poor can rear goats for their livelihood. The other important aspects of goats are early maturity, highfecundity and easy cash ability. They are more resistant to diseases and less risky asloss due to mortality is comparatively smaller to the farmers. Goats are multipurpose animals and are mainly kept for meat milk fiber (Cashmere) and skin. In addition,they also provide manure for maintaining soil fertility, in some part of Nepal (Westernmountain regions); goats are used as pack animals and are epically important among the pastoralists or farmers keeping animal under transhumance migratory management system. There are some specifi c goats breeds in the world for production of kid pelt,fur pelt, which are greatly valued.

Goat meat:

Goat meat has a second largest share of total meat production after buffalo in Nepal.In Nepal goat meat is most preferred and accepted by all ethnic groups and is one of the expensive meat. Goats are also used for religious sacrifi ce. Livestock sectorcontributes about 27.66% to AGDP (Selected Indicators of Nepalese Agriculture andPopulation, MoAC, 2005), in which goat contributes around 14.25% to the Livestock GDP. The mutton meat grows around 2.59% per annum (Selected Indicators ofNepalese Agriculture and Population, MoAC, 2005). Out of total 2,77,625 metric ton

251

meat production in country, Goats share about 19 % of total meat production inNepal( Agri. Diary,2010/11).The demand for goat meat is ever increasing and price has increased by 3-4 folds during the last decade.

Goat milk:

Although no recognized milch type goat breed is available in Nepal. But Sanan, Toganburg, Jamnapari breed are famous for milk production. Consumption of goatmilk is very negligible in Nepal. However, some goat herders consume goat milkwhere goats are raised in rotational grazing system. Generally, cheese and Paneer areprepared from goat milk. Goat milk is mainly used for the production of soft cheese. Goat cheese is an imported product in many European countries as well as in the Middle East. The goat milk fat globules are smaller and easy to digest for children and old people. The goat milk is also prescribed for the persons having allergic reaction to cow milk because it contains an anti allergic factor. Goat milk is also used in cosmeticindustry. But the potential of commercialization of the products of the goat milk inNepal has not yet been studied, but in Chitlang, Makwanpur, one farmer group, withthe technical assistance from French NGO started producing fresh cheese from Goat milk. The cheese is being sold to the hotels and embassies at the rate of NRs. 1500 to NRs. 2000/kg. According to the farmers they have no market problems as of now,but due to the diffi cult geographic terrain and inadequate facilities, they have not beenable to send the product to the market on time.

Goat milk contains 12.1% dry matter, 4.4% Lactose, 3.8% fat and 3.4% protein whereas cow milk contains 12.2% dry matter,4.7% Lactose, 3.6% Fat and 3.2% Protein. It seems that composition of goat and cow’s milk is almost similar. The contribution ofgoat milk is not recorded to total annual milk production in the Nepal (Agri. Diary,2010/11). But in Bihar, goat contributes 10.85% of total annual milk production inthe state amounting 345 thousand tons annually. However, the contribution of goatmilk in India is only 4.21%. It indicates that goat has major contribution in household nutrition of the economically weaker section.

Good substitute but Undervalued:

Goat's milk is one of those cult products among alternative health and beauty devotees who claim so many benefi ts that it rather strains credibility. But some may be valued,for example, people who suffer from low levels of lactose intolerance may be able to digest goat's milk which has a slightly different composition of milk proteins than cowor buffalo milk (another consequence of this is that goat's milk yoghurt never sets as firmly).

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Advatages of goat farming / Utility of goats:-

1. The goat is a multi-purpose animal producing meat, milk, hide, fibre and manure.In hilly areas, goats are also used for hauling light loads.

2. Goats have very few demands of housing and management. They hardly need separate housing and happily share their homes with their owners or his other livestock.

3. Goats can be raised by landless agricultural laborers, ladies and children because they can thrive well on variety of leaves, shrubs, bushes, kitchen waste etc.

4. Goat farming can be a profitable occupation for a farmer and can fit well intomixed farming.

5. Goats are cheaper to maintain, easily available and have a friendly disposition.

6. Goats are capable of adapting to various agro-climatic conditions ranging from arid dry to cold arid to hot humid. They can be raised in plains, hilly tracts, and sandy zones and at high altitudes.

7. Goats are more tolerant to hot climate than other farm animals.

8. Goats suffer from fewer ailments than other large animals.

9. Goats have got increased digestibility of crude fibre and can produce even on poorquality roughages.

10. Goats give more production per unit of investment.

11. Goats are smaller in size and have a younger slaughter age.

12. Goat meat has no religious taboo and is relished by all sections of society.

13. Goat meat has less fat and is more in demand.

14. Goats are called the foster mother of man, as their milk is considered better for human nutrition than other species of livestock.

15. Goat milk is cheap, wholesome, easily digestible and nutritious.

16. Goat milk is finer than cow milk i.e. the fats and proteins are present in a finerstate and are more easily digestible, especially by children and invalids.

17. Goat milk has lesser allergic problems than other species of livestock.

18. Goat milk is used as an ayurvedic medicine for personas ailing with asthma, cough, diabetes etc..

19. Goat milk has higher buffering qualities and this enhances its value for patients suffering from peptic ulcers, liver dysfunction, jaundice, biliary disorders and other digestive problems.

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20. Goat milk has higher phosphate content, which is benefi cial for vegetariancommunities.

21. Goat milk has a higher content of B-complex vitamins.

22. Goat milk is suitable for preparing various milk products.

23. Goats can be milked as often as required, preventing milk storage problems and refrigeration costs.

24. Goat hide is used for the manufacture of leather products.

25. Goat hairs are used for the manufacture of rugs and ropes.

26. Pashmina shawls, Mohair and Kashmere carpets are in great demand and are sold at very high prices.

27. Goat manure is 2.5 times richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than cow manure.

28. Goats form an excellent animal for physiological and biomedical research. Marketing :

Goats are mostly sold in lots in livestock fairs, periodical markets and daily markets. Each goat is assessed individually by the buyer. Factors affecting the price are meat,milk yield, breed, age, sex, quality, locality and season. Marketing of goat is underthe hand of unorganized sector and middleman oriented. Goats from villages are sold to middleman or butcher or in the local goat market that go to the slaughterhouses of organized or unorganized sector. Male goat is sold at the age of 13-18 monthsand at higher prices. However, farmer grows the male goat to sell in festive seasonfor more profi t. Intact male goat is sacrificed before God in many places. DuringDashain festival, male goat is sold at higher prices. Female goats are sold to market for slaughter at the end of their productive life (Spent goat), which forms a substantialquantity of goat meat.

The country occupies a vast area under rainfed system with regular occurrence ofeither flood or draught or both. Hence, there is a tremendous scope of goat farmingthat can meet up the large gap between demand and supply of meat in the country.Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Nepal reports that there have been 0.50 million goats import to Nepal to meet the national demand of meat every year. Demand of meat have been increased due to rapidurbanization, higher income levels and change in life style, market for scientifi callyproduced and hygienically packed meat and meat products are expanding rapidly.In Nepal, minimum meat requirement is 14 kg/year for balanced diet, which is also targeted by the 10th plan. Per capita meat consumption in the country is 11/kg peryear (2012/13), Looking at Nepal’s meat consumption pattern, there are enormousopportunities for goat faming in Nepal.

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Reccomendation:

Despite the least attention paid, goat population has been increased at a steady rateamong all major livestock species during last three decades. Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development has given stress on the productivity per animal, organized marketing, prevention of emerging and new diseases and creditsystem to landless and marginal farmers for development of goat. In respect of goat production in Nepal, following issues may be considered:

Conservation of native breeds

• Nepal is inhabited by Khari breed of goat, which needs to be conserved. Selection should be practiced for improvement. Inbreeding needs to be checked.

• Indiscriminate crossbreeding with other breeds should be resisted.

• However, nucleus stock of superior breed like Jamunapari, Barbari, Beetal ,Boer should be maintained.

• Breeding policy on goat should be developed and breed improvement may bedone following nucleus breeding policy in the villages.

Change of management practices

• Stall-feeding should be encouraged due to shrinkage of pastureland. Goats are often blamed of destroying natural resources which could be changed by adopting manage mental practices.

• Fodder trees should be planted around the house. Scientifi c lopping practicesshould be practiced.

• Household available feed resources should be utilized for goat production.

Health care

• Anti-parasitic drug before and after monsoon should be administered specially in fl ood-affected areas.

• Vaccination of emerging and new diseases like PPR and FMD should be given.

• Kid mortality (0-3m age) should be reduced.

Marketing

• Slaughtering of young animal (before the age of 12 months) should be stopped.

• Organized marketing facilities should be developed.

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• Credit and insurance of landless and marginal farmers for goat farming should be started employing easy procedure.

• Awareness and training program for scientific goat farming.

References:

• An Approach Paper to the Thirteenth Plan (FY2012/13 -2015/16), National Planning Commission , Singhdarbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

• Agriculture Diary, 2010/11, Information and communication centre, HariharBhawan.

• Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, 2005. Basic Animal HusbandryStatistics. Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, GoI, New Delhi,India.

• IFAD’s Rural sector Performance Assessment, January,2012/FAOSTAT;WDI/world bank(WB) Data;2009.

• Livestock production and Management/Sheep and Goat production Management/ http://.viveklpm/sheep-and-goat production management

• http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12321064.cms?utm_source=contentofi nterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

• Subsector Analysis of Goat in Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Dadeldhura, Doti.Rural Environment Development (REDC),Dadeldhura,2006.

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Abstract

Poverty is one of the major problems in Bidur Municipality, Nepal. The municipality hashigher rate of poverty compared to the other municipali es. The municipality has beensuff ering frompoor infrastructural facili es. Therefore, this study iden fies the significantaspect of infrastructures which might affect poverty. Since the concept of povertyis broad and has been discussed from many perspec ves, the per capita income wastaken to iden fy poverty in this study. Correla on and Mul ple Regression Analysis wereemployed. Results showed that 30% of the people lived below the poverty line, which ishigher than na onal urban poverty. Among the different infrastructural facili es, pavedroads were found to be the most domina ng factor that has an impact on the povertyin the Municipali es. However, other influencing factors such as voca onal training andemployment in non–agricultural sector were also significant in improving the poverty lineof farmers in the municipality. Future research should be focused on studying the impactof paved road construc on in other municipali es that may help to reduce poverty withinthe farmer’s community when more economic opportuni es are created.

Keywords: Income; poverty, farmers; infrastructure

Impact of Infrastructural Facilities on the Poverty of Farmers in Bidur Municipality, Nepal

Udaya Ranamagar*

1. Introduction

Nepal is a socio–diversified country and, faced more than a decade long conflict untilNovember, 2006. Due to the conflict, economic growth in the fiscal year 2010 wasto be only 3.5%. Agricultural growth remained lower than anticipated due to low manufacturing growth. However, it has been improved compared to conflict period.Over the last decade, Nepal has made considerable progress towards reducing poverty,with the headcount poverty rate falling dramatically from 42 to 31% between FY1995/96 and FY 2003/04. However, it is difficult to sustain because political problemshave not entirely been resolved. Poverty is defi ned as lack of basic human needs:adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, clean water, and health services.However, this definition of poverty should include two different aspects, namely(a) low income, which is insuffi cient to maintain a dignified life and (b) low humancapabilities, which restricts a citizen’s options to lead a life of his or her choosing

* Under Secretary

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(UNDP, 2001). This study deals with only monetary aspects of poverty and monetarypoverty is measured by income.

Fox (1994) defi nes infrastructure as “those services derived from the set of publicworks traditionally supported by the infrastructure sector to enhance private sector production and to allow for household consumption”. However, this study considersirrigation, drinking water and sanitation, road and energy as the basic infrastructures. As the purpose of this research is to measure income poverty and identify the dominant infrastructure for income poverty in the context of Bidur Municipality of Nepal, hypothesizes poor infrastructure is one of the primary causes for income poverty. Thisaspect has been considered primary for the analytical purpose.

Generally, infrastructure has been found as a major determinant of economic growthand productivity convergence across regions.. An infrastructure is significant forpoverty reduction in development countries (Seetanhah et al., 2009). Several previousstudies show a causal relationship between infrastructures and poverty. A number ofstudies point out a significant impact of infrastructure on poverty reduction througheconomic growth. The following is a summary of past empirical studies.

Jacoby (1998) studied Nepal’s case and discovered that extensive rural road networksresulted in substantial benefi ts with the poor capturing an appreciable share. However,the poor’s share was often not large enough to significantly reduce income inequalityas the benefi ts from road extension could be greater for landholdings among the rich.Thus, the distribution of benefi ts from road extension appeared to be ambiguous. Therelevant question to ask is whether the benefi ts of a hypothetical road project aresuffi ciently large and distributed to reduce overall income inequality with benefitsaccruing more to the poor than the non poor. This research is concerned with positiveimpact on poverty. Regarding to the cost benefit ratio of road construction, the costside is heavier than benefi t, which is not financially viable in short time. However,road is necessary for economic development in every country. The governmentshould have taken responsibility for road construction because of large cost which is not affordable by poor people. According to the World Bank's evaluation of ruralelectrifi cation project in India and Bangladesh, rural electrification raises the use ofirrigation, thereby signifi cantly reducing poverty incidence (Songco, 2002). Thebenefi ciaries also feel an improvement in their lives, and productive activities, thus,lessening their vulnerability to shocks. That is an awkward expression to people’sincome and poverty reduction. However, the problems are not only availability, butequal distribution. We can see this type of infrastructure supporting more to the elitepeople who are leading in the society. Poor people could not be benefited from thosefacilities due to less power. Majority of poor people have poor housing and livingcondition.

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Similarly, access to irrigation infrastructure is also important tool for poverty reductionin the society. Irrigation plays a vital role for crops production and household income.In the case of Janakalyan, Kalleritar and Yampaphat villages of Nepal, crops productionsuddenly increased to 97, 43, and 19 percent respectively after irrigation infrastructure; and the economic situation in their houses improved (Angood et al., 2002). It impliesthat irrigation facility is one of the important tools for poverty reduction. Besides,access to social facilities such as education, public health services and clean water is another challenge which causes low human resources quality in terms of education attainment and health. It indicates that in term of social services, providing public health center closer to the community, could indirectly help in poverty reduction(Arsyad, 2010; Arsyad and Kawamura, 2009). Therefore, it is necessary to have adevelopment plan in encouraging employment creation and demand for labor (Darma and Arsyad, 2010) for poverty alleviation especially in rural/agriculture area. It isimportant to note that, he agriculture provides export earnings and it gives a sourceof employment for millions of rural smallholder families which are very strongly associated with poverty rates (Arsyad and Ali, 2009) in developing countries.

The research study by World Bank conducted in Cambodia and Indonesia in 2007 hasfound the universal implementation of improved sanitation and hygiene. Its impacts are mitigated except health for which 45% of the losses are mitigated. The sanitation sector is generally contributing to 2% of GDP. A sum of 80% of the population hasaccess to safe drinking water, 39 % have access to sanitation (CBS, 2004) which showsthat the availability of drinking water and sanitation is still poor in Nepal. The previous study of World Bank in 1998 conducted in Nepal showed that poverty is one criticalissue and has been affected from various factors. Some of the studies have focusedthe different aspect for analyzing the poverty. However, there is not any researchon the role of infrastructure to poverty reduction in Bidur Municipality of Nepal. This study is an examplanary case study showing the signifi cance of infrastructureon reduction of income poverty. Previously, the importance of infrastructure foreconomic development and poverty reduction has been discussed. However, Nepalhas poor infrastructure facility in the society. The more important issue is distributionmethod of infrastructures. According to the Local Self Governance Act 1999 of Nepal; every municipality should have minimum level of infrastructures such as drinking water, road transportation, educational institutions and health. However, accessto infrastructure is one of the major problems in this society. There are some basicinfrastructure facilities which are not enough; and only few elite people are benefi ted.

Out of 28% high productive lands, hardly 10% has irrigation facility. Due to lackof irrigation, the land does not yield enough production. Therefore, most of the farmers are suffering from scarcity of food and hunger. On the other hand, 11%households have been suffering from lack of electricity even though 38 megawatt

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electricity power has been generated in the municipality. Out of 112 km road networkin the municipality, only 18 percent is blacktopped (Bidur Bulletins, 2006), whichis lower by 12 % compared to the 30% of the national average. The drinking waterand sanitation sectors are also in weak condition and only 89.98 percent have those facilities; and rest of the houses still suffered from drinking water. There are only 65.9% houses with toilets. It shows that drinking water and sanitation facility are also inpoor condition in this municipality. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study arethree-folds, namely (a) to identify the poverty situation in Bidur Municipality, (b) toidentify the association of infrastructure and poverty, and (c) to assess the impact ofinfrastructure on farmers poverty reduction.

2. Materials and Method

2.1 Sample and Data Collection

A total of 66 households samples were selected to gather primary data andinformation from 5 out of 11 wards. The baseline survey consisted of personalinterviews from the sample households.

2.1 Data Analysis

The Foster –Greer–Thorbec Poverty Index was used to identify the poverty situation in this sampled community. Most income-based measurements were used to interpretincome poverty. The poverty headcount index (HCI) was defined as the number ofpeople who are poor or the proportion of the households living below the poverty line. This index was used in measuring the proportion of households whose income was below the $1 per capita which was used as the poverty threshold for this study.Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) methods were used to analyze the infrastructures that were used as the explanatory variable. The MRA wasused to identify the direct as well as indirect impact of infrastructure on poverty by equation below:

Y= β1X1+ β2X2+ β3X3+ β4X4+ β5X5+ β6X6+µ

Where: Y = Predictor variables

X1 = Road

X2 = Energy

X3 = Irrigation

X4 = Drinking water & Sanitation

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X5 = Occupation

X6 = Skills

β =beta coeffi cient

µ= Error term

A descriptive statistical analysis was used to determine the poverty headcount index,correlation and multiple regressions for the appropriate results.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Income Structure

Bidur Municipality is an urban city with her economic as well as social activities is similar to the rural areas surrounding the area. The average family household members were 5.78 as it is greater than national average as 5.5 (CBS, 2004). Most of the houses have 4-8 family members which represent a big family structure. The sex ratio of maleand female was 52:48 with an average family size a bit larger than the national level.The distribution of income within the households was unsatisfactory. The large sectorof the economy was occupied by agriculture and the rest was industrial and others. There are only some traditional handicraft industries and small scale enterprises. Beside this, there are no more industries and employment opportunities in the municipality.The survey results showed that 67 % of the population is economically active (16-60ages). It reveals that there is labor surplus and they can use those surplus labor to labor markets. However, there is no space for using those human resources properly and it isa huge burden for this municipality due to lack of proper labor absorption.

Income structure shows that 33, 32, and 15% of the income were self employment, wage employment and crop production, respectively (Table 1). The major incomescontributors come from self employment especially own business. The large number of households was self employed. Moreover, the crop's income is an importantsource even though the percentage of income from crops is a bit smaller than self-employment. The remittance is also important income source which contributes to the household’s income of 9%. Those household members who have been migrated outfrom the country for jobs send higher remittance. However, this is a temporary sourceof income. The remittance has highly contributed to reduce poverty in Nepal.

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Table 1. Income Sources of Household in Bidur MunicipalityAgricultural Sources Income Rs.000 Non-Agriculture Sources Income Rs.000Crops income 1609(15%) Self-Employment income 3604(33%)Livestock income 495(5%) Wage Employment income 3481(32%)Paid Worker’s income 97(1%) Remittance income 1005(9%) Other income 559(5%)Average Annual Household Income Rs. 164.39National average Annual Household Income Rs. 328.692Sample Size 33

Sources: Household Survey, 2009

The weights of agricultural and non–agricultural income sources are 21:79. The income source of non–agricultural is higher than agricultural income. However,agricultural income is also important source for poverty reduction in the society. Thehousehold average annual income is Rs.164, 390 in the community. It is quite lowcompared with national level (Rs. 328, 692, NRB Household Survey 2005/06). Ittells that this society is prevailing from poverty with an overall context of Nepal. However, the minimum annual average household income is Rs.30,000 and maximum Rs.492,000, respectively. It clearly shows the disparity of income distribution amongthe households in the community.

Eleven percent households have no electricity facility. This means that thosehouseholds, who do not have electricity in their houses, are poorer. Similarly, nothaving proper access to road transportation is also a problem. More than 31% houseshave no access to paved road. Next important finding is that 42% households areout of irrigation facility; and the agriculture production is highly affected. Therefore,more than 58% of the households have not enough food in their houses. The water and sanitation sectors are also in poor condition. More than 26 % households haveno toilets in their house. Moreover, large numbers of households suffer from lack ofdrinking water.

1.2 The Analysis of Poverty Situation

The result of poverty head–count index shows that 30% of the households in this community are poor which is higher than the national urban poverty rate of 10%. As mentioned before, municipality is an urban area and according to census, it has 15% population under the poverty line which is smaller than found in this study. It thereforeimplies that this society is more severely affected compared to national level. This isa bit natural because majority of people are involved in agricultural work; however anagricultural production is not enough for them. The average agricultural land of poor is less than that of rich people. According to the Land Reform Act 2021 B.S., every household can have a maximum agriculture land size of 70 Ropanee (1 Ropanee=5476 ft2). However, majority of the people have smaller size of agriculture land whichmeans that the farmers here have less production.

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The result shows that the farming community in the study area is financially poorwhich forms an important finding of this study. However, being a semi–urban society,the daily lifestyle of these farmers are not so tough and diffi cult since commoditiessuch as firewood, fresh water and forest products are always and freely availableto them. In addition, commodities exchange system exists among the communitieswhere some households with insuffi cient food can borrow from their neighbors whohave extra food and they will pay back after every new harvesting season. This implies that the poor income farmers can survive enough for their daily livelihood despite being financially poor. Thus, the degree of poverty is actually not significant amongstthe farmers in this Municipality.

1.3 Infrastructure and Poverty

Pearson Correlation analysis took into account of 42 total different variables within the seven different dimensions to identify the signifi cant variables on income poverty.Only seven variables are found signifi cant with the income poverty at the 5% significantlevel as shown Table 2. The distance to paved road is one of the important findings ofthis study. It is negatively correlated with the households income (r = –0.296, p≤0.05)which implies that the longer the distance to paved road, the lower is the income. Households living far from the paved road have lower income than those who lived closer to it. Households who live closer to paved roads earn more money through the small scale business operating from their houses. In contrast, households far from the paved roads have small chances to do such business and then, they are suffering from lower income.

Table 2. Infrastructure and income Poverty in Bidur Municipality

(Y) (OCC-1) (SK-1) (AR-1) (AE-1) (AE-2) (ADS-1)

Income (Y) 1

Non-agriculture work(OCC-1) 0.394** 1Vocational Training(SK-1) 0.421** 0.120 1 Dis. to paved road(AR-1) -0.296* -0.120 -0.150 1 Electricity(AE-1) -0.241* -0.180 -0.150 -0.110 1Satisfi ed with elec.(AE-2) 0.255* 0.240* 0.130 0.110 -0.691** 1Drainage (ADS-1) 0.270* 0.138 0.174 -0.088 -0.305* 0.293* 1**Correlation is signifi cant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) and *correlation is significant at the 0.05 level

In addition to the paved roads infrastructure, access to electricity and households income is negatively correlated (r = 0-.241, p≤0.05). This means that households withno electricity have little income compared to those farmers with electricity. This studyfound out that more than 11% of the surveyed households did not have electricity

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in their house because they just could not pay for the electricity tariff. Normally,electricity charge in Nepal is a little more expensive than India and poor householdscould not afford to pay electricity bills. However, electricity is the basic requirementfor economic growth but it should be affordable for poor people in the community.

Another contributing factor affecting the rate of poverty in the Municipality is sanitationand health. Results indicated that access to drainage and income are positively correlated (r = 0.270, p≤0.05). Households having a good and proper drainage systemwithin their communities have higher income compared to those who could not affordto have one. Usually, these well earned farmers are healthier.

The rate of poverty within the Municipality is also affected by the level of vocationaltraining gained and experienced. The correlation analysis showed that vocationaltraining and household income have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.421, p≤0.01).This is a common phenomenon within the Municipality because households havingmore number of vocationally trained manpower have higher possibility for more income.

Working on non–agricultural sectors and household income are positively correlated(r = 0.394, p≤0.01) where those working in non–agriculture sectors have higherchance for a better income. Thus, non–agricultural works are highly attractive thanagricultural works in this community.

1.4 Identifying the Impact of Infrastructure on Income Poverty

Using the earlier model stated in this paper, a total of six independent andone dependent variables were used to identify the impact of infrastructure on income poverty. It is significant with household’s income (Table 3). Results indicated thatonly 3 variables are significant, namely working on non–agriculture, distance topaved road, and vocational training. It means that this model of null hypothesis (H01)is rejected at the signifi cance level of p ≤0.05 whereas, R2=0.35.

Table 3. Standard Multiple Regression of Infrastructure on Income Poverty in Bidur Municipality ofNepal

Variables (Y) (SK-1) (OCC-1) (AR-1) B β p≤0.05

Household Income(Y) 1 113,819.3 0

Vocational Trainings (SK-1) 0.423 1 10,768.0 0.35* 0

Non-agriculture work (OCC-1) 0.393 .117 1 66,255.1 .33* 0

Distance to Paved road (AR-1) -0.297 -0.146 -0.105 1 -50,384.9 -.21* .05

Intercept, R-square - - - - - 0.35 -Note: B= Non-standardized Coeffi cients, β= Standardized Coefficients and (Y)= Household Income, as Dependent variable

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It seems that the vocational trainings has the signifi cant direct positive impacts onhousehold income with β= 0.423. Those households, which have higher number ofvocationally trained members, have 42% higher possibility of higher income compared to the ones without it. This implies that vocational training is necessary for income poverty reduction in this society. For example, the income gap between those farmerswith and without vocational training was Rs 10,768. Based on Table 4, it is clearlyevident that 70% households were without vocation training and 30% of the poor farmers have some forms of vocational training even though they are poor. Obviously,vocational training is important as training creates highly skilled manpower.

The regression analysis showed that working in non-agriculture sectors has a positiveimpact on the household income as β= 0.393. It shows that farmers working and employed in the non-agriculture sectors have higher incomes than those who work in the agricultural sectors. Households engaged in non-agriculture work have 39% higher income than those who were not engaged in non-agriculture work. Table 4 shows thatout of the poor households, 70% were involved in agricultural based activities while only 30 % did involve in non–agricultural work such as being a government servant,employed on own business, or paid worker in the company or private job, have more income.

Distance to access the paved roads (AR, 1) shows an impact on the household income (–0.293). Its beta coeffi cient on poverty is significant and fairly stable across themeasured specifi cations. To have an idea of the magnitude of these results, it is notedthat longer distance to paved road is reducing 29% of household income in Bidur Municipality. The result of unstandarized shows one kilometer distance is creatingalmost fifty thousand rupees difference of income in that society. It implies that longerdistance to paved road is one of the most important causes for poverty.

Table 4. The relationships between significant variables and income povertyNon-agricultural work Yes No TotalNon–poor (11)24% (35)76% (46)100%Poor (4)20% (16)80% (20)100% Distance to Paved Road Less than 0.5 km More than 0.5 km TotalNon–poor (31)67.5% (15)32.5% (46)100%Poor (6)30% (14)70% (20)100%Vocational Training Less than 50% FM More than 50% FM TotalNon–poor (16)34% (30)66% (46)100%Poor (6)30% (14)70% (20)100%Note: * FM= Family Member,*km= Kilometer

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The road infrastructure is a critical factor in reducing poverty in almost every remotearea in the third world developing countries. However, only paved road has regulartransportation service and it creates the different economic opportunities in this community. Table 4 shows that almost 70% of the household who have access topaved road are richer than the 30% poor farmers who have little access to use paved roads. It also implies that paved roads have played a vital role in eradicating povertyin the study site. Some of the households have access to only non-paved roads and majority of them are poor. Without roads, the poor farmers were not able to sell theiragricultural and industrial products in the market. In India, it has been shown that roads alone account for 7% of the growth in aggregate output of the rural areas (Louis et al., 2002). Therefore, it can be suggested that more road infrastructures should be provided in such Municipality to reduce poverty amongst the farmers.

4. Conclusion

It can be concluded that 30% of the farming community lived below the poverty level which is a serious problem in this municipality. Infrastructural activities such as pavedroad and electricity managed to increase the poor standard of living in the community.In addition, working in non–agriculture sectors with some vocational training also helps to reduce the poverty line of the farmers in such municipality. This study impliesthat more investment in providing better infrastructures to such farming community is deem required. Moreover, investment policy should support and motivate to invite thedomestic as well as foreign investment in transport and irrigation infrastructure sector which may infl uence the human skill and opportunity to reduce poverty, especially inthe farmer’s community. One very important necessity is peace and political stability,non–violent solution of the confl ict is essential for the farmer’s poverty reduction.

References

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2. Arsyad, M., and Y. Kawamura. (2010). Reducing Poverty of Cocoa Smallholdersin Indonesia: Is Agricultural Economic Activity Still the Pioneer? Journal of Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 58(2):217-238.

3. Bennett, L. (2004) Poverty and Caste-based Social Exclusion in Nepal. Paper Presented in the International Consultation on Caste Based Discrimination in Kathmandu.

4. Bhatta, S. D., & Sharma, S. K. (2006) Determinants and Consequences of Chronicand Transient Poverty in Nepal, [Working Paper 66].

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5. CBS. (2004). Nepal Living Standards Survey; Published by Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal

6. CBS. (2008). District profi le of Nepal; Published by Central Bureau of Statistics,Nepal

7. Cook, C. C., Dunca, T. Jitsuchon, S., Sharma,A., & Guobao, W. (2005).Assessingthe impact of transport and energy infrastructure on poverty reduction published by ADB

8. Ifzal, A. & Ernesto, M. P. (2003). "Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction"What is Connection? ABD, ERD Policy Brief Series, 13, http//www.adb.org/economics/default.asp

9. Jocoby, H. G. (1998). Access to Markets and the Benefits of Rural Roads: ANonparametric Approach, by Development Research Group, The World Bank,1818 H Street N.W., Washington DC 20433.

10. Kawamura,Y. (2002). Role of Social Statistic Analysis in Participatory RuralCommunity Development Programs for Poverty Alleviation: Case of a JICAProject in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ryukoku University, Kyoto and HasanuddinUniversity, Makassar.

11. Louis et.al, (2002). Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructureon Poverty Reduction: An Urban Case Study in Ahmedabad India, by ADB Assessment

12. Ministry of Finance. (2008). Fourth Households Budget Survey of Nepal, Published by Ministry of Finance, Nepal

13. Nepal, Act. (1999). Local Self Governance Act of Nepal, Published by Nepal Law Commission of Nepal

14. NPC, (2003). Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ofNepal.

15. NPC, (2001). Tenth National Plan of Nepal Published by National PlanningCommission of Nepal

16. Rajarshi, M.(2003) Infrastructure Facilities in India: District Level AvailabilityIndex; Online at http//mpra.ub.uni.muenchen.de/4779/MPRA paper no 4779

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Abstract

Financial crisis is now being a term frequently heard either in regional front or in globaleconomy. or in the country specific. Whatever is its magnitude it is economic panic and itvic mizes the economies badly. Since 1930s to date, global economy has witnessed suchcrisis me and again. In such crisis hours, fiscal s mulus as prescribed by J.M. Keynes istaken as solu on to the problem. However the nature of such crisis has changed a lot.Global economy has passed across many roads and is in difficult juncture of economiccoloniza on. In this changed scenario, it’s the me for economists to take this issuecri cally. Market failure, lack of fiscal and financial discipline, wrong policy decisions,poli cal interest, overdependence in one sector in the cost of others among others arethe causes of such crisis. Diversity of causes beyond financial crisis of different messhows it's been delayed to rethink about the causes and consequences of such crisis.Policy makers should be cau ous enough on controlling the foreshocks of economiccrises rather than curing the crises once the crises is met. Moreover Overconcentra on ofglobal wealth in few rich hands, prac ce of economic coloniza on rather than free, fairand more equitable economic integra on andmismanagement of global resourcesmightbe the causes behind such recurrent economic crisis. It’s a big challenge for economists toredefine the crisis and prescribe new solu ons in this changed context.

Recurrent Financial Crisis- Serious Question in front of Economists

Kamal Kanta Poudel*

The world has experienced many economic downturns after the great depression of 1930s. Economic crisis of 1930s was the prime cause of emergence of macroeconomic thought in economic literature. Moreover, Keynesian policy prescription of active roleof government especially at the time of recession and depression is most probably the SANJEEVANI MANTRA to the policy makers worldwide. However, economicreality of world economy has changed signifi cantly then and now. In this changedscenario, policy makers should be cautious enough on controlling the foreshocks of

* Economist, Ministry of Urban Development

“There are good crises and there are bad crises. Every crisis breaks a deadlockand sets events in motion. It is either a disaster or an opportunity. A bad crisis is onein which no one has the power to make good use of the opportunity and thereforeit ends in disaster. A good crisis is one in which the power and the will to seize theopportunity are in being. Out of such a crisis come solutions.” — Walter Lippmann

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economic crises rather than curing the crises once the crises is met. Is this really possible?

Economic recession and depression are the part of business cycle mostly witnessed by capitalist economy in a regular and periodic basis. Fall in prices, fall in employmentlevel, rise in unemployment , fall in investment, fall in business profit, overall despairand pessimism among the business community are some indicators of economic crisis.Who are responsible behind such crisis? Is this the government? Or the private sector flaws give birth to such crises? No unanimous views are found. Some say it is thegovernment wrong policy decision which is solely responsible for such crisis. Some other argue when the private sectors are carrying on their business freely and privateindividuals are carrying on investment on their own will, where is the space left for government to take part in such bad games? Whatever might be the cause behind such crisis, its outcome is all painful to the individuals, private business, private investors, governments, entire economy and most probably to the other economies as well in this open world. It is all contractionary and, if unchecked, brings severity within the entire economic system perhaps it creates black hole in the economy due to the reverse functioning of the multiplier.

When we talk about economic recession and depression, no one can forget the great depression of 1930s. Keynesian economists particularly J.M.Keynes hinted the economic turbulence of 1930s as the demise of classical economy. He attacked in theclassical belief of Say's Law of market. At a time when unemployment and generaloverproduction were rampant, Classical belief of "Supply creates its own demand" was no more existent. In Laissez-Faire policy, it's all on the head of private sectorto accept blame on their part. So, worldwide general perception was that the great depression of 1930s was all because of the failure of private business and laissez-faire policy. However monetarist especially Milton Friedman did not agree with thisline of reasoning. In his view, the prime cause behind the great depression of 1930swas the wrong policy choice of Federal Reserve- the restrictive monetary policy that was exercised to contain the high infl ation after the world war-I. That time quantityof money in US economy fell down by thirty three percent and the number of bank branches also went down in same percent. Milton Friedman, therefore, charged it as the failure of Federal Reserve and failure of the government. Whatever might be the cause but no one around the globe could rescue themselves from the panic of worldwide economic tsunami. It might be the case the magnitude of such downturns were not same for all the economies and were not equal for all private businesses. However all were affected by the atrocities of depression directly or indirectly. Economies withsmaller degree of global integration and openness were less victimized than those having higher global exposure.

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J. M Keynes in his book "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money"published in the year 1936 prescribed the active role of the government as against the classical position of no role of government. When the private sector is not in the position to carry on additional investment, there should surely be the role of the government to generate employment opportunity for the increasing work force and for the workers who are in past lay-offs. Though the Keynesian doctrine came into attack many times, these policy prescriptions are working for the global economy in one form or in another form since then. Recession in U.S. economy (2008-2009) and in other major part of the world is now healing and has shown some positive effects insuch economies. Thanks to J.M. Keynes- Father of Macroeconomics!

But some socialistic economies in Eastern Europe are struggling against recession. Defl ation is the main cause of the European economic crisis because they producea lot, but they don't have enough money to finance their production. Falling demandof their product leads to falling prices and falling prices not only discourage private investors but also increases the risk of debt defaults and bankruptcies. It ultimately invites layoffs and wage reductions. It creates defl ationary spiral and entraps theeconomy in economic crisis.

OPEC economies are also slowing down. OPEC Countries are not in a position toreduce the quantity of oil production due to their budgetary problems. Oil prices will surely be falling to some months next year. Oil importing countries are enjoying thedownward revision in the oil prices in international market but it is not free of cost but at the expense of oil exporting countries. It seems benefi cial to oil importing countriestemporarily but it may give rise to the problem of overproduction in the big economies like India and China. It may further deepen the crisis.

Japanese economy is also slowing down. It's diffi cult for emerging economies likeChina and India to maintain their growth. Infl ation is declining in India. ThoughChinese economy has shown stable growth trend of CPI in 2014, it is big challenge for Chinese economy to maintain the growth of last decade. Economic crisis in regional level and even in global level is now quite common economic phenomenon to be happened time and again. Are not these instances suffi cient for the economistsglobally think about redistribution of global resources? Are not we responsible for not being able to maintain the past legacy? Are global leaders worried about widening inequality? Are they in a position to work for global prosperity? Will they incorporateeconomic agenda in their political jargon? These are the serious questions in front of economists and politicians most probably in front of all who think themselves responsible global citizen. Overconcentration of global wealth in few rich hands, practice of economic colonization rather than free, fair and more equitable economic

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integration and mismanagement of global resources might be the causes behind such recurrent economic crisis. It’s the time to take economic crisis seriously and diggingthe way forward not let such crisis surface on recurrent basis rather than injecting fiscal stimulus after such crisis are met.

Effects of global recession in Nepal

Nepalese economy has unique nature. Some of the sectors are facing recession from long like real estate though it has shown some positive sign in this winter. Sharemarket witnessed a chronic recession for years, enjoyed a bullish trend for almostone year and is now stabilizing. Agricultural productivity is declining. Agricultural fields are turning into barren fields. Industrial sector is trailing behind. Cost ofagricultural laborers and industrial labor is soaring up. However service sector is gaining. Contribution of agricultural sector in national economy stood at 33.7%, that of industrial sector confi ned at 14.2% and that of service sector hovered around52.2%.This shows agricultural sector is losing its clutch in the economy and service sector has already overtaken. Industrial sector is struggling for its survival. Economy is being import oriented and production base is further weakening. Power crisis is the sorrow of industrial sector and long hours of load shedding is making life diffi cult inhousehold front. At this situation, decline in the world oil prices due to the budgetary problems in OPEC countries and downward revision in oil prices in Nepal are good things to happen. Industrial sector is now using non-renewable energy sources in power cut hours. It will decline industrial cost of production to some extent and raise the price competitiveness of domestic goods in international market. Present government is positive towards private sector and has taken some private sector friendly policies. However it is not suffi cient for industrial sector's growth. Change in social attitudeand confi dence in private sector is the need of hour. When we look the other side ofthe coin, economic recession in global economy hard hit the tourism sector. Foreignemployment and export trade are adversely affected. Though the economic recessionin Europe and other OPEC countries will not have direct and infl uential effects inNepalese economy, Saudi Arab, one of the major oil exporting country and majorforeign employment destination for the unskilled migrant Nepalese workers, is also heading towards problem. It is said the oil prices should be $85 per barrel for Saudi government to run her economy in normal course. But the oil price in international market has already fall down $83 per barrel. If it continues for long other Arabian countries including Saudi Arab may be affected badly. Its effect will be experiencedsoon in foreign employment market of Nepal. Foreign Direct Investment falls and the prospect of synergic effect from global development chain weakens. It furtherworsens the economic backwardness of the country like ours.

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Nepalese economy has limited exposure in international arena and degree of global integration is low though we have already signed many international contracts and have taken membership of many global and regional organizations. In paper workswe have strong global integration but not actually realized in practice. We have lotsmore to do to have meaningful presence in global platform. We talk more and do less.It has been Nepalese culture. Until and unless we break this tradition and do justice for the profession where we are in, issues of economic development and strong global presence will be a myth. Under such circumstances we will be always in a position totalk about global issues but not in a position to realize such changes. It does not meanto undermine the Nepal's presence in some of the international organization like UN.It is really praiseworthy. The similar role in global economic network is the need ofhour. Why not to look for this?

References

• John Cassidy (2009), ‘How Markets Fail’

• Simon Johnson and James Kwak (2010), ‘13 Bankers’

• John A. Allison (2012), ‘The Financial Crisis and the Free Market Cure’

• Jeff Madrick (2011), ‘Age of Greed’

• Michael Lewis (2010), ‘The Big Short’

• www.investmentcontrarians.com/fi nancial-crisis

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Abstract

“Everything is changeable. If there is one thing which is permanent is the change itself”.The changed context of the country’s poli cal scenario calls for needs to reform inalmost all the sectors in the state more or less. Reform is a construc ve endeavor toreach desired state from the incumbent one. The change in environment necessitatesany person, society and the state at large change and empower gradually. The globalscenarios showcase that who encompasses the changes accentuates their whoppinginfl uences in the world stage and the vice-versa mar the dinosaurs’ death.

For most post-conflict and crisis states, the overarching goal of police reform is to movefrom a model of policing based on repression and social control to a model based onpreven on and inves ga on. The popula on’s historic and well-jus fied mistrust ofthe police must be overcome, and this will take me. The new or reformed police mustearn the trust of the popula on, and one mistake or reversion to the past can have adevasta ng impact. In short, the reality is that there is almost no room for error. Effec vereform requires paying a#en on to the ins tu onal development of the police andbroader criminal jus ce ins tu ons. It is not enough to bring in a human rights expert tolecture on interna onal human rights standards to a group of cadets in a police academy,or for a police expert to discuss how to conduct a “stop and frisk.” The police reformmustbe carried out in tandem with judicial reform and has to be overwhelmingly focusedon raising awareness of human rights standards among the target audiences namelythe police themselves and the community at large. The corollary to this awareness-raising is a heavy emphasis on training, crea ng materials for training courses andpublic informa on campaigns. Tools of modern management, sound administra on,financial controls and objec ve standards for judging performance are all pivotal issues.Strong leadership, in the police force and in wider government officialdom, will also helpdetermine the success or failure of police reform.

Police have been blamed of oppressing ci zen uprising with staunch kowtow to therulers. It is therefore extremely important to strengthen the professionalism and skillsof the police, especially the personnel who work on the front line who are more than75% in Nepal whose minimum academic qualifica on for entry is basic literacy, sa le pa.The ability of police officers to provide effec ve service and be responsive to the publicneed depends heavily upon their knowledge and skills. In other words, strengtheningthe police force ‘from below’ is necessary in order to make their performance in law

Security sector Reform in the nagging transition period of Nepal

Ganga P. Paudel*

* Inspector, Nepal police

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“Everything is changeable. If there is one thing which is permanent is the change itself”. The changed context of the country’s political scenario calls for needs to reformin almost all the sectors in the state more or less. Reform is a constructive endeavor toreach desired state from the incumbent one. The change in environment necessitates any person, society and the state at large change and empower gradually. The globalscenarios showcase that who encompasses the changes accentuates their whopping infl uences in the world stage and the vice-versa mar the dinosaurs’ death. The changedcontext is always the turning point which keeps the progressive ahead the regressive. The history weighs the people from these unique turning points. In Nepal’s changehistory as well, the state mechanisms have always undergone reforms accordingly,sometimes supporting people’s movements or sometimes accepting that quite lately.The reform drive is largely winced by the status quo mindset of the many elites who were in power in the past regime who think and make clamor that the new system opens with the Pandora’s-box. This article aims to discuss security sector reform, more about police reform than other security sectors: Nepal Army (NA) and Armed Police Force (APF) in the changed political situation of the country after Maoist mainstreaming inthe politics and the term ‘police’ throughout this article means ‘Nepal Police’ exceptinference taken of the international police. While talking of the security sector reform, we must brainstorm the problems in it, those aroused by confl icts and revolutions timeand again in Nepal. Before the waging of the Maoist war in Falgun 1, 2052 B.S., the issues raised but rarely surfaced in 2046 BS, 2036, and earlier movements was that almost all the state mechanisms were captured by the elite class NBC1 who ruled themajority people from Kathmandu and deprived the poor citizen from the basic service. Those elites had stronghold on the security sectors Nepal Army (NA) and Nepal Police (NP) as well. Failure to make the reforms on the level of citizen expectations and lack of continue reform mentality has clashed the country in the decade long Maoist war whose one point in their ’40 points Demand’ submitted to the government in February

enforcement and the maintenance of order in society more effec ve, and to heightentheir professionalism at both an ins tu onal and the individual level. The applicantsmostly for the constable rank are in obscurity about the necessary documents and moreon the prac ce of the obstacle hurdle of the physical exam. Socializa on aspect is mostimportant aspect in training to avoid the risk of grooming as the military type and thecommunica on culture must be well established within the organiza on to pass theconstruc ve ideas of the seniors to the juniors and vice versa. Free compe on can beopened in higher ranks such as Superintendent of Police (SP) and cut off system must beset for every rank promo on from inspector to Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIGP)in order to a# ract larger number of highly qualita ve work force.

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1996 was ‘ civil authority over Army’. Bothering to unfold the socio-economic aspectof the war, government adopted the path of suppression treating the war as the peaceand order matter. This created abysmal between the people and the police relationship.Reform is thus needed to avoid recur the similar problem in the future.

Nepal shares border with the world’s largest economy, China on the north(circa 1400km) and highly emerging world power, economically, strategically,demographically, India (circa 1700km) on the three sides south, east and west. Nepalis not small demographically and her strategic position between the sleeping dragon2

and the lion3 who have had many skirmishes in the past and those botches are still notassured to thaw. With the tremendous opportunities for Nepal from the open borderwith India, this porous border has been many a time misused by despicable elementsfor crime. In her drive against terrorism, it is trivial for India to fear the volatile space of our Terai come occupied by the ever spreading terrorism and counterfeit currencymafi as unless Nepal can assure of no such criminal activities. World is at the sametable to abolish scourge of terrorism and India takes the lead in SAARC. Nepal’ssecurity sector reform is the major concern for India with her skepticism that the weak security situation particularly in southern region of Nepal and Nepal’s growingbilateral relation with another strong country in the SAARC, Pakistan can make room to breed conspiracy against her land from the territory of Nepal on the alibi of Muslim activities. With the persistent threat of Free Tibet Activists who have sometimesburned oneself and performed processions on the land of Nepal to pressurize the China and the activities increasing on Nepalese border to Tibet Autonomous Regionof China, our northern neighbor is also backing the reform of security sectors. But itis important for us to distinguish between security issues amenable to the application of hard power and those which are not and non-traditional security challenges would require the mixed application of hard and soft power, where solutions are not as clearas victory and defeat, and where problems mutate into more benign forms before welcoming the assistance from our neighbors. Security sectors must be reformed capable of tackling zero-sum challenges such as those like terrorist threats, espionageand other state-security threats, and traditional military threats with the application of hard power as well as non-zero sum challenges such as those like energy, water,maritime security and others. And there are those which overlap both categories, like cyber threats, space and nuclear threats. These are domains where the combination of intent and capability mean that the nature and defi nition of the threat is necessarilysubjective, and perception management becomes an extremely important part of both

1 Newar Bramhin Chetri2 China3 India

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the challenge and the response. In this way security sector reform must be the new thrive of our foreign policy.

Organizational change of any kind is never easy. Police reform is a vital priority inthe process of transition to democracy. Often, the police force is perceived to be theface of the executive towards the citizens. This is a very challenging and demandingprocess, especially as it is a major part of security sector reform. The field of securityand police reform is a critical factor for reconstruction in post-conflict countries andhas become a prominent policy issue discussed globally. In post-conflict countriesparamilitary models of policing are predominant. Governments often instrumentalize the police as a tool for defending their interests. Thus, policing is often characterizedby a reactive, authoritarian approach based on deterrence and enforcement4. The publicloses confi dence in the police while little emphasis is placed on crime prevention.Under such conditions, rural communities suffer particularly as they are neglected due to their remoteness. Police reform is one of the most important and complex challenges in any environment. It is particularly challenging, however, in post-conflictsituations where the police have often perpetrated serious human rights violations. Often cut off from the populations they are meant to serve and protect, many operatemore like military contingents than public security offi cers. Transforming such policeforces into rights-respecting police services that simultaneously provide protection and fight crime has challenged local and international reformers. Police reform takesa long time, involves transforming power relations in a society and requires morethan technical tinkering with police doctrine or practice. This is doubly so for police in post-confl ict or crisis countries. The rank and file must have a say and be heardout, or reform efforts will not take root. The police themselves will reject reform ifthey believe that it will lead to greater criminality or will somehow undermine their effectiveness as police officers. Put simply, the police will not change their behaviorunless they see it is in their personal and professional interest to do so. In addition, as police expert David Bayley has noted, word-of-mouth among police offi cers is moreimportant than any training course. Police telling other police that this or that change has meant an improvement in their performance or was effective in fighting crime isa very powerful change agent. Indeed, a study of efforts to implement communitypolicing found that some of the best ideas came from the police themselves and not from the outside “experts” or the police hierarchy. This “bottom-up” approach mustbe combined with skillful and committed leadership that set clear standards on what is proper behavior and what will not be tolerated in the new police. Many in the old order will see reform as a direct threat, a zero-sum game where they stand to loseand others will gain. People invested in the old structure will not be happy with this

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conclusion and can be expected to resist change. The UN and others embarking on police reform must understand from the outset that the exercise involves much more than a mere “technical fix” or fiddling exclusively with the operational side of thepolice institution. Police reform requires the population to have confi dence in thepolice and expects the police to serve the public regardless of political agendas. Police must believe that crime and disorder will decrease as a result of the reforms. Cutoff from the community they were meant to be protecting and serving, the police inplaces like Haiti, Cambodia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Bosnia often acted like occupiers, squelching any perceived criticism of the authorities and not hesitating to use violence to maintain control. Most people’s interactions withthe police have been negative. In Nepal, hordes of people still have no idea witha police apparatus that would provide services and protection and observe humanrights, so all the stakeholders, national and international donors must be ready tohelp citizens formulate demands for respectful, responsive policing. Another mostimportant problem is undue infl uence by political parties in the transition period withsurge of impunity which has been a cause of degradation of morale in the police.There is a human resource constraint quantitatively and qualitatively; materialand infrastructural defi cits. In addition, a rural-urban discrepancy with respect toequipment and personnel complicates the picture. The wise use of modern technology in the organization is major challenge though you get the most modern machines fromthe donors. What is more needed than others shortly and in the long run necessitates the police organization to form the pool of workaholics in the centre. Which regionswill require relatively more and relatively less police presence? How to inculcate a new organizational culture which provides guidance and motivation for the newinstitution? These are the ever burning issues for effective policing. In Mozambique,police personnel mistrusted the police promotion initiative for fear of losing their jobs and managed to delay the security sector reform agreement by almost two years5.Organizational change within the police may not only trigger resistance from withinbut may also cause some societal actors to become “spoilers” because they are afraid to lose privileges6. Peake, Scheye and Hills have suggested that security institutionsare generally characterized by organizational inertia as they see change as “directchallenge to their power, livelihood and working practices. Many basic problems relating to the performance of the police are (a) a fear of crime within the community,(b) the complexity of the complaint procedures, (c) a community perception of thepolice presence as threatening rather than reassuring; (d) a high number of unsolvedcrimes; (e) widespread violations of law and professional ethics by police personnel; and (f) an overall negative impression of the police and the several problems relating to police professionalism as (a) excessive interest in material gain; (b) the militaristic character of police offi cers; (c) a low level of creativity and proactive approaches; (d)

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a tendency on the part of the police to safeguard officers’ safety and careers over andagainst the public interest; and (e) a low level of institutional independence.

The UN has helped to reform or create new police forces in El Salvador, Cambodia,Haiti, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Kosovo, East Timor (nowknownasTimor-Leste),Rwanda,Croatia, Georgia/Abkhazia, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guatemala, Angola, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The rising number of organizations carrying outpolice reform evidences the increasing importance attached to it. The UN is joined in police reform efforts by bilateral donors, a large and diverse number of internationalorganizations, nongovernmental organizations and, increasingly, the private sector.The circumstances in which reformers intervene have expanded as well. Given the fast pace and wide scope of police reform activities, it is understandably diffi cultto assess experiences and draw out lessons from the wide range of initiatives being conducted. Power distribution and relationships will change, and resistance is only natural and to be expected. In addition, the reformers must also recognize and budget for a long-term commitment, since this will take years, not months. Stakeholders onpolice reform must also recognize that changing the culture or ethos of an institution is never easy. For most post-conflict and crisis states, the overarching goal of policereform is to move from a model of policing based on repression and social control toa model based on prevention and investigation. The population’s historic and well-justifi ed mistrust of the police must be overcome, and this will take time. The new orreformed police must earn the trust of the population, and one mistake or reversion to the past can have a devastating impact. In short, the reality is that there is almostno room for error. Respect for human rights and effective crime fighting go together:police reform cannot be seen as resulting in weak policing. In human rights discourse it means developing a human rights culture. The aim of a human rights culture isto institutionalize practices based on the rule of law and in compliance with human rights principles, and to prevent misuses of power, which often lead to human rightsviolations. A third core aspect of police reform in the transition period centers onthe concern that protecting human rights will be equated with being soft on crime. This perception must be fought at all costs. Part of the challenge for the reformers is to combine the human rights perspective on policing (revising codes of conduct, erecting oversight bodies and training) with the professional law enforcement and crime control perspective. Some maintain that controlling crime requires “tough” policing, and that the population, too, will call for more robust police action if they feel threatened by crime, even if this encroaches on human rights. Such public clamor

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for tougher policing has arisen in Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala and South Africa,all countries with histories of brutal police behavior. These cases demonstrate that ifpeople feel vulnerable to crime, they will not only tolerate but actually advocate for the police to take almost any actions necessary to combat crime. This can be quite challenging and Police reformers must convince the public that “democratic policing is not weak policing.” Effective reform requires paying attention to the institutionaldevelopment of the police and broader criminal justice institutions. It is not enough to bring in a human rights expert to lecture on international human rights standards to agroup of cadets in a police academy, or for a police expert to discuss how to conduct a“stop and frisk.” The police reform must be carried out in tandem with judicial reform and has to be overwhelmingly focused on raising awareness of human rights standards among the target audiences namely the police themselves and the community at large. The corollary to this awareness-raising is a heavy emphasis on training, creatingmaterials for training courses and public information campaigns. Tools of modernmanagement, sound administration, financial controls and objective standards forjudging performance are all pivotal issues. Strong leadership, in the police force and in wider government offi cialdom, will also help determine the success or failureof police reform. Each person in the organization must feel that s/he has a stake inchange. Reform team must be thoroughly familiar with the local traditions, practices and conditions regarding policing and security; a deep understanding of how the policewere structured and organized in the past, past criminal patterns, networks and gangs,both inside and outside the old police, and how they operated is essential and for this ex-policemen shall be outsourced. Police reformers must know the local history, downto details like the color of the old police uniforms and the names of notorious police units. This type of understanding requires broad-based expertise. Police reform is amulti-faceted, multi- disciplinary effort that takes careful coordination among manyactors and will require many years and a great deal of money. Given the complexityof reform, those with expertise in management, personnel, logistics, communications, procurement, data management, institutional reform, psychology, sociology andanthropology criminology, public information campaigns, and community relationsmust also participate.

In the short run, security sector reform is aimed at enabling a country’s institutionsto provide basic security, while, in the long run, it pursues the ambitious goalof reconstructing a state’s governance to ensure the army and the police serve theinterests of society. Due to short-term donor cycles, the assistance provided usuallyattempts “to do too much too quickly”. Peake, Scheye and Hills describe what others have described as lack of coordination as “too much governance and not enough

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management”. A related obstacle to successful reform is a shortfall in pledged donorresources three to five years into the reconstruction7. Whereas in other sectors multi-year budget commitments have become more common, the politically sensitive field ofpolice promotion is always at risk of falling prey to short-term donor cycles. However,once the goal of stabilization seems to be achieved donor fatigue becomes a seriousrisk8. Even when long-term commitment is secured, however, implementation posesfurther challenges. There is a dilemma between rapid deployment pressures apparentin unstable post-confl ict environments and resulting standards of performance forfresh police recruits9. An example where too rapid deployment has caused problems isprovided by the case of police training in Iraq. A fast-track programme trained recruitsfor only eight weeks and left the new police insuffi ciently equipped for their mission.

The Gender-Sensitive Police Reform (GSPR), with special attention to experience gleaned from challenging post-confl ict situations must be considered. Localization ofUNSCR 1325 and 1820 has been on full swing in Nepal with its orientation in police. For this police reform must ensure that violence against women tends to continue unabated without bold institutional change. Abuses of women’s rights must becriminalized, and police and civilians alike must internalize the idea that such abuses will be punished as criminal acts. Effective responses to gender-based violence mustbe developed. These usually take the form of new operating procedures - for instance,mandates to arrest perpetrators upon reasonable suspicion or helping to medical assistance to victims. Particularly signifi cant are the new dedicated police unitsestablished to address crimes against women. Stewardship must be taken to increase female participation. GSPR works best when women themselves hold their police forces to account, especially by participating in the relevant oversight mechanisms. The establishment of basic law and order augmented by on-state institutions such as community guards, neighborhood watches and private security is a necessary conditionfor sustainable reconstruction of police, in particular for rebuilding the population’strust after the end of the confl ict10. Moreover, due to the enforcement gap crime rateshas surged in the transition period propped up by climate of impunity. Thus, policereform plays a crucial role in reestablishing confidence among the citizens. As Stodiekpoints out gaining the confi dence of the public cannot succeed without success infighting crime.

The UK Department for International Development identifi ed some prerequisitesnecessary for reform undertakings. The chosen policing model has to be at least partly based on the existing police culture. Even if foreign experts consider their ‘developed police system’ as the best it is often not locally applicable11. Ziegler and Nield even

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speak of “waste” that occurs if donors do not adapt their reform programs to local circumstances. Local police traditions might provide boundaries, certain unchangeable elements, which will defi ne what is achievable with police reform12.

Moreover, the separation of police and military must not be given up due to civil unrest;that is, the military should not take over policing tasks such as road checks, raids and arrests. Lastly, foreign assistance cannot initiate reform if the host government is notcommitted or is even opposed to a restructuring of the police13. Given the complexityof this task it becomes clear that the success of police reform is determined not only by decisions taken directly with regard to the police. Rather, a comprehensive strategyfor post-confl ict reconstruction addressing the needs of state institutions as well asother non-state societal actors is required if the aforementioned obstacles are to be overcome. Often, police reform suffers from a significant discrepancy between policyprescription and operational reality 14. The assumption is made that social changecan be imposed externally by social engineering necessary for reform 15. However,police may “accommodate, manipulate or subvert”, and in rare cases such as in Sierra Leone, welcome reform measures. Thus, the potential for spoilers should not be underestimated when delineating the envisioned outcomes of police reform.

Police have been blamed of oppressing citizen uprising with staunch kowtow to the rulers. It is therefore extremely important to strengthen the professionalism and skills of the police, especially the personnel who work on the front line who are more than 75% in Nepal whose minimum academic qualifi cation for entry is basic literacy, sale pa. The ability of police offi cers to provide effective service and be responsive tothe public need depends heavily upon their knowledge and skills. In other words, strengthening the police force ‘from below’ is necessary in order to make theirperformance in law enforcement and the maintenance of order in society more effective,and to heighten their professionalism at both an institutional and the individual level. According to Kelana (2005), structurally police reform aims at building a police forcewith the following characteristics: a strong institutional identity as an independentorganization; compatibility with professionalism and universal police standards; amodern organization based on science and technology; and an orientation to servingthe public. Instrumentally, it aims to formulate a guide to police reform consistingof the philosophy, the principles, the vision and mission, and the code of conductof the police force. However, many of these efforts were made at the symbolic andstructural level, such as changing the uniform and ‘code of rank’ of the police in order

8 Law, 2006 9 Dobbins et al., 2007 10 DFID, 200211 DFID, 2002 12 Bayley, 2008). 13 DFID, 200214 Peake, Scheye & Hills, 2006 15 DCAF, 2009

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to eliminate the ‘military look’ in order to materialize ‘service with smile’ motto.

In Police recruitment, the advertisement must be in the local media so as to inform the majority people in the remote countryside to ensure inclusion in the real sense and moreover they must be oriented the syllabus of the selection modules. The applicants mostly for the constable rank are in obscurity about the necessary documents and more on the practice of the obstacle hurdle of the physical exam. So if possible, in the times of the recruitment the candidates must be allowed to practice the obstacle hurdle inside the nearby police units or must be oriented from the local police units and taking the preliminary screening in the local areas, more specially for those candidates who are in villages in order to free them of unnecessary hassle and expenses. This way can win the waning trust of the public in the protracted transition period in Nepal. Indevelopment phase, trainings shall be based on the fundamental values of democracy,the rule of law and the protection of human rights shall be developed according to the objectives of police16. Socialization aspect is most important aspect in trainingto avoid the risk of grooming as the military type and the communication culture must be well established within the organization to pass the constructive ideas of theseniors to the juniors and vice versa. Free competition can be opened in higher rankssuch as Superintendent of Police (SP) and cut off system must be set for every rankpromotion from inspector to Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIGP) in order to attract larger number of highly qualitative work force as well as shift system must be started to clear 24 hours on duty complexity because as no person can be liable for any accountability round the clock. These dubious provisions need to be obliterated maintaining the beautiful folklores. As the reform is a continuous process, theorganization must actively seek out the views of the public through public perceptionsurveys and other methods of formal and informal consultation in order to act on the public expectation17.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azca, Muhammad Najib, ‘Security Sector Reform, Democratic Transition, andSocial Violence: The Case of Ambon, Indonesia’, 2004, Bergh of Research Center forConstructive Confl ict

Management, <http://www.berghof-handbook.net>

Bailey,D. (2001) Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It,Washington, National Institute of Justice.

Ball, N., Bouta, T. and van de Goor, L., Enhancing Democratic Governance of the

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Sector: An Institutional Assessment Framework (The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2003)

BBC News (2003). Two sides of Sierra Leone's police Retrieved January 19, 2010, from

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3091518.stm.

DFID (2002). Safety, security and accessible justice : putting policy into practice.London: UK Department for International Development.

Lalá, A., & Francisco, L. (2006). The Difficulties of Donor Coordination: Police and Judicial Reform in Mozambique. Civil Wars, 8(2), 163 - 180.

Law, D. M. (2006). The post-confl ict security sector. Geneva: Geneva Centre for theDemocratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).

OSCE, (2002) Public Perception Survey, Law Enforcement Department, OSCEMission in Serbia and Montenegro.

www.ipacademy.org/Programs/Research/ProgReseDev_Pub.htm

16 Article 26, Recommendation (2001)10 of the committee of ministers of member states on the Europeancode of police reforms

17 Bayley D.H 2001 Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to do and How to do it, Washington, Nationalinstitute of Justice

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