lg 3 – gas exchange, circulation, digestion, and excretion invertebrates gas exchange aquatic –...
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LG 3 – Gas Exchange, Circulation, Digestion, and ExcretionInvertebrates
Gas Exchange Aquatic – Terrestrial –
Circulation Open Circulatory System – Closed Circulatory System –
Digestion Intracellular – Extracellular –
Excretion Aquatic – Terrestrial –
VertebratesGas Exchange
Aquatic – Terrestrial –
Circulation Fish – Amphibians – Reptiles – Crocs, Birds, Mammals –
Digestion Extracellular – Carnivores vs Herbivores –
Excretion Kidneys – Function -
Unit IIIAnatomy and Physiology of
AnimalsLearning Goal 3
Describe systems for gas exchange, circulation, digestion, and excretion in animals.
Invertebrates
– Gas Exchange – Most aquatic
invertebrates exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through gills. They are feathery structures that expose a large surface area to the water. Examples: mollusks, arthropods.
• Terrestrial Invertebrates • have respiratory
surfaces covered with water or mucus. They range from book lungs in spiders
• to spiracles (openings) that open into tracheal tubes in insects.
• Circulation • Open circulatory
system – blood contained in vessels and sinuses (large spaces) pumped by one or more heart-like organs. Examples: arthropods and most mollusks
• Closed circulatory system
a heart-like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body. Examples: annelids and some mollusks
Digestion
Intracellular digestion
Small particles of food enter cells, and are broken down, then nutrients are passed to other cells.
Examples: sponges, jellyfish
Extracellular digestion Food is broken down outside of cells in a digestive cavity or tract then absorbed by cells. Examples: mollusks, annelids, arthropods
Excretion:
Aquatic Invertebrates Ammonia (a toxic by-product of protein break down) moves out of cells directly into surrounding water.
Terrestrial Invertebrates Tube-like structures called nephridia turn ammonia into less toxic substances like urea and uric acid, then release it into the environment.
– Lungs in terrestrial vertebrates like mature amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
– Both gills and lungs consist of moist surfaces containing many tiny blood vessels through which oxygen and carbon dioxide move.
• Amphibians – double loop system with one loop carrying blood between the heart and lungs and the other loop carrying blood between heart and rest of body. Heart has three chambers.
Reptiles
have a double loop system with a three chambered heart, but the heart is partitioned so that there is less mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood than in amphibians.
• Birds, mammals, and crocodilians have a four-chambered completely divided heart in a double loop system.
Digestion
All vertebrates have extracellular digestion with digestive organs suited for different feeding habits.
FunctionAs proteins are broken down, ammonia forms but is converted to less toxic urea or uric acid, then eliminated by the kidneys.Functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.Kidneys are also important in regulating water and other substances in body fluids.