Chaptnr lf BUru\L MODERNITY

Indiv1&uQ. is tntb a crea1Dr and a carrier of modo~ni·

a a tion. As a sci en t1S t, pbUo sop nor, reto lttler, entrepreneur

or <n1 ta he iS a creaior \iJn sea~ tD elq>lore new ways mel

means in order 1n have a better control over hie physical and

social elvitonment. rut being a pn>duct of hie social envi-

ronment he is al.so a creature and a corrior o£ modeJn1zation.

Man's physic at cnaractar1sUcs or inher.t ted tendencies are

hardl.y tJme-bound pbenomenon w t bis social. structure or psy.

cbolog1cal make up iS. The sdvanCQnen t in roan •s lmot:a.edga

brings fortb advancEment in technology wn1cb necessi tatoo

changes 1n men •s tiOrld.ng ar.d living condi tlons and mode of

lifo. Becaase of the changes 1n the realm of lmoWl.edge, tho·

established patterns of s.ocJo-economic and political 1'0lat1ons

get uansfotmea or moditiea; and, the psycbologtcal franework

and personal1 ty systEm ot 1nc:11v1chtals also get changed. The

first pal't of these changas Will. bG discussed 1n tb9 preceding

chapter. In the present chapter our focus 1S confined only

~ tbe changes in the individual., In other words, an effort

has been made here fn exanine the nat1re md pace of 1n41~

dual. modemuatton and 1ts ma3or societal attributes. Th.e

tlU:ec \401\'iS - 1n41V1duoJ., model\'l1Zat1on, or modenu ty as Smi ttl

and lnklos (l9GG) cQl~ 1t, or o:Jodemi!dll as Scllnaiberg (l970)

puts 1 t, have been used he19 in 1den tical. meaning.

Any sb.ldy of' individUal modem1 ty attc:mp ts w dal.ineato

1 ts basic eharac teristics and the factors that detenn1no 1 t.

- l09 -

IndividUE.\1. modem1 ty or modem.ism bl\ladly refers tD a comp1ex

of atU tude ~d beb~w1our charac teris Uc of mEmbers of a 1

modem society. It includes such socto-psycbol.ogical. tra1 ts

of burn en person ali tor as empathy, openness 11) new e~er.letces,

<l1spos1 tiona to bold new opinions on diversified and distant

pl\)b19a1St reatiiness 1x> ace~ t novel. ideas and try nai metbods,

new attitude 1Dwords vork, weal ttl, saving and risk-- tald.ng,

n~ sc:nsa o~ Ume tnat makes man punc1l.ia1 and more 1n·terestad

1n pre.sant and fU 11.\re Ulan in tile past, £a1 tb 1n science and

tocbnologyt graatGr concem for rat1cna1 planning, organization

and efficiency, mob111 ty, et'L'icacy, calcula'bili ty and beJ.iaf

1n distl'ibutive just1oo end ~e of lav (Inkeles l9G3a

138-50; l9?4, Lemer l95S, :1968). As said earlier in

chapter throe, 1nc11vidua1. modexn1 ty bas been measured for

the people in Ule Wo vU.l.ages w11b tile beJ.p of a 33 1 tans

short form OM2

scala of Alex Inkates.

Individual. secul.ari. ty or socu1arism refers to inculca­

tion of a rationEO.. attitude anong peopl.e for rQU.g1on. It

rG'ldars a measure of ind1v1dUal' s ratl.onal. ana secalar

attitude and 'behaviour on tbQ'JleS like bel.lef 1n rel.iglous

superstt. ttons, obServance of: sacred considerations and rel.ated

res trio tiona over in tem1xinth <11n1ng £n.d marr1age etc. A

detauea discussion of Ule scale (ISS) 1s gi von m chapter b.fo.

Individual. polit1c1zot1on is general.l.y mem1t 1nclivlduEO..•s

political. soc1at~at1on. It shows how far an 1nd1vidue4 is

interested 1.n political af'i'a1rs as wall as 1D what degree end ------l.. Fbr a detaU.ed aiscwssion soa chapter 1o PP• 5-7.

- 110 -

in 'What ways he participates in pol1 tics. Individual po11 ticism

brlafl.y reprQsao.ts individual's atts.'b.lde, orientation, atd

behavioural responses in relation 1o politics. It bas bam

evaluated partLy on tile basis of tne 1n tarests shotJn by

individuals 1n po11 tt.caJ. af.fa1rs and partLy upon their poll tt.­

oal behaviour t.e., ao ti ve part1oipat1on 1n poU tics, which

rmged from political Calll)aign 1D casUng one's own vote. Tha

foxmation of the scal.e (IPS) for measuring incU.vid\uO. pol! tt­

cism has bean discussed 1n detail in chap tar tva.

The Ulree measures were obtained for 145 sanple cases

in ibe two v1J.1ages. The reSU1 ts are glVGn 1n table g.

1 tans ba'tltleen whom QOrro- r t Significance at 1 att.on is so~gh t 3$ laval for df.

l4.3

1. Modernism & Secularism .593 a.aos s 2. Modem1sm & Politician .sos 7.051 s s. Poli t:Lclsm & Secularism .~3 4.807 s

AJ. though individual. modernism sbows h1gh corraJ.at1on

wi tb 1!'lcl1vid\H4 seeul.arism and po11 t1c1sm, yet 1t is more

c1ose1.y ratatod wi ttl. sseul.arism Ulan \tJ1 Ul pol1 t1c1sm. Indivi­

dual. pol.i tl.c1sm End secul.arS.sm too have s1BJ)U1oan t corrEO.at.1Qn

but of a lol!er degree. These rosul ts pos1 t1 vel.y oo rrespon<i fD

our 1\vPO thesis ( l).

- lU ..

The t.bree phenomEila, individual modetn1sm (0·33),

s ec\.4l.ar.lsm (O.lD) and pol.1 tic1em (0·1.3), as we discussed in

chepter 1l!7o, have bean measured on separate scales of lengths

givea 1n braokots. ~lhen tbe three scales o£ unequal lmgtbs

are converted on a hundred point scat a (O..lOO), we t'in<l Ulat 0

tbe people 1n botb the villages have become more seOLllarised

but least politiciscd.

Model"nism

Secularism 59.260

Pol1 t1c1sm 33.660

5G.470

32.730

P a>pl.a are roughly one ~<1 a half ttmes more modeJn1zed

than they are pol1 t1.c1zed end neal!J.y one end a quarter tlmes

more secularised than they are moderniZed. It may then be

1nt'ered that the con tn>l of rQ1.1g1on has greatly dim1ntsbed on

the life of tb.e people of the tA-10 v1ll.ages, prGdominen tl.y Hinctus,

wbo have been known for cen tunes for the impregnable beli~

in superstitions, observance of social. and r11ueJ. distance

among castes, creeds, and rEO.,j.g1ous ortbodo~. Modem1zatton

represen ta a ~lide range of attl tude, bQ1.1at and behaviour

p erta1n1ng tD social., economic, po11 tical.t .1ud1c1al. and

- 112 -

culb.tral. life of 1nd1viduals and groups and tile sane havo not

undergone ch~ge 1D tile e.xten t tllat peop1e have become secular.

In fact sc1en tu.'1e and technological. advancanent had a direct

bearing upon the nature end con<U. t1ons of wor~tt people tradi­

t1ont4ly had had; ancl 1 t made mass eommunioa t1on easy in the

model\'l Umes. Foth the faciDrs • occupation md mass comaun1-

cat1on, have bem tomd 1X:> have pos1 t1ve correl.ot1on m th

secul.ar1sm. But the occupatlonal. OJ~PGrience, as we ~Ul se3

in tho 1atter part of this ohepter, showed h1gb correJ.at1.on

vl tb 1nd1v1duEU. secularism and exerted dominant influence

over 1 t. In faot w1 tb. tne increasing secu1.ar.1zat1on of the

compoDents of social organ~ot1ons, tne influeaco of rQI.ig!on

in many spheres of life came 11> redUce and the 1ndiv1duEO.'s

1nvolvanant in rE0.1g1on clecllned. Educat1on; as diScussed in

the latter hal.f of this chapter; h~s been f'ounCl as the most

dominant facwr affecting 1ndiv1cb1eJ. m.odem1ty whUe occupa..

t1on occu.p1ecl only tb1rd plaoe. B.l t occupatlon: i'ollowed

by mecU.a elQ)Osure have bea!l found 1n bavo <Jom1nsnt affect on

secularism.. Tbus pa)plo 1n vUl&ges may not be edl.lcated but

may ba soeul.ar simply bacauso they pu~suc seeul.ar occupation

or are elq;)osed iD mass media.

A eJ.ow pace of 1nd1v1dut\l. pol1 t1c1zat1on 1n Vil.leges iS

obvious. Besides the reason Ulat the region as a wbo1e 1s

soc1al.1y and economS.cal.l.y backWard,. tbe political partlc1pat1on

1s a rOl.atlvaty racant phenomErl.on .for vSl.l.agers. lotoreover,

1 t is coni'ined ma1n1y 1D tbe panchayat, assemb1y end paJ111a.

mm t Ql.ect.1..ons wb1cb normal.l.y are bal.4 after £1ve years.

... 113 -

VUlagors do not have Dlly ldnd of organizations or unions

ot thair own. Tbus their parttcipatton 1n poll tical aot1vi tl.es

1 s naraJ.y eny more tbt.n castlng tne1r w tes at tno t1.mes of

aJ.eot1ons • national., state or vU~age levels. Moreover, in

tbe electoatal polS. tics Ul.l nou tlloy have beGl ~lo1 ted in

the neme o~ caste, cr~d, religion or 1ansuage by the pol.i t1-

c1ans. once the eJ.eotlon 1s over they har«J.y see tbe race

of 1 eadors, party members end even po11 tical ~ rkers. 'I' bus

the common man by and large feat ali ana tod and devEO..o~ rGJ.uc­

taace for ttle EQ.eo1Dra1. politics. It is partLy for tho

reason tbat a low degrea of politloism has been obServed in

bo tb tile Villages. However, \d tb the recent poll tical. deve­

lopmen ts tbe rural people have como 1X> realiZe the importance

of tbGir p0l.it1cal rigll.ts ana responsibU1t1es and a gmu1ng

awarEness of the peasant interests may be sean 1D have

emerged anong then.

SOURCES OF t-IODE~JIZING INFLUENCE

lnd1 v1duE\1 modernity as a soc1o-psycb>log1cal. S1ftda>me

is 1argeJ.y a conse<i\4ElnCO ot.• tit"ferentiaJ. p~cess oE social.1Za.

t1on. Individual's socialiZat:l.on or trainings 1n c.U.t'ferent

life stylest cognitions end val.ues 1s 1n b.lm determined by

the soc1fl'l settings of b1s life (Po rtes, 1973). Mode~z1ng

social.iZatlon influencc;,s upon 1nd1 vi duals may be gJOupea

in 1D ~o major categories • one which rq,resents early

sooia1.1Zat1.on e~er1ence: mainl.y 1ncJ.udos residen t1~

el!pGriat.ce and early oducatt.onal. e~osura or scboo11ng, tbe

o tber ratleots late so c1al.1Zation G.lq)&rience pertaining mainly

to adu1 t ocaupatton, work place, sta1Us, and levels o£

affluence (lnkEQ.es, l969). \tie enlist here somo of the major

modem1Sing sources and seek 1D examine their 1ni'1u.ence upon

1nd1 v1dua1.s.

R9S3Jl9mce ....

t1osi3.y scholars measured indivi&lal modOD'l1ty in Uio

dis tinct life sGttings - mral and u.r~ simultaneously, and

a significant dUference 1n att11ude of tile We> populat3.ons

1 s observed by them. T.b.e present study ins tead oi' taking

san.ples i"n>m a oi ty and a vil.l.age (or a group of villages)

takes in to consideration wa villages 't1bicb belonaed 1X>

different levels of modamlzetton aad urban contact. one a

modemizod fringe v111aae, the o thor a d1stan t backWard

village. t-Je sert out a ~ th.eo1s 1n too beginning tbat Ul~re

wou1d be a subStantial. c11£ferenoe in itlo level.s of model\'11 ty

be~een a highly mode~ed frjnge vUJ.ege and a low model.hiZed

d1st9n t v1ll.aga; the fl!lnge villagers lJOuld subS tan tl.~y ba

more modernizea (li)lpO tbesls 2). 'lhe mean scores for tne

overall modarnism, secularism and pol3. t1c1Sm £or the Uto

vUl.ages are given in fab.\o 14

l tan .Jig~ §5:9 !:G ~ value signii'.iemce V'UJ. age VJ.l.l. age J at .011GV<a

&.or !Y:~ lia lnd~v1duQl Modo~1sm 1.6.247 13.694 2.488 s Individual Secu1ar1sm 5.926 4.805 3.009 s lnd1v1chla1. Pol.1 Uc1sm 4.376 3.a89 0.733 NS

- 115 -

Tbe above findings support our hypotbes1a regaraing d11"fer­

ence 1n ind1 vidual. • s modem1sm and oecu1ar1sm pertain1ng to

tbG cliftorenco 1n tne levals of modem1zatton of tile vUlages

(BypoUlesis 2). The village Ahanadpur (VA), as we !snow, is

situated in close vicinity of a ra.il.t-Jay junction. Moreover,

1 t l~es on a puce a xo ad and is c1os e in bO tll the J ampu r city

and tbo zorarabadt a fDl1n area market. Moreover, tha v1.ll.age

1s econom1call.y end eoc1a1ly devQloped emd reJ.aU.val.y b1chl.y

modem1~ea. 'lbe J ~tuti.h (\IJ) on 1he o thOr hand, 1.s a dis ta1 t

v1l.lago indicntl.ng a J.ow level. of modemtzats.on. Thus, on tne

basis of the findings as obtained 1n tabl.e U, 1 t may now be

concludOd that people in advancad modernized fringe vUlages

are more tll)dem.laea. B1 t Wheiher the urban contact (1.o. tbo

nawro of residence) 1n i tsc:af detel!lllnes the modern attitude

and behaviour ot the peop1e or 1 t 1s tbe socio-e(X)nomic fac1Drs,

such as Gducatlon, occupat1on1 media &lq)o~re etx:., t<~b1ch ar()

more generally found ~ urba:l areas, tb3t make people modem

may not cJ.eal!ly bO answered 1b1'0ugh the above an~ys1s• To

find a satisfactory answer of tbis question we need U> 1!P 1n io

fUrther analysis.. The matter has baen examined 1n the latter

part of this chG{)tGr, ':~run tfe tald 1D work out a rogresslon

analysis.

The disapp JX)Val. of tne part o~ the abovo hypo thesis as

regards tba higher degreo or pol1t1e1sm among ttle people of a

modem1zed Villageo~ as 1s Ql.ear from tbe last part of 1be

':r atae 11, may be 01Q?l.a.1ned 1n tame of special. po11 Ucal.

condi t1ons that resuJ.ted in an increase in the poli t1.oa1.

- U6 ..

acttv1 t:J.es of the people of tho region as a Wbole 1rrospectLve

of the fact tbat tiley bOJ.onged 1X> a city or a village • modem

or traditional.. ln fact tbis study was conducted 1n 3978•79

after the Assanbly poll which was hal.d shortLy after the

intemal. aua·rg<ncy was lli'ted and the new Pa~1ement was const1-

tu ted in J977. Dur1ng omargQncy period pOOp1e, espec1al.J.y fmm

reno te areas in Eas texn uttar P radesb suffered badly under tile )

forcad i'an:U.y planning progranme. 'lhey \!Iere 11 ttl.e atllare of

or belafi ~ed from tJ1B f1\li ts of tlle emergency 1Do~ on the

contrary, people by and J.arga .1n ur~ areas and 1 ts ll1n te~ands

su.fi'ered less ood pro£1 tted more under the emergency. \~1 til the

result thet unl.ike eal!l.ie~ ttmes people or the remote areas

too became pol1 t1oa?.ly ac t1 ve. Mo rmver, Ulere uere such

appeals .f:om ttls non-Q>ngress leaders tbat tile rEmnants of Ule . emergency EQ.ements must be OJ£t1~ated t:rom tha stat9 powor too.

Our argt1m~t 1s ~pportea by the nature o£ wt1ng in Ute ~·10

consU. tuend.es. In VA (the modelll1zed fringe VUlage) const,t...,

12.lency, the Congress (und1vided) candidate wont t.Jhlle 1n VJ

( tne dis~ t v1l.J.age) cons t1 iUency J ana ta candidate was a1 eo ted

at tha Asaemll\y poll.

Jfami1:z Nuclear .tEmUy 1S generally regarde<l as an importent

cnaracteri.S tl.c o~ moclet.n society. l t 1s considered tD b9 more

amenable 1t> the condi tlons o~ modom l.ite. It 1s \11dEQ.y

bEO.ievod that Ule nucl.ear ~em11y p~vldes the envlmnmen t and

etmospllero t4b1Cb make tb.e peop]..e more modem 1n attitude end

el!periencG. Tne presump U.on that peop1e f'mm nuc1ear f'anU~

• U7 •

are mora likely to be modem, seClll.ar and po11 tio1zed is put

tQ test 1n tile rel.&vance of tna data.

AallJ.g J2

~atf'fth1icf=1yi,dua} l:lodemlsm,

Fanlly type t . &·!s~~w ·m: s· O'W Mo (:'):1'- g S @SH;f.!!Jiit$JR.. • EQJ,& tlo~

LOW t.toder- Itiifl LoW Modar:Igfi ate ate a~

OtlD U,..8l. 22-~ 9-3 tb-7 8-10 o-4 5-9

~luelear 17 52 12 11 55 l.S 52 21

Joint 17 33 14 l2 33 19 41 14

2 X 2.442 4.074 3.123

S1gnU1 cance at df.2 NS llS NS

•• •• I ...

The cJ»ss- tabUl.ation of the Eanily twes w1 tb regal'ds to

tile levEQ.s of individual mode.rnum, seC1lar1sm and pol1t1c1sm

for tho respondents has been done 1n tne table 12. The evi­

dences do not establish any significant relationship betl"lean

the fanUy eype end any of tba three depen.den t variables •

modernism, secul.ar.1s.m and poli ttcism. Tbls hypo thesis three

tllms out false.

SOCiAL 00 RR ELATEs 0 F B1J RAL l<l OD ERNI TY

LOOki.Ylg to the na iure, >f. and tbe cons train ts jroposed

by the sanp1e, we se].octed caste, occupatl.on, education,

income, urban con tact, 1eve1 of communication (media exposure)

and age as 1nd~anden t variabl.es 1D 9Jq>1Gin modem1 ty, the

10-13

5

9

-

- 1l8 -

<lepmdent variable. '!he correlation mat1'1x snows tnat modemity

is significan tty 1t>rra1.ate6 W1 tb all the seven indepe.ndm t

variables. Moroover, excop t the ago whlcb bas a negative corre.

1aUon rest ot tho independent 'Gariables are poai tiveJ.y corral.ated

wi Ul modemism (Hypo Uleses 5 1D 11).

Individual modexn1 ty <x1> (or modernism) 1.00

Caste (~)

o ccup a t1.on (~)

Age (x4

)

Educa~on (~)

Income (x6

)

tJ rbml con tact ( ~)

M edla ~OGUl"G (~)

X 2

.soo 1.00

X 4

.'138 -.305

.413 .086

l..OO -.210

1.00

.82'1 .558 .sos .751

.sso .352 .276 .523

.'125 .'lao .588 .'104

-.393 -.lO? .082 .... J90

1.00 .624 .400 .733

1.00 .595 .sea 1.00 .su

1•00

.t\mong au. tne independent variables G<iucaUon shows the

bighest degree ot corralation w11b mode:m1 ty (.827). Next 1D

educatlon 1s media 01posure (.'151} followed by occupation

( •738), whicb 1Do are highly corral.ated l-11 tn modemi ty. .Among

the rena1n1ng variables exoap t age a.1.1 o tbers nave coaf1'1c1en t

o£ corra1.at1on W1 til modeftlj, ty greater than or equal to .s. Tho matrix ~so shows bS.gh co rrel.a tions be ween some or th.0

independent vanalll.os such as occupat1on (~) and income (x6);

- ll9 ...

education (~) and occupation (~),occupation (Xs) and mass

media e-~osu~ (~),end education (~) md 1noomo (~).

S, ~gp-WiSft rgg£iiJ§!gp. lifl9\Y§1S

After s~ld.ng corrGlaUons be~EBn tbe dependent var.labla

and tne independent variables a mul. tlple regression f.lnalysis

is done t4 tb a view to exanino whether a casual. rel.at1onsbip

between ttlan exists or tbe correlat1.on(s) be1Ween 1ban eld.stGd

just because of chance (Blalock 1972: 429•64). ~tept-Tise

regression analysis, Which ~1e foUo\ied here, ls a special type

of regression analysis that haJ.ps locate the be~t possible set

of e~1ana1ory variables \1b1ch account tor the maxlmum varia...

tiona 1t'l tile dependent vsnable. stepwiSe regression involves

adding variables fmm anong tb.e given set of independent

var1a'bl.es according m 1 ts exp1ma1nry power at each Ume or

step tnereby gmerat1ng a series of in tarmediate regression

equations un tU al.l. the var1ab1es are addec'l ( Yamne 3973• 994-98).

Tb1s anal.ysis is prof erred because besides idEntifying the

p r1nc1p«L vanabl.o by axamin.ing tbe val.ues of tile coeff1c1en t

o£ mul tlplo detelminat\on (a2), it also tells us amu t increase

in tile e~1ena1Dry power of the model if en addi ttonal variable

1s added 1X> 1 t.. It at so helpS us ~ examine whether a new

variable .is ~rttl inal.uding 1n to the mode~ or not by observing

the change in the val.ues of Ule adjusted coeff'1o1en t of: mul. tip1e

dete1Ul1nat1on (r) f'or the stag W1 Ul respect to tlle preceding

step (Mahmood l977: 145-53).

• 120 -

In Ula first step ~1e gat tho independent variabl.a tbnt

e~lains mcurimum veriettons in tile dependent variable. In tne

second stop tile independEnt varl able wb1eh e.tong t'li tn the

first Cl\)la1ns maximum variations for any such combinaU.on of

the independent var1ahl.es 1n the modal., 1s 1nel.uded 1n 1D 1 t.

L1kGli1se, variables era added one by one giving regression

equations ~r respective s~s un tU the fin«!. equation is

worked out.

If we look upon Ule correlation matrix we see tbat

income is very bigtay corral.ated tiith occ.up3t1on (.760). It

is also higbly corrEO.atea W1 til education (.624) end media

e~osure (,.588). In fact tJ1ese are the variables Wbicb ara

very highly con-ela tod with mo<iem1 ty. lienee 1 t is an t1c1p a tad

that income may adversel-y a£.fect tbe an~ysis by producins

mu1 ti.-coll1niar1 ty and 1 tis in fact .found tD do so 1n some

p rel1minB1"'Y stepwise regression exercises. As a result we

dlt)pped out 1noomo (Xo) from tbe final regression model.. Our

act of dmpping out 1ncome (~) end retaining occupation <xa>

1n the mode.l. is not only supported ,.,1 1il tb.a fact that occupa..

tion (~) bas b1gher corral.otlon t~J11b modem1 ty (x,y then tha

income (Xe), w t also £:rom tba tileoretlcal. point o~ view tilet

tho occupational eJ1Per1atce 1s likely iD exert greater influence

upon one• s attJ. 'tude md behaviour than bio income.

AJ.l tbe eix variables iegatiler exp1ained 75.3}& of varia­

tions in indivi.dual. modemi ty. B.l t since the v~ue oc tile

adj~s ted coGff'1eien t o£ determiaaUon (~) decreased at"ter the

- 121 -

fourtb step hence the variables, namay, .Age (x ) , and caste 4

(~), are deleted from the model. (see table 13). Because the

con tr1 bu t1on o£ those vari all\ as are no t s tlx;)ns enough to

coun tarb(Q.e.noa ttl, reverse effect or tAle Glq)lanaiory power of

the mode1 dUe to increase in tile degree of freedom (n-~.

Based upon the resUlts of tbo s tep~ise regression analysis,

the fee 1Drs which have been found to Gl$pla1n variations in the

individual modemity are given bGJ.ow as per order of their

significance.

JaYca~n_

EdUcatton is the most p0\1ert\ll 1~ac 1Dr in modern1zatt.on

of indiViduals. It affects bo1h our Ulinking process as weal

as actlon. Qlucation 1n fact does not mean on1y b Jmow what

one does not know bu. t also tD behave as one does not behave.

Regulat1.on o:t behaviour 1s in tao t an 1n tegrat part of

scbooling t-1h1ch f'acU1 tates both soc:1 E\1. contml as <t7e.l.l as

regulated chQngo. SchoolS and colleges inCUlcate new values

among ~ung boys and gids, Widen Uleir v1ewpo1n t and prepare

tllem for d1tt'erEnt jobs. It is not only 1he curriculum taught

to the students wbicb 1s 1m.portan t in moUlcU.ng their ott11ude

and behaviour but a:J.so the way tho teacher teaches and deat.s

td. tb than, organiZation of ganes, Sports, and cul.1ural. progra.. ·

mmes in tb.e scbool, EQ.ectl.on of class and scmol represEn ta-

tives, exaninaU.On and d1sc1p11ne sys tans etc. exert ~11c1 t

and Qllpl1c1 t influence upon the boys end g1~s. In o tiler

words, schoOl. 1.S not on1y a place for teaching but EQ.so a

setting Cor the mora genert:Q. soc1al.1zat1on o£ the cbU.d.

... 122 •

Ta:ta..2 J§

R§§91 ta. 9S • .§ ~-nse Rmres1on ~1vs1§

tre~:o. 'l!llpl E2l a.. ne1Dry In tar. as n 2 .; var1ab- cept oo-e£1:1- SB t R Inc!.'- F les ante- c1ant ease red step.

lfiGe. 1n2

R

smo l! ~ 9.634 .891 .051 17.61540 .685 -- .ass 310.008

§tm 21

~ 9.799 .645 .069 e.aroQ .729 .0<!4 .727 191.300

1.050 .216 4.8520

s :taD .aa ~

9.416 .545 .074 7.323~ .747 .olB .743 l38.esa .791 .226 a.499c

~ 1.048 .sae 3.1230

SlS 4C

~ 9.311. .sse .074 7.475" .751 .004 .7413 305.893

.722 .229 3.1490

~ .837 .361 2.32()00 .097 .063 1.53900$0

:Steo 5J

! 10.073 .sao .oso 6.6430 .7525 .ool5 .745 84.535 .737 .230 3.207• .825 .391 2.28300

~ .ll2 .065 l.. 7J9.,00 .017 .oJB -0.909

s,tao §a

J lO.OlB .sos .088 5.7300 .7530 .ooos .744 70.331·

.703 .235 2.9920

.835 .362 2.30G04t

.U7 .066 1. 784ClOO

.023 .ooo -1.l33 ~ 0.390 .052 o.763

-». S1gnU'1cen t at .01 le~ <so Signi.ficm t at o.os level. :000 Sign1f1can t at .10 1GVal. 00$ S1gn1f1can t at • 20 J.evel.

I

.. 123 ...

Apart from the formal instruction 1n academic subjects a

scmol modernizes 1 ts youngsters tnrougb a number of processes

such as rStaard and puniSbmQl t, mo<lell.1ng, exempl1f1catlon,

and seneraJ.iZation (Inkelas 19741 140). In sbor~ education

plays a vi tal mlo in modem1zat1on of 1n&v1dueJ.s and society.

"It canu, says Shipman (l97l.: 269-70), "enlarge horizons and

raise asp1rat1ons. It can reconcile others to restrictad

prospects. In tb1s sense, a:npathy, the condition i'or voluntary

movanent out of· tl'adi ttona.t modes o£ 11v1ng, is a product of:

education. E~£aly 1mportal t, educat1on can provide the &sc1-

p11ne needed in Ule new life • • • In advanced teonnologic~

society when rapid chango 1S organiZed Ulxough investment in

innovation, education prepare people to tolerate md e~oot

ch~ge.n

our reSUlt corresponds to tne above Uleorettcal p:roposi•

t1on.. F&catton, as is cl.ear from tahl.e 4, is found to be

the most powerfUl. facinr tlllOng the given set of e~1ana1D~

variab1os, e~1a1ning alone Ule maxtmum pmportlon of varia.

tions (68.5~) in individual modemi ty. Many ot the studies

1n the li.oval.oping eoun tries si~ify eaucatton as a basic tool

£or modemi.Zatlon (Inkal.es l969a, ~er md YOutz 1971;

Sebnaiberg l9?1; Portes 3973).

ti..ed&a Emo..su m

The mass comrwnicat:ion 1s a growing need and a dis tinc­

tive £sa1Ure of modem society. One may say tilat peop1e \llho

ere modem are more l.iltel.y 1o 1isten rad1o and/or read news­

paper ot> use other such means. Yet choice of media as ~

• l2A •

Olq;)lanatory variable for individual modemi ty is 3ustl.1'1ed so

tar as 1 ts usc make tile modem users stUl modem in att1 tude

and aotion. t-ied1a serve as modem1zer 1n many ways. "••• the

mass metiat't says InkQles (l974a 152), "bring men 1nfonnat1.on

about mmy aspects or modem living; tb.ey open tbem up 1D n~

ideas, allow tilan new l1ays of doing ttUngs, demonstrate accom ..

pllebmen ts which can oontrib.t te tD a sense of ei'f1ciancy,

re~eeQ. end &,!plore d1vers1 ty of opinion, stimulate and ~ustify

hightanad espir.atS.ons for eweatlon md mobility, glorify

science and sing tba praise of teebnol.Ogy. ~ of wilich

sbould in&tee greater modemi ty in any 1ndiv1dUal opEn 1x>

influence."

Tha above results correspond to Jean Duv1gnaud's (®otad

in Berger l9?7: l2'1) findings 1n $heb1kOt a Tunisian vUl.age.

He £ound that even tbougb Shebika uas a <U.s tan t v.lUoge EQ.mos t

dawid of the effects ot tecbnologicat, ea>nom1o and pol1 tical

agents of modemi.Zation, yGt re~ar 1nf1ow of mot.lem1Z1ng

innuences ~ore seen ln the vUl.ase. lie attr.t.w ted school,

amy parsonnta Qld tra1sis1Dr rad1o as the ma3or sources of

dissemination of 1ntonnat1on and roots or tile outs1da modem

uo~d 1n the vU.laga. Pmong Ulem bo gives impprtm t place iD

transistor radios for bringing upon modem influences Ulat had

chenged the charac tar oi' v1l.l.age 1~~e.

Tne val'iable added next to educat1on 1n our codel. is ti.lo

metUa e~osuro. ThG ~ro variabl.es Gducatton (~) md mec:U.a

eJSpOsuro (~) 1Dsether e2Sp1a1ned 72.9~ of' variations 1n

modernj. ty. Taus media e~osure turns out 10 be tbe saoond

- 125 •

1mportant variable &lq;>1&1n1ng modernity (cf. Inkales, l9GS;

Armer a1d ~u tz, l97l) •

QccugAt.\gp

The occupational e~erience, tne nature, type end duration

of wotk tD a 1arge extent ai'fect and shape 1nd1viduals value,

attltade end bebavio-.ar. Attitude or a man wbo deals witb

files, macb.tnes or ins tnunen tst ls likeJ.y 1D diffor from one

\>lho \·JorkS on £allnt lives vi Ul .bis ld.ns, cnttae, crop, treas

md gardf;tl o.round him. ns tbnner being more dynamic, op Umist,

striving, un1versEQ.1sttc, calcu1abl.e atd 1mpersone.1.1sed in

behavioural dealing, 1s more modem. In fact, we bad Ula

v1ew tbat Ule porsons t;ngagod 1n occupation like taming or

those detellll1ned by religious no~tns such as priestllood or

other ceranon1al functlonaries are likely tn b9 traM. tionQl.

in att1 tude and behaviour,. On tile other hand, greatt":lr the

occupaUonat distance of people fmm l~d or the ~rks dete»­

mined by Ule 1'1 ~at noms, more modern tbey are likely 1D be.

Indlvi~«L •a a~er1enca in tact 1s gtteat'Ly influenced by tb.e

inStifl.ltionEQ.~ecl patteme (such as 1ndustr:tes or Wostem

£oStDEQ. e&.tcaUon) tilev a<iop t, or that have been 1n ttod-.aced 1D

them, through tbem their values• att11Udes and percep ttone are

shaped 1n some standardiZed t-Iays (Inktaes l9GOo 2) • Categori­

sing occupations of tho peopJ.e on the basis of the above

men t1oned c~ teria, as detaU.e<l in chap tor tnree, end assigning

them appmpriata weigbtages, ~te find that ocoupaUon tbougn is

h1gbl.y corr~ated t-11 Ul modernl ty (.738). It 1s tbird 1n

...

regression order as compared to tile education and mec11a

eJq)osuro. our regression enatysis correSponds to the order

ot corral.ation; as occupation is 1ncl.uded in the modQl. only in

tile th1rd s~. The tbrae varia'bl.es edUcatt.on (lfs), media

ellposure (~) md occupation (lfs) ~getiler e~lain 74.7~ of

tne proportl.on of 1ntQ1. variations 1n modem1 ty.

U !.'ban , Cgp. toot

c..uite a ft!J'Vl scholars propose urban env1~nmen t as en

important taetor of modoxn1ty (Scbna1'berg, 3970; 1973; Le1ner,

19583 65-GS) next tD a&lcaUon (Portes, 3973). In o1 ties one

comes in iD contact w1 U1 people of <lifi'eren t rogion• religlon,

cul11lre, occupaUon or p=tese1on. 'lh~J d1f:fer not only in

opinion and idea but EO.so 1n sttLe of lUe. Soc1EG. relations

1n cities are mostLy fom~t impersonal, and ta:oporary. They

are largely detam1ned by the 1n 1x}rests md not on the bas1s

of bl.ood or kinship .1n v:Ul.ages. PEOple gain a variety ot

new ~eriences in c1 ty; devQl.op a new sense ~ tlmet reason,

stows and interests. Th~ are likQty to be mo~e tole~t

and suso.ep talae 1D ch~ge. t~oreover, e o1 ty euGncipates a

man in a J.argo extmt fl'Om bis ldns, neighbours, a1d vUlage

elders. over end above it disengages h1m fmm tile obligation

he o~es to and the cons train ts wb1ch are p1aced Upon bjm by

these reJ.at'Lons. On the other hand by 11v1ng 1n v1m.age a

man faUs to get comp1et<ay of£ his t1os from the v111ege,.

\Jle s<aected urban con tact instead of u~an residence as

an elq,')lenatnry varlahl.e !'or modem1ty. Urban contact 1ncl.udes

7

- l27 -

bo 1b urban r~ideno~; , ana regular urbQ'l Visit. M eny people

in VA work 1n o1t¥ but Uva in vil.l.ago. Our assumption is

that tbose W1o "zotk m city even tmugh thGJlived 1n villa.ge

Will. be more modem Ulan ttJose who work and live in vUl.age.

Thus \d. tb a v1eN 1D 1ne'4ude both the condi t1ons we worked out,

as OJrp1a1ned in chapter two, a compost te index ~or bo til tbe

1ndica1J:>rs by slvlng ,.,eigbteaes i'or each year ot urbE:tl residence

and reguJ.ar urt>en v1s1 t reSpect1ve1y by 2 t;1nd 1.

Urban contact (X,) appeared 1n the analysis at the fourth

place. 1\1. iilough incl.usion o£ tha variable (x7

) add 1n Ule

model very littLe to the e~lenainry pover of the gn>up (ru~

1 t indicates o·nly .oo4 increase 1n Ule value of tbe mul t1.plo

determ.~nat1on rf at ibiS step) yet 1 t 1s retained 1n the~model because it causes a marginal increase 1n tbe val.tae of ihe

a<13usted ooeftic1c:m.t of daterminotlon 82• Tbu$ ut~ban contact

appears in bo a verv weak date:minant of ttUra\. model'ni ty.

Almoa t similar conclus1onl;l have be~ <lrav1ll by some o iber

sob:>lars. SmJ. th and ll'lktaes (3974: 220-21) J md Dayldn and

Hert<:a (l978• aa-87), for tns te.neet do not find t.trban residence,

1n£1uencing ind1viduEa modem.1 ty at au. 1n Indian con tex"tt the

fomor bo~T~v-ert does mentions urban reside'lce as a major

source of modelll.iZJng 1nfl.uence upon Sn<l1v1& al.s ( l966). In

aJ.l, the above four variahl.es const1 ill to the regression mco~l.

and ~geUler e~lain 75. J$ variations in mode~n1 ty.

All. the six varJ.abl.es in tne model to goUla r ~l.ain

75.3)'~ of variat1ons i.."l inM.v1.duaJ. modam1 ty. at tour an€\lysis

is va1.1d onl.y ~1D the fourtb step. It cannot be carried

.. l28 •

furtner because the vrauo for the adjusted cootfic1en t of

detelUltnation (R2) gets decreased after 1be i'ourtb step. This

shows tbat contribution or the vanabl.es, age (x4) (cr. Portes

1973: 29) in the fifth stop, and caste (~) 1n tllo sixtb step

mward.s the increase 1n tb9 value of R2 respectivel.y ia1 1hese

s taps, as we already made clear, are not s tmng enough 'to

counter-balance the reverse et'f'eet on the &Jq)lana1Dry power of

the modal. due 1D increase in the degree or freedom (n·a>.

Bence, tbGy cannot ba inCluded in tile causal modal..

\-Ie may se:l tn>m table 3 that regression coeff1o1ents tor

ectucat1on and media Sl;lOBl11'e are consts ten 13.y significant at

.o11eva1. 1n EQ.l tbe steps. 'lhe regression coet1'1c1ent for

o ccupat1on (Jra) is s1gn.1f1can t at .OJ. levat wb.ie 1 t appears in

tho s t9i) Ulree. B.t t Ulereat te.r 1 t is significant only at o .os 1ove1. Tho u~ben e~ertence enters 1n Ute analysis at step

four. I t is found ix. be signitlc ant only at • 20 l.evel., tba ro­

atter it renetns s1~1£1c~ t at •lO level.. The vr:aue of F

ratio ~s significant at .o11eve1. oons1stentl.y at a1.1 stags.

Loold.ng to 1be v«t.ue of ad3Usta6. coafficten t of mul. t.t­

ple deteu:r.n1naticn dif wb1oh increases up to the fourib step

we may regard the first four variabl.ss • echlcat1on, media

Olq)osure, occupat1onal ~erienca and urban contact, as

causal.l.y related t-71 ttl tile sura-L modern1 ty and 1ncJ.ude tbem. in

the regression modal.

It is oviden t £mm tho corrQl.at1.on matrlx and the regre­

ssion anaLysis resu.l ts tilat t:Ul. the t'ourtb step the var1ables

entered one by one 1n in the elQ)lanaiDry modEO. were 1n order of

... 129 -

magnitude or their e>rrQlation coef1'1c1m t w1 tb modemi ty.

I3U t 1n tho l.ast tlfo steps the order is bmkm. Age (x4

) appeared

ear:u.er t:> caste (~) 1n tile regross1on anal.l'SiS a1 though it

sbowed lesser degree of corrQlation w1 tll modem1 ty. A higher

degree of corrQ1.at1on beiJ:teen caste (x2

) end modern1 ty (x1

) is

found because caste (Xe) is hignty corrcaated Wi tn other e~l.a..

natory variehlos Sl.lCh as e&tcatton (l1;), mec11a eJq:Josure (~),

occupation (~) and urban contact (~), tbe major dotem1nan ts

of modemi ty, whereas age (x~ 1s poorl.y correlated \!11 tb tnan.

Renca after Gli,llaining variance in modem1ty by tb.ese major

e~lana1nry variables there left very little for the caste to

e~lain at her ovn. Age (~)on the other hend because or being

pool"l.y corratated With otber e~1ana'tory variables showed

relatively greater e~laneixlry power Ulan the caste evmUlougb

1 t was less correlated m tA modarnl ty.

lsimt:tt¥Wg j;t}g bepjt §fttof va~a}?lfls.

In order 1r> bu..Ud a r-egression model o£ best fit effort

has bem. made 1n sal.ect the beet sat of indepEtlden t variebl.es

from emong tbose signttlcen 1ay rel.atea with mode'ftlt~. Tbis

may be acne w1 U'l tile hap ofUle resu.l ts of stepwise regression

analysis as given 1n table 13. The ebo1ce is generatly made on

tne basJ.a of R2, F md t tests, end also soeio1og1cEQ. reasoning.

The adjusted coaft1c1e!l t ot mu1 t1p1e dete~at1on (r), as we

discussed earJ.ier, tal.l.s us that edUcation (~), media elq)osure

(~), occupation (Jrs) and ur'"om contact (~) meaningt\ll.ly

e~1ain mode1b1ty. The F ratio fbr Ule aneJ.ys~s of' variance

is found tD be s1gn1f1can t at .011evel for tho en t\re table.

- 130 -

aut tb.e vQlue of the coaft'icien t o£ mul. t1ple detel'\n1nat2on (B2)

in tbe fourth step show very li ttl. a increase in the e~1ano1Dry

pover by tile atl11 tlon of urban con tact 1n t> tbe modal. Moreover,

1.ts 1ncl.usk>n iniD tna model. in Ula fourth step Q1 ters the

conslsten.oy of G1gn1£1cance of the regression c:oaf£1c1ants.

TUl the tbir<i stepjal~ the regression coat£1cients nave bem

found tn be s1&Jlif1em t at one per cent levQl. but a£ter inclusion

of tb1s variable 1n the fourth step the rGgression coGft'icim t

for occupation <Xa) remains significant only at five per cent

1 evel and ttle same for the urban contact is found 1D be s1gn1fi·

cQD t onl.y at ~en ty per cent level. It is for these reamns

that urban con tact has bean deleted £rom tbe mode~ o£ the best

f1 t. Mathematlct.\l.J.y, 1t may be sa1a Ulat as tne u rben contact

is highly correlated wJitb education, media e~osure md occupa.

tion, the variables that el9}la1n man~um variations in modem1 ty,

1 t even though has ~os t ecyJQll.y high corretats.on Wi tb. modemi ty

is o weak EUq>ltanatbry variable Ulan the other tb.ree. Tha?rettcQlly,

we may say that 1t is not the urban contact 1n 1tsel.£ that

con triw tes much 1n mald.ns mal modem rattler it is the higher

opporil.ulity fbr education, greater poss1b111ty for the peopl.e

iX> be e~osed 1n mass media end ongagea 1n secular oecupat.i.on

in c1 ttes ~ch make tb.Em so.

Hmce 1n the finQl anea.;vs1s we dOlete urban con te.c t

retaining only ed\lcat1on, media eJrposure and occupatlon 1n 1D

thG modGl. of tbe best 1''1 t. In o tiler Words, education, media

&lJPosure and occupst.ton ium out 1D be tba major exp1enatory

var1abl.es 1Dgetner Ol~P1ain1ng 74.3% of var1at1ons in 1nd1v1<hua

modern! ty (c. f. lnkal.es l974a 149).

- 131 -

After identifying education (~), media eJq>osure <Xa>t and occupation (~) as the best set of e~1ana1x>ry va1'1ables

the regresa1on a<l).lation representing the 11ne of best fl t may

be formed as:

~

X1

9.4la+ 0•645Jts-t 0.791 ZS + 1.048 ~-t ~. R:: .747

(? .• 323) • (3.499) • (3.123) If! F = l38.ass~

Values givan in para1tb.eses are t vaJ.ues for tbe regra.. ssion. coeff'icien te for the variables g1van just above tbe:n.

sign1f'1can t at .o11eve1.

stencis for tile contr:lbut1.on of remaining unidontifi.Od faetnrs (including urban con tact).

Looking at the values of tne regression coeft1c1en ts 1n

tne above eQJJatton, 1 t may be said tilat nowever 14gb 92!p1~atcry

power edueat'l.on or mass media m~ have, the occupation con tr1-

bu tes maximum ib U1e val.ue of 1'-lral modem1 ty 'Wbicn is followed

by mass media end education. at t tne pred1ct1v1 ty of education

is bighest Qnong the tbree. That is 1D say that the variations

in modemi ty e~lained by tbe aducatton or mass media are more

def1n1~ a1d certain Ulan the occupation.

SECOLARtS:~ A'lD POLl TIClf.M

The correl.ations £or tue incU.viwal secu..larism t:tnd pol.1.­

t1c1sm bave bem sought t-11 th the same 1ndependen t variabl.es

wllich nave bean taken in 1be caso of modem1 ty.

- 132 -

'l' al>J.. Q J.i

~~a;t4gn 9Q-aff'jc~t§ go; lnMY!~ secyJ..mrJ.sm eog fQl.\ ttc&sm

I ndeg end en t var1able

Caste

Occupation

Age

Bl.'t,t cation

;nco me

u rban1Zation

M ed1a Elq?o sure

Oorra1at1on coef~1c1an t tor individUal sacul a. rism

.1.10

.482 $

-·168 (*$

• 402 $

.302 0

.asa o

.425 I)

cr s1gn1f1cen t at .ol level

$0 signif1cm t at .os level.

Q)rrelatlon coafft­cim t !'or individual poll t1.c1 em

.248 ¢1$

.343 ¢1

-.086

.ooo • ·'1:16 "* .ooa 410

.393 0

In o regression anaty&is occupation and media &lq;losure

have be3n retained as e~lena1nry varS.aQl.es G2JP1ain1ng iDgeUler

24.7% of var1at1ons 1n 1naividuta secularism. Likewise,

edu cat1cn md media e~osure bave bean inelucled in the rogression

modQ1.1 msetbar Q"Xpl.aining 18.3% var1atl.ons in 1ncl1v1dual.

pol.1 U.cism. Aa tile &Jq;)l.anet:>ry power of tbe il..ro modoJ.s nava

bam found to be ve~ J.ow, hence, bo tb o£ tnEm nave uam

rejected. However, the throe regression modQl.s taken 1Dgetnar

may give us a genort:\1. trend about tile rQl.a~va Sl;)1ma1Dry

... 133 -

powor of tha variables ~1ain1ng modalbism, secularism Q'ld

pol1t1c1sm.

taW,e 16-

fjjgij;~Jme a:!f:ciff~=~ML

Occupatton (X ) 3 1 X 3

Edu ca tton ( ~) 1 X 1

lJrban contact(~) 4 X X

Media E~osure ('13) a 2 2

Looldng upon tbe trends of the e~lena1x:>ry power of

tbe 1ndep endaat variables in the tnree ant:ayses we may 1nfer

that e<&cation is tb.e most pOt'lerfUl instl\lmGnt for tha mo<lemi­

zation md poltt1c1Zatlon of Sndiv1dual.s as it e~lained

max1mu.m variation in Ulan, wh.Ue occupatlonal. ~er.lcnea plays

dominant role 1n dete~in1ng 1ndividuEa seeul.arisation. Mass

mec11a C:O.oo serve a po tant mean in maldng 900p1e modent, secular

end po11 tic1Zed. caste end age do not bear any 1nfluence on

than.