leyland - radiation ablation coupling for capsule reentry heating via simulation and x2(3)

8/11/2019 Leyland - Radiation Ablation Coupling for Capsule Reentry Heating via Simulation and X2(3)

1/17

5THEUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS)

Copyright 2013 byP. Leyland, T.McIntyre, R. Morgan et al.Published by the EUCASS association with permission.

!"#$"%$&'(")*"%$&' ,&-.*$'/ 0&! ,".1-*2 !22'%!3

42"%$'/ 5$" 1$6-*"%$&' 789 2:."'1$&' %-)2

$'521%$/"%$&'1

!" $%&'()*+, -"." /01)2&3%++, 4" /536()++, !" .(0578 ++, 9" :()*%3++, ;" ?=++, -" @>0=A())++, @"

9(=&+,++, B" .58=> +, C" DEFF( +++, D" !522%3++++, G" H()%3I>+, ." /53(J/5)2%358+, K" /(36E%2+

"#$%&'()*+),-)$.'/ 0&'1(/$.2)+* 3'14,5 36789#7#035 :;7?@?A =.4*.$$& 8B)%C&'-.$(5

""9&$%'& 1D >/,&'*1$)+*5 E$)F&'*)%/ G4&&$*-.$(5 H')*I.$&5 04*%'.-).5

"""3J K4DD.5 )6 ( M'()%2(3& (2A58M=%3% (2 =&M%385)>0 8M%%*8 %NM%3>%)0%8 =>6= '%O%'8 5F 3(*>(2>O%

=%(2>)6" 9E32=%3A53%, 05EM'>)6 7%2P%%) 2=% (7'(2>5) M35*E028 F35A 2=% 8E3F(0% 5F 2=% O%=>0'% ()*

2=% =>6= 2%AM%3(2E3% 6(8 0() =(O% ( A(I53 %FF%02 5) 2=% =%(* '5(* %NM%3>%)0%* 7& 2=% O%=>0'%" -=>8

M(M%3 *>80E88%8 ( 05''(753(2>O% M35I%02 (>A%* (2 7%22%3 0=(3(02%3>8>)6 2=% F'5P M350%88%8 >)O5'O%*" L

635E)*J7(8%* %NM()8>5) 2E7% F(0>'>2& >8 *%803>7%* >) P=>0= 3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6 >8 (0=>%O%*

2=35E6= 2=% E8% 5F ( M3%J=%(2%* A5*%' M'(0%* >) ( =>6= 2%AM%3(2E3% F'5P" 1) M(3(''%', 8>AE'(2>5)

2%0=)>QE%8 (3% 7%>)6 *%O%'5M%* 25 A5*%' 2=% 05AM'%N 0=%A>0(' M350%88%8 500E33>)6 >) 2=% F'5P"

1.$8=>@9A?=B@8

R(M8E'% 3%2E3) A>88>5)8 (3% (A5)682 2=% 5'*%82 8M(0% 23()8M532(2>5) A>88>5)8 *(2>)6 F35A 2=% $E)(3 %NM'53(2>5)

()* 8E78%QE%)2 3%2E3) 25 @(32= 2=35E6= 25 A53% 3%0%)2 %NM'53(2>5)8 5F /(38, ->2(), .EM>2%3 ()* K%)E8" B)% 5F 2=%

A(>) F%(2E3%8 5F 2=% (2A58M=%3>0 %)23& >8 2=% %N23%A% 8E3F(0% =%(2>)6 5F 2=% 75*& P=>0= 05)8>828 5F 05)23>7E2>5)8

F35A 05)O%02>O% ()* *>FFE8>O% (%352=%3A5*&)(A>0 =%(2>)6 ()* F35A 3(*>(2>O% =%(2>)6" -=% *%8>6) 5F 2=% -=%3A('

!352%02>5) 8 =>6='& *%M%)*%)2 5) () E)*%382()*>)6 5F

2=%8% =%(2 '5(*8" -=% >AM532()0% 5F 2=>8 ()('&8>8 0())52 7% E)*%3%82>A(2%* J 2=%8% A>88>5)8 6%)%3(''& (22%AM2 25

3%23>%O% >AM532()2 80>%)2>F>0 *(2( 53, >) 2=% 0(8% 5F 188>5)8, >)O5'O% 2=% 3%2E3) 5F =EA()8 25 @(32="

-=%3% (3% 8%O%3(' 05AM%2>)6 M=>'585M=>%8 F53 2=% *%8>6) 5F 2=% -!0 3%2E3)8, 8E0= (8 0%32(>) 'E)(3

3%2E3) 23(I%0253>%8 53 8A('' %NM%3>A%)2(' 0(M8E'%8 8E0= (8 2=% 3%0%)2 88>5)8"-=% =%(2>)6 3(2%8 (8850>(2%* P>2= 2=%8% A>88>5)8 P%3% 85 =>6= 2=(2 2=% %NM58%* 8E3F(0% 2%AM%3(2E3%8 3%QE>3%*

05E'* )52 7% 8E82(>)%* 05)2>)E5E8'& 7& ()& 8E>2(7'% %N>82>)6 A(2%3>('8, ()* 8E3F(0% %358>5) F53A8 () >)2%63(' M(32 5F

2=% 2=%3A(' M352%02>5) A%0=()>8A8 >)O5'O%*" X5P%O%3, 2=% (7'(2>5) ()* M&35'&8>)6 M350%88%8 %I%028 )%P 8M%0>%8

>)25 2=% 3%(02>)6 75E)*(3& '(&%3, 85A% 5F P=>0= (3% =>6='& 3(*>(2>O%, P=>0= 0() %)=()0% 53 7'50? 2=% 3(*>(2>5) =%(2

F'EN"

4%M35*E0>)6 8E0= 23(I%0253>%8 ()*, >) M(32>0E'(3, 2=% M%(? =%(2>)6 05)*>2>5)8 S3(*>(2>O% ()* 05)O%02>O%T >) 635E)*

F(0>'>2>%8 >8 ( 0=(''%)6>)6 2(8?" L =>6= 2%AM%3(2E3% F'5P 5F 6(8 P>2= 8EFF>0>%)2 *%)8>2& 0() 6%)%3(''& 5)'& 7% 03%(2%*

F53 ( 8=532 M%3>5* ()* =%)0% 8E0= F(0>'>2>%8 (3% >AME'8>O% >) )(2E3% P>2= 8=532 2%82 2>A%8" -=% 5M%3(2>)6 05)*>2>5)8

F53 2=% F(0>'>2>%8 (3% (>A%* 25 7% 3%'%O()2 25 (02E(' A>88>5)8 SM(82, M3%8%)2 ()* FE2E3%T 3()6>)6 F35A LM5''5J2&M% 25

8(AM'% 3%2Ern from Mars or Moon to small capsule missions such as Stardust, Hayabusa and ESAs recent

M358M%02>O% M35I%02 !=5%7E8" R5)2>)E5E8'& 3E))>)6 F(0>'>2>%8 8E0= (8 M'(8A( P>)* 2E))%'8 S!Z-8T 0() (0=>%O% 2=%


2/17

P. Leyland, T .McIntyre, R. Morgan et al.

2

2>A% *%M%)*()2 =%(2 '5(*8 %NM%3>%)0%* >) 8E0= A>88>5)8 7E2 0())52 3%M35*E0% 8>AE'2()%5E8'& 2=% F'>6=2 05)*>2>5)8

5F M3%88E3%, *%)8>2& ()* %)2=('M&"

B)% 2&M% 5F F(0>'>2& 2=(2 >8 0(M(7'% 5F 6%)%3(2>)6 2=% F'5P 05)*>2>5)8 %NM%3>%)0%* *E3>)6 (2A58M=%3>0 %)23& >8 2=%

8EM%3J537>2(' %NM()8>5) 2E7%" 9'>6=2 05)*>2>5)8 (3% 03%(2%* >) 2=% 2%82 8%02>5) 5F 2=% F(0>'>2& A(20=>)6 F'5P 8M%%*8,

M3%88E3%8, %)2=('M>%8 ()* 05)O%02>O% F'EN%8, 7E2 5)'& F53 8=532 2%82 2>A%8 5F 2=% 53*%3 5F [VJ[VV A>0358%05)*8" -=>8

>AM'>%8 2=(2 2=% 2%AM%3(2E3% 5F 2=% 8E3F(0% 5F ( A5*%' M'(0%* P>2=>) 2=% 5)05A>)6 F'5P >) 2=% %NM()8>5) 2E7% *5%8

)52 3%(0= ( 8>6)>F>0()2 2%AM%3(2E3% (8 05AM(3%* 25 F'>6=2, P=%3% 2=% 8E3F(0% =%(28 EM M3563%88>O%'& ('5)6 2=%

23(I%0253& M(2= 3%(0=>)6 O('E%8 5F 5O%3 \VVV ]" X5P%O%3, 2=>8 *3(P7(0? 5F 8=532 2%82>)6 2>A%8 0() 7% 0>30EAO%)2%*

7& 2=% E8% 5F >)J8>2E M3%J=%(2>)6 7& () %'%023>0(' (30 P>2=>) 2=% A(2%3>(' ^Y_, (8 '5)6 (8 2=% %'%023>0(' 05)*E02>O>2& 5F

2=% A(2%3>(' >8 05AM(2>7'%, ^U_" -=>8 >8 2=% 0(8%, (2 '%(82 F53 0(375) 05AM58>2%8 8E0= (8 4RR ()* ('85 0(375)

M=%)5'>08" 1AM532()2 >)F53A(2>5) (75E2 2=% A%0=()>8A8 >)O5'O%* >) 2=% (7'(2>5) 0() 7% 572(>)%* 7& M'(0>)6 M357%8

P>2=>) 2=% 8(AM'%, ()* 7& 2=% E8% 5F )5)J>)23E8>O% =>6=J8M%%* >A(6>)6 ()* 8M%0235805M&"

-%82>)6 5F 2=>8 2&M% 0() 7% E8%* 25 A%(8E3% 2=% '%O%' 5F 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 23()8F%3 F35A 2=% =52 3(*>(2>)6 M'(8A( 25 2=%

8E3F(0% 2=% A5*%'" L2 =>6= %)23& 8M%%*8 2=>8 =%(2>)6 A%0=()>8A 3%M3%8%)28 ( 8>6)>F>0()2 05)23>7E2>5) 25 2=% 5O%3(''

=%(2 '5(*" 953 ( )5)J(7'(2>)6 8E3F(0%, A5*%''>)6 5F 2=% F'5P 0=%A>823& 0() 7% E8%* 25 >)F%3 =%(2 F'EN '%O%'8" -=%

M3%8%)0% 5F (7'(2>5) 8>6)>F>0()2'& 05AM'>0(2%8 2=% 8>2E(2>5)" X%(2 8=>%'* A(*% F35A A5*%3) '>6=2P%>6=2 0(375)M=%)5'>08 >)I%02 =>6='& 3(*>(2>)6 8M%0>%8 8E0= (8 RG >)25 2=% =52 75E)*(3& '(&%3 (8 P%'' (8 52=%3 3%(02>)6 8M%0>%8

8E0= (8 R\, RU, RB, RX, RXU, RX\, XUV ()* 2=% 3(*>0('8 5F RUX" R(375) *%3>O(2>O%8 8E0= (8 RBU, RB, RG, R ()* R\

(3% A582'& >AM532()2 F53 8E3F(0% (7'(2>5) 5F 0(375)(0%5E8 A(2%3>('8, P=%3%(8 X, XU, RB, XRG, RUX ()* R\X (3%

>AM532()2 F53 M&35'&8>8 >) 2=% 0(8% 5F QE(8> 82%(*&J82(2% (7'(2>5)" RX\, RX`, RUXU, RUXW, XUB, XU, RBU ()* RB (3%

8>6)>F>0()2 8M%0>%8 F53 '5P%3 P('' 2%AM%3(2E3%8, %8M%0>(''& F53 =>6='& M535E8 A(2%3>('8 SP>2= 8=532 2>A% 3%8>*%)0% 5F

6(8%8 >) 2=% A(2%3>('T"

-=% (7'(2>O% M35*E028 >)2%3(02 P>2= 2=% 3(*>(2>)6 8M%0>%8 5F 2=% F'5PF>%'*, 03%(2>)6 )%P 3(*>(2>)6 8M%0>%8 ()*, >)

M(32>0E'(3, 2=% %A>88>5) 5F M35*E028 8E0= (8 R\, RU, XRG, RG, RXU ()* RX\ >) 2=% 75E)*(3& '(&%3 %)=()0% 2=%

3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN (8850>(2%* P>2= 8E0= M35*E028 ()* A5*>F& 2=% 23()8M532 ()* *>FFE8>5) F'EN%8" 4(*>(2>5) 7'50?(6%

53 ( 3(*>(2>5) %)=()0%A%)2 0() 500E3 *%M%)*>)6 5) P=%2=%3 2=% (7'(2>5) ()* M&35'&8>8 M35*E028 (3% 8235)6'&

(78537>)6 53 %A>22>)6" -=% P=5'% M350%*E3% '%(*8 25 ( 05AM'%N 3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6"

9'>6=2 *(2( 5) =&M%3O%'50>2& %)23& >)25 M'()%2(3& (2A58M=%3%8 >8 %N23%A%'& '>A>2%*, %8M%0>(''& P>2= (7'(2>O%

05EM'>)6" 1) 2=% 0(8% 5F @(32= 3%2E3), 2=% A(>) F'>6=2 *(2( 82>'' >) E8% (3% F35A 2=% LM5''5 %3(, >)0'E*>)6 2=% 914@ 11

%NM%3>A%)28 ()* 2=% LM5''5 A>88>5)8 2=%A8%'O%8" -=% 914@ 11 %NM%3>A%)2 5F 2=% WV8 P(8 E)>QE% >) 2=% M3%*>02>5)J

O('>*(2>5) 5F =%(2 F'EN '%O%'8 ()* 8%3O%8 (8 ( 82()*(3* O('>*(2>5) 2%82 0(8% F53 1)2%3)(2>5)(' Z53?8=5M8 8E0= (8 2=%

@(2>5) Z53?>)6 C35EM ()* L7'(2>5) Z53?>)6 C35EM" 953 LM5''5 `, () LO05(2[VUWJ\aC A(2%3>('

P(8 E8%* P=>0= P(8 ( 8>'>0( F>73%b%M5N& 3%8>)bM=%)5'>0 A>0357(''5)8b8>'>0( A>0357(''5)8, 05)2(>)>)6 ('85 L'UB\, R(B

()* HUB\, ()* =%)0% 3%)*%3%* (7'(2>O% M35*E028 8>A>'(3 25 A5*%3) (7'(2>O% A(2%3>('8" 1) 8E0= A(2%3>(' 2=% 0(375)

*%M58>2>5) 7& M&35'&8>8 5F 6(8%8 >8 >AM532()2" LO(>'(7'% *(2( (75E2 2=>8 ?>)* 5F A(2%3>(' >8 '>A>2%* ()* =%)0%

*%2(>'%* 0('0E'(2>5) 5F M&35'&8>8 ()* M%3A%(2>5) 5F 6(8%8 >8 *>FF>0E'2" ^`_"

4%0%)2'&, 8A('' 8>c% 3%2E3) 0(M8E'% A>88>5)8 =(O% 7%%) M%3F53A%*" H52= 2=% 88>5)8>)O5'O%* 8EM%3J537>2(' 3%J%)23& 23(I%0253>%8 P>2= M%(? O('E%8 (2 23(I%0253& M5>)28 0533%8M5)*>)6 25 ('2>2E*%8 5F [VJ[d

?A, 3%)*%3>)6 *(2( F35A %N2%3)(' F'>6=2 M(2= 578%3O(2>5)8" 12 8=5E'* 7% )52%* 2=(2 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN%8 P%3%

(MM35N>A(2%'& YVe 5F 2=% 252(' =%(2 F'EN F53 2=%8% 8A('' 8>c%* 0(M8E'%8, P=%3%(8 3(*>(2>O% F'EN%8 (3% %82>A(2%* 25

7% 5O%3 `Ve 5F 2=% 252(' =%(2>)6 F53 0%32(>) 23(I%0253& M5>)28 5F 914@ 11" G%O%32=%'%88, *%2(>'%* A%(8E3%A%)28 P%3%

A(*% 25 %O('E(2% 2=% 3(*>(2>5) 5O%3 ( '(36% 8M%023(' 3()6%" -=%53%2>0(' A5*%''>)6 5F 2=% A>88>5)8 (63%%* P%'' P>2=

A%(8E3%A%)28 7E2 >)*>0(2%* 2=(2 2=%3% P(8 ( 8>6)>F>0()2 05)23>7E2>5) 25 2=% 3(*>(2>5) F35A 2=% O(0EEA E'23(O>5'%2

SK;KT 3%6>5) 5F 2=% 8M%023EA P=>0= P(8 5E28>*% 2=% A%(8E3%A%)2 0(M(7>'>2& 5F 752= 2=% 635E)*J ()* F'>6=2J2%82>)6

2%(A8"

BE3 05)8532>EA >8 05)*E02>)6 ( M35I%02 25 %O('E(2% 2=% K;K 05)23>7E2>5) >) 2=%8% 05)*>2>5)8 ^a_" C35E)*J7(8%*

F(0>'>2>%8 >)0'E*>)6 2=% 8EM%3J537>2(' %NM()8>5) 2E7%8 (3% 7%>)6 E8%* 25 6%)%3(2% 2=% F'>6=2 05)*>2>5)8 P>2=

578%3O(2>5)8 E8>)6 K;K *%2%02>5) 8&82%A8" 1) M(3(''%', )EA%3>0(' A5*%''>)6 >8 7%>)6 05)*E02%* 25 05AM(3% P>2= 2=%A%(8E3%A%)28" -=>8 M(M%3 *>80E88%8 M3563%88 >) 2=>8 M35I%02 >)0'E*>)6 2=% %O('E(2>5) 5F 3(*>(2>5) ()* 3(*>(2>5)J


3/17


3

(7'(2>)6 05EM'>)6 >) %NM()8>5) 2E7%8, ()* 2=% 0533%8M5)*>)6 A5*%''>)6 >88E%8 3%'(2%* 25 =&M%3O%'50>2& 3%2E3) 5F

0(M8E'%8 %QE>MM%* P>2= !1RLJ'>?% A(2%3>('8"

2. 2CD78825) *3>O%) F(0>'>2>%8, P>2= A(I53 *>A%)8>5)8, 0()

7% 8%%) >) 9>6E3% Y" -=% gU F(0>'>2& >8 (MM35N>A(2%'& U\ A%23%8 >) '%)62= P>2= ( UVV AA *>(A%2%3 %N>2 F'5P P=%3%(8

2=% '(36%3 g\ F(0>'>2& >8 (75E2 W[ A%23%8 '5)6 P>2= ( 2%82 F'5P *>(A%2%3 5F (35E)* WVV AA" -=% M3>)0>M'%8 ()*

80=%A(2>0 5F 2=% 5M%3(2>5) 5F 2=% %NM()8>5) 2E7%8 >8 >)*>0(2%* >) 2=% NJ2 *>(63(A ('85 8=5P) >) 9>6E3% Y"

2>%8 0() 5M%3(2% >) %>2=%3 )5)J3%F'%02%* 8=50? 2E7% A5*% G4-, 53 >) %NM()8>5) 2E7% A5*% (8 8%%) >)

9>6E3%8 U ()* \" -=% F>382 A5*% 8>AE'(2%8 05)*>2>5)8 >AA%*>(2%'& 7%=>)* 2=% 75P 8=50? 5) ( O%=>0'% ()*

3%M35*E0%8 %N(02'& 2=% F3%%J823%(A F'5P 8M%%* ()* M3%88E3%" -=>8 (''5P8 *%2(>'%* ()('&8>8 5F 2=% 3(*>(2>5) 5F 2=%

=52 M'(8A( ()* 05EM'>)6 P>2= 6(8 >) 2=% 8=50? '(&%3" -=% gU F(0>'>2& >) G4- A5*% =(8 7%%) E8%* (2 M3%88E3%8 *5P)

25 ` !(, A(>)2(>)>)6 ( A%(8E3(7'% 8%M(3(2>5) 7%2P%%) 2=% 8=50? ()* *3>O%3 6(8 ()* A%(8E3%A%)28 =(O% 7%%)

A(*% E8>)6 =>6=J8M%%* M=52563(M=&, M>252 M357%8 ()* 8M%0235A%23&" 1) %NM()8>5) 2E7% A5*%, %NM%3>A%)28 0() 7%

M%3F53A%* 5) 8E780('% A5*%'8 5F 7'E)2 8=(M%8 8E0= (8 (%358=%''8 53 A(2%3>(' 8(AM'%8" -=% F'5P 05)*>2>5)8 3%QE>3%

(MM35M3>(2% 80('>)6 25 A(>)2(>) 8>A>'(3>2& 7%2P%%) 2=% %NM%3>A%)2 ()* 2=% 23E% F'>6=2 05)*>2>5)8" Z=%) 2=% F3%%J

823%(A *%)8>2& AE'2>M'>%* 7& () (MM35M3>(2% '%)62= 80('% S85 0(''%* 7>)(3& 80('>)6T >8 %)F530%* (8 F53 2%82>)6 >) gU,2=%3% >8 ( 8>A>'(3>2& F53 O>805E8 %FF%028 ()* 85A% (%352=%3A5*&)(A>0 M350%88%8 8E0= (8 0=%A>0(' *>8850>(2>5)"


4/17


4

X5P%O%3, 3(*>(2>O% %)%36& %N0=()6% 80('%8 *>FF%3%)2'& ()* >8 )52 FE''& 3%M35*E0%*" G%O%32=%'%88 2%82>)6 P>2=

%NM()8>5) 2E7% A5*% (''5P8 F53 ( 655* 3%M3%8%)2(2>5) 5F 2=% )5)J%QE>'>73>EA F'5P ()* O>805E8 8=50? '(&%3 EM 25

2=% 8E3F(0%, P>2= 3%(85)(7'% 2%82>)6 2>A%8 F35A ( F%P =E)*3%* A>0358%05)*8 F53 gU ()* ( F%P A>''>8%05)*8 F53 g\"

1) 2=% FE2E3% P% %NM%02 2=(2 2=% *>A%)8>5)8 5F 2=% '(36%3 g\ )5cc'%8 P>'' M52%)2>(''& (''5P F53 2%82>)6 5F 2=% 8A(''%3

F'>6=2 O%=>0'%8 '>?% X(&(7E8( ()* 2>5)8"

73>EA *>8850>(2>5) '%O%'8 7%=>)* 2=% 8=50? P(O% 5F =&M%3O%'50>2&

S3%TJ%)23& 0() 7% 0=(3(02%3>8%* 7& 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F =>6='& 3(*>(2>)6 8M%0>%8 P>2= %N2%)8>O% 23()8>2>5)8 7%2P%%) 2=%>3

)5)J%QE>'>73>EA 82(2%8 2=(2 3(*>(2%" L 80=%A( 5F 2=% )5)J%QE>'>73>EA M350%88%8 >)O5'O%* >8 6>O%) >) 2=% 9>6E3% `,

^W_" -5 2=>8 >8 (**%* 2=% >)F'E%)0% 5F 2=% 6(8J8E3F(0% >)2%3(02>5)8 P=>0= *%M%)*8 5) 2=% A(2%3>(' 05AM58>2>5) ()*

M588>7'% (7'(2>5), '%(*>)6 25 *>FFE8>5) ()* %)23(>)A%)2 5F 2=% (7'(2>O% M35*E028 >)25 2=% 8=50? '(&%3" %8 (3% >) 2E3) =>6='& %A>22>)6 85, >) (**>2>5) 25 0=%A>0(' >)2%3(02>5) 7%2P%%) 2=% 8=50? '(&%3 ()* 2=% (7'(2>O%

M35*E028, 2=>8 3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6 3%8E'28 >) ( 05AM'%N %N0=()6% M350%88"


5/17


5

12 >8 05)8>*%3%* (8 ( 3E'% 5F 2=EA7 2=(2 2=>8 3(*>(2>5)JF'5PJF>%'* 05EM'>)6 >8 >AM532()2 >F '50(' 3(*>(2>5) %)%36& 85E30%

2%3A8 F35A %A>88>5) ()* (7853M2>5) (3% 8>6)>F>0()2 P=%) 05AM(3%* P>2= 2=% flows 252(' %)%36& F'EN 2=35E6= (

M(3(A%2%3 ?)5P) (8 2=% C5E'(3* GEA7%3, ,

3

2

1

/2~ Vqr

-=>8 M(3(A%2%3 3%M3%8%)28 2=% 3(2>5 7%2P%%) 2=% 3(*>(2>O% F'EN 5F 2=% 8=50? '(&%3 25 2=% F3%% 823%(A %)%36&" 1F >8

63%(2%3 2=() (MM35N>A(2%'& V"VY, >2 >8 '>?%'& 2=(2 3(*>(2>5) 05EM'>)6 P>'' 7% 8>6)>F>0()2, ()* 0=()6% 2=% F3%% 823%(A

05)*>2>5)8 ('5)6 ( 823%(A'>)%" -=>8 3(2>5 >8 ('85 =>6='& *%M%)*%)2 5) 2=% 23(I%0253& M(2= 5F 2=% S3%TJ%)23& O%=>0'%,

P=>0= >) 2E3) *%F>)%8 2=% 3%'(2>O% 3%J%)23& 8M%%*8 (2 6>O%) ('2>2E*%8b'(2>2E*%8" 1) 9>6E3% [, 2=% F'>6=2 M35F>'%8 5F

2&M>0(' 3%J%)23& 8E0= (8 %8 F35A 'E)(3 A>88>5)8 SLM5''5, 914@ 11T, /(38 8(AM'% 3%2E3) 53 F(3 85'(3 8&82%A 3%2E3) M3%8%)2 23(I%0253&

M(2=8 >)0E33>)6 =&M%3O%'50>2& 23(I%0253>%8 P>2= =>6= '%O%'8 5F 3(*>(2>O% 8E3F(0% =%(2 F'EN" L'85, 2=% A(88J8M%0>F>0

%)2=('M& 5F F(82 3%2E3) 8A('' 0(M8E'%8 P>2= ( =&M%375'>0 3%J%)23& 23(I%0253&, 8E0= (8 2=% X(&(7E8( >8 *5E7'% 2=(2 5F

$@B %)23>%8 (8 2=% 8M(0% 8=E22'%" 953 2=%8% A>88>5)8 2=% =>6= '%O%'8 5F =%(2 F'EN 3%QE>3% (7'(2>O% =%(2 8=>%'*8 25M352%02 2=% >)2%3)(' 05AM5)%)28 F35A 2=% 0533%8M5)*>)6 =>6= 8E3F(0% =%(2 '5(*8"

5) >) 2=% 75E)*(3& '(&%3 5F (7'(2>5) ()* M&35'&8>8 M35*E028, 8E0= (8 =&*350(375)8, =&*356%) M35*E028

()* P(2%3 >)0'E*% 8%O%3(' =>6='& 3(*>(2>)6 8M%0>%8 2=(2 0() >)2%3(02 P>2= 2=% ('3%(*& 3(*>(2>)6 F'5PF>%'* M'(8A(" -=%

3(*>(2>O% F'EN%8 0() 2=E8 7% %)=()0%* 7& %N23( %A>88>5), 53 7'50?%* 7& 8E78%QE%)2 (7853M2>5)" 1) 2E3), %)%36&

23()8M532 P>2=>) 2=% F'5PF>%'* 0() 7% A5*>F>%* 7& 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F 8>6)>F>0()2 3(*>(2>O% 05)23>7E2>5)8, '%(*>)6 25

%)=()0%A%)2 53 3%*E02>5) 5F 05)O%02>O% F'EN%8" G52 5)'& F'5PF>%'*J3(*>(2>5) 05EM'>)6 500E38 7E2 ('85 3(*>(2>5)J

(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6"

-=% '%O%' 5F 2=% C5E'(3* )EA7%3 >8 ('85 =>6='& *%M%)*%)2 5) 2=% (2A58M=%3% 05AM58>2>5) ()* 3%'(2>O% %)2=('M>%8

3(2=%3 2=() 2=% %)23& 8M%%*8 ('5)%" X%)0%, %)23>%8 >)25 2=% ->2() (2A58M=%3% 8Ech as the Huygens probe, although

(2 ( 3%'(2>O%'& '5P%3 O%'50>2& 2=() 'E)(3 3%2E3), SW"` ?Ab8T, M3%8%)2 =>6=%3 3(*>(2>5) '%O%'8" .EM>2%3 %)23& SC('>'%5T

0533%8M5)*8 25 8M%%*8 5F (75E2 `d ?Ab8 ()* M582 8=50? 2%AM%3(2E3%8 (35E)* WV,VVV ] ('85 6%)%3(2>)6 8>6)>F>0()2

3(*>(2>5)" LM5''5 ` 23(I%0253& 05)*>2>5)8 (2 () ('2>2E*% 5F YUV ?A 0533%8M5)*8 25 ( 8M%%* 5F YV"U[?Ab8, ( 3(*>(2>O%

>)2%)8>2& S5O%3 ( P(O%'%)62= 3()6% V"UJ`AT 5F U[ Z0AJU

83JYP>2= ( P('' 2%AM%3(2E3% 5F 2=% 53*%3 5F U[VV]" -=%

3%0%)2 88>5)8 (3% 8A('' %NM%3>A%)2(' =('FJ()6'% 8M=%3% 05)% 8EM%3J537>2(' 3%2E3)

0(M8E'%8" X(&(7E8( =(* () %)23& A(88 5F Yd?6, ( M%(? 05)O%02>O% F'EN (75E2 YV/ZbAU()* ( M%(? 3(*>(2>O% F'EN 5F

Y"d[ /ZbAU"


6/17


6

-&M>0(' O('E%8 5F 2=% C5E'(3* )EA7%3 F53 2=%8% A>88>5)8 (3% (MM35N>A(2%'& S(2 M%(? 3(*>(2>5)Th

`11$ '&%4'$a ./.I4*. @J@?M

b4,)%&' &$%'/ @J?

Z)%.$ &$%'/ @JY

1) 252(', 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN%8 (3% (MM35N>A(2%'& YVe 5F 252(' =%(2 F'EN F53 2=% 8A('' 8>c%* 0(M8E'% '>?% 3% 11 A>88>5)8, -=% 35'%8 5F 2=% *>FF%3%)2 2&M%8 5F 3(*>(2>5),

2=35E6=5E2 2=% P=5'% 8M%023EA F35A K;K, ;K 25 %O%) F(3 14 3()6% (3% ('' >AM532()2 05)23>7E2538"

8 =(8 7%%) (0=>%O%* E8>)6 2P5 8M%023(''&

8%)8>2>O% 0(A%3( 8&82%A8 %(0= () >)2%)8>F>%* RRD 0(A%3( 05EM'%* 25 ( 8M%0235A%2%3" -=% 0E33%)2 8&82%A8 (3%

5M2>A>8%* F53 *%2%02>5) 5O%3 2=% 3()6% UUV [VV )A ()* [VVd[V )A" 4%0%)2'&, ( K;K 8M%0235805M& 8&82%A =(8

7%%) >AM'%A%)2%* ^d_^a_" GEA%3>0(' 8>AE'(2>5)8 >)*>0(2% 2=(2 =>6= '%O%'8 5F 3(*>(2>5) 0() 7% %NM%02%* >) 2=>8 3%6>5)

F53 8EM%3J537>2(' 3%J%)23& P>2= 8M%0>%8 8E0= (8 B ()* G 05)23>7E2>)6 25 2=% 3%053*%* 8M%023( ('5)6 P>2= RG, RB, R

()* (8850>(2%* 8M%0>%8 >) 2=% 0(8% 5F 8E3F(0% >)2%3(02>5)8" 9>6E3% [ 8=5P8 2=% %NM%3>A%)2(' (33()6%A%)2 E8%* 25

3%053* 8M%023( F35A 2=% 8=50? '(&%3 %>2=%3 >) F35)2 5F ( A5*%' >) %NM()8>5) 2E7% A5*% 53 7%=>)* () >)0>*%)2 8=50?

>) G4- A5*%" -%82>)6 =(8 7%%) 05AM'%2%* >) 752= 05)F>6E3(2>5)8 E8>)6 gU"

L 05AM3%=%)8>O% 8%2 5F 8=50? 2E7% %NM%3>A%)28 F53 ( 3%M3%8%)2(2>O% XE&6%)8 %)23& >)25 2=% (2A58M=%3% 5F ->2()

Sade GU i Ue RX` 7& O5'EA%T 5O%3 ( M3%88E3% 3()6% 5F U 25 YVVV !( ()* ( O%'50>2& 3()6% 5F ` 25 YV"[ ?Ab8 P(8

05)*E02%* 7& H3()*>8 ^YV_ >) 2=% gU F(0>'>2& >) G4- A5*%" @NM%3>A%)2(' 3%8E'28 P%3% 05AM(3%* P>2= 8>AE'(2>5)8 256(>) >)8>6=2 5) 2=% 3(*>(2>5) A5*%''>)6 ()* 8>AE'(2>5) 2%0=)>QE%8" LN>8&AA%23>0 G(O>%3AE'(2>5)8 P%3%


7/17


7

A(*% P>2= 2=% !"#$!%& SF53A%3'& $'()*T 85F2P(3% *%O%'5M%* (2 2=% ;)>O%38>2& 5F fE%%)8'()*, 05EM'%* 25

3(*>(2>5) A5*%''>)6 85F2P(3%" -=% C5?j%) 3%*E0%* 0=%A>0(' 3%(02>5) 80=%A% P(8 E8%* ()* ( 8>AM'% 8>)6'%

2%AM%3(2E3% (88EAM2>5) F53 2=% 2=%3A(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA P(8 A(*%" -=% 0('0E'(2%* 3(*>(2>O% >)2%)8>2& M35F>'%8 (3%

8=5P) >) 9>6E3% W ('5)6 P>2= 2=% %NM%3>A%)2(''& A%(8E3%* >)2%)8>2& M35F>'% 80('%* 25 A(20= 2=% 53*%3 5F A(6)>2E*%

5F 2=% 5)% 2%AM%3(2E3% 8>AE'(2>5)8" -=% 5)% *>A%)8>5)(' M582J8=50? 3%'(N(2>5) 8>AE'(2>5) 255' +,*-./ >8

8EM%3>AM58%*" 9>6E3% W 8=5P8 ( 0('0E'(2%* 8M%023EA 05AM(3%* 25 2=% A%(8E3%* 8M%023EA, 8=5P>)6 2=% *>82>)02

*5A>)()0% 5F RG 7()*8 (2 \[[)A, \d[ )A ()* `Y[ )A" C%)%3(''& 655* (63%%A%)2 >8 8%%) 2=35E6=5E2"

'>2& 2>A% 80('%8 (3% >)8EFF>0>%)2 25 8>AE'(2% 2=% %FF%028 5F (7'(2>5) ()* 8E3F(0% 0=%A>823& 5) 2=%

F'5PF>%'* F53 A5*%'8 >)>2>(''& (2 355A 2%AM%3(2E3%, P=>0= 3%QE>3% 2>A% 80('%8 5F 8%05)*8 F53 2=%3A(' %)%36& 25 7%

23()8F%33%* >)25 2=% 8E3F(0% ()* 25 %82(7'>8= 3%M3%8%)2(2>O% 3(2%8 5F M&35'&8>8 ()* A(88 F'5P P=>0= (3% () >)2%63('

F%(2E3% 5F 2=% 2=%3A(' 3%8M5)8% 5F (7'(2>O% -!< >) F'>6=2" X52 P('' 2%82>)6 =(8 7%%) >AM'%A%)2%* >) %NM()8>5) 2E7%

A5*% E8>)6 ( )%P 2%0=)>QE% *%O%'5M%* 7& :()*%3 ^Y_" L 3%8>82>O%'& =%(2%* 3%>)F530%* 0(375)J0(375) S4RRT A5*%'

P(8 735E6=2 25 2%AM%3(2E3%8 5F 2=% 53*%3 5F UVVV J \VVV ] >) 2=% gU 2%82 8%02>5)" -=% 3%8>) 7E3)8 5FF *E3>)6 2=%

M3%J=%(2>)6 82(6% '%(O>)6 2=% 0(375) 25 (7'(2% *E3>)6 2=% 2%82" X>6=J8M%%* >A(6>)6 SY /Xc F3(A% 3(2%T P(8 E8%* 25

578%3O% 2=% A5*%' (8 >2 P(8 %NM58%* 25 ( 2%82 F'5P" %0%8 5F A(2%3>(' 0() 7% 8%%) (7'(2>)6 5FF 2=% 0&'>)*3>0('

A5*%' 8E3F(0% >) 2=% >A(6% 8%QE%)0% 8=5P) >) 9>6" d" @NM%3>A%)28 (8 M(32 5F 2=% @)O%82>6(2%

2=% 3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6 >) 05)*>2>5)8 0'58% 25 2=% X(&(7E8( M%(? 05)O%02>O% ()* M%(? 3(*>(2>5) =%(2>)6

23(I%0253& M5>)28 (3% 7%>)6 05)*E02%* M3%8%)2'&" -=% 65('8 F53 FE2E3% 2%82>)6 >)0'E*% *%O%'5M>)6 A%2=5*8 25 >*%)2>F&

8E3F(0% 0=%A>823& F35A 2=% 8M%023(, 25 *%2%3A>)% () %NM%3>A%)2(' A(88 F'5P 3(2% *E% 25 (7'(2>5), ()* 25 %N2%)*

2=% 2%82>)6 25 0(375) M=%)5'>0J2&M% A(2%3>('8 >) 53*%3 25 (0=>%O% M&35'&8>8 %FF%028, (8 P%'' (8 (7'(2>5)"


8/17


8

C D'.2& '.%&5 @JA *

&P,1*4'&5 *Q1% PS*?eALJ]?_

PN !79B7=B@8 789 !79B7=B@8(";G7=B@8 ,@ADGB8LQ H@9EGGB8L

6@9EGGB8L 2RA7=B@8)6 5F 3(*>(2>5)JF'5PF>%'* ()* 3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6, 2=% %N(AM'% 5F 8EM%3537>2(' 3%J%)23&

8>A>'(3 25 X(&(7E8( >8 2(?%) (8 () E)*%3'&>)6 %N(AM'%" -=% %O5'E2>5) 5F 2=% (%352=%3A5*&)(A>08 5F 2=% F'5PF>%'* >8

*%803>7%* 7& 2=% 05AM3%88>7'% G(O>%3J5)8 5F 05)8%3O(2>5) 5F A(88, A5A%)2EA ()* %)%36& F53 (

3%(02>O% 6(8" -=% 2=%3A50=%3A>0(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA >8 8>AM'>F>%* 7& E8>)6 2=% 2P5J2%AM%3(2E3%8 6(8 A5*%'

F53AE'(2%* 7& !(3? ^YU_, P>2= 23()8'(2>5)JO>73(2>5) %N0=()6% S$()*(E -%''%3 b />''>?()Z=>2% b !(3? 0533%02>5)T -2O

()* 23()8'(2>5)J%'%0235) %N0=()6% -O%"

953 8>AE'(2>)6 2=% F'5PF>%'*, ( 0%''J0%)23%*, F>)>2%JO5'EA% (MM35(0= 25 2=% >)2%63(' F53A 5F 2=% 8&82%A 5F 2=%

05AM3%88>7'% G(O>%3J5)8, SUT, >8 05)8>*%3%*h

SUT

Z>2= 2=% 82(2% O%0253 ; 3%M3%8%)2>)6 A(88, A5A%)2EA ()* 252(' %)%36&, O>73(2>5)(' %)%36& F53 A5*% A, %'%0235)J

%'%0235)>0 %)%36& ()* A(88 *%)8>2& 5F 8M%0>%8 8, P>2= *%)8>2& h E f ] 45 :5 &F25&&5/*_5 2=% F'EN%8 (3%

8%M(3(2%* >)25 >)O>80>*,(Fi) ()* O>805E85 (Fv)05AM5)%)28"

953 (%358=%'' 6%5A%23>%8 (8 0(M8E'% F53%75*>%8, 2=% O>805E8 05AM5)%)28 (3% 0('0E'(2%* F35A 2=% (N>8&AA%23>0

O>805E8 823%88%8 ()* O>805E8 =%(2 F'EN%8 ()* 2=% 85E30% 2%3A8, f, >8 ( 05A7>)(2>5) 5F 6%5A%23&, 0=%A>823&, 2=%3A('

%)%36& %N0=()6% ()* 3(*>(2>5) 2%3A8" -=% F>)>2% O5'EA% F53AE'(2>5) '%(*8 25 2=% 3%85'E2>5) 5F 2=% F'EN 7('()0%

P>2=>) 05)235' O5'EA%8 Kh

S\T

< 3%M3%8%)28 2=% 75E)*>)6 8E3F(0% ()* ) 2=% 5E2P(3*JF(0>)6 )53A(' 5F 2=% 05)235' 8E3F(0%, L 2=% %'%A%)2(3& 0%''

75E)*(3&" -=% O%0253 5F 85E30% 2%3A8 Q >8 8%M(3(2%* >)25 6%5A%23>0, 0=%A>0(' ?>)%2>0, 2=%3A(' %)%36& %N0=()6%

()* 3(*>(2>5) 05)23>7E2>5)8h

Q = Qgeom. + Qchem. + Qtherm. + Qrad.

L) 5M%3(253J8M'>22>)6 (MM35(0= ^Y\ _ >8 E8%* 25 M%3F53A 2=% 2>A%J>)2%63(2>5)" -=>8 (MM35(0= *%05EM'%8 2=% >)O>80>*

()* O>805E8 6(8 *&)(A>08, 2=% 2=%3A(' %)%36& %N0=()6% ()* 2=% )5)J%QE>'>73>EA 0=%A>0(' ?>)%2>08 ()* 2=%)

M350%%*8 P>2= ( '558%'& 05EM'%* >)2%63(2>5) >) 2>A% 5F 2=% 53*>)(3& *>FF%3%)2>(' %QE(2>5) SBD@T 8&82%A *%3>O%* F35A

S\T" L FE'' *>80E88>5) 5F 2=% F'EN O%0253 ()* 85E30% 2%3A F53AE'(2>5)8, (8 P%'' (8 85'E2>5) A%2=5*8, >8 M35O>*%* >) 2=%

!"#$!%&E8%3 6E>*% ^Y\_"


9/17


9

L2 2=% P('' 75E)*(3>%8, 2=% P('' 2%AM%3(2E3% 0() 7% 2(?%) (8 >852=%3A(' (8 F53 %N(AM'% 2=% 0(8% 5F 05'* P(''

A%2(''>0 A5*%'8 >) %NM()8>5) 2E7%8 2=(2 *5 )52 =(O% 2=% 2>A% 25 =%(2 EM *E% 25 8=532 2%82>)6 2>A%8, 53 7(8%* 5) 2=%

8E3F(0% %)%36& 7('()0% 7%2P%%) 2=% A5*%8 5F 8E3F(0% =%(2>)6 ()* 2=%3A(' 3%8M5)8% 5F 2=% A(2%3>(' 5F 2=% P(''"

-=% =%(2 F'EN O%0253 (2 2=% P('' >8 05AM58%* 5F 2=% 05AM5)%)28 5F 05)O%02>O% ()* 05)*E02>5) =%(2>)6 [+1$F52=%

*>FFE8>5) =%(2 F'EN 5F 2=% 8M%0>%8 [()DD ()* 2=% 252(' 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN ['.(

[%1%.- k [+1$F l [()DD l ['.(

-=% >)0>*%)2 =%(2 F'EN >8 A(*% 5F ( 05)O%02>5) 05AM5)%)2, ( *>FFE8>5) 5)%, ()* 2=% 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN *E% 25 2=%

3(*>(2>5) 5F 2=% =52 M'(8A( 03%(2%* P>2=>) 2=% 8=50? '(&%3, 2=% P('' =%(2 F'EN >8 05AM58%* 5F 2=% 05)*E02>O% =%(2

F'EN, 2=% 3%J3(*>(2>5) =%(2JF'EN ()* 2=% 05)23>7E2>5)8 25 2=% 8E3F(0% %)%36& 7('()0% F35A 2=% (7'(2>5) ()* M&35'&8>8

6(8%8 S8%% F5''5P>)6 M(3(63(M= 5) (7'(2>5) A5*%''>)6T"

-=%3A(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA 0() 7% *%803>7%* 7& ( AE'2>J2%AM%3(2E3% A5*%' P=%3%7& 2=% QE()2EA 82(2%8 >)8>*% %(0=

>)*>O>*E(' %)%36& A5*% S23()8'(2>5)(', 352(2>5)(', O>73(2>5)(', %'%0235)J%'%0235)>0T (3% M5ME'(2%* 7& ( H5'2cA())

*>823>7E2>5) (2 ( 05AA5) 2%AM%3(2E3% F53 2=(2 5O%3('' A5*%" )6'% 2%AM%3(2E3% S5)% 2%AM%3(2E3% F53 23()8'(2>5),

352(2>5), O>73(2>5) ()* %'%0235)J%'%0235)>0 %)%36& A5*%8T F53AE'(2>5)8 F53 =&M%3O%'50>2& 05)*>2>5)8 *5 )52 0(M2E3%

2=% *>FF%3%)0%8 >) 3%'(N(2>5) 2>A%8 7%=>)* 2=% 8=50? P>2= %)5E6= *%2(>'" -P5J2%AM%3(2E3% A5*%'8 (3% 05AA5)'&

>AM'%A%)2%*, P>2= 5)% 2%AM%3(2E3% *%803>7>)6 2=% 23()8'(2>5)('J352(2>5)(' %)%36& A5*%8, ()* 5)% 2%AM%3(2E3% 25

*%803>7% 2=% O>73(2>5)J%'%0235)J%'%0235)>0 %)%36& A5*%8" K>73(2>5)('J23()8'(2>5)(' %)%36& %N0=()6% >8 A5*%''%* 7&

2=% $()*(EJ-%''%3b/>''>?() ()* Z=>2% %AM>3>0(' 0533%'(2>5), 23()8'(2>5)J%'%0235) %N0=()6% 0() 7% (*(M2%* F35A

LMM'%25), ^Y`_ ()* )5)JM3%F%3%)2>(' 0=%A>823&J%)%36& 05EM'>)6 >8 (88EA%*"

9>)>2% 3(2% )5)J%QE>'>73>EA 0=%A>823& A5*%'8 *%803>7% 3%(02>5)8 F53 ( 3%M3%8%)2(2>5) 5F 2=% 8M%0>%8 2=(2 05AM58%

2=% (2A58M=%3% >) QE%82>5), (8 P%'' (8 2=% (7'(2>5) M35*E028 ()* M&35'&8>8 6(8%8 2=(2 (3% %I%02%* >)25 2=% F'5PF>%'*

()* >)2%3(02 P>2= 2=% F'5PF>%'* M'(8A( P=%) 2=% =%(28=>%'* >8 05AM58%* 5F () (7'(2>O% A(2%3>('"

953 2=% 8EM%3537>2(' X(&(7E8( 2&M% 3%J%)23& 23(I%0253&, P>2= () (7'(2>O% =%(28=>%'*, 2P5 0=%A>823& A5*%'8 (3%

8%'%02%*" -=% F>382 5)% M35M58%* 7& !(3? UVVY ^Y[_ E8%8 U` 3%(02>5)8 F53 UV 8M%0>%8h R, B, G, X, RB, RU, GU, RG, GB,

BU, XU, R\, RUX, Rl, Bl, Xl, Gl, GBl, GUl, %J, ()* 2=% 8%05)* 5)% P(8 M35M58%* 7& L7% ^YW_ 5F UW 8M%0>%8, [V

3%(02>5)8" L 2=>3* A5*%' 7& B'&)>? ^Ym] was also implemented, and the comparison with Parks model was reported

>) Û_" Parks model was derived from work of!5P(38 ()* ]%)*('' ^Ya_, F53 2=% LM5''5 =%(2 8=>%'* A(2%3>('" 12 >8

6>O%) >) 2=% -(7'% Y ()* 05)8>828 5F U` 3%(02>5)8h [ *>8850>(2>5) 3%(02>5)8, YU %N0=()6% 3%(02>5)8, ` %'%0235) >AM(02

>5)>8(2>5) 3%(02>5)8, ()* U (8sociative ionisation reactions. In this paper results will be presented using the Parks

A5*%'"

!79B7=B@8 H@9EGGB8L

4(*>(2>5) A5*%''>)6 >8 M%3F53A%* %82>A(2>)6 2=% M5ME'(2>5) 5F 2=% %)%36& '%O%'8 ()* 2=% (7853M2>5) ()* %A>88>5)

05%FF>0>%)28 ()* 2=%) 85'O>)6 2=% 3(*>(2>O% 23()8F%3 %QE(2>5)" -P5 *>FF%3%)2 %'%0235)>0 '%O%' M5ME'(2>5)8 A5*%'8 (3%

E8E(''& 05)8>*%3%*h () %QE>'>73>EA 5)% SH5'2cA())T ()* ( )5)J%QE>'>73>EA 5)% S85'O%* P>2= f)* 2=% 8=50? >8 >) 2=%3A(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA 2=% H5'2cA()) *5%8 )52 M35O>*% %)5E6= 05''>8>5)8, =%)0% (R5''>8>5)(' 4(*>(2>O% SR4T A5*%' 8=5E'* 7% E8%*, P=%3% ('' %N0>2%* 82(2%8 (3% 05)8>*%3%* (8 8M%0>%8"

-=% 2()6%)2J8'(7 (MM35N>A(2>5), 8EMM58% 2=(2 2=% 3(*>(2>5) >8 ('5)6 %(0= '>)%J5FJ8>6=2 )53A(' 25 2=% P(''" -=E8 2=%

M357'%A >8 3%*E0%* 25 2=% 3(*>(2>5) 5F () >)F>)>2%'& 2=>) M(3(''%' M'()% 25 2=% 8E3F(0%" -=% D>803%2% 23()8F%3b/5)2%

R(3'5 A5*%' >8 7(8%* 5) )EA%3>0(' >)2%63(2>5) 5F 2=% 3(*>()2 %)%36& F>%'* 5O%3 *>3%02>5) ()* 8M(0%" ÛV, UY_

)6 2=% '>)%J7&J'>)% A5*%' F53

(25A>0 ()* *>(25A>0 75E)*J 75E)* 23()8>2>5)8, 0E3O% F>28 ()* =&*356%)>0 (MM35N>A(2>5)8 F53 05)2>)EEA 23()8>2>5)8,

%'%0235)>0 '%O%' ()* (25A>0 '>)% *(2( F35A G1(25A>0 %'%0235)>0 23()8>2>5) A5A%)28 F35A R=(EO%(E %2 ('

SUVVUTÛ\_, *%2(>'8 0() 7% F5E)* >) ^YY_Û`_" @'%0235)>0 '%O%' M5ME'(2>5)8 F53 %N(AM'% F53 GU, GlU, BU, G ()* B 0()

7% 0('0E'(2%* 7& ( 05''>8>5)('J3(*>(2>O% A5*%' (MM'>%* >) 2=% f


10/17


10

Z.I-& ?OChemical reactions for Parks model for air chemistry with ablation (2001)

";G7=B@8 H@9EGGB8L

-=% 8%O%3% 2=%3A50=%A>0(' 3%J%)23& 05)*>2>5)8 F53 M357%8 8E0= (8 X(&(7E8( 3%QE>3%8 2=% E8% 5F (7'(2>O% A(2%3>('8

8E0= (8 ( 0(375)JM=%)5'>0 -!)6 05AM5)%)2 5F 2=% M5'&A%3 A(23>N

>)25 6(8" -=>8 6(8 3%(0=%8 2=% F'E>*b85'>* >)2%3F(0% (8 >2 >8 F3%% 25 A5O% 25P(3* 2=% M535E8 823E02E3% ()* >8 >)I%02%*

>) 2=% 75E)*(3& '(&%3 *%M%)*>)6 5) >)J*%M2= M3%88E3% ()* 2%AM%3(2E3% 63(*>%)2" L7'(2>5) 05)8>828 >) 2=%

*%05AM58>2>5) 5F 2=% A(2%3>(' 823E02E3% *E% 25 =%2%356%)%5E8 0=%A>0(' 3%(02>5)8 8E0= (8 5N>*(2>5) ()*

)>23>*(2>5), M=(8% 0=()6%8 8E0= (8 8E7'>A(2>5) 53 A%0=()>0(' %358>5) '>?% 8M(''(2>5)" L 80=%A% 5F -!2>5) >8 8=5P) =%3%h

)6 5F (7'(2>5) ()* M&35'&8>8 0() 7% 3%*E0%* 25 2=% *%O%'5MA%)2 5F %QE>O('%)2 75E)*(3& 05)*>2>5)8

F5''5P>)6 2=% 05)8%3O(2>5) 5F A(88, A5A%)2EA ()* %)%36& (03588 2=% 8E3F(0%, (8 *%M>02%* >) %QE(2>5)8 ()* F>6E3%

YV"


11/17


11

SYVT

)6 3(2% =(8 2P5 05AM5)%)28h 0 *E% 25 2=% 0=(3 ()* 6 *E% 25 2=% M&35'&8>8 6(8%8" >,3

0533%8M5)*8 25 2=% A(88 M35*E02>5) 5F 8M%0>%8 > *E3>)6 8E3F(0% 3%(02>5) 3" L2 2=% >)2%3F(0%, A(88 F'EN%8 (3% F'5P>)6

5E2 F35A 7'5P>)6 ()* 0=%A>0(' 3%(02>5)8 S7'E%T P=>'% 52=%3 A(88 F'EN%8 (3% %)2%3>)6 2=% 85'>* *5A(>) *E% 25

*>FFE8>5), >)I%02>5) 5F (7'(2>5) 8M%0>%8 ()* >)I%02>5) 5F M&35'&8>8 6(8%8" B) 2=% 3>6=2 =()* %QE(2>5) >) F>6E3% YV 2=%

%)%36& F'EN 7('()0%8 7%2P%%) %)2%3>)6 ()* '%(O>)6 %)%36& F'EN%8 (3% 6>O%)" H'5P>)6 %)%36>%8 (3% 05AME2%* 7&

AE'2>M'&>)6 2=% A(88 F'5P 3(2% >7& 2=% %)2=('M& =>"

-5 *%803>7% 2=% 2=%3A(' 3%8M5)8% *E% 25 2=% %FF%028 5F =%(2 F'EN 5) 2=% A(2%3>(', =%(2>)6, M&35'&8>8 5F M=%)5'>0 3%8>)

()* 6(8 A>63(2>5) 2=35E6= 2=% M5358>2& EM 25 the point where it 7'5Ps>)25 75E)*(3& '(&%3 =(O% 25 7% 05)8>*%3%*"

953 2=>8 ME3M58% ( 05*% )(A%* '>73>EA 7%2P%%) 2=%

M&35'&8>8 6(8%8 ()* 2=% 0=(3 6(8%8" -=>8 =&M52=%8>8 >8 '>F2%* (2 8E3F(0% P=%3% 2=% 05AM58>2>5) 5F M&35'&8>8 6(8%8 >8

*5)% 7& A>)>A>8(2>5) 5F 2=% F3%% %)2=('M&" -=>8 05*% P(8 O%3>F>%* 7& 05AM(3>85) 25 (O(>'(7'% *(2( 5F ( 6%)%3>0

0(375) M=%)5'>0 A(2%3>(' -LRB- ME7'>8=%* >) GL5)" -=>8 05*% P(8 05EM'%* 25 2=% R9D 05*% %>'A%3\ 7& ( M(32>2>5)%*

A%2=5* (8 *%M>02%* >) 2=% F>6E3% YU, ^Yd_

-=% 2%0=)>QE% >) (' *>803%2>8(2>5), P>2= ( 05)23(02>)6 63>*, ()* () >AM'>0>2 @E'%3 2>A%

>)2%63(2>5) P>2= ( G%P25) )5)J'>)%(3 85'O%3, ^UW_,^Yd_"


12/17


12

O% @88>5) !=5%7E8 P=>0= >8 8>A>'(3 25 X(&(7E8(, ()* P=58% M%(?

=%(2>)6 23(I%0253& M5>)28 (3% 8>A>'(3" 12 >8 ( M(88>O% `[ *%6 8M=%3% 05)% P>2= ( 7(8% *>(A%2%3 5F [YV AA ()* ()

(MM35N>A(2% A(88 5F U[ ?6, ()* %)2%38 (2 ( 8'>6=2'& '5P%3 O%'50>2& 2=() X(&(7E8( SYV"[ ?Ab8 05AM(3%* 25

YY"d?Ab8T"

)28 (3% 3%2(>)%*h

-!Y 0533%8M5)*8 25 ( '5P M3%88E3% S=>6= ('2>2E*%T (2 82(6)(2>5) M5>)2, -!U 0533%8M5)*8 25 2=% A(N>AEA 3(*>(2>O%

=%(2 F'EN, -!\ 0533%8M5)*8 25 2=% A(N>AEA 05)O%02>O% =%(2 F'EN ()* -!` 0533%8M5)* 25 ( =>6= M3%88E3% (2

82(6)(2>5) M5>)2h

Z.I-& SO Z'.d&+%1'/ ,1)$%* D1' Q/,&'I1-)+ &$%'/ 1D . *4,&'1'I)%.- ,'1I& ,'1d&+% ;Q1&I4*J

9'5P 8>AE'(2>5)8 (3% 82%(*&J82(2% 0('0E'(2>5)8 (2 AE'2>M'% M5>)28 5F 2=% *>803%2>8%* 23(I%0253&, P=>'% 2=% A(2%3>('

3%8M5)8% >8 2>A%J(00E3(2% F53 2=% P=5'% 23(I%0253& 2>A%" 953 2=>8 3%(85), 75E)*(3& 05)*>2>5)8 2=(2 (3% >AM58%* 25

)2%3M5'(2%* 7%2P%%) 2P5 8E00%88>O% 23(I%0253& M5>)28" )0% 2=% A(2%3>(' 3%8M5)8% 05*% >8 YD,

8 3E) F53 %(0= M5>)2 5F 2=% 0(M8E'% 8E3F(0% ()* 8E3F(0% 2%AM%3(2E3% -P ()* M&35'&8>8 >)I%02>5) 3(2%8 6

(3% 572(>)%*" !&35'&8>8 6(8 >8 (88EA%* 25 7% >) 0=%A>0(' %QE>'>73>EA ()* >28 05AM58>2>5) (2 8E3F(0% 2%AM%3(2E3% >8

0('0E'(2%* 7& () >)J=5E8% 0=%A>0(' 3%(02>5) 255' 2=(2 A>)>A>ses the Gibbs free energy; this step can alternatively

7% 3%M'(0%* 7& E8>)6 R@L F53 %N(AM'%" -=>8 (''5P8 25 %82>A(2% 2=% 8M%0>%8 05)0%)23(2>5) (2 2=% P('', 6,>" -=% F>)>2%

3(2% 0=%A>823& (7'(2>5) 75E)*(3& 05)*>2>5) >8 E8%* 25 0('0E'(2% 0

()* 2=% 05)8%QE%)2 82(2% 5F 2=% 75E)*(3& '(&%3


13/17


13

()* 2=% >)0>*%)2 =%(2 F'EN%8 5) 2=% P(''" -=% )%P 6%5A%23& ()* A%8= >8 EM*(2%* ()* 2=% 05AME2(2>5)(' 0&0'%

3%M%(2%*" -=% P=5'% M350%*E3% >8 >2%3(2>O%"

-=% A5*%' 5F !(3? 5F UV 8M%0>%8 ()* U` 3%(02>5)8 S-(7'% YT 05)2(>)8

YV (>3 8M%0>%8h B, G, GU, GB, BU, Bl, Gl, GBl, GUl, %J

YV (7'(2>5) 8M%0>%8h R, X, XU, RUX, RB, RU, RG, R\, Rl, Xl

-=% A%8= >8 5M2>A>8%* ()* =>6='& 3%F>)%* A%8= 0'58% 25 P('', ()* 2=% 0('0E'(2>5)8 P%3% M%3F53A%* >) UD

(N>8&AA%23>0 A5*%" -=% A(2%3>(' M35M%32>%8 F35A GL0= *%803>7%8 ( 6%)%3>0 0(375) M=%)5'>0

3%8>) SRWX[BXT" -=>8 3%(028 P>2= 2=% 2=%3A(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA (>3 5F P=>0= 85A% A(>) =%2%356%)%5E8 3%(02>5)8 (3%

BN>*(2>5) 7& A5)5(25A>0 5N&6%)h BS6T l RS8T T RBS6T,

BN>*(2>5) 7& *>(25A>0 5N&6%)h BUS6T l URS8T T URBS6T,

G>23(2>5) 7& *>8850>(2%* )>2356%)h GS6T l RS8T T RGS6T

) 2=% 9>6E3% Y`, P=%3% ( A53% 05AM'%2% A5*%' 5F !1RL >8 M3%8%)2%*h

(2>5) P(8 ('85 (005E)2%* F53 E8>)6 ( 2()6%)2 8'(7 (MM35N>A(2>5) P(8 E8%* 25 %82>A(2% 2=% 3(*>(2>O% F'EN%8,

E8>)6 ( *%2(>'%* 8M%0235805M>0 *(2(7(8% 7%2P%%) [V ()* UVVV )A 2=(2 >8 ( A>N2E3% 5F %N>82>)6 *(2( ()*

>AM'%A%)2%* (8 ( '>73(3& >)!"#$!%&"


14/17


14

9>6E3% Y[ 6>O%8 2=% M(32 5F %(0= M=%)5A%)5) >) 2=% 03%(2>5) 5F 8M%0>%8 (2 P(''" -=% 5N>*(2>5) >8 2=% *5A>)()2 %FF%02

6>O>)6 (7E)*()2 RB" -=%) 2=% 8E7'>A(2>5) >8 2=% 8%05)* (7'(2>)6 M=%)5A%)5) 3%8E'2>)6 >) 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F R

SA(>)'&T ()* R\" -=% '(82 %FF%02 >8 *E% 25 M&35'&8>8 P>2= 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F A5'%0E'(3 ()* (25A>0 =&*356%)" -=% )5)J

*>A%)8>5)(' 7'5P>)6 3(2% 6>O%8 () >)*>0(2>5) 5F 2=% >AM532()0% 5F 2=% A(88 >)I%02>5) (2 2=% P('' P>2= 3%8M%02 25 2=%

F3%% 823%(A 05)*>2>5)8"

-=% 05EM'%* 0('0E'(2>5)8 (''5P 25 572(>) 2=% 8M%0>%8 M3%8%)2 >) 2=% F'5P SF>6E3% a"YVT" -=% 3%8E'28 (3% M3%8%)2%* F53

2=% M%(? 05)O%02>O% =%(2>)6 23(I%0253& M5>)2 -!\h 2=% F(02 5F 5)'& 05)8>*%3>)6 2=% M&35'&8>8 6(8 A(88 F'5P 3(2%, 2=%

05)0%)23(2>5)8 5F (7'(2>O% 8M%0>%8 (2 2=% P('' (3% '5P (8 05AM(3%* 25 2=% A53% 05AM'%2% A5*%' >) 9>6E3% Y` (75O%"

)6 2=% 3%J%)23&, EM 25 2=% M5>)2 2=(2 GU (A5E)28 25 Yme

5F 2=e flow gases with Parks model. /5)5(25A>0 G 3%05A7>)%8 ('A582 05AM'%2%'& >)25 GU (2 2=% P(''"

@O5'E2>5) 5F (7'(2>O% 8M%0>%8 (3% ('85 M3%8%)2%* 5) 2=% 3>6=2 =()* 8>*% 5F9>6E3% YWh L8 2=% 0(M8E'% *%80%)*8 ()*

2=% *%)8>2& 5F 2=% 5E2%3 F'5P >)03%(8%8, M&35'&8>8 ()* (7'(2>5) 6(8%8 F>)* ( 63%(2%3 3%8>82()0% 25 M%)%23(2% >)25 2=%75E)*(3& '(&%3, P>2= 2=% 8>6)>F>0()2 *>FFE8>5) 65>)6 F35A 5O%3 Y"[AA F35A 2=% P('' 5F -!Y 25 ( '>22'% 5O%3 YAA 5F

-!`"

9>6E3% Ymh X%(2>)6 ('5)6 2=% 0(M8E'% (2 A(N>AEA 05)O%02>O% =%(2>)6 -3(I%0253& !5>)2 -!\

1) 9>6E3% Ym 2=% =%(2>)6 ('5)6 2=% 0(M8E'% 75*& F35A 82(6)(2>5) 25 2=% 8=5E'*%3 >8 M3%8%)2%* 8=5P>)6 2=(2 (7'(2>5)

3%*E0%8 05)O%02>O% =%(2 F'EN%8 7& UVJU[e"

4(*>(2>5) =%(2 F'EN M35F>'%8 (3% 572(>)%* E8>)6 ( H5'2cA()) *>823>7E2>5) F53 M5ME'(2>)6 %)%36& '%O%'8 P=%) 2=%3% >82=%3A(' %QE>'>73>EA S2=>8 >8 ('A582 2=% 0(8% F53 -!\T ()* ( 05''>8>5)(' 3(*>(2>O% A5*%' E8>)6 fA(2>5)

P=%) 05)8>*%3>)6 2=%3A(' )5)J%QE>'>73>EA S-!Y, -!U ()* -!`T" 1) ('' F5E3 0(8%8, 2=%3% >8 ( )52>0%(7'% *>FF%3%)0%


15/17


15

7%2P%%) 2=% 2P5 M5ME'(2>5) A5*%'8" -=% H5'2cA()) (MM35N>A(2>5) 5O%3JM3%*>028 2=% 3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN 7& (2 '%(82

U[e P>2= 3%8M%02 25 fAE'(2>5) 3%8E'28 F53 -!Y 25 \"

4(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN >8 )52>0%* 25 7% 8A(''%3 P>2= (7'(2>5) 2=() P>2=5E2 P=%3% RG >8 M3%8%)2 >) 8A('' (A5E)2, 2=%

3(*>(2>O% F'EN P=>0= >8 3%*E0%* 7& 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F (7'(2>5) M35*E028 *E% 25 2=% >)03%(8%* (7853M2>5) >) 2=%

75E)*(3& '(&%3 *E% 25 2=% M3%8%)0% 5F 2=%8% 8M%0>%8" -=>8 3(*>(2>5) 7'50?(6% %FF%02 >8 )52 (8 P%'' E)*%38255* (8 2=%

7'5P>)6 0533%02>5) ()* >8 E)*%3 82E*& (2 2=% M3%8%)2 2>A%" -=>8 >8 >) (63%%A%)2 P>2= 2=% 82E*& 5F .5=)825) ^Ud_"

Z.I-& MO 912,.')*1$ 1D '.().%)F& Q&.% D-4P -&F&-*J

A(2>5)8, (8 P%'' (8 >) 2=% '>2%3(2E3%, (75E2 m[ e 5F 2=%

3(*>(2>O% =%(2 F'EN >8 P>2=>) 2=% K;K 3()6% S[VJUVV )AT ()* 2=% >AM532()0% 5F K;K ('A582 2=% 8(A% P>2= ()*

P>2=5E2 (7'(2>5)" -=>8 >8 E)*%3 82E*& %NM%3>A%)2(''& P>2=>) () @)6 (2 M3%8%)2"

,@8?GA5) 8=(M%8 F53 2=%>3 O%38(2>'% '(36% 3(*>E8 =%(28=>%'* F53 *>88>M(2>)6 %)%36&

F53 =&M%3O%'50>2& %)23& 53 3%2E3)" L*O()0%8 >) 3%8%(30= (3% 7%>)6 A(*% 5) 2=% 05EM'>)6 5F 2=% =%(2 '5(*8 25 2=%

0(M8E'% -!) M(32>0E'(3 P=%) 2=>8 >8 A(*% 5F () (7'(2>)6 A(2%3>(' 5F 05AM58>2%8, 8E0= (8 R(375) A(23>NbR(375)

M=%)5'>08 53 JR 8=%''8 P>2= 3%8>)8" 1) 2=>8 M(M%3 P% =(O% *>80E88%* 2%82>)6 5F 80('%* 25 ('A582 F'>6=2 A5*%'8 >)

%NM()8>5) 2E7%8 (2 )%(3 F'>6=2 05)*>2>5)8, ()* (7'(2>5) A5*%''>)6" -=% )%P M588>7>'>2>%8 5F M%3F53A>)6 >)J8>2E

=%(2>)6 5F 8(AM'%8 >) %NM()8>5) 2E7%8 5M%) A()& >)2%3%82>)6 M%38M%02>O%8 F53 O('>*(2>5) 5F A5*%''>)6 (02>O>2>%8 5)

3(*>(2>5)J(7'(2>5) 05EM'>)6"

"?S8@IGE9LEHE8=() 4%8%(30= R5E)0>' 63()2 )EA7%38 D!YVa`[WV

()* D!YUVYVUWW\ ()* 2=% fE%%)8'()* C5O%3)A%)2


16/17


16

Agencys @1% B.-- '&&$%'/ %&*%)$N )$ Q/,&'*1$)+

)2,4-*& D.+)-)%)&*J L1LL .5E3)(', K5' [Y, G5" U, MM" `mWJ`d`, UVY\"

U"

B" .58=>, ." /53(J/5)2%358, !" $%&'()*o0I-.%)1$ 6.().%)1$ 914,-)$N 1D %Q& ;Q1&I4* 9.,*4-&J 1) !350%%*>)68 [2=

4X-C @

&$%'/J K]1J$< UVY\"

`"

!(3?, R" 8%.N$.%)1$7;1)$% 6.().%)1$ D1' 0,1--1 Y" .5E3)(' 5F -=%3A5M=&8>08 ()* X%(2 -3()8F%3 Yd SUVV`T, \`a

\[m"

[" ;"L ?=, R" .(0578, R"B $(EN, 4"C /536(), ()* -". /01)2&3%, `&.*4'&2&$%* 1D 6.().%)$N )

/(*>85), Z1"

W"

4" O%'' %2 ('" X080 Z;7S?MYL5 S@@^

d"

;A(3 L ?=, 4>0=(3* C /536(), ->A52=& . /01)2&3%o 8&-D7.I*1',%)1$ 1D c.+442 E-%'.F)1-&% '.().%)1$ )$

*4,&'1'I)%.- D-1B*\@%8 R5)F%3%)0%, -5E38, 93()0%, UVYU

a"

!" $%&'()* -" /01)2&3%, ;" ?= -" @>0=A()), 9" :()*%3, 4" /536() o ''>MM>8, @" -3>F5)>o cEc

2&.*4'&2&$%* D1' '.().%)1$7.I-.%)1$ +14,-)$N" !350%%*>)68 [2= 1)2%3)(2>5)(' EA 5) 4(*>(2>5) 5F X>6=

-%AM%3(2E3% !'(8A(8, 4X-Z, H(30%'5)( B0257%3 UVYU" @

YY"

D" !522%3o !=D -=%8>8 ;)>O%38>2& 5F fE%%)8'()*, `1(&--)$N 1D '.().%)$N *Q1+W -./&'* D1' .%21*,Q&')+ &$%'/ .%

:.'%Q .$( `.'*5 UVYY"

YU" R" !(3?o X1$&[4)-)I')42 >/,&'*1$)+ 0&'1%Q&'21(/$.2)+*" Z>'%&J1)2%380>%)0%, YaaV

Y\"

!"L" .(0578, 4" ." C5''()o -=% @>'A%3\ 05*%h ;8%3 6E>*% ()* %N(AM'% 755?" /%0=()>0(' @)6>)%%3>)6 4%M532

UVVdbVm, -=% ;)>O%38>2& 5F fE%%)8'()*, H3>87()%, LE823('>(, UVYV"

Y`" ."!" LMM'%25) ()* ]"G"R" H3(&o The conservation equations for a nonequilibrium plasma" .5E3)(' 5F 9'E>*

/%0=()>08, UVS`ThW[a J WmU, D%0%A7%3 YaW`"

Y["

R" !(3?, 4" .(FF%, X" !(323>*6%o 9Q&2)+.- j)$&%)+ ;.'.2&%&'* 1D >/,&'I1-)+ :.'%Q :$%'/, .5E3)(' 5F

-=%3A5M=&8>08 ()* X%(2 -3()8F%3, K5'" Y[, G5" Y, UVVY, MMo mWJaV

YW" -(?(8=> L7%o VF&'F)&B 1D '&*&.'+Q D1' ,'&()+%)1$ 1D .&'1(/$.2)+ Q&.%)$N &$F)'1$2&$% (4')$N . *4,&'71'I)%.-

'&&$%'/ D-)NQ% 1D 24*&*7+ '&&$%'/ +.,*4-&J1) L%35*&)(A>08,-=%3A5M=&8>08, -=%3A(' !352%02>5), O5'EA% Y,

M(6% Ya, UVV\"

Ym"

B'&)>0?, p"J]" R=%), /" @" -(E7%3o0&'1%Q&'21(/$.2)+* 1( %Q& 8%.'(4*% 8.2,-& 6&%4'$ 9.,*4-&5.5E3)(' 5F)%2>08 D(2(7(8%, K%3" m"V, UVV\

U\"

R=(EO%(E %2 ('"o 6.().%)F& %'.$*D&' )$ =Z: .)' ,-.*2.* D1' %&2,&'.%4'&* 4, %1 ?A5@@@ j" .5E3)(' 5F fE()2>2(2>O%(2>O% -3()8F%3 mm, U S/(30=T, YY\Y\V" UVV\


17/17


U`"

4" 08 ()* X%(2 -3()8F%3, UUSYT, UVVd"

Um"

C" DEFF(o `1(&-)*.%)1$ (&* 8/*%l2&* (& ;'1%&+%)1$* ZQ&'2)[4&* 0I-.%)F&*JH55?, 25 (MM%(3 L1LL @*E0(2>5)('

%8 UVY\ E)*%3 2=% 2>2'% 0I-.%)F& ZQ&'2.- ;'1%&+%)1$ 8/*%&2* `1(&-)$N" L'85 >) @

R" B" .5=)825), !" L" C)5FF5, ]" &.%)$N D1' :.'%Q :$%'/, .5E3)('

5F

leyland - radiation ablation coupling for capsule reentry heating via simulation and x2(3)

Documents