Пединститут ЮФУПединститут ЮФУТема: Lexical Expressive means and

stylistic devices

Волгина Екатерина АндреевнаКандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры

теории и практики английского языка, Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09

г.Ростов-на-Дону,28.09.2011.

Волгина Екатерина АндреевнаВолгина Екатерина Андреевна

Кандидат филологических наук, Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и практики доцент кафедры теории и практики

английского языка, английского языка, Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09

г.Ростов-на-Дону,г.Ростов-на-Дону,2828.09.2011..09.2011.

Основные пункты презентацииОсновные пункты презентации

1.Transferrence1.Transferrence 2. Tropes2. Tropes

33. . Figures of quantityFigures of quantity 4. Figures of quality4. Figures of quality

Список источниковСписок источников• Арнольд И.В.Стилистика. Современный Арнольд И.В.Стилистика. Современный

английский язык. Учебник для вузов (7-ое английский язык. Учебник для вузов (7-ое издание). — М., Флинта-Наука. 2007.издание). — М., Флинта-Наука. 2007.

• Волгина Е.А. Стилистический анализ. РГПУ, Волгина Е.А. Стилистический анализ. РГПУ, 20042004

• Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка (основы курса) М. 2002.языка (основы курса) М. 2002.

• Скребнев Ю. М. Основы стилистики Скребнев Ю. М. Основы стилистики английского языка М.: Высш.шк., 2002английского языка М.: Высш.шк., 2002

• Peter Verdonk. Stylistics.Oxford,2003Peter Verdonk. Stylistics.Oxford,2003..• H.C.Widdowson. Practical Stylistics. Oxford H.C.Widdowson. Practical Stylistics. Oxford

University Press, 1992.University Press, 1992.

Literature on Literature on MetaphorMetaphor 1.Aristotle. Poetics and Rhetoric1.Aristotle. Poetics and Rhetoric

2. I.A.Richards.The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 19362. I.A.Richards.The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1936 3.Kenneth Burke. Grammar of Motives, 19453.Kenneth Burke. Grammar of Motives, 1945 4.Lakoff G. & M.Johnson. Metaphors We Live By, 4.Lakoff G. & M.Johnson. Metaphors We Live By,

19801980 5. Thornbury,S. Metaphors We Work By, 19915. Thornbury,S. Metaphors We Work By, 1991 6. Cameron &Low. Metaphoric Intelligence and 6. Cameron &Low. Metaphoric Intelligence and

Foreign Language Learning.2001Foreign Language Learning.2001 7. Robin Tolmach Lakoff. The Language War, 7. Robin Tolmach Lakoff. The Language War,

2000.2000.

Literature on Literature on MetaphorMetaphor Eggigton, W. The English Eggigton, W. The English

Language Metaphors We Plan By., Language Metaphors We Plan By., 1997.1997.

Gwynn R. “Captain on My Ship”: Gwynn R. “Captain on My Ship”: Metaphor and the Discourse of Metaphor and the Discourse of Chronic Illness” in L.Cameron & Chronic Illness” in L.Cameron & G.Low. 1999G.Low. 1999

LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES (1)LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES (1)

Figures of QuantityFigures of Quantity: Hyperbole,: Hyperbole, Understatement Understatement (Meiosis). (Meiosis).

Figures of QualityFigures of Quality: : MetonymyMetonymy - based on - based on contiguity,contiguity,

MetaphorMetaphor - based on - based on similarity, likeness,similarity, likeness, affinity,affinity,

Irony Irony – two objects are diametrically – two objects are diametrically opposite. opposite.

Interaction of different Interaction of different types of lexical meanings types of lexical meanings (Galperin)(2)(Galperin)(2) Interaction of primary & Interaction of primary &

contextually imposed contextually imposed meanings=metaphor, metonomy, meanings=metaphor, metonomy, ironyirony

Interaction of logical & emotive Interaction of logical & emotive meanings= meanings= epithet, oxymoronepithet, oxymoron

Intensification of a certain feature Intensification of a certain feature of a thing = of a thing = hyperbole.hyperbole.

Epithet (3)-Interaction of Epithet (3)-Interaction of logical and emotive logical and emotive meaningmeaning From Greek “epitheton”From Greek “epitheton”

Epithet = an individual emotional Epithet = an individual emotional appraisement of an object, state appraisement of an object, state or actionor action..

E.g. He found himself waving a E.g. He found himself waving a school-masterish school-masterish finger in front of his finger in front of his face.face.

Epithet (4)Epithet (4)

By an adjectiveBy an adjective: a monstrous fish: a monstrous fish By participle I or IIBy participle I or II: : crabbed crabbed age, age,

a a god- fearinggod- fearing man man By an of-phraseBy an of-phrase: an : an air of air of

indifferenceindifference By an adverbBy an adverb: she glanced at him : she glanced at him

furtivelyfurtively

EPITHETS

SEMANTIC STRUCTURAL DISTRIBUTIONAL

SEMANTIC Standpoint SEMANTIC Standpoint (6)(6)

Associated:Associated: silvery fur silvery fur

UnassociatedUnassociated: silvery : silvery laughterlaughter

STRUCTURAL:(7)STRUCTURAL:(7) Composition:Composition: simplesimple- sleepless bay- sleepless bay compoundcompound- heart-burning sigh, - heart-burning sigh,

phrase epithet in prepositionphrase epithet in preposition – the sunshine-in-the- – the sunshine-in-the-breakfast-room smell,breakfast-room smell,

don’t –you- touch -me don’t –you- touch -me looklook

reversed (Galperin)reversed (Galperin) this devil of a woman, this devil of a woman,Or (metaphorical)= the shadow of a smileOr (metaphorical)= the shadow of a smileSyntactical epithet A dog of a fellowSyntactical epithet A dog of a fellow Her brute of a brotherHer brute of a brother

Distributional:Distributional:

String epithets: String epithets: a a plump, rosy-plump, rosy-cheeked, wholesome, apple-cheeked, wholesome, apple-facedfaced young woman. young woman.

Transferred epithets: Transferred epithets: sleepless pillow,sleepless pillow, merry hours, merry hours, unbreakfasted morningunbreakfasted morning drunken darkdrunken dark

Slide 9.HyperboleSlide 9.Hyperbole

I was scared to death when he entered I was scared to death when he entered the room.the room.

The girls were dressed to kill.The girls were dressed to kill. Her family is one aunt about a Her family is one aunt about a

thousand years old.thousand years old.

Oxymoron (10)Oxymoron (10) Interaction of logical and emotive meanings:Interaction of logical and emotive meanings: Oxymoron:Oxymoron: 1.“It was you who made me a liar”, she 1.“It was you who made me a liar”, she cried cried

silently.silently. 2.O serpent heart, hid with a flowing face.2.O serpent heart, hid with a flowing face. Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave? Beautiful tyrant, friend angelical.Beautiful tyrant, friend angelical. Dove feather’s raven, wolfish – ravening Dove feather’s raven, wolfish – ravening

lamb.lamb. Despised substance of divinest show.Despised substance of divinest show. Just opposite to what thou justly seemsJust opposite to what thou justly seems A damned saint, an honourable villainA damned saint, an honourable villain

METONYMY(11)-interaction of METONYMY(11)-interaction of dictionary and contextual logical dictionary and contextual logical meaningsmeanings

She is coming, my life , my She is coming, my life , my fate.fate.

He made his way through He made his way through the perfume and the perfume and conversation.conversation.

Metonymy(12)Metonymy(12)

1. Language metonymy: the Crown – 1. Language metonymy: the Crown – MonarchyMonarchy

the bar –the lawyersthe bar –the lawyers the pulpit – the prieststhe pulpit – the priests

2. Speech metonymy: From the cradle to the 2. Speech metonymy: From the cradle to the gravegrave

TYPES of METONYMY (13)TYPES of METONYMY (13)

1. 1. Names of tools instead of names of actionsNames of tools instead of names of actions: : Give every man thine ear and few thy Give every man thine ear and few thy voicevoice. (Shakespeare). (Shakespeare)

2. 2. Consequence instead of causeConsequence instead of cause: : It (fish) It (fish) desperately takes the death.desperately takes the death.

3. 3. Characteristic feature of the objectCharacteristic feature of the object: : The The moustache was standing by the window.moustache was standing by the window.

Symbol instead of object symbolized:Symbol instead of object symbolized:Crown Crown for for King, or Queen.King, or Queen.

Synecdoche (14)Synecdoche (14)

Return to her and fifty men dismissed?Return to her and fifty men dismissed? No, rather I abjure all roofs, and chooseNo, rather I abjure all roofs, and choose To wage against the enmity o’ the air,To wage against the enmity o’ the air, To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. Shakespeare, King Lear).Shakespeare, King Lear). Hands wanted. All hands on deck.Hands wanted. All hands on deck.

METAPHOR (15)METAPHOR (15)

TriteTrite: : Seeds of evil, to burn with Seeds of evil, to burn with desiredesire..

FreshFresh: He smelled the ever-: He smelled the ever-beautiful smell of coffee beautiful smell of coffee imprisoned in the can.imprisoned in the can.

They walked along, They walked along, two two continents of experience and continents of experience and feelingfeeling, unable to communicate., unable to communicate.

Prolonged Metaphor (16)Prolonged Metaphor (16)

We need you here. It’s a dear old We need you here. It’s a dear old town, but it’s a town, but it’s a rough diamondrough diamond, , and we need you for and we need you for the the polishingpolishing, and we’re ever so , and we’re ever so humble…humble…

Catachresis (17)Catachresis (17) ““For somewhere”, said Poirot to For somewhere”, said Poirot to

himself, indulging in an absolute riot himself, indulging in an absolute riot of mixed metaphors, “ there is in the of mixed metaphors, “ there is in the hay a needle, and among the hay a needle, and among the sleeping dogs there is one on whom I sleeping dogs there is one on whom I shall put my foot, and by shooting shall put my foot, and by shooting the arrow into the air, one will come the arrow into the air, one will come down and hit a glass-house”.down and hit a glass-house”.

To look for a needle in a haystack,To look for a needle in a haystack, To let sleeping dogs lie,To let sleeping dogs lie, To put one’s foot down, To put one’s foot down, I shot an arrow into the air.I shot an arrow into the air.

Personification (18)Personification (18) Now the bright morning-star, day’s Now the bright morning-star, day’s

harbinger,harbinger, Comes dancing from the East, and Comes dancing from the East, and

leads with herleads with her The flowery May, who from her green The flowery May, who from her green

lap throwslap throws The yellow cowslip and the pale The yellow cowslip and the pale

primrose. (Milton, Song on May primrose. (Milton, Song on May Morning)Morning)

Personification (19)Personification (19)

E.g. But the privations, or rather E.g. But the privations, or rather the hardships, of Lowood the hardships, of Lowood lessened. Spring drew on; she lessened. Spring drew on; she had indeed already come, the had indeed already come, the frosts of winter had ceased; its frosts of winter had ceased; its snows were melted; its cutting snows were melted; its cutting winds ameliorated. winds ameliorated.

IRONY (20)- from IRONY (20)- from Greek “eironeia’Greek “eironeia’

She turned with the She turned with the sweetsweet smile of smile of an alligatoran alligator

Mr Micawber said in his usual Mr Micawber said in his usual plain plain manner.manner.

Verbal Irony:Verbal Irony: E.g. Last time it was a nice, simple, E.g. Last time it was a nice, simple,

European-style war.European-style war.

Irony (21)Irony (21)

He was fond of everyone who was He was fond of everyone who was good to him – good to him – of his pony-of his pony- of Lord of Lord Southdown who gave him the Southdown who gave him the horse - horse - of Mollyof Molly, the cook who told , the cook who told him stories at night – him stories at night – of Briggsof Briggs, his , his mother’s companion whom he mother’s companion whom he laughed at – and laughed at – and of his fatherof his father. . (Thackeray, Vanity Fair).(Thackeray, Vanity Fair).

Lexical stylistic Lexical stylistic devices (22)devices (22) 1. Transference and transferred 1. Transference and transferred

meaning.meaning. 2. Tropes (stylistic devices) as 2. Tropes (stylistic devices) as

figurative, image-bearing stylistic figurative, image-bearing stylistic means.means.

3. Classification of tropes in the 3. Classification of tropes in the English language.English language.

4.The structural types and functions 4.The structural types and functions of the tropes.of the tropes.

Terms for the lecture Terms for the lecture “lexical expressive “lexical expressive means” (23)means” (23) Transfer of namesTransfer of names

Transference,Transference, denominationdenomination TropeTrope Imaginative, Imaginative, figurative, figurative, linguallingual InconsistentInconsistent VariableVariable ContiguityContiguity QualitativelyQualitatively QuantitativelyQuantitatively MeiosisMeiosis EpithetEpithet MetaphorMetaphor MetonymyMetonymy ironyirony

Transference and Transference and transferred meaning. transferred meaning. (24)(24) 1. Transference is the act of 1. Transference is the act of

name-exchange, substitution.name-exchange, substitution. 2. Transferred meaning is the 2. Transferred meaning is the

interrelation between two types interrelation between two types of lexical meaning: dictionary and of lexical meaning: dictionary and contextual (Galperin).contextual (Galperin).

3. Name-exchange, substitution, 3. Name-exchange, substitution, interrelation, interaction -= “a interrelation, interaction -= “a transfer of name” or transference.transfer of name” or transference.

Tropes (25)Tropes (25)

1. From the Greek “tropos” - “turning”.1. From the Greek “tropos” - “turning”. 2. Stylistic markers, stylistic devices, figures 2. Stylistic markers, stylistic devices, figures

of speech, figures of replacement, trope.of speech, figures of replacement, trope. 3. Tropes are descriptive, figurative stylistic 3. Tropes are descriptive, figurative stylistic

means. A tropes is based upon comparison means. A tropes is based upon comparison between two phenomena which resemble between two phenomena which resemble each other in certain features.each other in certain features.

Screbnev’s theoryScrebnev’s theory

Quantitative deviation Quantitative deviation is the is the overestimation of the dimensions overestimation of the dimensions of the objectof the object

Qualitative deviation Qualitative deviation is a radical is a radical difference between the usual difference between the usual meaning of a linguistic unit and meaning of a linguistic unit and its actual referenceits actual reference

Thank you!

Ул.Большая Садовая,33.тел.240-82-09