leveraging industry trends to facilitate ptd adoption · 2019-10-11 · mike toole, phd, pe, f.asce...
TRANSCRIPT
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Mike Toole, PhD, PE, F.ASCE
Dean, College of EngineeringUniversity of Toledo
Design-In-Safety for Sustainable Business ResultsNorther Ohio Chapter of ASSP Workshop
October 11, 2019
Leveraging Industry Trends to Facilitate PtD Adoption
Based in part on past presentations with Dr. John GambateseProfessor, Civil and Const. Eng. Oregon State Univ.
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THE BIG PICTURE
PtD is an innovation. Implementing an innovation is almost always
challenging. The many obstacles to implementing PtD can
be navigated by communicating to change agents that PtD is part of several trends in the industry.
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OVERVIEW The Challenges of PtD in
Construction PtD Examples from
Construction Triple Bottom Line and
Social Sustainability PtD is Safety
Constructability PtD as a part of Integrated
Lifecycle Design Implementation Processes,
Tools and Roles
Work premises and facilities
Tools and equipment
Processes
Products
Work methods and organization of
work
Prevention through Design
= Design for Safety
= Safety by Design
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DESIGN-SAFETY LINKS IN CONSTRUCTION
22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA1
42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-20031
60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began2
63% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning3
1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept” (2005)2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001
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THE CHALLENGES OF PTD IN CONSTRUCTION
The design and construction process is fragmented Many firms with specialized expertise Designers and constructors traditionally do not
communicate during design
Many designers don’t know how to design for safety
Most designers don’t want to design for safety Concerns about liability Incorrect perception that PtD is intimately linked to
means and methods5
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS Re
liabi
lity
of C
ontro
l
EliminationEliminate the hazard during design
SubstitutionSubstitute a less-hazardous material or
form during designEngineering Controls“Design-in” engineering controls,
Incorporate warning systems
Administrative ControlsWell-designed work
methods & organization
PPEAvailable, effective,
easy to use
Prevention through Design
Low
erH
ighe
r
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WHEN PTD MUST OCCUR
Ability to influence key project goals is greatest early in the project schedule during planning and design (Szymberski, 1997)
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EXAMPLE OF THE NEED FOR PTD
Design spec: Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various
locations. Wells located directly under overhead power
lines.
Accident: Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too
close to overhead power lines.
Engineer could have: specified wells be dug away from power lines;
and/or better informed the contractor of hazard
posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.
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EXAMPLES: ROOFS AND PERIMETERS
Skylights
Upper story windows
Parapet walls
https://cdn.simplifiedsafety.com/images/parapet-railing/non-penetrating-parapet-railing.jpg
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PTD EXAMPLE: ANCHORAGE POINTS
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Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection SafetyPublished by the National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America
PTD EXAMPLE: STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
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The Erector Friendly Column Include holes in columns
at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offs
Locate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor
Photo: AISC educator ppt
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Provide enough space for making connections
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Know approximate dimensions of necessary tools to make connections
Photo: AISC educator ppt
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TRUE STORY ABOUT SMALL-TOWN SCHOOL GYM CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
~220’ x 65’ x 33’ tall masonry gym under construction
Design included bond beams but no grouted cores, despite through-wall flashing
Structural engineer’s calculations showed design met code requirements for lateral forces once four walls secured by roof bar joists
One 65’x33’ tall end wall collapsed in high winds, killing 4 craft workers because wall lacked grouted cores
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DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE SAFETY
Provide safe access for recurring maintenance/preventive maintenance Light Bulbs, Air Filters, Belts, Valves At height, confined space, awkward ergonomics
Provide safe clearance for replacing units Blower Units, Boilers, Compressors, Pumps Isolation, Material handling, Path out and in
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Message 1: PtD can help achieve the triple Bottom line in organization
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TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE
“All businesses can and must help society achieve three goals that are linked – economic prosperity, environmental protection and social equity.”
http://blueandgreentomorrow.com/features/book-review-cannibals-with-forks-john-elkington-1999/
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SUSTAINABILITY AND THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE
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ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY AND SAFETY
Safety is good investment. Preventing accidents is more cost effective than incurring the
direct and indirect costs of accidents when they occur. Average direct cost per injury is $39,000 and $1.42M for
fatality. Indirect costs of injury are 2-17 times direct costs. $1 in safety investment returns $2-6 in benefits.
Productivity and morale gains often more valued than injury cost savings.
National Safety Council (2013). “Journey to Safety Excellence: The Business Case for Investment in Safety.”
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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND SAFETY
Definition of Sustainable Development in Brundtland Commission Report (1987)
Focus on people as much as on the environment Meet the needs of
people who can’t speak for themselves
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Sustainable Development
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Design and construction that doesn’t unfairly affect people who are not at the table
Further reading:Toole, T. M. and G. Carpenter (2013). “Prevention through Design as a Path Towards Social Sustainability.” ASCE Journal of Architectural Engineering 19(3):169-173.
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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
How will we convince all stakeholders that our project will not unfairly affect people who are not at the table during the concept development, design and construction planning?
Users of buildings, airports, roads, bridges, etc. Local politicians and regulators Financiers Nearby residents Construction workers Maintenance workers
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ASCE CODE OF ETHICS
Canon 1: Hold Safety Paramount Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health
and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties.
a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions and practices incorporated into structures, machines, products, processes and devices.
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ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN U.S. Nearly 200,000 serious injuries 1,000+ deaths
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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
Do not our duties include minimizing all risks (especially to people) that we have control over?
Do not we have the same duties for construction and maintenance workers as for the “public”?
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Message 2: PtD is simply designing for constructability and maintainability
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PTD IN CONSTRUCTION IS… Explicitly considering construction and
maintenance safety in the design of a project.
Being conscious of and valuing the safety of construction and maintenance workers when performing design tasks.
Making design decisions based in part on a design element's inherent safety risk to construction and maintenance workers.
“Safety Constructability and Maintainability”
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Message 3: PtD is an application of Integrated Lifecycle Design
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INTEGRATED LIFECYCLE DESIGN ON CAPITAL PROJECTS
Design professionals are informed of and consider the needs and wants of all stakeholders over a project’s lifecycle Owner/developer All design professionals on project Material vendors and prefabricators People affected by the project’s environmental footprint,
from resource extraction to construction to post-facility site remediation
Government regulators and inspectors Construction workers Operating workers Maintenance workers
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FOCUSED ILD ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Technical design professionals consider design feedback from individuals who will implement the design (i.e., construct the facility or infrastructure) as well as from those who will operate and maintain the finished facility over its service life.
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BENEFITS OF ILD
Improves design work product to better achieve organizational goals for the completed project
Because it includes the tacit knowledge and lifecycle perspectives possessed by stakeholders
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PROJECT OUTCOMES IMPROVED BY ILD
Quality Cost Construction duration Service life Environmental sustainability Occupational safety
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THE BUSINESS CASE FOR PTD
Reduced construction site, operations, and facility management hazards
Fewer worker injuries and fatalities
Reduced workers’ compensation premiums
Increased quality
Fewer delays and shut downs due to accidents
Improved employee morale/Reduced staff absenteeism and turnover
Increased productivity
Reduced construction duration
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PREFABRICATION: THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND SAFETY
Prefabricated construction is inherently safer than “stick-built.”
Work is shifted from dangerous work environments to engineered work environments and processes. at height in trenches in confined spaces exposed to weather (wind, water, ice, mud, lightning)
Prefabricated construction has lower construction waste lower embodied energy lower embodied greenhouse gases
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EXAMPLES: PREFABRICATION
Concrete Segmented
Bridge
Concrete Wall
Panels
Pipe Spoolswww.wermac.org/documents/fabrication_shop.html
MEP Corridor Racks
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THREE STEPS TOWARDS PTD
1. Establish a lifecycle safety culture2. Establish enabling processes3. Team with organizations who value
lifecycle safety
Culture Processes Partners
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ESTABLISH A LIFECYCLE SAFETY CULTURE
Secure management commitment to safety and to a life cycle approach
Instill the right safety values Training Ensure recognition that designing for safety is
the smart thing to do and the right thing to do1. Professional Codes of Ethics2. Payoff data
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PTD PROCESS
Get the right people talking about the right things at the right time!
40www.seagrave.com/
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ILD REQUIRES EFFECTIVE DESIGN REVIEWS
Get the right people in the room Specialty designers Contractors: field ops, safety Specialized equipment engineers Operators Maintenance: plant ops, safety
Talking about the right things at the right time Starting very early in the design process Periodic, 2-4 days Use visualization tools Use decision-making and documentation tools Establish norms to ensure all voices heard
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PTD PROCESS
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PTD DESIGN REVIEW
Hazard identification
What construction safety hazards does the design create?
Risk assessment
What is the level of safety and health risk associated with each hazard?
Design option identification and selection
What can be done to eliminate or reduce the risk?
Remember the hierarchy of controls……
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PTD TOOLS – BIM AND VISUALIZATION
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USING BIM TO IMPROVE SITE SAFETY
Improved site layout Reduces traffic/pedestrian hazards Reduces unnecessary movement of materials,
stockpiles, etc.
Clearances for underground and overhead utilities
Smarter sequencing of site utilities and superstructure tasks
Safer crane picks (load radius, operator vision) Building MEP and structural elements clash
detection45
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BIM IDENTIFIES CLEARANCES IN SUBSTATION DESIGN
46Source: Bruce & Merrilees presentation at First Energy/EPRI PtD Workshop, June 2019
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ILD REQUIRES CHANGES IN PROCUREMENT PROCESSES AND CONTRACTS
Traditional Design-Bid-Build does not allow ILD Design-Build may integrate construction
knowledge into design Negotiated or Cost-Plus contracting should be
considered Integrated Project Delivery’s use of Target-
Value Design and Co-location facilitates integration
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CHOOSE YOUR PARTNERS WISELY
PtD capability in designer RFP Designer interaction experience in GC RFP Consider Design-Builders with industrial and
international project experience
Collaborative culture and experiences
Open to change
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OWNER-CLIENT ROLES
Must enable ILD through procurement decisions
Must ensure operation and maintenance professionals are involved in design reviews
Must prioritize lifecycle perspectives over initial costs
Operations and maintenance managers must be ready to interact with design professionals, to communicate their unit’s perspectives and why this perspective is important for achieving lifecycle project goals
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BHP BILLITON’S PTD INITIATIVES
Design reviews includes 3D models
Communication and training, including all designer professionals
PtD staff embedded in procurement and design
PtD in technical specifications
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DESIGN PROFESSIONAL ROLES
Must be genuinely willing to accept input and feedback on in-progress designs
All designers should have field experience
Must have a system for documenting that appropriate standard of care was taken on decisions that balance cost, schedule, occupational safety and risk related to the facility’s operation and the public
Be prepared to compete for projects through non-traditional procurement processes based on collaborative experiences
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CONTRACTOR ROLES
Must be ready to interact with design professionals, to communicate how a 30/60% design could be improved in terms of cost, quality, duration, service life, or safety
Must be aware of prefabrication options and prepared to coordinate multi-trade modules
Be prepared to compete for projects through non-traditional procurement processes
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SAFETY PROFESSIONAL ROLES
Must help owner-client establish safety as the #1 project priority
Must motivate owner-client to enable safe design through appropriate contracts and processes
Must be capable of helping other project professionals understand their roles in site safety
Must be competent professional facilitating and monitoring safe design processes
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DESIGNFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETY.ORG
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FREE GUIDEBOOK
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ANSI DOCUMENTS
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PTD TOOL – DESIGN RISK ASSESSMENT
www.constructionsliderule.org
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NIOSH Educational Modules on:Steel designConcrete designMEP designArchitectural design
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LEED PTD PILOT CREDIT
Identify and document the items found for two stages: Operations and Maintenance Construction
For each stage, complete three stages of analysis: Baseline Discovery Implementation
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LEED PROCESS FOR CONSTRUCTION Baseline:
Describe the baseline assumptions and construction plan for each relevant topic prior to the safety constructability review.
Discovery: Describe the key tasks involved with the construction plan for
each topic, along with expected hazards and exposures. Describe potential strategies identified during the safety
constructability review that could be used to eliminate or reduce hazards and exposures for topic area.
Implementation: Describe how the safety constructability review resulted in at
least one protective measure change made to any of the relevant plans. Building and temporary structure design Construction Plan Construction Safety Plan Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Plan Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan Construction and Demolition Waste Management Plan
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CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS TO BE ANALYZED AND MODIFIED
Site conditions Building reuse Construction activity pollution prevention Construction indoor air quality management Waste recycling management Materials and resources Work at height Special features
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OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS TO BE ANALYZED AND MODIFIED
Roof systems Equipment rooms and systems Building exterior enclosure and daylighting
systems Storage and collection of recyclables Special features
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SUMMARY
PtD is an emerging safety management technique that faces challenges, as all innovations do.
PtD in construction has tremendous potential but faces unique challenges.
We can facilitate effective implementation of PtD by making connections with important industry trends. Triple Bottom Line thinking Design for Constructability and Maintainability Integrated Lifecycle Design
PtD and ILD require changes in typical project processes and has implications for owners, designers, contractors and safety professionals.