leveraging design patents to protect graphical user...
TRANSCRIPT
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Leveraging Design Patents to Protect Graphical
User InterfacesProtecting the "Look and Feel" of GUIs, Understanding Current U.S. and Global Prosecution Practices
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2019
Presenting a live 90-minute webinar with interactive Q&A
Tracy-Gene Durkin, Director, Sterne Kessler Goldstein & Fox, Washington, D.C.
Robert S. Katz, Principal Shareholder, Banner & Witcoff, Washington, D.C.
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Technical Minds. Legal Muscle.
Protecting Graphical User Interface Designs
Tracy-Gene G. Durkin
November 26, 2019
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 6
• User Interface is booming
• Users can choose between more than 2 million apps in the Apple App Store and Google Play
• How can software developers protect the intellectual property in these lucrative and growing products in light of Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International?
• How can companies protect their 3D product designs in a virtual world?
Current Trends in User Experience (UX)
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 7
• Design patents fastest growing IP asset to protect icons and GUI
• Make up nearly 6% of all U.S. design patents issued to date
• Fastest growing area in the Design Group at the United States Patent & Trademark Office (from 1 –20+ patent examiners in less than 10 years)
GUI Design Applications and Rights Also Booming in the U.S.
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 8
US: Top GUI Design Patent Holders
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Microsoft Samsung Apple Google LGElectronics
TencentTechnology
Co.
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Who Else is filing in the U.S.?
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 10
• Utility Patents protect the way an article “works”(for 20 years from filing)
• Design Patents protect the way an article “looks”(for 15 years from issue)
• Both have to be novel and not obvious (35 U.S.C. 102/103)
• Utility patents cannot protect inventions which are not useful (35 U.S.C. Section 101)
• Design patents cannot protect designs which are not ornamental i.e., are primarily functional (35 U.S.C. Section 171)
Overview of U.S. Design Patents
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The Two Are Not Mutually Exclusive
Apple’s 7,657,849
Slide-to-Unlock
Utility Patent
Apple’s D675,639
Slide-to-Unlock
Design Patent
Apple’s D704,212
Slide-to-Unlock
Design Patent
Representative Claim:
1. A method of controlling an electronic device
with a touch-sensitive display, comprising:
detecting contact with the touch-sensitive display
while the device is in a user-interface lock state;
moving an unlock image along a predefined
displayed path on the touch-sensitive display in
accordance with the contact, wherein the unlock
image is a graphical, interactive user-interface
object with which a user interacts in order to
unlock the device;
transitioning the device to a user-interface unlock
state if the detected contact corresponds to a
predefined gesture; and
maintaining the device in the user-interface lock
state if the detected contact does not correspond
to the predefined gesture.
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• Whoever invents any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.
− 35 U.S.C. 171
Article of Manufacture Requirement
D759,725 D728,624
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• What is the article of Manufacture?
• Computer generated icons are “two dimensional” images that are surface ornamentation on the screen
• Need to claim the underlying screen to be patentable subject matter
Traditional Challenge for Protecting GUI in the US
Ex Parte Strijland,
26 U.S.P.Q.2d 1259
(USPTO 1992)
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Examples
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Icons
Color and Grayscale
D804,526
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Icons (Cont'd)
Gray Scale v. Line Drawing
D771,707 D745,041
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Screen Layout
Same layout patented three different ways
D604,305 D644,239 D627,790
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A series of images conveying an animated design
D771,119
Animations
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
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A series of images conveying an animated design
D822,712
Animations
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5
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A group of designs that may appear together, interchangeably, or in
some related manner in the interface
D768,723
Groups or Sets of GUI
D804,523D851,096
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Fonts (Typeface)
D843,442D802,049
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Visual Effects
Figure 1 is a front view of a display screen or portion
thereof with animated graphical user interface showing a
first image in the sequence showing our new design.
The solid gray shading indicates a portion of unclaimed
user-defined content.
The stippling portrays the illusion of translucent portions
of the graphical user interface through which portions of
the unclaimed user-defined content are partially visible.
D750,637 Display screen or portion thereof with animated
graphical user interface
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Visual Effects (Cont'd)
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Transitions
We claim: The ornamental design for a pair of display screens
with animated graphical user interface
Pair of display screens with animated graphical
user interface
D769,893
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GUI/Hardware Combination
D756,357Electronic device with
graphical user interface
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Foreign Protection
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• EUIPO(Europe)
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Canada
• China
• Colombia
• Hong Kong
• Israel
• Japan
• Jordan
• Mexico
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Panama
• Russia
• Singapore
• South Korea
• Switzerland
• Taiwan
• Turkey
• Australia*
• Chile*
• Malaysia*
• Thailand*
Foreign GUI Design Protection
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• Some countries require that hardware be shown in the drawings in broken lines with the GUI
− Canada, Japan, Korea,
China
• Hardware may seldom be added to the foreign application without losing priority
Nuances of Foreign GUI Design Protection
JPD 1531526
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• Some countries require written description of the function of the GUI
− Japan
− Description may seldom be added to the
foreign case without losing priority
Nuances of Foreign GUI Design Protection (Cont'd)
The present article is a portable information terminal having a function of
management, for example, activity management, fitness management,
and/or wellness management etc. The image shown in the front view and
the enlarged front view of the display portion shown in the front view is for
displaying such as progression or achievement of the various management
items, for example, the activity, fitness and/or wellness etc. of a user.
JPD 1539479
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Infringement
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Design Patent Infringement
“[I]f, in the eye of an ordinary observer, giving
such attention as a purchaser usually gives, two
designs are substantially the same, if the
resemblance is such as to deceive such an
observer, inducing him to purchase one
supposing it to be the other, the first one
patented is infringed by the other.”
Gorham v. White (U.S. Sup. Ct. 1871)
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Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics
N.D. California 2012
Patent valid and infringed; Affirmed by the Federal Circuit
First District Court Decision involving a GUI Design Patent
D604,305 Galaxy S
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Second District Court Decision involving a GUI Design Patent
Microsoft Corp. v. Corel Corp.
filed N.D. California 2015
D554,140
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What is Next?
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Virtual Reality
• Virtual reality (VR) implies a complete immersion experience that shuts out the physical world, typically through the use of a headset or goggles
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Combination
• VR can also be a combination of the real and virtual
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How are VR Images Projected?
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• The image used to create the VR?
• The images projected by each lens?
• The combined image that your brain perceives?
• What article do you claim/draw to satisfy §171?
How Do You Present this in a Patent Drawing?
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Augmented Reality
• Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of augmented reality experiences include Snapchat® lenses and the game Pokemon Go®
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• Do you claim/draw the field of view on which the image is projected?
• Do you just claim/draw the augmented images?
• What article do you claim/draw to satisfy §171?
How Do You Present this in a Patent Drawing?
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Design Patent Examples
Google Inc.
D777,734
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Design Patent Examples
HTC Corporation
D689,673
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Design Patent Examples
Microsoft Corporation
D797,767
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 44
Design Patent Examples
SZ DJI Technology Ltd Seiko Epson Corporation
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 45
• Hologram - a three-dimensional image formed by the interference of light beams from a laser or other coherent light source
• Projected user interface -
Projected Images
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confidential © Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 2019 46
Thank You
More information available at:http://www.skgf.com/design-patents
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Leveraging Design Patents to
Protect Graphical User
Interfaces
November 26, 2019
Robert S. Katz
Banner & Witcoff, Ltd.(202) 824-3181
www.bannerwitcoff.com/rkatz
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Design Patents for Screen Designs
• Why
• How
- Mechanics
- Strategy
• Emerging Technologies and Issues
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Design Patents for Screen Designs
• An excellent user experience means your digital product is easy and
intuitive. It’s also fun, unique and inviting. When your customers use
your product, you want them to have the best experience possible so
they continue using it and recommend your product to others. In
addition, from a marketing perspective, good UX leads users to
interact with you and provide feedback on how to improve your
product. This is critical information that you may only be able to get
from your users.
• Year after year, research shows that companies with a determined
focus on user experience perform better financially. They experience
higher revenues due to better retention, less price sensitivity, greater
wallet share and positive word-of-mouth. In turn they lower expenses
with reduced acquisition costs, fewer complaints, and fewer customer
service requirements. That’s why we focus on UI/UX from the very
start of planning your product.
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WHY: Display-Based Design Patents
• Growing in real life
- Common sense observations → More products have displays
- More business is being done over the Internet
- It is a new job field
• Companies are picking up on this reflected by design patent
grants directed to GUIs
Timeframe DPs/year % all DPs
1990-1995 1 ‹ 0.1%
1997-2005 70 0.5%
2007-2012 440 1.8%
2013-2014 1000 4.3%
2015 1484 5.7%
2018 1837 6.0%
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WHY: Display-Based Design Patents
• More Why:
- More things via computers and mobile devices
• shopping and buying platforms, news, sports, mapping, dining,
dating, critiquing, gaming, museums, reality touring, drawing,
video/photo editing, watching/listening content, messaging,
taxis, social media, financial exchanges, etc.
• Idea is to provide a great user experience (protecting APPs)
- Connection with source/branding
- Connection to platform based training
- Virtual Migration
• Movement to under the glass
• Shift to multi-purpose devices
- Internet of Things (more things interconnected)
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Protecting Apps
• It may be the only meaningful way to protect
- Connection with source/branding
- Connection to platform based training
- Virtual Migration
• Movement to under the glass
• Shift to multi-purpose devices
- Internet of Things (more things interconnected)
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Tinder, Snapchat, and Urbanspoon
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Match Group, LLC (Tinder) v. Bumble Trading
Display Screen or Portion Thereof With a Graphical User Interface of a Mobile Device
United States Patent No. D798,314
Lawsuit filed 3/16/2018
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Virtual Migration
Part 1
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Virtual Migration
Part 2
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More Categories of Home Controls
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Example of Evolving Design Experiences
Nest Thermostat
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Why: Final
• Companies spend hundreds of thousands/millions of dollars to
develop GUIs for appearance and functionality.
• To be successful:
- They should look cool
- They should be intuitive
- They should be easy to use
• Design patents may be the only way to stop third parties from
skinning your design
- Skinning is real
- Other forms of IP may be difficult
- Design patents are likely the best way to prevent identical and
substantial skinning
-If you want to prevent this, protecting essential portions is a must
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How: Part 1: The Mechanics
What is a GUI?
• Broad definition: Any and all aspects of a screen-
based user experience
• Capable of being sensed: Visual, Audible, Haptic, etc.
- But design protection will be limited to visual
• Can be static or dynamic (animated or transitional)
• Can vary greatly in type and presentation and
experience provided
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How: Part 2: The Mechanics
The Design Application
• Drawings:
- Must show on a display screen
• Can show display screen boundary in broken lines
- Disclaimed portions in broken lines
- Image can be screenshot (color/grayscale) or line drawings
• Title:
- Display Screen with….
- USPTO reluctant
- If title not “commonly approved” may need to tie to computer
• Special Statement:
- Use to “explain” drawings as needed
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How: Part 3a
The Strategies
• Capture the User Experience
• What protects the look and feel of the visual experience
- Don’t think like a patent attorney – think like a user
- Strategy is a mix of science and art
- Appreciate the uniqueness in the user experiences provided
- Attempt to predict branding and usability effects
- Other factors
• GUI – visual part of the user experience
- Traditional GUIs
- Icons
- Wait routines/cursors
- Fonts
- Anything visual that contributes to the user experience
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Look for Differentiation
Award Winning
Folding Examples
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How: Part 3b
The Strategies
• AFTER you have figured out what creates the user experience
- Use design patent principles for focusing on desired portions, colors,
tonal contrasts, etc.
- Static or animated
- Be smart with disclaiming
- Don’t be afraid to be creative
• Know USPTO practice rules and pitfalls
- Some unique practices associated with screen designs
- Stay up to date on all formal and informal USPTO design practices
relating to screen designs
- Dabbling can lead to a disastrous outcome
- Minimal chance to amend/fix post-filing
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Sidebar Discussion –
Pokemon Go
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Sidebar Discussion – Angry Birds
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User Interface
Example – D704,212 (Apple)
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User Interface
Example – D738,901 (Uber)
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User Interface
Example – D699,259 (Sony)
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User Interface
Example – D725,662
(Samsung)
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User Interface
Example – D714,313 (Microsoft)
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User Interface
Example – D723,054 (Nissan)
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User Interface
Example – D686,222 (Microsoft)
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Example GUI –
D457,164 (Apple)
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Example
GUI D619,614 (Google)
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Icon Examples
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Animated Screen Designs
• Different scopes/impressions from single static image designs
• Animations
- An important part of portfolio if experience includes movement.
- Moving screen designs have made up about 20% of total number of
screen designs over the last 3 years
- Scope can cover minor differences in static impression if dynamic
impressions are more similar
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Icons – Static and Animated
Pat. No. D662,945 and D663,317 (NIKE)
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Example
Animated
GUI
D643,850
(Microsoft)
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Example Animated GUI
D687,047 (Nest Labs)
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Wait Cursors/Loading Routines/SelectorsD656954 and D644,661 (Microsoft)
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Font Examples - Reading, Fanciful, and
Symbols
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Emerging Technologies
→ How to Protect Future Designs• The US has a design for an “article of manufacture” requirement
in Section 171
- Europe does not
• What kinds of designs are we starting to see and what will we
see in the future?
- Virtual Reality
- Augmented Reality
- Projected designs
• Know the law and make new law
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AR and VR Become More Mainstream
• VR: is an artificial, computer-generated
simulation or recreation of a real life
environment or situation. It immerses
the user by making them feel like they
are experiencing the simulated reality
firsthand.
• Replaces your reality with a new one.
• AR: layers computer-generated
enhancements atop an existing reality
in order to make it more meaningful
through the ability to interact with it.
• A MIX of reality generated content
(Takes your current reality and adds to
it.)
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VR Becomes More Mainstream
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AR Becomes More Mainstream
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Virtual 3D GUI – US D797,767
Microsoft Corporation
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Projected Designs
Seattle Museum of Pop Culture
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Projected Design– US D609947
Osram Sylvania, Inc.
Tabletop with an Applied Pattern of Projected
Light
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Recent Emerging Issues in Remedies
• While relatively new, good track record
- 2-0 in law suits
- 5-0 in design patents
• Both cases include Section 289 damages issues
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Apple v. Samsung
D604,305 Galaxy S
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Microsoft v. Corel
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Microsoft v. Corel
D554,140
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Monetary Remedies
• For an infringement patentee can choose
• Damages (no less than a reasonable royalty) 35 U.S.C. § 284 (1st ¶) OR
• Infringer’s Profits — 35 U.S.C. § 289
• Can only increase damages
• Can’t collect both
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Section 289
Whoever during the term of a patent for a design, without license of the owner,
(1) applies the patented design, or any colorable imitation thereof, to any article of manufacture for the purpose of sale, or
(2) sells or exposes for sale any article of manufacture to which such design or colorable imitation has been applied
shall be liable to the owner to the extent of his total profit, but not less than $250, recoverable in any United States district court having jurisdiction of the parties.
Nothing in this section shall prevent, lessen, or impeach any other remedy which an owner of an infringed patent has under the provisions of this title, but he shall not twice recover the profit made from the infringement.
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Recent Section 289 Issues
• In Apple v. Samsung
• Could the article of manufacture be smaller that the article as sold?
• In Microsoft v. Corel
• Can software be an article of manufacture?
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Robert S. Katz
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Robert S. KatzBanner & Witcoff, Ltd.
(202) [email protected]
www.bannerwitcoff.com/rkatz
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