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LEVANTAMENTO DE PADRÕES LÉXICO-GRAMATICAIS DO INGLÊS PARA AVIAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO VETORADO PELA LINGUÍSTICA DE
CORPUS
Malila Carvalho de Almeida Prado
Profa. Dra. Stella Tagnin
O INGLÊS PARA AVIAÇÃO
AVIATION ENGLISH
The sole object of ICAO language proficiency requirements is aeronautical
radiotelephony communications, a specialized subcategory of aviation language
corresponding to a limited portion of the language uses of only two aviation
professions — controllers and flight crews. It includes ICAO standardized
phraseology and the use of plain language.
3.2.7 DOC 9835 (ICAO, 2010)
PLAIN ENGLISH
Plain language in aeronautical radiotelephony communications means the
spontaneous, creative and noncoded use of a given natural language, although
constrained by the functions and topics (aviation and non-aviation) that are
required by aeronautical radiotelephony communications, as well as by specific
safety-critical requirements for intelligibility, directness, appropriacy, non-
ambiguity and concision.
3.3.14 DOC 9835 (ICAO, 2010)
• Articles
• Adverbs of frequency (always, generally, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never,etc.)
• Comparison of adjectives
• Discourse markers (actually, basically, anyway, (and) yeah (more and more
• Modal verbs (can, may, must, have got
to, should, ought to, would, could,
might, needn’t, don’t have to, mustn’t)
• Passive voice
• Simple present
• Simple past
GLOSSÁRIO DE ESTRUTURAS BÁSICAS
anyway, (and) yeah (more and more frequent), listen, I mean, let’s see/let me see, like, oh, now, okay, so, well, you know, you see, you know what I mean, it is true, of course, but, still, (and) by the way, besides, another thing is, on top of that, so, then, first(ly), second(ly), etc., first of all, in the first/second place, finally, in the end, in short)
• Simple past
• Position of direct and indirect objects:
Bob sent some flowers to his girlfriend.
Bob sent his girlfriend some flowers.
REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
• Linguística de Corpus
- Descrição da linguagem autêntica
- Fraseologismos (tendência que as palavras
têm de caminhar juntas e formar significado por
meio de suas combinações) – léxico-gramática
• Corpora falados
- gramática própria
- contextos imediatos – aqui e agora
• Teoria da Língua em Ato
- identificação das unidades de
referência [como] “a principal - probabilidade x possibilidade (comunidade
linguística)
- SINCLAIR: princípio idiomático x livre escolha
referência [como] “a principal
informação adicionada para a
análise linguística de um corpus
falado” (MONEGLIA; CRESTI,
2006, p.91)
O CORPUS
DIFICULDADES
• Que áudios coletar?
• Como definir o que é um texto (início e fim) para essa compilação / transcrição?
• Como transcrever?
• Como identificar o falante? E a questão ‘nativo’ e ‘não-nativo’?
• Como separar a Fraseologia Aeronáutica do ‘plain English’?
• Como balancear o corpus?
• Qual será o tamanho do corpus?
O TEXTO
<ATC> Delta ten sixty-three / fly runway heading one eight five / contact departure / good day //
<pilot> uh Delta ten sixty-three has had an engine failure on the right engine / declaring an
emergency due to a bird strike //
<pilot> sir / Delta ten sixty-three? //
<ATC> heading straight ahead / contact Departure one three five point niner / we´ll get you straight
back in //
<pilot> okay / heading straight ahead / Delta ten sixty-three //
<pilot> alright // Departure / Delta ten sixty-three / we have declared an emergency / engine failure
on the right engine / request visual return back to one three right //
<ATC> Delta ten sixty-three / alright / just maintain two thousand and turn right heading two seven
zero //
BALANCEAMENTO E REPRESENTATIVIDADETermo Sigla
Prim
ary
(15) Abnormalrunwaycontact[contato anormal com a pista] ARC
Birdstrike[colisão com pássaro] BIRD
Controlledflight into or towardterrain [Colisão controlada contra o solo] CFIT
Collision with obstacle(s) duringtake-off andlanding[colisão com obstáculo durante a corridana pista]
CTOL
Fire/smoke (non-impact)/ [Fogo ou fumaça – impacto não é a causa] F-NI
GroundCollision [Colisão em solo entre aeronaves ou aeronave com veículos] GCOL
Lossof control – inflight [Perda de controle em voo] LOC-I
Airprox/ ACAS alert/ loss of separation/ (near)midair collisions [Quase-colisão em voo /Alerta de TCAS]
MAC
Ground Handling[Serviços de solo] (a sigla RAMP se deve à área de movimentação deaeronaves, chamada deramp, ouapron– pátio, em português)
RAMP
Runwayexcursion[Excursão de pista] RE
Runwayincursion- wildlife presence[Incursão de pista por animais] RI-A
Runwayincursion- vehicle,aircraft orperson [Incursão de pista] RI-VAP
System/componentfailure or malfunction (non-powerplant)[Pane de sistema que não o motor]SCF-NP
Powerplant failure or malfunction[Pane de motor] SCF-PP
Taxonomia de Categoria de Ocorrência (ICAO, 2006)
ARMAZENAMENTO
Nome do arquivo Tempo de áudio Número de tokens Número de tokens porcategoria
ARC_ExpressJet145 0:03:08 411
1410
ARC_AC5482 0:02:50 666
ARC_UA870 0:02:02 333
BIRD _Delta1073 0:07:46 1593
2803
BIRD_AWE739 0:04:37 747
BIRD_CACTUS1549 0:03:08 463
CFIT_Asiana 0:07:19 549
1820
CFIT_UPS 0:05:31 621
CFIT_Cessna 0:03:38 650
CTOL_ N9409E 0:08:33 1766
4514
CTOL_PHLengine cowl 0:01:58 383
CTOL_Pinnacle Airlines 0:12:08 2365
F-NI_AAL963 0:01:36 298
2414
F-NI_ACA101 0:08:20 586
F-NI_Acey 5828 0:03:59 918
F-NI_Delta30 0:04:39 611
GCOL_bos 0:06:40 1276
NATIVOS OU NÃO-NATIVOS?
N Word Freq.
1 THE 95
2 YOU 74
3 TO 67
4 RIGHT 48
5 RUNWAY 46
6 WE 45
7 I 40
8 AND 37
N Word Freq.
1 TO 62
2 YOU 54
3 THE 50
4 RIGHT 45
5 UH 42
6 AND 38
7 WE 38
8 OKAY 27
Nativo: 17,48% Não-nativo: 17,07%
8 AND 37
9 IT 37
10 UH 37
11 OF 36
12 IS 33
13 ON 31
14 THAT 30
15 AIRPORT 27
16 A 25
17 AT 24
18 IN 23
19 JUST 22
20 RE 20
8 OKAY 27
9 IS 23
10 LEFT 23
11 RUNWAY 23
12 ARE 21
13 AT 20
14 HEAVY 19
15 I 19
16 A 18
17 RE 18
18 FOR 17
19 ON 17
20 # 16
OS NÚMEROS
• 92 textos
• 7:26:56 hs de áudio
• 70.323 palavras• 70.323 palavras
• 3,68% riqueza lexical (T/TR)
OS PROCEDIMENTOS DE ANÁLISE
LISTAS DE PALAVRAS
1ª lista gerada 2ª lista gerada (lematizada e com stoplist)
LISTA DE PALAVRAS-CHAVEItem lexical Frequên
ciaRUNWAY 611
AIRPORT 184
AIRCRAFT 150
EMERGENCY 133
ENGINE 114
FUEL 105
VEHICLE+ rescue, truck, equipment, assistance, tug
252
FIRE 64
GEAR+ wing, tire, nose, tail, wheel, APU
146
SMOKE 43
PILOT+ captain
48
*The Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English
LINHAS DE CONCORDÂNCIA
CLUSTERS
COLOCADOS
RUNWAY
...... off the runway
......... off the runwaycome
Na Fraseologia Aeronáutica
(Anexo 10)
runway transmitted as
27 runway two seven
30 runway three zero
on the runway
dogdebrisaircraftvehicles
on runway
...... off the runwayturnget
come go
The runway is ....closedblocked
shut downclearopen
EMERGENCY
emergency equipment
emergency vehicles
now, right now, at this time, immediately
- presente contínuo (we´re declaring an emergency), verbos de posse (I, we have, ´ve got) e o verbo existencial THERE TO BE
- passado ou presente perfeito - causas e consequências
emergency aircraft
an emergency aircraft inbound
AIRCRAFTfinalidades
we’re just checking under the aircraft to make sure no fuel
a tow truck to tow the aircraft off back to the runway
have someone to circle the aircraft
people approaching your aircraft to inspect it
modalizações
The aircraft appears to be normal
understand you are able to fly an aircraft
Prefer to land aircraft at destination
tipo da aeronave
aircraft type is a triple seven
what type of aircraft is United ten following?
posição de algo no entorno da aeronave
the tug in front of the aircraft
anybody in the vicinity of our aircraft
on the right side of the aircraft
posição da aeronave
aircraft is on the turn to papa
emergency aircraft is on the runway
is the aircraft on final?
situação da aeronave
the aircraft is under control
the aircraft is stable at this
time
posição na aeronave
the back of your aircraft
any part of the aircraft
the back door of the aircraft
the left wing of the aircraft
ENGINE
FUEL
say
Fuel dumpingFuel leak
say
need (to know)
request
advise
state
report
or
can you give me
I need to know
I´d like
I´m gonna need
The book is on the table vs.
The plane is on the runwayEstruturas do Glossário Corpus de estudo
Articles
the – 1835
a – 806
an – 147
Adverbs of frequency:
Always Always – 3Always
Generally
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Always – 3
Generally – sem ocorrência
Usually – sem ocorrência
Often – 1
Sometimes – sem ocorrência
Seldom – sem ocorrência
Never – 2
Comparison of adjectives Comparativos curtos – 63
Comparativos longos – 3
Superlativos longos – 2
Superlativos curtos – 16
Discourse markers:
Actually Actually – 20
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
AS ANÁLISES REVELAM QUE...
• Verbos de ligação / preposições
• Linguagem simples:
3,68% T/TR
11 itens lexicais
seis conjunções (and, but, if, due to, because, so)seis conjunções (and, but, if, due to, because, so)
frases interrogativas – formas indiretas seguidas de let me know, I need to know, can you
give me)
• Verbos frequentes: suporte ou Fraseologia (pres cont, pres simples
passado, pres perfeito (ações frequentes)
will / going to
PARA O FUTURO...
• Análise dos outros itens lexicais
• Etiquetagem do corpus – estruturas complexas
• Análise das outras áreas linguísticas sugeridas pela OACI
• Estudos pragmáticos
• Pesquisas relacionadas ao reconhecimento de fala nos contextos aeronáuticos