leture 10 christian

7/28/2019 Leture 10 Christian

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Lecture 10: The Origins of Christian Architecture

Rome in Decline

The height of Rome was during Hadrians rule

Although wealthy Rome was spiritually poor Cults began to appear in Rome and the provinces

Rome transformed into the center of Christianity

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Rome was founded by Romulus and 758 - 738 BC.

Rome reached its high point under Hadrian

330 AD Constantine establishes Constantinople

Roman Empire ended in 476 AD

380 Christianity becomes state religion

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Roman Empire 150 AD

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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian

The Pantheon, Rome

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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian

The Pantheon, Rome

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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian

Hadrians Villa at Tivoli

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Date: 110 AD

The Treasury at Petra

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Date: 60AD

The Temple of Venus at Baalbek

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Rome was founded between 758 - 738 BC.

Rome reached its high point under Hadrian

Roman Empire ended in ***AD

Acceptance of Christianity

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Lecture 9: Rome II

The Arch and the Development of the vault

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Map of Florentia

Cardo and Decumanus

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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

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Rome Aqueduct Diagram

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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD

The Roman Forum, Rome

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Date: 1 Century

Ostia - Public Toilets

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Roman Empire 400 AD

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Basilica Maxentius and Constantine

Palace of Diocletian

Baths of Diocletian

Baptistery at Ravenna

Hagia Sofia

Old St. Peters

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312 AD Constantine defeats Maxentius at Rome

313 AD Edict of Milan

Basilicas and Baths becomes the form of the church

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Date: 3C AD

Catacombs: Rome

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Date: Early 3C AD

The Sanctuary of Mithras (beneath the church of San Clemente)

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Date: 3C AD

Catacombs of San Panfilo: Rome

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Date: 3C AD

Catacomb of San Priscilla: Rome

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Date: 312 AD

Constantine I at the Milvian Bridge

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Date: 312 AD

Milvian Bridge

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Date: 308 - 312 Architect: Constantine I

Palace of Diocletian: Split Croatia

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Baths of Diocletian : Santa Maria degli Angeli (Rome)

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Baths of Diocletian : San Bernardo alle Terme (Rome)

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Basilica Maxentius or Basilica Constantine : Rome

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Date: 451 - 475 AD


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Date: 451 - 475 AD


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Date: 451 - 475 AD


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Date: 562 AD Architect: Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles

Hagia Sofia: Istanbul, Turkey

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Hagia Sofia: Istanbul, Turkey Compression Ring

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Date: 360 AD Architect: Constantine I

Old St. Peters: Rome

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Review of Hadrian and the Roman Empire.! Hadrians villa and his disposition.! Rome was the most civilized and planned structure the world had seen.! The efficiency and the engineering brought a quality of life unknown before! The ideas of Rome and Greece had transformed this region into the mostsophisticated. The urban landscape was unparalleled. Think of what started as Knosssos

and culminated with Rome as an Example.

While other parts of the world were still living as hunter gatherers, the stability of Romeand the empire were stark. In most of Europe and Africa and even eastern Asia the fact ispeople were living as if the Stone age was still normal. Survival was not something thatpeople considered planned. Everyday was a battle.

!

After Hadrian Rome began a slow decline. The Roman Empire at its high point was anEmpire that was empty. Spirituality had been supplanted by wealth and the void createdlead many to search for a greater truth. Cults began to appear. Eventually Christianitywhich had developed in the Eastern provinces spread to Rome by the 3rd century.

The empire also started to lose its grip on control of the vast area. Cities that had once hadthe comfort in knowing that the Empire would be there to save them from the barbariansand the benefits of being part of the empire began to feel the tenuous. Protection that wasalways there was now something that could not be relied upon. Particularly in the Eastern

Provinces where the Persians were reclaiming their sovereignty


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The Baths of Diocletian (Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths, or

thermae built by successive emperors. Diocletian's Baths, dedicated in 306, were the largest and

most sumptuous of the imperial baths. The baths were built between the years 298 AD and 306 AD .

The project was originally commissioned by Maximian upon his return to Rome in the autumn of

298 AD and was continued after his and Diocletian's abdication under Constantius, father ofConstantine.[1] Although many baths in and around Rome had the same elements, the Baths of

Diocletian are unique by their size.

The Baths were commissioned by Maximian in honor of co-Emperor Diocletian in 298 AD, the

same year he returned from Africa. Evidence of this can be found in bricks from the main area of

the baths, which distinctly show stamps of the Diocletianic period. These, according to the ancient

guidebookMirabilia Urbis Romae, were known as "Palatium Diocletiani".[2] This evidence shows

the effect of the massive project on the brick industry in that all work by them was redirected and

under control of the emperor.[4] Building took place between the year it was first commissioned and

was finished sometime between the abdication of Diocletian in 305 c.e. and the death of Constantius

in July 306 AD.[1]

Layout

[2] The baths take up 120,000 square meters of the district, which is about the same size as the

Baths of Caracalla. The central hall of the baths was 280 by 160 meters and was derived from plans

for the Basilica of Constantine.[disambiguation needed][1] However, the capacity for the Baths ofDiocletian was much larger in comparison. This could be because the entrance and rooms were

made larger than its predecessor in block size, which allowed more space and functionality.[5]

According to Olympiodorus, the baths were able to hold up to 3,000 people at one time. However,

this claim is disputed because Olympiodorus never mentioned how he came about this figure in thefirst place.[2]

Palace of Diocletian

The ground plan of the palace is an irregular rectangle (approximately 160 meters x 190 meters)

with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades. It combines qualities of a

luxurious villa with those ofa military camp, with its huge gates and watchtowers. The palace is

enclosed by walls, and at times, it housed over 9000 people. Subterranean portions of the palace

feature barrel vaulted stonework.

Only the southern facade, which rose directly from, or very near to, the sea, was unfortified. The

elaborate architectural composition of the arcaded gallery on its upper floor differs from the more

severe treatment of the three shore facades. A monumental gate in the middle of each of these walls

led to an enclosed courtyard. The southern sea gate (the Porta Aenea) was simpler in shape and

dimensions than the other three, and it is thought that it was originally intended either as the

emperor's private access to the sea, or as a service entrance for supplies.

The design is derived from both villa and castrum types, and this duality is also evident in the

arrangement of the interior. The transverse road (decumanus) linking the eastern gate (the Silver

Gate or Porta argentea) and western gate (the Iron Gate or Porta ferrea) divided the complex intotwo halves. In the southern half were the more luxurious structures; that is, the emperor's

apartments, both public and private, and religious buildings. The emperor's apartments formed a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decumanus_Maximushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiodorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-nielsen-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Constantinehttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Baths_of_Diocletian&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-richardson-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/298http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decumanus_Maximushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decumanus_Maximushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiodorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiodorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-nielsen-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-nielsen-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Baths_of_Diocletian&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Baths_of_Diocletian&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-richardson-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-richardson-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-yegul-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilia_Urbis_Romaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian#cite_note-platner-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/298http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/298http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome


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block along the sea front and were situated above a substructure because the sloping terrain

demanded significant differences in level. Although for many centuries almost completely filled

with refuse, most of the substructure is well preserved, and indicates the original shape and

disposition of the rooms above.

A monumental court, called the Peristyle, formed the northern access to the imperial apartments. It

also gave access to Diocletian's mausoleum on the east (now Cathedral of St. Domnius), and tothree temples on the west (two of which are now lost, the third having become a baptistery,

originally being the temple of Jupiter).There is a temple just to the west of the Peristylum called

The Temple of the Aesculapius, which has a semi cylindrical roof made out of hand carved stone

blocks which did not leak until the 1940s, and was then covered with a lead roof. The temple was

restored recently.

The northern half of the palace, divided in two parts by the main north-south street (cardo) leading

from the Golden Gate (Porta aurea) to the Peristyle, is less well preserved. It is usually supposed

that each part was a residential complex, housing soldiers, servants, and possibly some other

facilities. Both parts were apparently surrounded by streets. Leading to perimeter walls there were

rectangular buildings, possibly storage magazines.

The Palace is built of white local limestone and marble of high quality, most of which was from

Bra marble quarries on the island ofBra, oftufftaken from the nearby river beds, and of brickmade in Salonitan and other factories. Some material for decoration was imported: Egyptiangranite

columns and sphinxes, fine marble for revetments and some capitals produced in workshops in the

Proconnesos.
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Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Location of the basilica in the Roman Forum.

The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (sometimes known as the Basilica Nova - meaning

"new basilica" - or Basilica of Maxentius) is an ancient building in the Roman Forum, Rome, Italy.

It was the largest building in the Forum.

History

Construction began on the northern side of the forum under the emperor Maxentius in 308, and was

completed in 312 by Constantine I after his defeat of Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.

[1]

The building consisted of a central nave covered by three groin vaults suspended 39 meters above

the floor on four large piers, ending in an apse at the western end containing a colossal statue of

Constantine (remnants of which are now in a courtyard of the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the

Musei Capitolini). The lateral forces of the groin vaults were held by flanking aisles measuring 23

by 17 metres (75x56feet). The aisles were spanned by three semi-circular barrel vaultsperpendicular to the nave, and narrow arcades ran parallel to the nave beneath the barrel vaults. The

nave itself measured 25metres by 80metres (83x265feet) creating a 4000 square meter floor.Like the great imperial baths, the basilica made use of vast interior space with its emotional effect.

Reconstruction of the plan.

Running the length of the eastern face of the building was a projecting arcade. On the south face

was a projecting (prostyle) porch with four columns (tetrastyle).

The south and central sections were probably destroyed by the earthquake of 847. [2] All that

remains of the basilica is the north aisle with its three concrete barrel vaults.[1] The ceilings of the

barrel vaults show advanced weight-saving structural skill with octagonal ceiling coffers. The

wrestling events were held here during the 1960 Summer Olympic Games.

In ancient Romea basilica was a rectangular building with a large central open space, and often a

raised apseat the far end from the entrance. Basilicas served a variety of functions, including a

combination of a court-house, council chamber and meeting hall. There might be, however,

numerous statues of the gods displayed in niches set into the walls. Under Constantine and his

successors this type of building was chosen as the basis for the design of the larger places ofChristian worship, presumably as the basilica form had fewer pagan associations than those of the

designs of traditional Greco-Roman temples[citation needed], and allowed large congregations. As a

result of the building programmes of the Christian Roman emperors the term basilica later became

largely synonymous with a large church or cathedral.

The color of the building before it was destroyed was white. On the outside wall of the basilica,

facing onto the via dei Fori Imperiali, are contemporary maps showing the various stages of the rise

of the Roman Empire which were added during the Fascist regime ofBenito Mussolini. A map

depicting Mussolini's "New Roman Empire" was removed from the wall after the war.
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Engineering

The Basilica Maxentius is a marvel of Roman engineering work. At the time of construction, it was

the largest structure to be built and thus is a unique building taking both aspects from Roman baths

as well as typical Roman basilicas. At that time, it used the most advanced engineering techniquesknown including innovations taken from the Markets of Trajan and the Baths of Diocletian.

Similar to many basilicas at the time such as the Basilica Ulpia, the Basilica Maxentius featured a

huge open space in the central nave, but unlike other basilicas instead of having columns support

the ceiling the entire building was built using arches, a much more common appearance in Roman

baths than basilicas. Another difference from traditional basilicas is the roof of the structure. While

traditional basilicas were built with a flat roof, the Basilica Maxentius was built with a folded roof,

decreasing the overall weight of the structure and decreasing the horizontal forces exerted on the

outer arches.[3]
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Baptistery of Ravenna

The Baptistry of Neon (Italian:Battistero Neoniano) is a religious building in Ravenna, central

Italy. The most ancient monument remaining in the city, it was partly erected on the site of a Roman

bath. It is also called the Orthodox Baptistry to distinguish it from the Arian Baptistry constructed

on behest ofOstrogothic King Theodoric some 50 years later.

The octagonal baptistery is constructed of brick and topped with a dome made of hollow tubes to

save weight. The building looks like it has sunk below ground, but actually the street level has risen

almost 10 feet since it was built. Beside the baptistery is the round Romanesque campanile of the

cathedral, dating from the 10th century.

The baptistery was converted from an old Roman bath-house, beginning under Bishop Ursus

around 400 AD.

The building was finished by Bishop Neone (451-75) in the second half of the 5th century, during

which the mosaics were added to the dome. It is from this bishop that the Battistero Neoniano gets

its name.

The octagonal brick structure was erected by Bishop Ursus at the end of the 4th or beginning of the

5th century, as part of his great Basilica (destroyed in 1734). The baptistery was finished by Bishop

Neon at the end of the 5th century, at which time the mosaic decorations were added. The original

floor is now some 3 meters underground, so the proper structure and extent of the building can no

longer be seen. The octagonal design of the building, employed in virtually all Early Christian

baptisteries, symbolizes the seven days of the week plus the Day of the Resurrection and

Eternal Life.

The ceiling mosaic depicts John the Baptist baptizing Jesus (depicted with beard) standing waisthigh in the Jordan River. To one side stands the personification of the Jordan river, with a reed in

one hand and a garment in the other. A procession ofthe twelve apostles proceeds around the center

mosaic in two directions, ending with Saint Peter meeting Saint Paul.

The ceiling mosaic in the Baptistry of Neon

The Baptistry is one of the eight structures in Ravenna registered as UNESCOWorld Heritage

Sites. According to the ICOMOS evaluation of this patrimony, "this is the finest and most complete

surviving example of the early Christian baptistery" which "retains the fluidity in representation of

the human figure derived from Greco-Roman art".
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Hagia Sophia (/hsofi/; from the Greek:, "Holy Wisdom"; Latin: SanctaSophia or Sancta Sapientia; Turkish:Ayasofya) is a former Orthodoxpatriarchalbasilica, later a

mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it

served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral ofConstantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it

was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. The building was a mosquefrom 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was secularized. It was opened as a museum on 1 February

1935.[1]

The Church was dedicated to theLogos, the second person of the Holy Trinity,[2] its dedication

feast taking place on 25 December, the anniversary of the Birth of the incarnation of the Logos in

Christ.[2] Although it is sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia (as though it were named after Saint

Sophia), sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom the full name in

Greek being , "Church of the Holy Wisdom of God".[3][4]

Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome ofByzantine architecture[5]

and is said to have "changed the history of architecture."[6] It was the largest cathedral in the worldfor nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520.

Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples ofByzantine architecture.[5] Of great artistic

value was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. The temple itself

was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed, "Solomon, I have outdone

thee!" (). Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatestcathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up

until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain.

Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement oflate antiquity and the

first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, waswidespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. The

largest columns are of granite, about 19 or 20 metres high and at least 1.5 metres in diameter; the

largest weigh well over 70 tons apiece. Under Justinian's orders, eight Corinthian columns were

disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon, and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia

Sophia.[40]

The vast interior has a complex structure. The nave is covered by a central dome which at its

maximum is 55.6m (182ft5in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of40 arched windows.Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical with the diameter varying between

31.24m (102ft6in) and 30.86m (101ft3in).

At the western entrance side and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half

domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smaller semi-domedexedras; a

hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central

dome, with a clear span of 76.2m (250ft0in).[5]

Interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry, and

gold mosaics.

The exterior, clad in stucco, was tinted yellow and red during restorations in the 19th century at the

direction of the Fossati architects.
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Dome

The dome of Hagia Sophia is carried on four concave triangular pendentives, a form which was first

fully realized in this building. The pendentives serve to transition from the circular base of the dome

to the rectangular base below.[41][42] These were reinforced with buttresses during Ottoman times,

under the guidance of the architect Mimar Sinan. The weight of the dome remained a problem for

most of the building's existence. The original dome collapsed entirely in 558; in 563 a new domewas built which included ribbing and was slightly taller than the original. Larger section of the

second dome collapsed as well, in two portions. The present dome consists of two sections at the

north and south that date from the 562 reconstruction. The north section covers an area of 8 ribs of

the whole domes 40, while the south section includes 6 ribs.[43]

The dome has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects and engineers because of

the innovative way the original architects envisioned the dome. The dome is supported by

pendentives, which not only restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow its weight to flow

downwards, but also achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality by enabling the dome to transition

gracefully into the square shape of the space below.

The face of one of the seraphim in the upper left corner, once covered during the Fossati Brothers

restoration, is visible again.

Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual

construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. The bricklayers used

more mortar than brick, which weakened the walls. The structure would have been more stable if

the builders at least let the mortar cure before they began the next layer; however, they did not do

this. When the dome was placed atop the building, the weight of the dome caused the walls to lean

outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original

dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to supportthe weight of the new dome. Additionally, Isidore the Younger raised the height of the rebuilt dome

by approximately six metres so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and the weight of the

dome would flow more easily down into the walls.

Another interesting fact about the original structure of the dome was how the architects were able to

place forty windows around the base of the dome. Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical quality

of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, which gives the dome the appearance of

hovering above the nave. This design is possible because the dome is shaped like a scalloped shell

or the inside of an umbrella with ribs that extend from the top of the dome down to the base. These

ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and

ultimately to the foundation.

The unique character of the design of Hagia Sophia shows how this structure is one of the most

advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity.
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leture 10 christian

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