LET REVIEW 2013SPEECH AND ORAL COMMUNICATION

Zhie

Speech Communication

the process of sharing meaning through audible and visual codes as voice, facial expression, gestures, movement, posture and the like.

a process that includes participants, context, messages, channels, noise and feedback.

The ability to talk with others to give and exchange information and ideas, such as: ask question, give directions, coordinate work tasks, explain and persuade.

How we use this skill:

Greeting people and taking messages Reassuring, comforting or persuading Seeking information and resolving

conflicts Facilitating or leading group

Vowel Sounds – are produced without

blocking or constricting the

passage of air are oral sounds are voiced

 FRONT CENTRAL BACK

HIGH / i // I /

 / u // U /

MID / e // Ɛ / 

/ ^ / accented schwa/ ǝ / unaccented schwa/ Ʒ / accented er schwa sound/ ɚ / unaccented er schwa sound

/ o / 

LOW / ӕ / / a / / ͻ // ɐ /

Diphthong – is a combination of two vowel sounds blended into one syllable. / aI / / au/ / ͻI /

Consonants- are speech sounds produced through a modification of the outgoing breath by the organs of articulation. Therefore, there is blocking, narrowing, or diverting of the breath stream in their production.

Classification of Consonants

Voicing

Voiced- the vocal cords vibrate

[b] [d] [g] [v] [ð] [z] [dƷ] [l] [m] [n] [ɳ ] [r] [w] [j]

 

Voiceless- the vocal cords do not vibrate

[p] [t] [k] [ƒ] [θ] [ ʃ ] [s] [ʧ ] [h] [ ƕ/Ϻ ]

Points of Articulation

Bilabial- upper and lower lips

Labiodentals- lip and teeth

Lingua-dental (interdental)- tongue and teeth

Alveolar- tongue and gum ridge

Post alveolar (alveopalatal)- tongue and alveopalatal region

Palatal- tongue and palate

Velar- tongue and velum

Glottal- vocal folds

Manner of Articulation

Stops (stop-plosives) are characterized by an oral block, building up of pressure and a sudden explosive release of air.

Fricatives- are sounds produced when the breath stream passes through a narrowed oral opening and friction sounds result.

Nasals- are sounds produced by the blocking of the oral passage and diverting of the vocalized breath through the nasal passage.

Affricatives- are stops that move toward a fricative position.

Laterals- are sounds produced by closing the center of the oral passage and opening the sides.

Glides (semi-vowels)- are sounds produced with the tongue starting at a position and gliding rapidly to another.

Consonant ChartPoints of articulation  Manner of articulation

Lips(bilabial)

Lip- teeth(Labio-dental)

Tongue-teeth(lingua dental) 

Tongue- gum ridge(alveolar)

Tongue- hard palate(post alveolar)

Tongue-blade palate(palate)

Tongue-velum(velar)

Larynx(glottal)

Stops VL VD

p     t     k  

b     d     g  

Fricatives VL VD

ƕ/Ϻ f θ (th) s ʃ (sh)     h

  v ð (th) z (zh)      

Nasals VD m     n     ɳ (ng)  

Lateral       l        glides w         r

j (y)   

Affricates VL VD

        ʧ (ch)      

        ʤ (dzh)      

The critical consonant sounds for Filipinos:

/ f, v, θ, ð, z, š, ž, ϐ, j/ /t, n/ / ð , r/

Noun Plurals are spelled as

Rule 1. If you add letter “s” to a word ending in one of the voiceless consonant phonemes (sounds) it is pronounced / s /.  

boats puffs peeps walks breadths

Rule 2: if you add letter “s” to a word ending in one of the voiced consonant phonemes as a vowel phoneme the “s” ending is pronounced /z/.

dogs runs trees cars beds leave dolls

Rule 3: if you add “es” suffix to a word ending in one of the /s, z, š, ž, ϐ, j/ it is pronounced as / ðz/

 

Pronunciation: “ed” suffixes

/t/ after voiceless sounds

looked, kicked

/d/ after voiced sounds

measured, loaned

/ ðd/ planted, wanted

Prosodic Features

Prosodic – the rhythm of spoken language, including stress and intonation, or the study of these patterns

Stress

Stress also called accent refers to the prominence given to a syllable or word which makes the word or syllable stand out above the adjacent syllable or word.

-It can be word stress or sentence stress.

-It is the relative loudness or softness with which a syllable is spoken.

-A stressed syllable is pronounced louder and has a higher pitch and longer duration than unstressed syllable.

Four Degrees of Stress

/’/ primary stress very loud and very long

/ ‘/ secondary stress loud and long

/ ”/ tertiary stress weak and short

/^/ weak stress very weak and very short

Most English words, especially nouns that contain two syllables are stressed on the first syllable.

Verbs are stressed on the second syllable

Words to which suffixes like –tion, -sion, -ic, -ity, are added, carry the strong stress on the syllable before these suffixes.

Compound nouns are stressed on the first noun to distinguish them from an adjective and a noun combination.

Blending

When the first word ends with a vowel sound and the second word begins also with vowel sound, you blend the sounds.

When the first word ends with a vowel sound and the second word begins with a consonant, you also blend the sounds.

When the first word ends with a consonant sound and the second word begins with a vowel sound, blending is also share.

Intonation

Intonation, also known as inflection is the movement of the voice up or down, along the line of sound.

It is the rising and falling of pitch in the delivery of a syllable or a word in a phrase or a sentence.

It is determined partly by the mind and mood of the speaker.

Through the rising and falling of the speaker’s voice, particular words in a phrase or sentence are given emphasis and significance.

Stress and intonation are closely related to each other. An increase of stress is generally accompanied by a rise pitch.

Four Levels of Pitch

low mid high extra

Levels 1,2, and 3 are used in normal conversation, while level 4 is used when the speaker is excited, emotional, or emphatic.

 

Shift and Glide

Shift occurs when there is a movement from one tune to another that takes place between syllables.

Glide happens when the voice slides from one tune to another while a syllable is spoken.

Basic Intonation Patterns

Rising-Falling Intonation or 2-3-1Rising Intonation or 2-3-3Falling Intonation or 3-1Non-Final Intonation or 2-3-2Extra-High Pitch or 4