lessons learned from military operations, and use of ... · wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal...
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Lessons Learned from Military Operations, Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of Simulatorsand Use of Simulators
Lessons Learned from Military Operations, Lessons Learned from Military Operations, and Use of Simulatorsand Use of Simulators
1September 5th 2012
Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Department for Driving Training Department for Driving Training
-- Permission Authority Permission Authority --
Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Armed Forces Office IV 3 (2)Department for Driving Training Department for Driving Training
-- Permission Authority Permission Authority -- September 5th 2012
• 54 years old; soldier since 1978
• studies in aviation engineering 1979 - 83
• fire control officer in an air defense unit 1984 - 1 987
Lieutenant Colonel, graduate engineer, Robert Windischmann
married, 5 children
Personal Curriculum Vitae
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• officially recognized expert for automobile traffic since 1995
• staff officer in the department of Drivers Training and Permission Authority of the German Armed Forces since 2001, Chief of dep artment since 2007
• member of the E uropean Commission for Road Safety in the Armed Forces (ECRAF) since 2006, vice president of ECRAF since 2010
• executive officer of a maintenance battalion 1988 - 1991
• commanding officer of the G erman Air Force driving teachers school 1998 - 2001
A G E N D A
1. Lessons Learned from Military Operations
� Recognised Deficiencies� Further Developement of Driving Training
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2. Simulators in Driving Training
� Existing Experience with Driving Simulators� Further Developement of Driving Simulators� Plans for the Future
Empirical Evidence
ProtectionProtection ofof ownown forcesforceshashas particularlyparticularly high high prioritypriority
ProtectionProtection ofof ownown forcesforceshashas particularlyparticularly high high prioritypriority
Importance of armoured vehiclesand special equipment
Importance of armoured vehiclesand special equipment
Problems in the beginning :
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Problems in the beginning : • Unauthorised modifications• Lack of training
Deficiencies in Driving Training
Training Training hashas toto bebe missionmission orientedorientedTraining Training hashas toto bebe missionmission orientedoriented
Road traffic accidents and reports of the past yearsdemonstrated deficiencies in driving training
Road traffic accidents and reports of the past yearsdemonstrated deficiencies in driving training
Unfamiliarity with Mission -VehicleUnfamiliarity with Mission -Vehicle
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Unfamiliarity with Mission -VehicleUnfamiliarity with Mission -Vehicle
Insufficient Terrain Analysis Insufficient Terrain Analysis
Lack of Experience in Cross Country DrivingLack of Experience in Cross Country Driving
Exceeding Limits of Vehicle`s PerformanceExceeding Limits of Vehicle`s Performance
Lack of Leader TrainingLack of Leader Training
Lack of Risk AwarenessLack of Risk Awareness
Main Reasons for Deficiencies
Main Reasons
� mission oriented drivers training
� wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal in Germany
� suitable training areas
� common training aids
Main Reasons
� mission oriented drivers training
� wheeled combat vehicles at our disposal in Germany
� suitable training areas
� common training aidsno
t en
ou
gh
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German German ArmedArmed Forces System Forces System ofof DrivingDriving Training Training withwith itsits distinctdistinct partsparts andand responsibilitiesresponsibilities atat thatthat time time
diddid not not properlyproperly matchmatch realityreality ofof international international missionsmissions
German German ArmedArmed Forces System Forces System ofof DrivingDriving Training Training withwith itsits distinctdistinct partsparts andand responsibilitiesresponsibilities atat thatthat time time
diddid not not properlyproperly matchmatch realityreality ofof international international missionsmissions
� common training aids� common training aidsno
t en
ou
gh
General Training Flow (formerly)
KfFA
KfWB(Continual Driving Training) continuous
Training for the Operation
Units / Elements
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KfFA(Specialized DrivingTraining) several days
Driving Schools
Units / Elements
KfGA(Basic Driving Training)
4 - 6 weeksmilitary driver licence aquisition(above civil standard)
Permission classes A, B, C, D, E,F
Conclusion for Further Developement
Drivers Training Drivers Training asas UnityUnityDrivers Training Drivers Training asas UnityUnity
centralisation of mission oriented basics in driving trai ningin
Joint Training Centres with Wheeled Combat Vehicles
centralisation of mission oriented basics in driving trai ningin
Joint Training Centres with Wheeled Combat Vehicles
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• concentration of competenceand training material / training vehicles
• relief of the troops
Training Training ConceptsConcepts hadhad toto bebe correctedcorrectedTraining Training ConceptsConcepts hadhad toto bebe correctedcorrected
KfGA C/CE – Basic Off Road Training
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Word-Dokument
In addition to driving school trucks for road traff ic 216 all terrain trucks modified for driving schools
• basic knowledge of off road driving • basic knowledge of the technology of off road truck s• 4 hours off road training
KfGA G – Framework Conditions
• mandatory for driving a wheeled armoured vehicle• permission class C as precondition• mandatory for driving a wheeled armoured vehicle• permission class C as precondition
• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided
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• prospecticely more than 9000 learner drivers annually• prospecticely more than 9000 learner drivers annually
• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• examination accompanying training• vehicle correlating military occupational specialty
• 3 categories / 5 to 15 days / partially simulator -aided• examination accompanying training• vehicle correlating military occupational specialty
KfGA G – Contents
driving on public roads and cross country drivingdriving on public roads and cross country driving
operator checks and maintenanceoperator checks and maintenance
standardised road safety trainingstandardised road safety training
standardised off road training coursesstandardised off road training courses
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special conditions for driving in theatrespecial conditions for driving in theatre
driving with electro-optical aidsdriving with electro-optical aids
KfGA G – Categories
I. GTK BOXER und Varianten
category I
II. GFF 2 (EAGLE IV), GFF 3 (DINGO 1, DINGO 2, DURO, YAK),FENNEK, TPZ FUCHS und Varianten, GTF ZLK 2 to bis 15 to
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III. GFF 1 (MUNGO, ENOK und LKW gl WOLF SSA u. Varianten)
category III
category II
KfGA P
Permission Class P
• transport of persons upon armoured loading platform
• complex vehicle with
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• new training program- based on drivers licence C- familiarisation with vehicle- transport of personnel
• complex vehicle with difficult driving conditions
General Training Flow (actual)
KfFA
KfWB(Continual Driving Training) continuous
Training
for the
Operation
Units / Elements
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KfGA(Basic Driving Training)
4 - 6 weeks
KfFA(Specialized DrivingTraining) several days
military driver licence aquisition(above civil standard)D
riving Schools
Units / Elements
permission classes
A, B, C, D, E, F
+Permission classes G, P
Training for the Operation
parts of KfWB
Driving Training in Team
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KfGA G / F / P
KfFA if necessary
KfGA G and P – Record of Success
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start in february 2009 with one vehicle type
meanwhile15 vehicle types, more than 7800 learner drivers
start in february 2009 with one vehicle type
meanwhile15 vehicle types, more than 7800 learner drivers
Reaping the Harvest
Actual interview of ISAF-contingent about satisfaction with training
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• to realize / avoid / master dangerous traffic situa tions• knowledge about breaking, turning, evading
for all drivers - with own instructors - on own facilities
• framework and parameters according to DVR - standard (time-frame, group size, qualification of teachers, facilities, technical equipment a.s.o.)
Road Safety Training Programmes
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8 m
25 m20 m
60 m
25 mGleitfläche
Sicherheitsbereich
20 m
min. 100 m
Anfahrstrecke
min. 20 m
ca. 1
00 m
Bre
ite
Kreisbahn 25 m
20 m
ca. 200 m Länge
Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (1)
narrow gate
armoured vehiclelaunched bridge
abatis
railroadembankment
rise/slope
scree
Construction Scheme
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diagonal slope left and right turning point
winding narrow pass
straight narrow pass
covered position
swampy ground
• 12 in use
• 7 under constructionor in planning
Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (2)(2)
BISON BISON enteringentering thethe stationstation EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation
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BISON BISON enteringentering thethe stationstation„„armouredarmoured vehiclevehicle launchedlaunched bridgebridge“ “
EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation„„rollingrolling terrainterrain“ “
EAGLE IV EAGLE IV atat thethe stationstation „„climbingclimbing““DINGO I DINGO I drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation „„screescree““
Standardized Off-Road Training Courses (3) (3)
EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation MULTI A4 FSA MULTI A4 FSA atat thethe stationstation
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EAGLE IV EAGLE IV drivingdriving atat thethe stationstation„„swampyswampy groundground““
EAGLE IVEAGLE IV--convoyconvoy atat thethe stationstation„„drivingdriving alongalong breaklinesbreaklines““
MULTI A4 FSA MULTI A4 FSA atat thethe stationstation„„veeringveering off off thethe roadroad““
FENNEK FENNEK enteringentering thethe stationstation„diagonal „diagonal slopeslope““
Driving Simulators for Tracked Vehicles (1)
Basic Training for Permission Class FBasic Training for Permission Class Fwell-established and approved integration of simula tors since 1978
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Main Reasons for Implementation of Driving Simulators: - extreme wear and high service costs of the tracked training vehicles- increasing restrictions on the use of training areas and public road
Main Reasons for Implementation of Driving Simulators: - extreme wear and high service costs of the tracked training vehicles- increasing restrictions on the use of training areas and public road
Basic Training for Permission Class FBasic Training for Permission Class F
Driving Simulators for Tracked Vehicles (2)
Benefits: - reduction in service costs Benefits: - reduction in service costs
• practical training roughly half simulator - half veh icle based• familiarisation with vehicle• basic knowledge about off road driving under differ ent conditions
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- reduction in service costs - environmentally friendly- avoiding dangers- regardless of weather conditions- measurability and repeatability- simulation of scenarios
- reduction in service costs - environmentally friendly- avoiding dangers- regardless of weather conditions- measurability and repeatability- simulation of scenarios
� high acceptance and training success� continuous adaption and extension� high acceptance and training success� continuous adaption and extension
Driving Simulators for Tracked Vehicles (3)
� since 1988 SPz Marder (3)(3)(3)(3)� since 1988 SPz Marder (3)(3)(3)(3)
� since 1986 KPz Leopard 2 (4)(4)(4)(4)� since 1986 KPz Leopard 2 (4)(4)(4)(4)
� since 1978 KPz Leopard 1 ((((1)1)1)1)� since 1978 KPz Leopard 1 ((((1)1)1)1)
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� planned 2013 SPz Puma instead of SPz Marder� planned 2013 SPz Puma instead of SPz Marder
� since 2000 PzH 2000 / MARS (1 each)(1 each)(1 each)(1 each)� since 2000 PzH 2000 / MARS (1 each)(1 each)(1 each)(1 each)
� since 1997 M113 (2)(2)(2)(2)� since 1997 M113 (2)(2)(2)(2)
in total roughly 2200 drivers a yearin total roughly 2200 drivers a year
Driving Simulators for Wheeled Vehicles (1)
Training for Permission Class C/CETraining for Permission Class C/CE• operational test with 2 different test models 1999/ 2000
• trial trainings with two modern systems in commerce 2008
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no suitability / economisation for basic training at that timeonly partially suitable for continual training
no suitability / economisation for basic training at that timeonly partially suitable for continual training
Driving Simulators for Wheeled Vehicles (2)
Basic Training for Permission Class GBasic Training for Permission Class G
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Basic Training for Permission Class GBasic Training for Permission Class G• 2 simulators each for BOXER and DINGO established 2 011• modalities for training analogous to permission cla ss F• same benefits as for permission class F• additionally: shortage of training vehicles
Developement/Progress – 1 st Generation
� driver cabin with original assemblies
� simulation of noise and forces
� 2-axle motion system
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� terrain representation by relief model
• sensing pin with camera
• camera recording displayed on monitor
� 2-axle motion system
Developement/Progress – Today
�considerable improvement of real world reference in all aspects
• optimized motion system
• software based representation of the environment
• multi -channel seamless display
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• multi -channel seamless display (COTS PC-based)
• autonomously dirigible traffic
• advanced data basis
• vehicle specific simulation software
�alternation of vehicle type possible
�networking of several simulators (driving in convoy; interaction)
Display System (1)
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rain
Display System (2)
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snowfall
Display System (3)
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fog
Display System (4)
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glare
Advanced Data Basis
Example Scenarios
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Example Scenarios- mine field- collapsing bridge- blocked tunnel- damaged pass road- checkpoints- crowds- coming under fire and so on
motion system
System Components (1)
• high performance electrical system
• moved by hydraulic pressure
• simulates with 3 axles motions, accelerations and retardations
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System Components (2)
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• exact replication of driver`s station with original vehicle parts
• operating forces simulated by spring assemblies and electric motors
• surround sound system for realistic noice simulatio n
driver cabin
System Components (3)
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instructor station
to generate and control, setup and administrate sce nario and students data- to select/define training courses- to start, monitor and end the training - to put in malfunctions
- to take control of the vehicle- to network simulators- to play back training courses
System Components (4)
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viewing station
to let other learner drivers of the training group passively take part on the training course
System Components (5)
training mock up
• cab with complete functional driver`s side
• simulation of all integrated devices / assemblies
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• noise simulation
• interspersing of different parameters for the states and conditions of the vehicle
• open structure (learning effect for the group)
System Components (6)
• two monitor concept
• graphics and animations 2- and 3- dimensional
digital training devicefor technical lessons
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• photos and videos
• virtual realities
• audios
System Components (7)
digital display board for technical illustration
• Plasma -Display 65” with touch panel
• practical exercises with virtual models
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• touch display 15” as monitor for the trainer
• Plasma -Display 65” with touch panel
• multimedia-computer
• soundsystem
Turn-Over Simulator
�many accidents with armoured vehicles resulting in turn over
�many losses caused by a lack of awareness and abili ty of the right behaviour in respect of a turn over
�many accidents with armoured vehicles resulting in turn over
�many losses caused by a lack of awareness and abili ty of the right behaviour in respect of a turn over
41September 5th 2012
� driving simulators for training to avoid accidents� driving simulators for training to avoid accidents
� for behaviour training in respect of a turn over ⇒⇒⇒⇒ turn over simulator� for behaviour training in respect of a turn over ⇒⇒⇒⇒ turn over simulator
spit roast DINGO Turn-Over Simulator
spit roast DINGOTraining Contents
- individual safety measures in armoured vehicles
Training Contents
- individual safety measures in armoured vehicles
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change of general conditions and preveiling circums tanceschange of general conditions and preveiling circums tances
Training Objects Training Objects • rules in respect of a turn over • escape and extraction drill
- individual safety measures in armoured vehicles
- load safety with respect to passengers
- orientation within the cabin
- unfastening the restraint systems
- handling the doors in different sloping positions
- crew evacuation techniques
- rescue techniques with/without help of the crew
- further developement of rescue means
- individual safety measures in armoured vehicles
- load safety with respect to passengers
- orientation within the cabin
- unfastening the restraint systems
- handling the doors in different sloping positions
- crew evacuation techniques
- rescue techniques with/without help of the crew
- further developement of rescue means
Plans for the Future
SummarySummary
• benefit of simulators depends on certain conditions/circumstances
• no substitute for real vehicle,but helpful supplement
• in the German Armed Forces
ConclusionConclusion
• benefit has to be proved in each single case
• technical developement and changes of the situationshould result
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• in the German Armed Forcessimulator aided training well established and approved in basic training for F and G
• at the moment no focuson basic training for A/B/C PlanningsPlannings
• plans for extension (number of simulators / vehicle types)
• studies for turn over simulators
should result in continuous adaption
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Q U E S T I O N S ?Q U E S T I O N S ?