lessons learned from in-situ resistive heating of tce

1

1 52

IW

A

RS0048

Lessons Learned from In-Situ Resistive Heating of TCE

East Gate Disposal YardFort LewisWashington

21000 ft

“Window” between aquifers:TCE flows fromVashon to Sea Level Aquifer

EGDY TCE Source Area(in Vashon aquifer)

TCE Plumes

11

3

Site History1989 • Fort Lewis Log Center placed on NPL

• RI/FS Performed

1990 • ROD signed• construction of 2 GW P&T systems• additional investigation into contamination of lower (Sea Level) aquifer

1995 • GW P&T system began operating for hydraulic control of lower aquifer

1998 • ESD prepared that resulted in ESI to evaluate presence of NAPL• Results: GW P&T alone will not remediate shallow Vashon aquifer to beneficial

use within ROD 30-year timeframe

2001 • EE/CA prepared to address NAPL source removal• Results: Removal action of shallow partially intact containers and selection of in

situ thermal remediation• Removal Action performed of over 2,000 containers in various conditions

2002 • Performance-based specs for bid /selection of in situ thermal remediation• ERSH Selected

2004 • Treatment completed for NAPL area 1

2005 • Treatment complete for NAPL area 2

40 100 200 300 400

Feet

0 100 200 300 400

Feet

Aerial Photo Analysis Results

50 100 200 300 400

Feet

EM-61 Survey Results

60 100 200 300 400

Feet

Soil Gas Sampling

70 100 200 300 400

Feet

Exploratory Trenching Results

80 100 200 300 400

Feet

Drive Point Groundwater Results

90 100 200 300 400

Feet

Drum Removal Results

100 100 200 300 400

Feet

MIP Results

110 100 200 300 400

Feet

Sonic Drilling Results

120 100 200 300 400

Feet

Selection of Treatment Volumes

13

EGDY NAPL TREATMENT AREAS

14

Source Treatment Goals

• Maximize NAPL removal and destruction in source areas defined to contain the majority of NAPL mass

• Reduce risk to potential groundwater receptors• Reduce timeframe within which pump and treat of

groundwater dissolved phase plume is required • When do we stop heating?

– Criteria must be adopted that balances the cost of the remediation with the potential for adequate mass removal – heavily dependent on system monitoring data

– Requires “social capital”

15

Project Management Approach

• Adaptive site management/Triad• Performance based contract• Challenges to bid schedule design:

• Flexibility was desired to discontinue treatment based on performance

• It needed to account for area expansion and/or extension of treatment time

• It needed to encourage the Contractor to optimize the system

16

Contract Performance Monitoring

• Establish, maintain, and verify subsurface temperatures of 90 C and 100 C for the vadose zone and saturated zones respectively– Thermocouples 1 per 100 yd3

• Hydraulic and vapor control• Electrical consumption rates• Water reinjection standards• Limitations on CVOC mass discharge to

atmosphere– < 639 kg of TCE per year

17

Contracting Lessons Learned • Use of performance based design build contract

facilitated system modification during construction – Additional hydraulic control wells – Second power control unit – Installation of additional electrodes

• Multiple line of evidence approach required to reach consensus on termination decision– Communication and data management critical

• Contract performance metrics required modifications to optimize operations to meet overall treatment performance goals – Initial contract expectation for consistent heat-up proved

unrealistic

18

CSM Heterogeneity Impacts • Heat up of subsurface highly variable and

controlled by complex stratigraphy and hydraulic gradients– Horizontal hydraulic conductivity values range 850-16

ft/day– Vertical hydraulic conductivity values range 590-.9

ft/day

• Hydraulic control difficult to measure– Differences in head that are relatively small difficult to

measure– Pressure transducers measure average vertical head

19

NAPL Area 2 Cross-Section A-A’ Plan View

1496940 1496980 1497020 1497060 1497100 1497140 1497180 1497220

Easting NAD27 (feet)

651900

651920

651940

651960

651980

652000

652020

652040

652060

652080

652100

Nor

thin

g N

AD

27 (f

eet)

MWF17

MWG15TJ14

TK12 TL11

MWL12

MWD19

RS0005

RS0024

A

A'

Directio

n of

groundwater flow

NAPL Area 2

RS0019

20

NAPL Area 2 Cross-Section and Isotherm Plot

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

RS0

019

RS0

024

RS0

005

Qvr/Qva Qvt

Qvr

TemperatureColor Scale

MW

F17

MW

G15

TJ1

TK12

MW

L12

MW

D19

TL11

Temperatures measuredAugust 7, 2005

A A'

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

110

120

4

21Temperatures

22

Groundwater Temperature Downgradient of NAPL Area 2 (July 21, 2005)

LC-133(26)

LC-156 (13)

LC-174 (13)

LC-190-4 (12)

LC-191-2 (21)

LC-192-4 (16)LC-193-5 (17)

LC-27 (13)

MW-2 (13)

MW-3 (15)

MW-4 (15)

MW-5 (26)

MW-6 (14)

Old 10 (19)

ST-3 (28)

ST-8 (18)

15.2

12

10.4

41.7

36.4

46.621.8

27.8

13.8

30.9

16.8

14.3

32.8

63.2

14.6

66.2

61

32

25

85

72

38

83

95

90

98

72

21

103

10389

72

9443

9970

46

Well monitored for groundwatertemperature

LEGEND:

Groundwater temperature contourJuly 21, 2005 (deg. C, depth in parentheses)0 100 200 300 400

Scale (FT)

23

Groundwater Temperature Downgradient of NAPL Area 2 (September 8, 2005)

16.2

13.3

10.7

38.2

42.5

43.418.1

33.1

36

16.5

13.6

41.4

58

17.9

54.1

52

38

19

50

61

23

26

70

34

46

62

13

61

5755

38

4836

6440

24

LC-133(26)

LC-156 (13)

LC-174 (13)

LC-190-4 (12)

LC-191-2 (21)

LC-192-4 (16)LC-193-5 (17)

LC-27 (13)

MW-2 (13)

MW-3 (15)

MW-4 (15)

MW-5 (26)

MW-6 (14)

Old 10 (19)

ST-3 (28)

ST-8 (18)

Well monitored for groundwatertemperature

LEGEND:

Groundwater temperature contourSep 8, 2005 (deg. C, depth in parentheses)0 100 200 300 400

Scale (FT)

24

NAPL Mass Estimates

• Data Used:– Visual observations of NAPL in sonic core and

air rotary cuttings.– Sonic soil core samples VOC and TPH

analytical data.– Laboratory porosity.– Laboratory NAPL saturation.

25

Primary Sources of Uncertainty

• Volume of subsurface contaminated with NAPL.

• NAPL saturation.• Analyte mass fractions in NAPL.

26

Estimated Initial Mass by Constituent & Area

TCE (Kg) c-DCE (Kg)

TPH (Kg)

AREA 1Initial Mass Estimate 11,800 5,300 79,100Revised Initial Mass Est. (range) 3,800-

13,4001,700-6,000 25,000-

89,700

AREA 2Initial Mass Estimate 13,400 600 102,100Revised Initial Mass Est. (range) 3,400-

10,900200-500 22,400-

70,300

AREA 3Initial Mass Estimate 43,000 2,400 19,100Revised Initial Mass Est. (range) 4,200-

13,700200-800 2,300-7,400

27

Net NAPL Thickness RI data

28

Net NAPL Thickness RI& RA data

29

242 ft

247 ft

252 ft

257 ft

262 ft

267 ft

272 ft

Elevation (Groundsurface = 278 feet)

Based on interpretation of TRS infrastructure borings (June-July 2006), soil core drill-back borings (April 2006), North Wind bioremediation cell borings (2003),and Phase II RI borings (2001-2002).

Revised NAPL Extents in Area 3

Drawing created 7/20/06

3a

3b 3c

30

Thermal Treatment Performance Lessons Learned

• Groundwater concentration reductions significant• All soil TCE concentrations reduced to < 1261

ppb in Area 1 and < 544 ppb in Area 2 ug/kg• > 50% of soil samples ND at 100 ppb TCE• Groundwater data indicates surgical treatment• Data suggest potentially significant in situ

destruction of contaminants• No foreseeable rebound

31

EGDY Contamination

12

32

5

434

304

11

34

0

0

206

1,460

34

144

287

617

3,131

3,309

5,485

28,678

7,600

4,300

0

3,183

29

474

4,831

8

202

2,484

3

959

5

165

135

1,538

4

1

2

3

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW04

HCW05

HCW06

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWB09

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07

NAPL Area 1Pre-Treatment

TCE in Shallow GroundwaterSeptember-November 2003

Lower Vashon Well; TCE (ug/l) not contoured.Upper Vashon Well; TCE (ug/l).TCE (ug/l)

NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:

Scale (FT)

0 10 20 30 40

33

670

240

260

80

0

43

199

5

4

2

6

3

3

345

173

1,056

1,520

814

780

460

137

437

195

26

14

1,320

3,066

3

44

383

3

23,400

9

20,482

814

950,000

250

0

3

3

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW04

HCW05

HCW06

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWB09

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07

April 2004

NAPL Area 1Peak-Thermal

TCE in Shallow Groundwater


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:

Scale (FT)

0 10 20 30 40

34

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW08

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

LC220

LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

344

26

135

3

61

19

572

1460

51

12

173

779

238

471

3

1

83

274

72

872

395

63

84

27

47

904

1624

2091

2902

41

2

32

100

60

54

12

22

165


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:NAPL Area 2

Pre-TreatmentTCE in Shallow Groundwater

January 2005

1

Scale (FT)

0 10 20 30 40

35

3420

1130

1240

130

1610

3520

7620

4800

15

3360

89

156

157

2410

253

82

113

2470

350

104

108

87

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW08

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

LC220

LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:NAPL Area 2Peak-Thermal

TCE in Shallow GroundwaterMarch-April 2005

Scale (FT)

0 10 20 30 40

36

47212

101

142

48

58

34

109

2730

6

62

188

71

163

59

22

10

186

93

37

97

413

1362

348

3

1

85

1

2

58

2

2

2

28

1

21

162

254

6

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW12

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWJ08

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW06

HCW07

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ01

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC-191-1

LC-192-1

LC-193-1

LC220LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:

NAPL Areas 1 & 2Post-Treatment TCE in Shallow Groundwater

September 2005

0 50 100 150 200

Scale (FT)

37

284109

68

415

8

201

1090

292

118

0

274

572

2

274

572

2

48

2367

5

572

6

10

45

14

162

28

13

8

6

6

25

197

7

35

1

4

1

6

3

1

4

2

4

13

48

298

54

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW12

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWJ08

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW06

HCW07

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ01

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC-191-1

LC-192-1

LC-193-1

LC220LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:


March 2006

0 50 100 150 200

Scale (FT)

38

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW12

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWJ08

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW06

HCW07

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ01

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC-191-1

LC-192-1

LC-193-1

LC220LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07

0.17

37

34

19

2.8

4.2

14

8.1

1.4

16

22

67

8.4

6.9

8.5

19

11

180

461

44

1

4.2

0.16

32

2.3

0.89

3.5

0.97

3.2

9.9

51

243

46

388123

78

275

5.7

185

1410

322

87

0.04

352

734

3.171.874404375171


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:


June 2006

0 50 100 150 200

Scale (FT)

LC-190-1

39

HCW04

HCW05

HCW09

HCW10

HCW11

HCW12

HCW14

HCW15

MWA16

MWB09

MWC11

MWD19

MWF10

MWF12

MWG13

MWG15

MWG20

MWJ08

MWL15

MWM18

MWN12

MWQ08

MWQ13

MWS13

MWS15

HCW01

HCW02

HCW03

HCW06

HCW07

HCW08

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWD03

MWD14

MWE07

MWF03

MWF14

MWH06

MWH15

MWI08

MWJ01

MWJ04

MWJ10

MWL07

MWL10

MWM12

MWN02

MWP07

LC-191-1

LC-192-1

LC-193-1

LC220LC221

MWD15

MWF17

MWL12

MWL16

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215

MWC08

MWF11

MWF12

MWI07

0.77

54

1087.1

3.3

3.8

77

2.4

3.2

8.9

34

20

9.6

158

45

8

99

372

178

1.6

0.12

0.13

3.6

3.4

1.8

1.3

0.71

5.2

8.6

49

224

14

72

68

2.4

3.6

0.67

28

9.6

1.6

0.1

41

37

2.6


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:


September 2006

0 50 100 150 200

Scale (FT)

LC-190-1

40

MWA16

MWF12

MWG15

MWG20

MWL15 MWQ13

LC201

LC202

LC203

LC204

LC205

LC206

LC207

LC211

LC212

LC213

MWE07

MWF14

MWI08MWL07

LC-191-1

LC-192-1

LC-193-1

1.3

35

6.4

17

17 22

93

21

2.4

6.3

21.5

34

180

110

16

620

1.2

MWD15

MWL16

MWF11

MWI07

LC208

LC209

LC210

LC214

LC215


NAPL Treatment Area

LEGEND:


April 2007

0 50 100 150 200

Scale (FT)

LC-190-1

41

380

68041

91

19

15

<10

210

55

93

79

140

190

44

160

22

310

MWC07

MWE03

MWD08

MWG04

MWE10

MWK02

MWJ08

MWM04

MWM08

MWP05

MWF06

MWH06

LC-159

FX3-17

FX3-18

FX3-19

PZ-1b PZ-1c

PZ-5b PZ-5c

PZ-6b PZ-6c

PZ-8a

PZ-9b

LC-155

LX-17

LX-19

PW-2

PW-4

FX-03

FX3-01

FX3-02

FX3-04

FX3-06

FX3-11

FX3-12

FX3-13

FX3-14

FX3-15

PZ-5a

PZ-6a

PZ-8b

PZ-9a

3c

NAPL Area 3b

3a

TCE (ug/l)Lower Vashon wells; TCE (ug/l) not contoured.Upper Vashon wells; TCE (ug/l).

LEGEND:

(deep)

(deep)

(deep)

(deep)

NAPL Area 3Post-Treatment TCE in Shallow Groundwater

April 2007

Scale (FT)

0 50

42

649

25.435.3

69.9

265

62.1

22.3

91.4

47.5

48.7

6.9

149

32

156

28.6

156

9.3

381

31.5

43.7

MWC07

MWE03

MWD08

MWG04

MWE10

MWK02

MWJ08

MWM04

MWM08

MWP05

MWF06

MWH06

MWH01

MWP01

MWG12

MWA12

LC-159

FX3-17

FX3-18

FX3-19

PZ-1b PZ-1c

PZ-5b PZ-5c

PZ-6b PZ-6c

PZ-8a

PZ-9b

LC-155

LX-17

LX-19

PW-2

PW-4

FX-03

FX3-01

FX3-02

FX3-04

FX3-06

FX3-11

FX3-12

FX3-13

FX3-14

FX3-15

PZ-5a

PZ-6a

PZ-8b

PZ-9a

3c

NAPL Area 3b

3a

TCE (ug/l)Lower Vashon wells; TCE (ug/l) not contoured.Upper Vashon wells; TCE (ug/l).

LEGEND:

(deep)

(deep)

(deep)

(deep)

NAPL Area 3End of Treatment TCE in Shallow Groundwater

January 2007

Scale (FT)

0 50

43

NAPL Area 1Pre- vs. Post-Treatment TCE Soil Concentration (ug/kg)

7 ft 22 ft 27 ft 29 ft 51 ftPost-Treat

Pre-Treat110

1001000

10000

1000001000000

6.5 ft 29 ft42 ft

Post-TreatPre-Treat1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

6 ft 14 ft 51 ft


100

10000

1000000

100000000

RS0032

RS0008

RS0012

6 ft 8 ft 22.5 ft 38 ft 42 ftPost-Treat

110

1001000

10000100000

1000000

10.5 ft 22 ft 28 ft


10100

100010000

1000001000000

5 ft 8 ft 26 ft 28 ft 51 ftPost-Treat

Pre-Treat110

1001000

10000

1000001000000

RS0009

RS0003

<<

Pre-Treat

RS0006

<<

< <

<<

<

44

NAPL Area 2Pre- vs. Post-Treatment TCE Soil Concentration (ug/kg)

7 ft18 ft

Post-Treat

Pre-Treat1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

12 ft 38 ft55 ft


100

10000

1000000

100000000

8 ft 16 ft 25 ft 44.5 ft 59 ft

Post-Treat1

10

100

1000

5.5 ft 17 ft 27 ft 43 ft

Post-Treat1

10

100

1000

10000

7 ft 19.5 ft 35 ft 41 ft 50 ft

Post-Treat1

100

10000

1000000

100000000

7 ft 10 ft 20 ft 30 ft 46 ft

Post-Treat1

10

100

1000

10000

RS0018

<

RS0005

RS0029

<

<

Pre-Treat

RS0031

Pre-Treat

RS0024

<

Pre-Treat

RS0038

<

< <

Pre-Treat

lessons learned from in-situ resistive heating of tce

Documents