lessons from jordan mohammad al oun
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystem Restoration to Secure Water and Food in the Arid Areas in Jordan:
Tal Remah Case study
Mohammad Al-Oun (PhD)Raed Al-Tabini (PhD)
National Centre for Research and Development
Towards Supranational Mechanisms in Addressing the Challenges of Water Scarcity in WANA
22-24 February, 2011Amman-Jordan
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Challenges :
• Dry area
• Water is rare
• Food security is a concern
• Sustainability of our ecosystem is threatened
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Precipitation Map of Jordan
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Constraints for Food Security:
• Degraded ecosystems
• Arid lands with high salinity
• Low productivity
• Water is rare
• High unemployment rate
• Remote communities with little services
• Livestock industry is mainly sheep
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Constraints related to Water:
• Low rainfall (less than 200mm)
• High Evaporation
• Run-off (flash floods)
• Biomass decline resulting from: • Overgrazing
• Continues drought years• Soil erosion and mass movement
• Resources degradation: habitat and eco-system are under threat such as caracal Gazelle and desert wolf and hyena
etc..
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There is a need to:
• Conduct critical, rigorous and relevant research which will contribute to provide the policy makers with the
appropriate recommendations to develop long-term national policies for better water use and economically
efficient food production.
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ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY APPROACH
Badia ecosystem including people
FOOD SECURITY
Livestock Community Resources
Community-
based approach
and using Hima
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Community-based approach and using Hima
Ecological restoration of the Badia ecosystem with full participation of the local communities:
• Apply the Hima concept to restore, manage and monitor the ecosystem
• Proper management and careful attention to the amount of water that flows off the targeted ecosystem.
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Community Participation
The local community to be involved in projects from the starting point of problem definition, possible solutions, site selection,
water harvesting techniques, and selection of plant species suitable to the area and the intended use by livestock owners
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Hima
No fence …it is only Hima
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Tall Remah Case Study
• Sustainable, productive use of the range resources.
• Better water management
• Improved socio-economic conditions for livestock owners.
• Enhanced local capacity to manage and preserve a productive ecosystem.
• Increased biodiversity and stability of rangeland ecosystems.
• Achieve food security
FOOD SECURITY
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But first situation analysis: Baseline survey involving the local community
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Tall Rimah Area
• Gently undulating with scattered hills
• Arid climate
• The annual rainfall less than 200 mm (Oct-March).
• January: 13 ºC and 3 ºC,
• August: 33 ºC and 17 ºC
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Productivity
Site Site Total Area ha
Total forageTotal Available Forage kg
Grazing Capacity for 3 Months
1 447 10236.3 5118.15 32
2 74 2344 1172 7
3 63.47 12402 6201 38
4 319.31 37423 18711.5 116
5 486.65 15913 7956.5 49
6 857.75 6776 3388 20
7 847.63 41110 20555 127
8 847.63 8671 4335.5 26.76
9 506 53130 26565 164
10 396 44 22 0.14
11 20 78 39 0.24
12 135 68 34 0.21
12 61 1124 562 3.
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Methodology: Water Harvesting Techniques
Implemented different water harvesting techniques:
1- Contour furrows
2- V-Shape
3- Crescent Shape
4- Low rock wall
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year Rainfall
(mm)
02/03 163
03/04 104
04/05 109
05/06 62
Land preparation and Design Implementation
Micro water harvesting Plantation
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• Atriplex nummularia
• Atriplex halimus
• Salsola Vermuclatea
Methodology: Plant Species
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Monitoring and Evaluation
• Shrubs survival rate • Plant survey• Biomass Production of Shrubs• Evaluation of Water Harvesting
Techniques • Precipitation Monitoring• Social Acceptance
FOOD SECURITY
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RESULTS
Retention of Runoff and Storage of Soil Water for Plants:
• Good indication of the effectiveness of the contour furrows and micros in retaining runoff
• Contour furrows performed better than micros in terms of resistance to breaching by heavy accumulations of runoff.
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Stability of Structures
The crescent-shaped and chevron-shaped micros
performed well after initial breaching was repaired.
Forty percent of the structures were breaching
during the first year.
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Survival Rate of Planted Shrubs
Four years from planting the average survival rate for all three shrub species was 88 percent. This is classified as excellent result. The shrubs were adapted to the area, and the water harvesting techniques worked well in producing this result.
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Results and Indications
• Recovery of species (from 21 to 54) during 4 years.
• Recorded recovery of two important species (Crocus and Desert Iris). These species are very sensitive environmentally.
• The current biomass production in the reserve is 0.5 Ton dry matter per Ha, compared to 0.02 Ton dry mater per Ha in the grazed zone.
• Expectations: most probably there will be a higher rate in intensity, frequency and productivity in the next years.
• This demonstration research will be an incentives for other communities to copy as an example.
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Biomass production of shrubs Kg dry matter (DM)
Estimated Biomass from Year 2003 to 2006 Kg DM/ha
Plant SpeciesWater
Harvesting Techniques
2003 2004 2005 2006
Atriplex halimusContour
Furrows 23 196 345 395
Atriplex halimus Crescent Shape 15 186 279 260
Atriplex halimus V - Shape 15 133 258 332
Mean 18 172 294 329
Atriplex nummularia
Contour Furrows 24 245 370 452
Atriplex nummularia
Crescent Shape21 209 314 341
Atriplex nummularia
V - Shape24 151 306 319
Mean 23 202 330 371
Salaola vermuclatea
Contour Furrows 6 22 45 77
Salaola vermuclatea
Crescent Shape5 20 61 60
Salaola vermuclatea
V - Shape5 14 34 49
Mean 5 19 47 62
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Table 7: Natural forage from different plants growing in the site
YearNatural Forage production
(kg/ha)
Inside Outside
2004 75 30
2005 27 3
2006 16 3
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Impact on Food Security
• Improvement of the Ecosystem
• Secure the required amount of water for the rehabilitation of the rangeland site.
• Secure forage for livestock up to three months
• Reduce production cost
• Increase productivity- milk and meat (food security)
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First Year2002-2003
Second Year2003-2004
Third Year2004-2005
Fourth Year2005-2006
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Project Site: Tal Rimah
Iris aucheriCrocus moabiticus
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• Hima and water harvesting techniques (micro-catchments) are good tools to secure water and food security.
• The project has been able to demonstrate to the government that, with the cooperation of the local Bedu population, securing water and food security in arid lands is possible.
• Relation between research centres and implementing institutions needs to be modified.
• It has also shown the necessity of urgently addressing the issues associated with free access to all areas of land, the effects of drought and the need for preparing drought contingency plans.
Conclusions
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Conclusions
• It is important to disseminate information to all interested parties, including regional bodies.
• Even with little rain, it is possible to secure water and food by ‘proper management and careful attention to the amount of
water that flows off the targeted ecosystem’.
• The main lessons learned were both technical and socio-economic and it is clear that they must be considered together in water and food security development programmes.
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Thank You
Acknowledgements :I wishes to thank the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) for the financial support it has provided this project. A special appreciation is extended to Jennifer Peterson, USDA, Khalid Al-Khalidi, BRDC, for their assistance and encouragement.