lesson ten the trial that rocked the world objectives of teaching 1. to comprehend the whole text 2....
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Lesson Ten
The Trial
That Rocked
the World
Objectives of Teaching1. To comprehend the whole text
2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions
3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences
4. To understand the structure of the text
5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.
III. Background Knowledge:
1. ReligionsGod: the Deity, the Divinity, Holy One,
Jehovah, the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, the Creator and etc.
There is only one God in heaven. But the belief in God has developed three religious sections:
Christianity, Judaism and Islam.
III. Background Knowledge:
Christianity:Roman CatholicProtestant Orthodox Eastern Church
Trinity: the Holy Father, the Holy Son and the Holy Spirit/Ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation.
III. Background Knowledge:
Bible:Name of the Christian Scriptures, the
Old Testament and the New Testament.
III. Background Knowledge: Bible
Old Testament: Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, the first portion of the Christian BibleGenesis: first book of the Old Testament
which tells the origin of the world and of man
III. Background Knowledge:
BibleNew Testament: the distinctive
Christian portion of the Bible Gospel: Greek word for good news.
the first four books of the New Testament.
III. Background Knowledge:
Biblefundamentalism: conservative
religious movement. Its aim is to maintain word for word interpretations of the Bible. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.
III. Background Knowledge:
2. American governing system a. Legislature: parliament---
Congress and Senateb. Executive: the president and his
administration c. Judicial: the Federal Supreme
Court
III. Background Knowledge:
3. Civil Law:4. Criminal Law5. Jury6. Counselor / Counsellor
VI. Detailed Study:
1. buzz: a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper
2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry
VI. Detailed Study:
3. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law
4. prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law
VI. Detailed Study:
5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent
6. orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches)
VI. Detailed Study:
7. nominee: a person who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc.a Nobel Prize nominee / a
presidential nominee
VI. Detailed Study:
8. bring about: causeScientists have brought about great
changes in our lives.
VI. Detailed Study:9. involve: to cause sb. to
become connected or concernedDon't involve other people in your
mistakes.We are all involved, whether we
like it or not.
VI. Detailed Study:
10. testify: to make a solemn statement, esp. under oath in a court of law, of what is trueThe witnesses testify / give evidence in
the law court.One witness testified that he had seen
the prisoner ran out of the bank after it had been robbed.
VI. Detailed Study:11. on hand: available,
present,cf:within reach: the distance one
can reachat hand: near in time or place
VI. Detailed Study:Always have your dictionary on
hand / within reach / at hand when you study.
Please be on hand at 12 sharp.I have a great deal of important
work on hand.
VI. Detailed Study:
All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive the medal of honour.
I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss of the company.
The post office is close at hand.
VI. Detailed Study:12. reassure: comfort and make free
from fear, stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly The doctor reassured the sick man about
his health.She won't believe it in spite of all our
reassurance.
VI. Detailed Study:cf: assure: try to cause to belie
ve or trust in sth.; promiseThe captain assured the passe
ngers that there was no danger.
VI. Detailed Study:
13. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fireHere, emerge, happen quickly, come
down upon unexpectedly and violently;
I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair.
VI. Detailed Study:
14. adhere to: to favour strongly, stick firmly to; The wallpaper won't adhere to the
ceiling. They adhere to the contract.
VI. Detailed Study:He resolutely adhered to what
he had said at the meeting.adhere to the four cardinal /
fundamental principles
VI. Detailed Study:15. prohibit: to forbid, to ban
to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors / pornographic literature or video tapes / prostitution / visiting prostitutes / smoking in public places, etc.
VI. Detailed Study:cf:
FORBID is more direct and familiar, while PROHIBIT is more formal or official; they do not widely differ in their essential implications.
to forbid a child to leave the house
VI. Detailed Study:16. violate: to disregard or act against
sth. solemnly promisedThe actress violated the terms of her
contract.This is considered as a violation of the
Constitution.If you violate someone's privacy or peace,
you disturb it.
VI. Detailed Study: 17. legality: the condition of being
lawful; lawfulnessThe legality of this action will be
decided by the court.
VI. Detailed Study: 18. indict: to indict sb. for a crime
means to charge them with it officiallyFive men were caught at the scene
and indicted.
VI. Detailed Study:
cf:accuse, charge, prosecute, blameOne accuses sb. of cheating.One charges sb. with cheating. One prosecutes sb. for theft.One blames sb. for the failure.
VI. Detailed Study: least of all: to an insignificant degree
Nobody need worry, you least of all/ least of all you.
Least of all would I lie to you.Nobody seemed amused, least of all
Jenny.
VI. Detailed Study: 19. anticipate: to expect what will
happenWe are not anticipating that there will
be much trouble.We anticipate that the enemy would try
to cross the river and so seize the bridge.
VI. Detailed Study:take on: begin to have (a particular qua
lity, appearance, etc), assume sth.He has taken on some irritating manneris
m.The chameleon can take on the colours o
f its background.Her eyes took on a hurt expression.
VI. Detailed Study:20. festoon: If you festoon sth. with
decorations, lights or other things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers in order to decorate it.The garden was festooned with coloured
lights.
VI. Detailed Study: 21. sprout: to grow or come out, appear
and spread rapidlyn. new growth of a plant, shootbean sprouts / bamboo shoots
22. rickety: weak in joints and likely to breakrickety old man / stairs / cart
VI. Detailed Study:
23. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news)
24. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth.to exhort sb. to do good / to work
harder, etc.
VI. Detailed Study: 25. cheer: support and encourage,
shout in praise, approval or supportEvery time a Chinese runner won a race
the crowd cheered.The crowd cheered their favourite horse.
VI. Detailed Study: 26. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in
former times by Christians and Muslims of each other) someone who does not follow one's own religion, unbeliever
27. draw up: to form and usu. writeto draw up a plan / a contract
VI. Detailed Study: 28. florid: (of a person's face) having a
red skin29. paunchy: (derog. and humour)
(esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot belly
30. attorney-general: chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state
VI. Detailed Study: 31. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp.
of what is to one's own advantagea shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricksHe is a shrewd and sometimes ruthless
adversary.
VI. Detailed Study:
32. steep: soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing out a taste etc.Steep the coffee Leave the coffee to steep for 5
minutes
VI. Detailed Study: 33. agnostic: person who
believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be known about God or life after deathcf: atheist: person who doubts the
existence of God
VI. Detailed Study:
34. growl /au/: to say sth. in a low rough and rather angry voice.The dog growled at me.He growled out a demand to her to
stop.
VI. Detailed Study:
35. preliminary: introductory, preparatory
36. spar: to box without hitting hard, argue or dispute (with sb) The children are sparring with each
other.
VI. Detailed Study:
37. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengtheneddrawl out one’s words
VI. Detailed Study: 38. ignorance: lack of knowledge
Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.
We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is.
They ignored traffic regulations.
VI. Detailed Study: 39. bigot: one who obstinately or
intolerantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs. bigotry: the state of having very strong,
unreasonable attitudes and opinions
VI. Detailed Study: 40. rampant: widespread and impossible
to controlTheft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural
women and children are rampant in some places.
Rich soil makes some plants too rampant.Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.
VI. Detailed Study: 41. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood42. enlighten: cause to understand,
free from ignorance or false beliefs, give more knowledge.Can you enlighten me on this subject? the age of Enlightenment in the 18th
century
VI. Detailed Study: 43. contaminate: to make impure,
bad by mixing with dirty or poisonous matterDon't eat the food, it may have been
contaminated by the flies.The river is contaminated with waste
from the factory.Our students are being contaminated
by foreign ideas.
VI. Detailed Study: 44. snort: to make a rough noise by blo
wing air down the nose, to express impatience or anger by this soundWe ran when the bull began to snort.cf: snore: breathe heavily and noisily through
the nose and mouth while asleep
VI. Detailed Study: 45. evidence: (in law) words which
prove a statement, support a beliefThere wasn't enough evidence to prove
him guilty.Have you any evidence to support this
statement?not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of
evidence
VI. Detailed Study:
46. brandish: to wave threateningly sth. esp. a weapon about, this word stresses threat.I shall brandish my sword before
them.
VI. Detailed Study: 47. denounce: to criticise severely and
publicly, announce threateninglyThe newspapers denounced the new
taxes.A mass meeting denounced him as a
traitor.
VI. Detailed Study:
48. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud soundthe sonorous tones of the priestthe sonority of the bass voicesThe church clock chimed
sonorously.
VI. Detailed Study: 49. reconcile: make peace between,
make friendly againI cannot reconcile the two points of
view. I asked how he would reconcile
apartheid with Christianity.The two girls quarrelled but are now
reconciled.
VI. Detailed Study: 50. jungle: tropical forest too thick to
walk through easily.51. image: likeliness, form, copy
You see your image in the mirror. I can close my eyes and see images of
things and persons.The coin bears an image of the emperor.
VI. Detailed Study: 52. divine: of, related to, or being god
or a god 53. thrust: to push forcefully and
suddenly, to make a sudden forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.He thrust the fork into the meat.
VI. Detailed Study: 54. Applause: n.
applaud: v.Everyone stood up to applaud.The audience applauded the singer for 5
minutes.The crowd bursts into applause and
shouts "Hurray!"
VI. Detailed Study: 55. fervour: passion, zeal, enthusiasm,
intense heatspeak with great fervour fervent: showing strong and warm
feelings, hot, passionatea fervent love / hatred a fervent lover / admirer
VI. Detailed Study: 56. arena: an area of land or a large
room where sports, entertainment and public events take place.The city built a new sports arena.After World II Japan entered the arena of
international trade.
VI. Detailed Study: 57. prairie: (in North America) a wild
treeless grassy plain. 58. scorch: to burn (part of ) a
surface so as to change its colour, tasteThe hot iron scorched the tablecloth.a scorched-earth policyThe hot weather scorched the grass.
VI. Detailed Study:
59. observe: to make a remark, to say, to commentHe observe that the house seemed
to be too small.
VI. Detailed Study: 60. passion: strong, often uncontrollable
feelingThe poet expressed his burning passion
for the woman he loved.passionate: filled with passion, eagerThe two groups had a passionate debate.
VI. Detailed Study: 61. sip: to drink in small quantities
cf: suck: to draw (as liquid) into the mouth to suck milk from his mother's breast sap: to drain the fluid part of a plant,
VI. Detailed Study:
62. jug: a large deep, usu. earthenware or glass container with a narrow mouth, a handle and a lip for pouring
VI. Detailed Study: 63. appeal: to make a strong request for
help, support, mercy; begHe appealed to his attacker for mercy.He appealed to me for help.
v. please, attract, interestSome people say Peking Opera is too old-
fashioned to appeal to people any longer.The idea appealed to me.
VI. Detailed Study:
64. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent
intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and information, the ability to reason rather than to feel or act.
VI. Detailed Study:
intellectual: adj. concerning the intellect, able to
use the intellect well, showing unusual reasoning powers
VI. Detailed Study: intellectual:
n. a person who works and lives by using his mind.
It is man's intellect that distinguishes him from the beasts.
Chess is a highly intellectual game.He is an intellectual person / an
intellectual.
VI. Detailed Study: intelligence:
a. good ability to learn and understand quickly
b. information gathered by the government or the army about their country's enemies and their activities.
intelligence quotient (IQ)Use your intelligence.CIA
VI. Detailed Study: intelligent: having or showing powers
of reasoning or understanding.Dr. Smith is a man of great intelligence
but Prof. Brown earns the respect of his colleagues for his high intellect.
VI. Detailed Study: An Intellectual or Intellectual person is
one who has developed his brain and is highly educated. One can be very intelligent / have great
intelligence, without knowing much. A small child with a clever quick mind is
intelligent but he can hardly be an intellectual.
VI. Detailed Study: 65. duel: unlawful fight between two
persons who have quarrelled, usu. with swords or pistols, at a meeting arranged and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other persons called seconds.
VI. Detailed Study: 66. roar: to give a deep loud continuing
sound.tigers roaring in their cagesHe just roared (ie laughed loudly) when
he heard that joke! n. long loud deep sound
VI. Detailed Study: 67. mortal: n. a human being as
compared with a god, a spirit, etc. All human beings are mortal.
adj. causing death; fatala mortal wound, injury, etc The collapse of the business was a
mortal blow to him and his family.
VI. Detailed Study:
68. agency:Truth does not need any human
influence to support it.Xinhua News Agencythe Central Intelligence Agency
VI. Detailed Study: 69. momentary: transitory, lasting
for a very short moment
70. hush: silence, stillness, quiet, calm
VI. Detailed Study: 71. rule: decide officially
The jury ruled that he was innocent of all charges.
The club ruled against accepting new members.
I cannot rule out / exclude the possibility of trouble.
VI. Detailed Study:
72. adjourn: to bring a meeting, trial, etc to a stop, esp. for a particular period or until a later time
73. hawker: a person who travels from place to place selling things, usu. with a cart.
VI. Detailed Study: 74. ponder: to consider, to think about
sth. carefullyEach chess player will have five minutes
to ponder his next move.Give me a few days to ponder over it.
VI. Detailed Study: 75. brute: an animal, esp. one that
you feel sorry forThe lions I am talking about are the
poor half-starved brutes reserved for tourists.
stupid, animal-like or cruel person, esp. one who has a tendency to behave violently.
He is an unfeeling brute.
VI. Detailed Study: 76. cower: to bend low and draw back as
from fear, pain, shame, cold etc.The dog cowered when its master beat it.crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing
and tying down of a dozen countriescoward: a person unable to face danger
because he lacks courage
VI. Detailed Study: 77. sulphur: AmE. sulfur. 硫磺
sulphurous: scathing, harsh78. dispatch: a report sent by a journali
st who is in a different town or country. I picked up the paper and read a dispatch
from a correspondent in New York.
VI. Detailed Study: 79. collapse: fall down or in, break to
pieces.The roof collapsed under the weight of
the snow. If you work too hard, your health may
collapse.Their marriage collapsed.
VI. Detailed Study: 80. resume: go on after stopping for a
timeWe'll stop here and resume working at 2
o'clock.Those standing may resume their seats.
resume---curriculum vitae
VI. Detailed Study: 81. squat: to sit on one's heels, or on the
ground with the legs drawn up close to the body
82. perch: rest, stand or sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to be a seat.Dr Smith perched on the corner of his
desk.The sparrow perched upon the television
antenna.
VI. Detailed Study: 83. gawk: look at sth. in a foolish way84. spring: to bring forward suddenly,
to produce as a surpriseHe sprang his marriage on his parents.The film made her spring into fame.He sprang a new proposal.
VI. Detailed Study: 85. trump card: (in card games such
as bridge or poker) each card of a suit that has, for the time being, higher value than the other three suitsHearts (spades, clubs, diamonds) are
trumps. to play one's trump card: to make used
of one's most valuable resource
VI. Detailed Study:
86. startle: to give a shock or surpriseYou startled me. I didn't hear you
come in. I was startled to hear his news / by
his news.
VI. Detailed Study:
87. wile: a trick intended to deceive, skill in outwittingwily: full of wiles, cunning, craftyThe serpent by his wiles persuaded
Eve to eat the apple.the wiles of the Devil
VI. Detailed Study: 88. campaign: a series of planned
activities to gain a special objecta political / advertising campaign
89. passage: passing of a bill so that it becomes law.Passage of such a resolution depends on
public support.
VI. Detailed Study: 90. resolute: fixed in determination
or propose, firmYou must be resolute and do what
you think best.He was a serious, resolute student.
VI. Detailed Study: 91. strode: walk with long steps 92. repel: to drive back by force, rebuff
to repel an attackThis material will repel heat and moisture.
VI. Detailed Study: 93. punctuate: to interrupt from
time to timea speech punctuated with cheers
94. Amen: may this be true, so be it
95. enquire, inquire: question
VI. Detailed Study:
96. mop: to wipe up with a mop, to wipe away sweat with a handkerchief
97. bald: hairless, leafless, featherless
98. dome: rounded roof with a circular base, sth. shaped like a dome
VI. Detailed Study:
99. snigger: (AmE snicker) to laugh in a disrespectful more or less secret waycf: giggle, snort
VI. Detailed Study:
100. twirl: to turn round and round quickly, to cause to spinThe secretary twirled the pencil
round in her fingers.She twirled her hair round her
fingers.
VI. Detailed Study: 101. pursue: to follow in order to
overtake, capture, kill, or defeatThe policeman pursued the thief
down the road.She felt their eyes pursuing her.The poet pursued fame all his life.
VI. Detailed Study: 102. condemn: a. to declare sb. to be
wrong or evilEveryone condemned his foolish
behaviour.Most people condemn nuclear war.
b. to sentence, to state the punishmentThe judge condemned the criminal to ten
years in jail.
VI. Detailed Study: cf:Condemn carries very strong judicial
connotations. It implies a final decision or a definitive judgement.
Denounce adds to condemn the implication of public declaration.
When meaning to criticise, the two words are similar in usage.
VI. Detailed Study: 103. livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the
skin after being hit (bruise)104. slur: an unfair damaging remark
Don't slur my brother's reputation.The rumours cast a slur upon my good
name.
VI. Detailed Study: 105. gravel: hammer106. quell: to quiet, to put down
The dictator quelled the uprising.The police used fire hoses and tear gas to
quell the rioters.107. hubbub: a mixture of loud noises
cf: din: distressing hubbub, causing the ear to suffer
VI. Detailed Study:
108. forlorn: (one who is) left alone and unhappyas forlorn as King Lear at the end of
his days.
VI. Detailed Study: 109. hail: a. to salute, greet with
enthusiastic approvalThe crowd hailed the victor.The people lined the streets to hail
the returning heroes.b. to summon by calling to hail a taxi / a passing boat
VI. Detailed Study:
110. on the books : (here) still listed in the law
VI. Detailed Study: 111. wake: track left by a ship on smooth
water in the wake of: after, followingSeagulls followed in the wake of the ship.The car left clouds of dust in its wake.Many troubles follow in the wake of war.
IV. Structural Analysis Part 1: A buzz ran ... his views
the setting of the scene Part 2: By the time ... for an oil
company the trail itself
Part 3: Not long ago...with the passing yearsthe ending
IV. Structural Analysis The process of the trial
Day 1: Preliminary fightJ. Scopes is here because ignorance and
bigotry are rampant. Today it is the teachers, and tomorrow it will be the magazines,… After a while, it is the setting of man against man... "That damned infidel."
IV. Structural Analysis
. The process of the trial Day 2: calling witnesses
Bryan: “The Christian believes that man came from above... The evolutionist believes…”
IV. Structural AnalysisJudge ruled against permitting the
scientists to testify for the defence. Climax of the trial: Darrow's trick to trap
Bryan.
IV. Structural Analysis
. The process of the trialDay 3: verdict: guilty, $100 fine and
costs. Victorious defeat.
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Metaphor: my case would snowball into... our town ...had taken on a circus
atmosphere.The street ...sprouted with ...… had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over
legalities…
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Hyperbole: The trial that rocked the world
Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm
round my shoulder.
AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from
above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn...
Repetition: The truth always wins...the truth...the
truth...
V. Rhetorical Devices: Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.A pun is a play on words, or
rather a play on the form and meaning of words.
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
V. Rhetorical Devices:For a church outreach visitation program, I
was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
V. Rhetorical Devices:
“My daddy’s an account.”“Really?”“Yeah. What does your daddy do?”“He’s a lawyer.”“Honest?”“ No, just the regular kind.”
V. Rhetorical Devices:
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points."
V. Rhetorical Devices:
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.Seven days without water makes
one weak.
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Then there was the man in the restaurant. “You're not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him. “Anything wrong with it?”
“Long time no see (sea),” the man replied.
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms. Malone called my conviction a "victorious
defeat".bitter sweet memories proud humilityorderly chaosa damned saint
V. Rhetorical Devices:
Ironymarching backwards to the glorious
age of the 16th centuryHiroshima---the liveliest city in the
world
Thank you!