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Lesson 19: Solid Waste June 6, 2006
ENV 150: Intro. to Environmental Health 1
ENV 150: Lesson 19 1
Lesson 19. Solid & Haz. Waste
Solid Wastes
Chuck TreserChuck TreserUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
Dept. of Environmental andDept. of Environmental and
Occupational Health SciencesOccupational Health Sciences
June 6, 2006June 6, 2006
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Lesson Overview
Solid Waste DisposalSolid Waste DisposalGeneration & StorageGeneration & Storage
Collection & TransportCollection & Transport
Disposal OptionsDisposal OptionsLandfillsLandfills
IncinerationIncineration
Alternatives to Waste DisposalAlternatives to Waste DisposalReductionReduction
Reuse / RecyclingReuse / Recycling
Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes
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ALL MATERIALS
• DISCARDED• SERVED ITS INTENDED PURPOSE
• BY-PRODUCT OF MINING OR
MANUFACTURING
SOLID, SEMI-SOLID, LIQUID OR CONTAINED GASEOUS MATERIAL
EXCLUDED UNDER §261 AS:
• SEWAGE
• CWA POINT DISCHARGE• IRRIGATION RETURN
• NUCLEAR WASTE
• IN SITU MINING WASTE
MATERIAL IS A RCRA SOLID WASTE IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER IT IS:• DISCARDED• USED• REUSED• RECYCLED• RECLAIMED• STORED OR ACCUMULATED FOR ANY OF THE ABOVE PURPOSES
GARBAGE,
REFUSE orSLUDGE
OTHER
MATERIAL IS NOTA SOLID WASTE
UNDER RCRA
RCRA Definition(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)
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Garbage
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
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MSWGeneration 1960 - 2003
Source: U.S. E.P.A, 2005
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MSW Generation by Type
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ENV 150: Lesson 19 7Source: U.S. E.P.A, 2005
Sources of MSW, U.S.2003
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Storage
Residential
Commercial
Compaction
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Residential Storage
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Commercial Storage
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Inadequate Capacity
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Compaction
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Collection & Transport
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Collection & Transport(Continued)
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Collection & Transport(Continued)
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Transfer Stations
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Transfer Stations (Continued)
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Transfer Stations (Continued)
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Transfer Stations (Continued)
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Disposal
Disposal Options:Sanitary LandfillIncinerationOther
CompostingOcean Dumping
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MSW Management, 2003
Source: U.S. E.P.A, 2005
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Disposal Options (Continued)
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Disposal Options (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills
Cedar Hills LandfillIssaquah, Washington
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Topsoil
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
When landfill is full,layers of soil and clayseal in trash
Methane storageand compressor
building
Electricitygenerator
building
Leachatetreatment system
Methane gasrecovery
Pipe collect explosivemethane gas used as fuel
to generate electricity
Compacted
solid waste
Leachatestorage tanks
Leachate
monitoringwell
Leachatemonitoring
well
GroundwaterGroundwater
Groundwatermonitoring
well
Groundwatermonitoring
well
Leachate pipesLeachate pipes Leachate pumped up
to storage tanks forsafe disposal
Leachate pumped upto storage tanks for
safe disposal
Clay and plastic liningto prevent leaks; pipescollect leachate from
bottom of landfill
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
Lesson 19: Solid Waste June 6, 2006
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Number of Landfills
Source: U.S. E.P.A, 2005
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Sanitary Landfills (Continued)
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Former Landfill Turned Park Cambridge, MA
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Incineration
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Incineration
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Incineration (Continued)
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Regulation of MSW
Resource Conservation & RecoveryAct (RCRA)
Increasingly stringent requirements forMSW
Essentially equivalent to HazardousWaste TSD
Subtitle C: Hazardous Wastes
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Questions
??
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Lesson 19. Solid & Haz. Waste
Alternative
Technologies
Chuck TreserChuck TreserUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
Dept. of Environmental andDept. of Environmental and
Occupational Health SciencesOccupational Health Sciences
June 6, 2006June 6, 2006
Lesson 19: Solid Waste June 6, 2006
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What can be done?
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Alternatives
Waste reduction
Reuse
Recycling
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Disposal Priorities
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Waste Reduction
Use less
Just in Time Inventory
Reduced Packaging
Household Hazardous Waste Collection
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Waste Reuse
Reuse of an item for thesame purpose
Bottle Recycling
Shopping Bags
Repair consumer goods
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Waste Recycling
Reuse or conversion of an item for a different purpose
Recycled products
Composting
Energy recovery
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Recycled Wastes
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Recycling Rates
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An Unfinished Agenda
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Recycling Rates
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MSW Recycling
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Recycling Plastics
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Composting
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Composting (Continued)
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Composting (Continued)
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Composting (Continued)
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Composting (Continued)
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Questions
??
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Lesson 19. Solid & Haz. Waste
Hazardous
Wastes
April HuffApril HuffNorth Seattle CommunityNorth Seattle Community
CollegeCollege
June 6, 2006June 6, 2006
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What makes it hazardous?
EPA classifies hazardous and toxicwaste in one or more of the followingcategories:
Ignitability
Corrosiveness
Reactivity
Toxicity
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A group of its own
Radioactive: very hazardous material(nuclear power plants, nuclearweapons production)
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Dealing with HazardousWastes
Various Methods
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Out of sight – out of mind
Where it goes, nobody knows!
Deep well injection
Surface impoundments
Hazardous waste landfills
Incineration
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Advantages
Safe method ifsites are chosen
carefully
Wastes can be
retrieved if
problems
develop
Low cost
Disadvantages
Leaks or spills atsurface
Leaks from
corrosion of well
casing
Existing fracturesor earth quakes
can allow wastes
to escape into
groundwater
Encourages
waste production
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Advantages Disadvantages
Inexpensive
Can store wastes
indefinitely with
secure double
liners
Groundwater
contamination
from leaking liners
(or no lining) or leak
In transport pipe
Air pollution from
volatile organic
compounds
Overflow from
flooding
Disruption and
leakage from
earthquakes
Promotes waste
production
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Surface Impoundment
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Figure 13-18Page 303
Impervious
clay
Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Earth Sand Plastic
cover
Impervious
clay cap
Clay cap
Earth
Water
table
Groundwater
Double leachate
collection system
Plastic
double
liner
Reactive
wastes
in drums
Groundwater
monitoring
well
Leak
detection
system
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Mass burn Incinerators
Commercial incinerators or cementkilns
Burn around 750 – 3000 degrees F
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Incinerator
Clean-up Methods
For soil & water
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Bioremediation
Injection of oxygen, microorganisms(bacteria) into contaminated soil or water.
Effective for organic wastes (pesticides,gasoline, diesel fuel, etc).
Does not work well with toxic metals,highly concentrated chemical wastes.
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Phytoremediation
Natural or genetically engineeredplants that filter and removecontaminants from the soil
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Figure 13-15Page 302
Trade-Offs
Phytoremediation
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to
establish
Inexpensive
Can reduce
material
dumped into
land fills
Produces little
air pollution
compared to
incineration
Low energy
use
Slow (can
take several
growing
seasons)
Effective only
at depth plant
roots can
reach
Some toxic
organic
chemicals
may
evaporate
from plant
leaves
Some plants
can become
toxic to
animals
Inorganic metal contaminantsOrganic contaminantsRadioactive contaminants
Brake fernPoplar tree
Indian mustard
Oil
spill
Groundwater
Soil Soil
Groundwater
Polluted
groundwater
inPollutedleachate
Decontaminatedwater out
Landfill
Willow tree
Phytoextraction
Roots of plants such as Indianmustard and brake ferns can
absorb toxic metals such as
lead, arsenic, and others andstore them in their leaves.
Plants can then be recycled or
harvested and incinerated.
Phytodegradation
Plants such as poplarscan absorb toxic organic
chemicals and break
them down into lessharmful compounds
which they store or
release slowly into theair.
Phytostabilization
Plants such as willowtrees and poplars can
absorb chemicals and
keep them fromreaching groundwater
or nearby surface
water.
RhizofiltrationRoots of plants such as
sunflowers with dangling
roots on ponds or ingreenhouses can absorb
pollutants such as radioactive
strontium-90 and cesium-137and various organic
chemicals.
Sunflower
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Brownfield's
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What are Brownfield's?
Industrial & commercial sites thathave been abandoned and in mostcases contaminated.
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Hazardous Waste Regulations
RCRA
Superfund (CERCLA)
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RCRA
Resource Conservation & RecoveryAct
Passed by US Congress in 1976
Amended in 1984
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RCRA
This law requires:
EPA to identify hazardous wastes & setstandards. (States manage)
Firms that store, treat, or dispose ofmore than 110 kg (220 lbs) per monthmust have permit.
Permit holders to use a cradle-to-grave
system for wastes.
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Superfund aka CERCLA
Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse Compensation & LiabilityAct
Passed in 1980 by US Congress
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CERCLA
Identify and clean up abandonedhazardous waste sites & undergroundtanks leaking toxic chemicals
National Priorities List
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CERCLA
To keep taxpayers from footing most ofthe bill clean ups are based on thepolluter-pays principle
The EPA is in charge of:Finding the parties responsible for each site.Ordering them to pay for the entire clean up.Suing them if they do not.
If no responsible found – money is drawn out ofthe “Superfund” for clean up.
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Lesson 19: Solid Waste June 6, 2006
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Hazardous WasteNightmare
The story of Love Canal
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Love Canal
Late 1800’s – early 1900’s
New dream community on the easternedge of Niagara Falls, NY proposed byWilliam T. Love.
Love felt that digging a short canalbetween the upper and lower NiagaraRivers, power could be generated cheaplyfor this “model city.”
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Niagara Falls
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Love Canal
Love’s project was not really feasibledue to economic times and newertechnology (alternating current). Healso ran out of money.
1910 – Love’s dream shattered.
Just a partial ditch (60 feet by 3000feet long) remained whereconstruction began for the canal.
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Love Canal
1910 – 1927 canal used by residents to fishand swim
1927 – land annexed by the city
1942 – 1952 Canal becomes municipal andindustrial chemical dumpsite for HookerChemical Co. 21,000 tons total weredumped in this area.
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Love Canal
1953 – the Hooker ChemicalCompany, owners and operators ofthis property, covered the canal withsoil and sold it to the Niagara FallsSchool Board for $1.00.
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Love Canal
1955 – elementary school andplayground constructed onsite.
1957 construction of homes werebuilt on this property.
By 1978 – 800 homes had been built.
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Love Canal
Trees and gardens were turning blackand dying.
Noxious puddles in yards andbasements.
Children returned from play withburns on their hands and faces.
Birth defect rates were rapidlyincreasing in this area.
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Love Canal
August 1978 – News story brokeabout Love Canal containinghazardous chemicals, several of themcarcinogens.
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Love Canal
Lois Marie Gibbs – “Mother of Superfund”created Love Canal HomeownersAssociation (LCHA).
Protested the situation to the government.
President Carter approved emergencyfinancial aid for the residents.
By end of August, 98 families had beenevacuated.
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Love Canal
Eventually all but 67 families wererelocated by 1979.
Superfund/CERCLA goes into effect 1980.
239 homes closest to the canal weredemolished and the southern section ofthe neighborhood declared uninhabitable.
Summer 1990 – 200 northern homesconsidered “habitable.” Black CreekVillage subdivision is established.
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Love Canal
Company has paid over $98 millionand then some for clean-up of siteand lawsuits.
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“The entire area is probably one ofthe most tested pieces of propertyon this planet. It’s probably one ofthe safest places to live.”
Mike Basile(spokesman for the EPA)
Assurances
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“I haven’t found a scientist yetwho would say the landfill won’tleak again. The logical flow ofwater in that community is fromthe landfill to the homes.”
Lois Gibbs
Doubts
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Love Canal
September 2004 – area officiallyremoved off of National PrioritiesList
Superfund Closer toHome
Gas Works Park
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Welcome to Gasworks!
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Gas Works Park
1900-1956 – Seattle Gas & Lightcompany purchased this land for a gasprocessing plant.
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Gas Works Park
1900-1930 – plant used coal , leavingbehind coal tar and underground plumesof a substance called napthalene.
Today that product remains underground,but is believed to be so deep it’s actuallybelow the bottom of Lake Union.
City Officials plan to leave it untouched.
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Gas Works Park
1930-1956 – plant used oil to convertto manufactured gas, which createda benzene plume.
Benzene is a by product of gasoline.
Plant closed in 1956 when naturalgas became the new way to heathomes.
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Gas Works Park
1961 – City of Seattle purchased land for$1.3 million dollars for future park. TheCity was fully aware of the contaminantsand agreed to clean them up.
1976 – After 3 years of hauling awaycontaminated soil, the park opens to thepublic.
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Gas Works Park
1984 – Park temporarily closed again dueto heighten concern of health hazards.
Park considered to be a Superfund site,but the state chose to clean it up instead.
Politics and money delayed a thoroughclean up until the 1990’s.
$4 million dollars later, Gas Works Parkwas reopened.
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Another Sign
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Gas Works Park
Site still remains contaminated.
Clean up still in progress.
Bottom line: don’t eat the soil ordrink the lake.
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Questions
??
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Web Resources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyhttp://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/hazwaste.htm
Household Hazardous Wasteshttp://outreach.missouri.edu/owm/hhw.htm
King County Local Hazardous WasteProgram
http://www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/house/
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