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Lesson Overview. 35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease. THINK ABOUT IT . More than 200 years ago, English physician Edward Jenner noted that milkmaids who contracted a mild disease called cowpox didn’t develop smallpox. At the time, smallpox was a widespread disease that killed many people. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lesson Overview35.3 Fighting
Infectious Disease
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THINK ABOUT IT – More than 200 years ago, English physician
Edward Jenner noted that milkmaids who contracted a mild disease called cowpox didn’t develop smallpox.
– At the time, smallpox was a widespread disease that killed many people.
– Could people be protected from smallpox by deliberately infecting them with cowpox?
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Acquired Immunity– How do vaccines and externally produced
antibodies fight disease?
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Acquired Immunity– How do vaccines and externally produced antibodies
fight disease?
– A vaccine stimulates the immune system with an antigen. The immune system produces memory B cells and memory T cells that quicken and strengthen the body’s response to repeated infection.
– Antibodies produced against a pathogen by other individuals or animals can be used to produce temporary immunity.
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Active Immunity – Active immunity may develop as a result of
natural exposure to an antigen (fighting an infection) or from deliberate exposure to the antigen (through a vaccine).
– Vaccination stimulates the immune system with an antigen.
– The immune system produces memory B cells and memory T cells that quicken and strengthen the body’s response to repeated infection.
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Acquired Immunity– Dr. Edward Jenner performed
an experiment in which he put fluid from a cowpox patient’s sore into a small cut he made on the arm of a young boy named James Phipps. As expected, James developed mild cowpox.
– Two months later, Jenner injected James with fluid from a smallpox infection. The boy didn’t develop smallpox.
– The boy’s cowpox infection had protected him from smallpox infection.
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Acquired Immunity– The injection of a weakened form of a
pathogen, or of a similar but less dangerous pathogen, to produce immunity is known as a vaccination.
– The term comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning “cow,” as a reminder of Jenner’s work.
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Passive Immunity – Antibodies produced against a pathogen
by other individuals or animals can be used to produce temporary immunity. If externally produced antibodies are introduced into a person’s blood, the result is passive immunity.
– Passive immunity lasts only a short time because the immune system eventually destroys the foreign antibodies.
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Passive Immunity – Passive immunity can occur naturally or by deliberate
exposure.
– Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus (across the placenta), or to an infant through breast milk.
– For some diseases, antibodies from humans or animals can be injected into an individual.
– For example, people who have been bitten by rabid animals are injected with antibodies for the rabies virus.
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Public Health and Medications
– How do public health measures and medications fight disease?
– Public health measures help prevent disease by monitoring and regulating food and water supplies, promoting vaccination, and promoting ways that avoid infection.
– Antibiotics can kill bacteria, and some antiviral medications can slow down viral activity.
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Emerging Diseases
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New and Re-Emerging Diseases
– Why have patterns of infectious diseases changed?
– Two major reasons for the emergence of new diseases are the ongoing merging of human and animal habitats and the increase in the exotic animal trade.
– Misuse of medications has led to the re-emergence of diseases that many people thought were under control.
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New and Re-Emerging Diseases
– In recent decades, a host of new diseases have appeared, including AIDS, SARS, hantavirus, monkeypox, West Nile virus, Ebola, and avian influenza (“bird flu”).
– Other diseases that people thought were under control are re-emerging as a threat and spreading to new areas.
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Misuse of Medications – Misuse of medications has led to the re-
emergence of diseases that many people thought were under control.
– For example, many strains of the pathogens that cause tuberculosis and malaria are evolving resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics and other medications.
– In addition, diseases such as measles are making a comeback because some people fail to follow vaccination recommendations.
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Venn Diagram or Compare/Contrast Chart
• Active Immunity • Passive Immunity
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