lesson 9 the interwar years: preparing for the next war
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Lesson 9 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War. Lesson Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lesson 9
The Interwar Years:Preparing for the Next War
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the major military lessons that each of the major combatants (Britain, France, US, Germany and Russia) took from World War I.
• Be able to describe and discuss the steps that each major combatant took to "prepare for the next war."
• Understand the military revolution that occurred during the interwar years.
• Be able to recount the major events in the 1930's that lead to war in Europe and the Pacific.
3
Seeds of
Versailles Treaty
Lessons of World War I
Great Depression
the Next WarWorld War II
Treaty of Versailles
Extremely harsh conditions • Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for war
Treaty of VersaillesTerritorial Concessions
Treaty of Versailles
• 269 billion gold marks ($64 B then, $834 B today)*
• Later reduced to 112 B gold marks ( $26.6 B) (1929)
• Equivalent to $360 B today *
Many feel this led to the economic collapse of the 1920’s that sewed the seeds of Fascism
* Based on CPI, 2012
Reparations
Treaty of VersaillesReparations Cycle
Germany Pays ReparationsTo Britain & France
Britain, FranceUS Banks
Pay War Debts to USLoan Money to Germany
Crash of 1929
Treaty of Versailles
Military Provisions • German army restricted to 100,000 men (long term contract)
• No conscription or training
• No tanks or heavy artillery
• Navy limited to 15,000 men
• 6 small battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, no U-boats
• No air force
Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause
''The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.''
Article 231
Treaty of Versailles
Extremely harsh conditions • Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for war
Treaty of Versailles
Video 10:16
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!Germany: Offense!
Britain: Sea Power!
U.S.: Stay out of war altogether
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense
Maginot Line
André Maginot (1877-1932)
French Minister of War (1922–1924, 1929–1930, 1931–1932)
"We could hardly dream of building a kind of Great Wall of France, which would in any case be far too costly. Instead we have foreseen powerful but flexible means of organizing defense, based on the dual principle of taking full advantage of the terrain and establishing a continuous line of fire everywhere."—December 10, 1929
Maginot Line
André Maginot (1877-1932)
French Minister of War (1922–1924, 1929–1930, 1931–1932)
"Whatever conception one can make of a future war, there is a necessity that remains imperious, it's to protect the territory from invasion. We know what disasters can accumulate so that victory itself isn't able to compensate for the irreparable damages. The defensive organization on the borders that we want to realize doesn't have any other goal than to block the way of a still possible invasion. Concrete is better in this way and is cheaper than a wall of chests..."
To the French Parliament, 1929
"Concrete is better … and is cheaper than a wall of chests..."
Maginot Line
• To avoid a surprise attack and to give alarm (trip wire)
Rationale:
• To cover the mobilization of the French Army (2 and 3 weeks).
• To save manpower: France 39,000,000 inhabitants, Germany 70,000,000
• To protect Alsace and Lorraine and their industrial infrastructure
• To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive.
Maginot Line
Defense in depth … but not everywhere
Maginot Line
Localized Defense in Depth
Maginot Line
Above and Below
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense
• Huge expenditure• Repeated mistake of 1914:
• assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored
• Had good armored forces
French Armor
Char B Heavy Tank
47 mm cannon
75 mm cannon
French Armor
French Char B German PzKpfw II *
* Panzerkampfwagen
Larger guns, heavier armor Faster, better suspension, more range
Radios
Superior Tactics
One-man turret
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense
• Huge expenditure• Repeated mistake of 1914:
• Assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored
• Had good armored forces• Not enough funds to develop properly• Neglected innovations in tactics
Lessons of World War I
Germany: Offense!Size of army limited by Versailles Treaty
• Not enough to defend against attack• Strategy: “Best defense is good offense”
Capitalized on tactics under development in WW I• Stormtrooper tactics + Armor = Blitzkreige
Lightning War!
German Armor
Encyclopedia Britannica
Interwar Years
Maginot Line video
11:39
Ten Military RevolutionsInfantry RevolutionArtillery RevolutionRevolution of Sail and ShotFortress RevolutionGunpowder RevolutionNapoleonic RevolutionLand Warfare RevolutionNaval RevolutionInterwar Revolutions in Mechanization,
Aviation, and InformationNuclear Revolution
Andrew F. Krepinevich“Cavalry to computer: the pattern of military revolutions”The National Interest, Fall 1994
Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information
Interwar Revolutions1920’s – ’30’s
Perfected concepts introduced in WW I• Mechanized warfare• Aerial warfare• Carrier aviation• Amphibious warfare• Radio-based command & control
Proliferation of new organizations• Armored divisions, • Carrier battle groups• Strategic bombardment wings
of World War I
“The War to End All War”
IdealismReality
“Only the dead have seen the end of war”
of World War IReality
“Only the dead have seen the end of war”
Hope
Renewed effort to limit war as an option
New focus on the Laws of War
Laws of War
The Ultimate Oxymoron?
Arms Control and the Laws of War
Download Slides
Treaties & ProtocolsPrecedents for the Laws of War
Kellogg – Briand Pact (1928) • Renounced war as an instrument of national policy
• Negotiated between • Fran B. Kellogg – US Secretary of State • Aristide Briand – French Foreign Minister
• Ultimately 62 nations signed the agreement
• Failed in goal of preventing war • First Violation: Japan in Manchuria (1931)
• Served as basis for concept of crime against peace • Nuremburg Trails (1945-1949)
• Still in force
Treaties & ProtocolsPrecedents for the Laws of War
Geneva Convention (1928) • Prohibit Use of Gas and Biological Methods of War
Geneva Convention (1929) • Treatment of Prisoners of War
Geneva Convention (1949) • I: Care of Sick and Wounded in the Field
• II: Care of Sick, Wounded and Shipwreck at Sea
• III: Treatment of Prisoners of War
• IV: Protection of Civilians in War
Treaties & ProtocolsPrecedents for the Laws of War
Geneva Convention (1975) • Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction
Arms Limitation
Can be considered almost a separate branch of the Laws of War
Attempts to limit or ban entirely certain weapons
First Arms Limitation?
Crossbow
By 11th & 12th centuries, crossbows could penetrate armor of knights.
Threaten to upset the balance of power:
• Semi-skilled peasants could anonymously kill gentlemen
First Arms Limitation?
Crossbow
Banned by Pope Innocent II for use in killing Christians.
• Second Lateran Council 1139
First Arms Limitation
“We prohibit under anathema that murderous art of crossbowmen and archers, which is hateful to God, to be employed against Christians and Catholics from now on.”
Second Lateran CouncilCanon 29
Pope Innocent II
EWTN: The Global Catholic Networkhttp://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/LATERAN2.HTM
Arms Limitation
Interest in arms limitation increased as war has become come mechanized and weapons more deadly and expensive
Arms LimitationEarly Attempt
St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868“The Contracting Parties engage mutually to renounce, in case of war among themselves, the employment by their military or naval troops of any projectile of a weight below 400 grammes, which is either explosive or charged with fulminating or inflammable substances. “
Intent: Ban the use of fragmentation, explosive, or incendiary small arms ammunition. (Wikipedia)
Signatories: Austria-Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, the North German Confederation (i.e., Greater Prussia), Russia, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey (i.e.,the Ottoman Empire), and Württemberg.
Only binding during war between signatories.
US not invited (not considered a major power at the time), took no part in convention, never ratified it.
Arms LimitationModern Controversy
Just because you are not a signatory, should you still abide by a humanitarian arms limitation treaty?
Arms LimitationModern Controversy
Weapon: .50 cal McMillan Tactical Sniper Rifle
Bullet: Raufoss Round
http://www.eme421.com/50calmac.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211
Arms LimitationModern Controversy
Video: Canadian Snipers
Afghanistan
Video
Arms Limitation
Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
• Response to post WW I naval building programs
• Limited tonnage, armament on capital ships and aircraft carriers• Five major naval powers
• US, Britain, Japan, France, Italy
Arms LimitationWashington Naval Treaty (1922)
Limits on capital ships • US: 525,000 tons
• Britain: 525,000 tons
• Japan: 315,000 tons
• France: 175,000 tons
• Italy: 175,000 tons
No capital ship could exceed 35,000 tons
Ratio 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.7 :1.7
Armament Limitation: 16-inch guns maximum
Arms LimitationWashington Naval Treaty (1922)
Limits on aircraft carriers • US: 135,000 tons
• Britain: 135,000 tons
• Japan: 81,000 tons
• France: 60,000 tons
• Italy: 60,000 tons
Each nation could have two carriers up to 33,000 tons; remaining carriers limited to 27,000 tons each.
Armament Limitations: 8-inch guns (max of 8 per ship)
Arms LimitationWashington Naval Treaty (1922)
Other Limits: • All other ships limited to
• 10,000 tons each (no limit on total tonnage)
• 8-inch guns or less
Arms LimitationWashington Naval Treaty (1922)
Impact of Treaty: • Navies modified existing capital ships
• Unusual designs evolved (treaty battleships, treaty cruisers) to remain within tonnage restrictions
• US built no battleships 1918-1937
• US concentrated on cruisers, aircraft carriers
Treaty Battleships
HMS NelsonDisplacement: 33,950 tons Main Armament: nine 16-inch guns
Displacement: 35,000 tons Main Armament: nine 16-inch gunsUSS North Carolina
Post-Treaty:
Treaty Cruisers
Displacement: 9,000 tons Main Armament: nine 8-inch gunsUSS Northampton CA-26
USS Baltimore CA-68WW II cruiser: more secondary armament
Displacement: 15,500 tons
Post-Treaty:
Battle Cruisers
USS Lexington CC-1Displacement: 43,500 tons Main Armament: eight 16-inch guns
Aircraft Carriers
USS Lexington CV-2
1929USN photohttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-l/cv2.htm
Note: 8 in. guns
Displacement: 33,000 tons
Aircraft Carriers
USS Lexington CV-2
Oct 1941USN photohttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-l/cv2.htm
Note: 5 in. guns
Aircraft Carriers
USS Lexington CV-2
USS Essex CV-9
Displacement: 35,000 tons (wartime)
Displacement: 27,100 tons
Significance of Treaties
Little impact on World War II• No use of poison gas
: still happened
Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9
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Exam 1
Covers lessons 1 - 9
Similar in format to quizzes
Should take 30-45 minutes… if you have been keeping up!
There will be a lecture following
Lesson 11
WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy
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Thesis
The grand scope of World War II was determined by a battle you never heard of fought before the war in Europe began.
Lesson Objectives
• Be able to recount the chains of events that led to the opening of hostilities in Europe and Asia in the 1930's.
• Understand the genesis and significant features of the strategies of each major combatant: • Germany and Japan • Britain, France, Soviet Union, U.S.
• Be able to recount and discuss the major events in World War II through the end of 1941.
• Understand the role of the advances in military technology since the end of The Great War on the events of the first two years of World War II.
End
Influences on World War II
Versailles Treaty
Lessons of World War I
Great Depression