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MINERALS AT HOME

TODAYS OBJECTIVESIdentify the importance of minerals at home, community and the societyDifferentiate types of mineral resourcesDescribe different ore deposits that contributes to countrys natural resource

Lets Watch a VIDEO.

We use minerals every day to grow, prepare, and eat our food. At the kitchen table, salt is used for seasoning, cutlery is made from stainless steel or may be silver plated, plates are made from clays, and glassware is made from silica (or perhaps on special occasions it is lead crystal).Modern tools for safe food storage and preparation (such as, refrigerators and stoves) are made from many mineral commodities and rely on copper wires for electric power or copper pipe for natural gas.

Can you give any household materials that contains minerals?

MINERAL RESOURCES

Lets make a KWL chart.What you knowWhat you want to knowWhat Ive Learned

First, Lets define the following terms.Mineral OccurrenceMineral OreMineral deposits

MINERAL OCCURENCEConcentration of mineral that is of SCIENTIFIC or TECHNICAL INTERESTEx. Gold Mining in LOBO batangas where different environmental groups pushed to have a fight against the ruin and exploitation of one of our countrys last remaining marine and wildlife sanctuaries.

Mineral OreNaturally occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of economic value can be extracted.Its mineral resources.

GOLD ORE

MINERAL DEPOSITSMineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditionsSee illustration 1.1

Types of Mineral ResourcesMetallic Mineral ResourcesGold, silver, copper, platinum, ironNon Metallic Mineral ResourcesTalc, fluorite, sulfur, sand, gravel

Occurrence of Mineral ResourcesGeologic ProcessesRock CycleMovement of Tectonic Plates

GEOLOGIC PROCESSESDeposits of nonrenewable mineral resources in the earths crust vary in their abundance and distribution.A very slow chemical cycle recycles three types of rock found in the earths crust:Sedimentary rock (sandstone, limestone).Metamorphic rock (slate, marble, quartzite).Igneous rock (granite, pumice, basalt).

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WHAT ARE THOSE PROCESSES INVOLVE IN ROCK FORMATION?IGNEOUS ROCK COOLING PROCESSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS NATURAL PROCESSES AND CHEMICAL PROCESSESMETAMORPHIC ROCKS FACTORS SUCH AS TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Fig. 15-8, p. 343ErosionTransportationWeatheringDepositionIgneous rock Granite, pumice, basaltSedimentary rock Sandstone, limestoneHeat, pressureCoolingHeat, pressure, stressMagma (molten rock)MeltingMetamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite

18Figure 15.8Natural capital: the rock cycle is the slowest of the earths cyclic processes. The earths materials are recycled over millions of years by three processes: melting, erosion, and metamorphism, which produce igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes, or can be recycled within its own class. QUESTION: List three ways that the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle.

Different Mineral ResourcesMagmatic Ore DepositsHydrothermal Ore DepositsSedimentary Ore DepositsPlacer Ore DepositsResidual Ore Deposits

Lets have a Group ActivityGroup 1 Magmatic Ore depositsGroup 2 Hydrothermal Ore depositsGroup 3 Sedimentary Ore depositsGroup 4 Placer Ore depositsGroup 5 Residual Ore Deposits

MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITSvaluable substances are concentrated within an igneous body through magmatic processes such as crystal fractionation, partial melting and crystal settling. magmatic processes can concentrate the ore minerals that contain valuable substances after accumulating elements that were once widely dispersed and in low concentrations within the magma.

EXAMPLESCRYSTAL SETTLINGFRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION

HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITSconcentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous (water-rich) fluids flowing through fractures and pore spaces in rocks hydrothermal solutions - are hot, residual watery fluids derived during the later stages of magma crystallization and may contain large amount of dissolved metals. These can also originate from the ground water circulating at depth that is being heated up by a cooling and solidifying igneous body or along depths with known geothermal gradient.

HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITSSuch hot water can dissolve valuable substances (at low concentrations) from rocks. As the metal enriched hot waters move into cooler areas in the crust, the dissolved substances may start to precipitate There are numerous hydrothermal mineral deposits as compared to the different types of deposits.

EXAMPLESVEIN TYPE DEPOSITSDISSEMINATED DEPOSITSMASSIVE SULPIDE DEPOSITSSTRATABOUND ORE DEPOSITS

SEDIMENTARY ORE DEPOSITSSome valuable substances are concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from lakes or seawater.

EXAMPLESEVAPORITE DEPOSITSIRON FORMATION

PLACER ORE DEPOSITSDeposits formed by the concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation during sedimentary processes. Concentration would be according to the specific gravity of substances, wherein the heavy minerals are mechanically concentrated by water currents and the less-dense particles remain suspended and are carried further downstream.

PLACER ORE DEPOSITS- Usually involves heavy minerals that are resistant to transportation and weathering. - Common deposits are gold and other heavy minerals such as platinum, diamonds and tin; - The source rock for a placer deposit may become an important ore body if located.

EXAMPLESHEAVY MINERALS THAT ARE RESISTANT TO TRANSPORTATION AND WEATHERINGGOLD,PLATINUM,DIAMONDS AND TIN.

RESIDUAL ORE DEPOSITSA type of deposit that results from the accumulation of valuable materials through chemical weathering processes. - During the process, the volume of the original rock is greatly reduced by leaching. - Important factors for the formation of residual deposit include parent rock composition, climate (tropical and sub-tropical: must be favorable for chemical decay) and relief (must not be high to allow accumulation)

EXAMPLESNICKELIFEROUS LATERITESSECONDARY ENRICHMENT DEPOSITS

Developing Mastery Through Film AnalysisStudents will watch a video, analyze it by means of EIBU ActivityThe EIBU Activity KNOWLEDGE BUILDINGExperience (setting up the concept)lnform (Gather and analyze information) Build Knowledge (Processing and Abstraction) Understand (Decision making)

EVALUATION

ASSIGNMENTThe following activity for Enrichment is adapted from What Parts of a Computer are Mined? of Ground Rules (https://mining.cat.com/cda/files/2786351/7/GroundRules-MineralsEverydayLife-15-18.pdf). Divide the class into 5 groups.

Assignment:Assign the following computer parts for each group to work on: Group 1: computer monitor Group 2: computer chip Group 3: computer circuitry Group 4: computer case Group 5: electrical cords Have each group prepare a short report about the designated component of the computer. Report should answer the following: - Identify the minerals and metals used to build the computer component - Identify the properties of each mineral/metal that makes it useful to the function of that computer part. - Select one specific mineral/metal from the computer part. Discuss how the mineral is formed (what are the ore minerals and the most realistic origin of the ore resource)

ASSIGNMENT- Based on the list, hypothesize what minerals would be useful for another electronic item (television, media player, mobile phone, etc.) - Discuss environmental implications of disposing outdated computer equipment. Should it be landfilled? Why is computer waste one of the biggest waste issues facing the world? Discuss the global implications of computer waste. 4. Reports to be submitted on the next class meeting.

LESSON 9: MINERAL RESOURCESDescribe MINING as a mineral resourceIdentify different mining processesUnderstand the environmental impact of MINING as a mineral resource

Complete your KWL.

Nonrenewable Mineral ResourcesThe Geological Survey classifies mineral resources into four major categories:Identified: known location, quantity, and quality or existence known based on direct evidence and measurements.Undiscovered: potential supplies that are assumed to exist.Reserves: identified resources that can be extracted profitably.Other: undiscovered or identified resources not classified as reserves

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Mining as Mineral Resource

Miningis the extraction of valuablemineralsor other geological materials from the earth from an orebody,vein,seam,reefor placer deposits which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.

Philippine Mining Act of 1995The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 is the main policy/ legislation which governs all mining operations in the country and includes various measures to protect the environment and defines areas in which mining can be allowed.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING MINERAL RESOURCESMinerals are removed through a variety of methods that vary widely in their costs, safety factors, and levels of environmental harm.A variety of methods are used based on mineral depth.Surface mining: shallow deposits are removed.Subsurface mining: deep deposits are removed.

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TYPES OF MINING PROCESSOPEN PIT MININGAREA STRIP MININGCONTOUR STRIP MININGMOUNTAIN TOP REMOVAL

Lets Have a Group ActivityGroup 1 Open Pit MiningGroup 2 Area Strip MiningGroup 3 Contour Strip MiningGroup 4 Mountain Top RemovalGroup 5 Environmental effects of Mining

Open-pit MiningMachines dig holes and remove ores, sand, gravel, and stone.Toxic groundwater can accumulate at the bottom.Figure 15-11

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Area Strip MiningEarth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit.Often leaves highly erodible hills of rubble called spoil banks.Figure 15-12

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Contour Strip MiningUsed on hilly or mountainous terrain.Unless the land is restored, a wall of dirt is left in front of a highly erodible bank called a highwall.Figure 15-13

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Mountaintop RemovalMachinery removes the tops of mountains to expose coal.The resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into the streams and valleys below.Figure 15-14

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Reflect:"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed people can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has." -Margaret Mead

Environmental Impacts of MiningAcid Mine Drainage Erosion and SedimentationCyanide & Other Toxic ReleasesDust EmissionsHabitat ModificationSurface and Groundwater Contamination

Coal mining affects the environmentStrip mining causes severe soil erosion and chemical runoffAcid drainage = sulfide minerals on exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rainwater to produce sulfuric acidMountaintop removal causes enormous damage

Coal mining harms human healthSubsurface mining is harmful to human healthMine shaft collapsesInhalation of coal dust can lead to fatal black lung diseaseCosts to repair damages of mining are very highThese costs are not included in the market prices of fossil fuels, which are kept inexpensive by government subsidiesMining companies must restore landscapes, but the impacts are still severeLooser of restrictions in 2002 allowed companies to dump rock and soil into valleys, regardless of the consequences

Now what do we do with it?Mining can become more environmentally sustainable by developing and integrating practices that reduce the environmental impact of mining operations. Their practices include measures such as reducing water and energy consumption, minimizing land disturbance and waste production, preventing soil, water, and air pollution at mine sites, and conducting successfulmine closure and reclamation activities.

Mining ImpactsMetal ores are smelted or treated with (potentially toxic) chemicals to extract the desired metal.Figure 15-15

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Gold ProcessingGold is treated with a Cyanide compound which produces a Gold-Cyanide complex which is solubleProblem: Hydrogen Cyanide gas is toxic

Fig. 15-10, p. 344Natural Capital DegradationExtracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources StepsEnvironmental effectsMiningDisturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards, mine waste dumping, oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heatExploration, extractionProcessingSolid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heatTransportation, purification, manufacturingUseNoise; ugliness; thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heatTransportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding

58Figure 15.10Natural capital degradation: some harmful environmental effects of extracting, processing, and using nonrenewable mineral and energy resources. The energy required to carry out each step causes additional pollution and environmental degradation.

Mining WasteSubsidence is a phenomenon where the surface collapses directly above a subsurface mine.Spoils are the unwanted rock and other waste left over after mining either on the surface or subsurfaceTailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the worthless fraction of an ore.

What to do with the wasteIncorporate the mine waste into Concrete for buildingsBackfill for roadsExtraction of other minerals

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING MINERAL RESOURCESThe extraction, processing, and use of mineral resources has a large environmental impact.Figure 15-9

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SUPPLIES OF MINERAL RESOURCESThe future supply of a resource depends on its affordable supply and how rapidly that supply is used.A rising price for a scarce mineral resource can increase supplies and encourage more efficient use.

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SUPPLIES OF MINERAL RESOURCESNew technologies can increase the mining of low-grade ores at affordable prices, but harmful environmental effects can limit this approach.Most minerals in seawater and on the deep ocean floor cost too much to extract, and there are squabbles over who owns them.

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Fig. 15-18, p. 351SolutionsSustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals Do not waste mineral resources. Recycle and reuse 6080% of mineral resources. Include the harmful environmental costs of mining and processing minerals in the prices of items (full-cost pricing). Reduce subsidies for mining mineral resources. Increase subsidies for recycling, reuse, and finding less environmentally harmful substitutes. Redesign manufacturing processes to use less mineral resources and to produce less pollution and waste. Have the mineral-based wastes of one manufacturing process become the raw materials for other processes. Sell services instead of things. Slow population growth.

64Figure 15.18Solutions: ways to achieve more sustainable use of nonrenewable mineral resources. QUESTION: Which two of the solutions do you think are the most important?

EVALUATION

ASSIGNMENTSpecial Report to be submitted in 2 weeks (group report, 5 members per group): Research on a local mine (location, mining history in the area, ore type, mineral product, separation process, annual production, etc.); include the companys existing social, environmental and rehabilitation projects.