Part 2

Growth of CapitalismLand marketCloth industry (wool)Enclosure movement

Peasants were forced from the landPeople forced into cities

The accumulation of capital and the supply of cheap labor paved the way for the development of capitalism

Foreign Trade and the ColoniesBy the 15th century, cloth became the bulk of

Britain’s tradeNeeded to find new trading routesJohn Hawkins (1532-1595)-started slave

trade in the second part of the 16th centuryFrancis Drake (1545-1595)Chartered Companies

East India CompanyEastland Company (Mediterranean)Moscow Company (Russia and Central Asia)

Strengthening of the governmentHenry VII (1457-1509)

1) Put down revolts

2) Strengthened the law courts

3) Increased the income of the government

England was relatively peaceful during this time

ReformationDiscontent over the Catholic Church in Rome

Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wifeAsked the Pope for permission but was denied1534 “Act of Supremacy”- Henry VIII declared

head of the English Church

Henry VIII took land formerly owned by the church and sold them or gave them to his favorite subjects

Struggle between the English Church and Catholicism

The English RenaissanceSir Thomas More

William Shakespeare

John Milton

Francis Bacon

The Bourgeois Revolution (Background)Capitalist mode of production needs two

basic conditionsA large number of employed workers and

domestic marketsA large amount of capital

Early 17th century was a period of class struggleBourgeoisie and the feudalistsPeasants against the enclosure movementPoor people wanted higher wages

Civil WarJames I – insisted on the “Divine Right of Kings”Charles I – conflict between the King and

ParliamentTried to arrest members of ParliamentCivil war begins January 5th, 1642

RoyalistsSupported King (feudal nobles)

Roundheads Supported Parliament (bourgeoisie, plebes, and

peasants)

The CommonwealthMay 1649 – England declared a “commonwealth”

IrelandScotland1653 – Cromwell is proclaimed “Lord Protector”

Bourgeoisie wanted restoration of monarchy1660 Charles II proclaimed King of England

William and Mary and “The Glorious Revolution”1689 – The Bill of Rights – limited powers of the

crown

Britain after the revolutionForeign affairs

Britain becomes a stronger sea and colonial power

13 Colonies in AmericaSeven Years (1756-1763) War with France in

America and India Treaty of Paris

House of Hanover and increasing power of Parliament

Economy

More RevolutionsThe American Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783 – Recognizes America’s independence

The French Revolution - 17891815 – Congress of Vienna

The Industrial RevolutionJames Watt 1769 – The steam engineGeorge Stephenson 1814- Steam locomotive