lesson 18.1: rebuilding the union today’s essential question: how did conflicts between the...

Lesson 18.1: Rebuilding the Union

Lesson 18.1: Rebuilding the Union

Today’s Essential Question: How did conflicts between the president and

Congress affect Reconstruction efforts?

Today’s Essential Question: How did conflicts between the president and

Congress affect Reconstruction efforts?

Vocabulary

• Reconstruction – process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union

• pardon – legal forgiveness for a crime• carpetbagger – Northerner who

supported Reconstruction as an opportunity for personal gain

• scalawag – Southerner who supported Radical Reconstruction

Check for Understanding

• What is today’s Essential Question?• What was supposed to be ‘rebuilt’

during Reconstruction?• Who receives a pardon?• What did carpetbaggers and

scalawags have in common?

What We Already KnowWhat We Already Know

At Lincoln’s urging, Congress had adopted

the Thirteenth Amendment, banning slavery in every state.

At Lincoln’s urging, Congress had adopted

the Thirteenth Amendment, banning slavery in every state.

What We Already Know

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address called for “malice toward none, with charity for all,” in

hopes that Northerners would resist the desire to punish the South.

What We Already KnowWhat We Already Know

Lincoln’s assassination ended all hope of an easy return of the

seceded states to the Union.

Lincoln’s assassination ended all hope of an easy return of the

seceded states to the Union.

Reconstruction Begins

• The issue in 1865 – building a new Southern society not based on slavery

• The process of readmitting the Confederate states is known as Reconstruction.

• Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877.

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

• Pardon for Confederate officials

• Once 10% of a state’s voters in the 1860 election took a pledge of loyalty to the Union, that state could hold elections and send representatives to Congress.

• To assist former slaves, the president established the Freedmen’s Bureau.

The Freedmen’s Bureau Established • Set up schools and hospitals for

African Americans• Distributed clothes, food, and fuel

throughout the South

Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

1. Why was Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan called the ‘ten-percent plan’?

1. Why was Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan called the ‘ten-percent plan’?

A. It allowed a state to return to the Union if ten percent of its citizens took an oath of loyalty to the United States.

B. Only ten percent of the population supported it.

C. It required ten percent of Southern states to guarantee civil rights for blacks.

D. It required the Confederacy to repay only ten percent of its debts to Northern citizens.

2. How did the Freedmen’s Bureau help former slaves?2. How did the Freedmen’s Bureau help former slaves?

Choose all that are true!Choose all that are true!

2. How did the Freedmen’s Bureau help former slaves?

A. It arranged for each Negro family to be given a mule and 40 acres of land.

B. It set up schools and hospitals for former slaves.

C. It gave clothes, food, and fuel to former slaves.

D. It protected former from scalawags and carpetbaggers.

E. It helped blacks register to vote.

Choose all that are true!

Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln as president.

• Andrew Johnson was a Tennessee Democrat who hated secession, a former slaveholder, and a stubborn, unyielding man.

• Reconstruction was the job of the president, not Congress.

Johnson’s Plan

• Although he was not concerned about what happened to the freedmen, Johnson based his plan on Lincoln’s.

• New state governments must ratify the Thirt-eenth Amendment and must recognize the supreme power of the federal government over the states.

Johnson’s Plan

• Johnson offered amnesty to most white Southerners if they pledged loyalty to the United States.

• Large plantation owners, top military officers, and ex-Confederate leaders had to apply for amnesty to Johnson personally.

Rebuilding Brings Conflict

Some states flatly refused to

ratify the Thirteenth

Amendment.

New Southern state

governments seemed very much like the

old ones.

Rebuilding Brings Conflict• The Southern states passed black codes,

which limited the freedom of former slaves. • Examples: written proof of employment, no

guns, no meeting in unsupervised groups• Such laws made many people in the North

suspect that white Southerners were trying to bring back the “old South.”

• Radical Republicans were angry and frustrated, and blamed Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan for this situation.

Which of the following was NOT part of Johnson's Reconstruction plan?

Which of the following was NOT part of Johnson's Reconstruction plan?A. Confederate states had to give up

slavery.B. Plantation owners had to give part of

their land to former slaves.C. Confederate states had to accept the

supreme power of the federal government.

D. Influential white Southerners had to pledge loyalty and personally ask Johnson for pardon.

3. What group was angered and frustrated by President Johnson’s

Reconstruction plan?

A. The Ku Klux Klan

B. The freedmen

C. Radical Republicans.

D. Southern upper classes

4. How did white Southerners plan to restore the old South?

A. By getting a Southerner elected to the presidency as soon as possible

B. By regaining control of Congress and overturning Lincoln's Reconstruction plan

C. By creating laws to return former slaves to plantation labor

D. By seceding again and starting a second Civil War

Rebuilding Brings Conflict

• When Congress met in December 1865, many of the Southern representatives had been Confederate leaders only months before.

• Congress refused to seat Southern represent-atives until a committee studied conditions in the South state by state.

• This let the president know that Congress planned to play a role in Reconstruction.

The Radical Republicans

• Republicans outnumbered Democrats in both houses of Congress, and most were moderates who believed in limiting the federal government’s involvement in the states’ affairs.

• The Radical Republicans, however, wanted the federal government to remake Southern politics and society.


Pennsylvania congressman Thaddeus Stevens and Massachusetts senator

Charles Sumner demanded full and equal citizenship for African Americans.


Radical Republicans wanted to destroy the

South’s old ruling class, . . .

Radical Republicans wanted to destroy the

South’s old ruling class, . . .


. . . and replace it with small farms,

free schools, respect for labor,

and political equality for all

citizens.

. . . and replace it with small farms,

free schools, respect for labor,

and political equality for all

citizens.


Urged on by the Radicals, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared that all persons born in the United States (except Native Americans) were

citizens, and all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race.

Declared that all persons born in the United States (except Native Americans) were

citizens, and all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Johnson vetoed the bill – ‘too much power to the national government.’

• Johnson was opposed to making African Americans full citizens, because it would “. . . operate against the white race.”

• Congress voted to override Johnson’s veto.

5. What changes did Radical Republicans want to see in the South?

A. Congressional control of the Reconstruction process

B. Full and equal citizenship for freed African Americans

C. The transformation of the South into a place of small farms, free schools, and political equality

D. Former slaves coming north to buy farms or to work in factories


6. How did Congress hope the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would

improve racial equality?• By establishing the 'separate but equal'

doctrine• By giving citizenship to all persons born in

the United States, including former slaves and their descendants

• By banning discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels and restaurants

• By granting all U.S. citizens the right to vote, regardless of race

The Fourteenth Amendment

• Republicans were not satisfied with passing laws that ensured equal rights, because laws could be overturned.

• They wanted equality to be protected by the Constitution itself.

• To achieve this goal, Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866.


• All people born in the United States were citizens and all citizens were to be granted “equal protection of the laws.”

• Any state that kept blacks from voting would lose representatives in Congress.


Johnson refused to support the

amendment, and all former Confederate

states except Tennessee rejected it.


• This rejection outraged even moderate Repub-licans, who agreed to join forces with Thaddeus Stevens and the Radicals.

• Together, they passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.

The Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Divided the South into five military districts, each run by an army commander.

• Members of the ruling class before the war lost their voting rights.

• To reenter the Union, Southern states would have to approve new state constitutions that gave the vote to all adult men, including African Americans.

• Each state would also have to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

7. What did the Fourteenth Amendment state?

A. All states must permit African Americans to vote in statewide elections.

B. Slavery was abolished in all states forever.

C. All people born in the United States were citizens and had equal rights.

D. The "separate but equal" doctrine could no longer be applied in the South.

8. What impact did the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 have on the South?

A. The South was divided into five military districts, each run by an army commander.

B. Members of the ruling class before the war lost their voting rights.

C. The Southern Democratic Party was abolished.

D. Southern states could reenter the Union after they wrote new state constitutions that allowed black men to vote.

E. Southern states must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.


9. What did the Radical Republicans require Southern states to do before

they could reenter the Union?

A. Allow all adult men to vote, including former slaves.

B. Divide plantations up into family-sized farms for freedmen to buy.

C. Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

D. Set up offices of the Freedmen's Bureau.


The New Southern Governments

About three-fourths of the delegates to the constitutional conventions were

Republicans.

About three-fourths of the delegates to the constitutional conventions were

Republicans.

In 1867, Southern states began

drafting new state constitutions.


Some were poor whites called

scalawags, who supported

Reconstruction as a way to get revenge against planters for

starting a ‘rich man’s war.’

Some were poor whites called

scalawags, who supported

Reconstruction as a way to get revenge against planters for

starting a ‘rich man’s war.’


• Others were called carpetbaggers, Northerners who rushed to the South after the war.

• Some of these Northerners sincerely wanted to contribute to Reconstruction, but others came to take advantage of opportunities to enrich themselves at the expense of former Confederates.


• The rest of the delegates were African Americans.

• Half of these had been free blacks before the war.

• Most of these delegates were ministers, teachers, or skilled workers.

The New Southern GovernmentsThe New Southern Governments

By 1870, the former Confederate states

were back in the Union and had

representatives in Congress.

By 1870, the former Confederate states

were back in the Union and had

representatives in Congress.


During Reconstruction, more than 600 African Americans served in state

legislatures, and 14 Southern congressmen were African Americans.

During Reconstruction, more than 600 African Americans served in state

legislatures, and 14 Southern congressmen were African Americans.

Johnson Is Impeached

President Johnson opposed many of the reform efforts during Radical Reconstruction.This opposition made many Radical Repub-licans hate Johnson.

President Johnson opposed many of the reform efforts during Radical Reconstruction.This opposition made many Radical Repub-licans hate Johnson.

Johnson Is Impeached

Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, in violation of the Tenure of

Office Act.

Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, in violation of the Tenure of

Office Act.

Johnson Is Impeached• The House of Representatives

voted to impeach the president, and the case moved to the Senate for trial.

• After several weeks of testimony, President Johnson was acquitted by a single vote.

• Still, Johnson was left powerless, and the Radical Republicans were in complete control of Reconstruction.

10. To what THREE groups did the Republican state constitutional convention delegates belong?

A. Poor white farmers called scalawags

B. Carpetbaggers from the North

C. Free blacks

D. Former Confederate government officials


11. Why did most Southerners hate carpetbaggers and scalawags?

A. Those groups often worked with the Democrats.

B. Those groups often became rich and influential.

C. Those groups usually were secret members of the Ku Klux Klan.

D. Those groups usually helped blacks get civil rights and economic opportunities.


12. What was the real reason for Johnson’s impeachment by the

Radical Republicans?

A. He violated the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.

B. He was a strong supporter of the Fourteenth Amendment.

C. He fought against the Radical Republic-ans for control of Reconstruction.

D. He wanted to give all freedmen forty acres and a mule.

lesson 18.1: rebuilding the union today’s essential question: how did conflicts between the...

Documents

lincolns reconstruction

percent of southern

confederate states

vocabulary reconstruction

reconstruction efforts

percent plan pardon

united states

seceded states