lesson 1 introduction to personality
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Introduction to Personality TheoryPSY136 – Personality 1
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Personality
• Came from the word persona, a mask worn by Roman actors to project a role.
• A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
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Traits
• Contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations.
• Pattern is different for each individual.
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Characteristics
• Unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
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Theory
• A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.
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Philosophy
• Love of wisdom• It deals with what ought to be• Theories deal with if-then statements.
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Speculations
• Theories rely on speculations.• Speculation and empirical observation are
essential cornerstones of theory building, but must not run rampantly in advance of controlled observation.
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Hypothesis• An educated guess or prediction specific
enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method.
• A theory can generate several hypotheses.
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Taxonomy
• Classification of things according to their natural relationships.
• It is essential to the development of science.
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Why Different Theories?
• Varying frames of reference, based on the author’s personal backgrounds, childhood experiences, philosophy, interpersonal relationships, and unique ways of looking at the world.
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What Makes a Theory Useful?• Stimulates and guides
future research.• It is falsifiable; precise
enough to support or reject its major tenets.
• It is able to organize research data that are incompatible with each other.
• Ability to guide practitioners over the rough course of daily problems.
• It must be consistent with itself.
• It is parsimonious.
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Each personality theorist has an explicit or implicit concept of humanity.
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Concept of Humanity
• Determinism vs. Free Choice• Pessimism vs. Optimism• Causality vs. Teleology• Conscious vs. Unconscious• Biological vs. Social Forces• Uniqueness vs. Similarity