lesson 1

A

REPORT ON

WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS

FOR MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mrs.Swati Chabbra Anjali

11-MB-05

LALA LAJPAT RAI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MOGA

2011-2013

Table of contents

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.CHAPTER-1 Basic concepts

1.1Introduction1.2Objectives1.3Meaning of computer1.4Characterstics1.5History1.6Types of computer1.7Componenets

334

5-678

9-11CHAPTER-2 MICROSOFT WORD

2.1Introduction2.2Word-processing2.3Features of MS-WORD2.4Getting started

1212-1313-1414-22

CHAPTER-3 MICROSOFT EXCEL3.1 Introduction3.2 Spreadsheet3.3 Features3.4 Formulas or functions

2323

23-2424-28

Questions1.LAN/WAN2.Internet/intranet3.World Wide Web4.Highlight text(MS-word)5.Bold text (MS-word)6.Functions of UNDO7.Computer/Typewriter8.Save document (MS-word)

29303131313233

34-35

Lala lajpat Rai Institute Of Engineering and Technology

CHAPTER 1- BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Let us begin with the word ‘compute’. It means ‘to calculate’. We all are familiar with

calculations in our day to day life. We apply mathematical operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, etc. and many other formulae for calculations. Simpler

calculations take less time. But complex calculations take much longer time. Another factor

is accuracy in calculations. So man explored with the idea to develop a machine which can

perform this type of arithmetic calculation faster and with full accuracy. This gave birth to a

device or machine called ‘computer’.

The computer we see today is quite different from the one made in the beginning. The

number of applications of a computer has increased, the speed and accuracy of calculation

has increased. You must appreciate the impact of computers in our day to day life.

Reservation of tickets in Air Lines and Railways, payment of telephone and electricity bills,

deposits and withdrawals of money from banks, business data processing, medical diagnosis,

weather forecasting, etc. are some of the areas where computer has become extremely useful.

However, there is one limitation of the computer. Human beings do calculations on their

own. But computer is a dumb machine and it has to be given proper instructions to carry out

its calculation. This is why we should know how a computer works.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

After going through this lesson you will be in a position to

define a computer

identify characteristics of computer

know the origin and evolution of computer

identify capability of computer in terms of speed and accuracy

distinguish computer from human beings and calculator

identify the role of computer

appreciate the evolution of computer through five generations


1.3 MEANING OF COMPUTER?

Computer is an electronic device. As mentioned in the introduction it can do arithmetic

calculations faster. But as you will see later it does much more than that. It can be compared

to a magic box, which serves different purpose to different people. For a common man

computer is simply a calculator, which works automatic and quite fast. For a person who

knows much about it, computer is a machine capable of solving problems and manipulating

data. It accepts data, processes the data by doing some mathematical and logical operations

and gives us the desired output.

Therefore, we may define computer as a device that transforms data. Data can be anything

like marks obtained by you in various subjects. It can also be name, age, sex, weight, height,

etc. of all the students in your class or income, savings, investments, etc., of a country.

Computer can be defined in terms of its functions. It can i) accept data ii) store data, iii)

process data as desired, and iv) retrieve the stored data as and when required and v) print the

result in desired format. You will know more about these functions as you go through the

later lessons.

Fig. 1.1 below depicts a personal computer.

Fig. 1.1: Personal Computer


1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

Let us identify the major characteristics of computer. These can be discussed under the

headings of speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and memory.

1.4.1 Speed

As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we

take hours to complete. Suppose you are asked to calculate the average monthly income of

one thousand persons in your neighborhood. For this you have to add income from all sources

for all persons on a day to day basis and find out the average for each one of them. How long

will it take for you to do this? One day, two days or one week? Do you know your small

computer can finish this work in few seconds? The weather forecasting that you see every

day on TV is the results of compilation and analysis of huge amount of data on temperature,

humidity, pressure, etc. of various places on computers. It takes few minutes for the computer

to process this huge amount of data and give the result.

You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions

and even more per second. Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of

microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or nano-second (10-9 part of a second). From this you can

imagine how fast your computer performs work.

1.4.2 Accuracy

Suppose some one calculates faster but commits a lot of errors in computing. Such result is

useless. There is another aspect. Hence, in addition to speed, the computer should have

accuracy or correctness in computing.

The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the

same accuracy. The accuracy level is determined on the basis of design of computer. The

errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data.

1.4.3 Diligence


A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours

without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will

perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers

human being in routine type of work.

1.4.4 Versatility

It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your

computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or

to prepare electric bills.

1.4.5 Power of Remembering

Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can

be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely

upon you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these

data.

1.4.6 No IQ

Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It

performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you

want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.

1.4.7 No Feeling

It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get

tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.

1.4.8 Storage

The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also

store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your

computer and can be carried to other computers.


1.5 HISTORY OF COMPUTER

History of computer could be traced back to the effort of man to count large numbers. This

process of counting of large numbers generated various systems of numeration like

Babylonian system of numeration, Greek system of numeration, Roman system of

numeration and Indian system of numeration. Out of these the Indian system of numeration

has been accepted universally. It is the basis of modern decimal system of numeration (0, 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Later you will know how the computer solves all calculations based on

decimal system. But you will be surprised to know that the computer does not understand the

decimal system and uses binary system of numeration for processing.

We will briefly discuss some of the path-breaking inventions in the field of computing

devices.

1.5 .1 Calculating Machines

It took over generations for early man to build mechanical devices for counting large

numbers. The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian and

Chinese people.

The word ABACUS means calculating board. It consisted of sticks in horizontal positions on

which were inserted sets of pebbles. A modern form of ABACUS is given in Fig. 1.2. It has a

number of horizontal bars each having ten beads. Horizontal bars represent units, tens,

hundreds, etc.


Fig. 1.2: Abacus Computer

1.6 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Now let us discuss the varieties of computers that we see today. Although they belong to the

fifth generation they can be divided into different categories depending upon the size,

efficiency, memory and number of users. Broadly they can be divided it to the following

categories.

1. Microcomputer: Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the computer range in terms

of speed and storage capacity. Its CPU is a microprocessor. The first microcomputers

were built of 8-bit microprocessor chips. The most common application of personal

computers (PC) is in this category. The PC supports a number of input and output

devices. An improvement of 8-bit chip is 16-bit and 32-bit chips. Examples of

microcomputer are IBM PC, PC-AT .

2. Mini Computer: This is designed to support more than one user at a time. It

possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mini computer is

used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type

of computer is generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation.

They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks (LAN).

3. Mainframes: These types of computers are generally 32-bit microprocessors. They

operate at very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the work

load of many users. They are generally used in centralised databases. They are also

used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN). Example of mainframes

are DEC, ICL and IBM 3000 series.

4. Supercomputer: They are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high

processing speed compared to other computers. They have also multiprocessing

technique. One of the ways in which supercomputers are built is by interconnecting

hundreds of microprocessors. Supercomputers are mainly being used for whether

forecasting, biomedical research, remote sensing, aircraft design and other areas of

science and technology.


1.7 Components of a Computer System

Software is stored on hardware such as hard disks or tape. Monsters, Inc. can be recorded

on a VCR tape. But the computer program (and the TV episode) is intangible. It is not the

physical storage medium.

The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical parts.

The software components of a computer system are the intangible parts: the data and the

computer programs.

The major hardware components of a computer system are:

Processor

Main memory

Secondary memory

Input devices

Output devices

You probably have a computer in front of you. The processor, main memory, and

secondary memory devices are inside the systems unit. This is the metal box that is

sometimes called "the computer." The monitor (the TV-like screen) is an output device.

1.7.1Hardware Components

The terms "input" and "output" say if data flow into or out of the systems unit. The picture

shows the major hardware components of a computer system. The arrows show the

direction of data flow. It is a pathway for data flowing between components. Most devices

are connected to the bus through a controller which coordinates the activities of the device

and the bus.

1.7.1(a) The processor


It is an electronic device about a one inch square, covered in plastic. Inside the square is an

even smaller square of silicon containing millions of tiny electrical parts. A processor may

contain 100 million transistors. The processor is the "brain" of the computer system. It

does the fundamental computing within the system, and directly or indirectly controls all

the other components.

The processor is sometimes called the Central Processing Unit or CPU. A particular

computer will have a particular type of processor, such as a Pentium .

1.7.1(b) Memory

The processor is the brain of the computer. All fundamental computing takes place in the

processor. Other components contribute to the computation (by doing such things as

moving data in and out of the processor), but the processor is where the fundamental action

takes place.

Unlike a human brain, which combines memory with processing power, a computer

processor has very little memory. It must rely on other components to hold data and

programs and to save results. The memory in a computer system is of two fundamental

types:

1.7.2Input and Output Devices

Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact with the outside world by

moving data into and out of the system. An input device is used to bring data into the

system. Some input devices are:

Keyboard

Mouse

Microphone

An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some output devices are:

Monitor

Printer

Speaker


Input/output devices are usually called I/O devices. They are directly connected to an

electronic module inside the systems unit called a device controller. For example, the

speakers of a multimedia computer system are directly connected to a device controller

called an audio card (such as a Soundblaster), which in turn is connected to the rest of the

system

What counts as an I/O device depends on context. To a user, an I/O device is something

outside of the system box. To a programmer, everything outside of the processor and main

memory looks like an I/O devices. To an engineer working on the design of a processor,

everything outside of the processor is an I/O device.


CHAPTER 2- MICROSOFT WORD

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Let us consider an office scene. Many letters are typed in the office. The officer dictates a

letter. The typist first types a draft copy of the letter. The officer goes through it to check

mistakes regarding spelling errors, missing words, etc. and suggests corrections. The typist

changes the letter as suggested by the officer. This is a simple example of word processing.

There are many software packages to do the job of word processing. Some of them work in

DOS environment. Example are WordStar, Word Perfect and Professional Write. But in these

days working in WINDOWS is becoming more and more popular. So let us consider

software for word processing which works in WINDOWS. Our choice is MS-WORD

because it is the most popular software in these days.

MS-WORD is a part of the bigger package called MS OFFICE, which can do much more

than word processing. In fact when you open up MS OFFICE you will find four main

components in it. They are MS-WORD (for word processing), MS EXCEL (for spreadsheet),

MS ACCESS (for database management) and MS POWERPOINT (for presentation

purposes). However, we will limit ourselves to MS-WORD only in this lesson.

2.2WHAT IS WORD-PROCESSING?

Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save

documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a

keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any,

deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.

2.2(A) Advantages of Word Processing

One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word

processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document.


2.2(B) Features of Word Processing

Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents.

They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the

documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor

i. Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily.

ii. Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted.

iii. Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document.

iv. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.

v. Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility.

vi. Multiple document/files can be merged.

vii. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mail-

merge facility.

2.2(C) Some Common Word Processing Packages

The followings are examples of some popular word processor available

Softword

WordStar

Word perfect

Microsoft word

2.3 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-WORD

Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Some of the

important features of Ms-Word are listed below:

i. Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required,

by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.

ii. Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.

iii. Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer

can be included.


iv. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire

document. Word count and other statistics can be generated.

v. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can

be made.

vi. Tables can be made and included in the text.

vii. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical

pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from

Clip Art Gallery.

viii. Word also provides the mail-merge facility.

ix. Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some

function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.

x. It also provides online help of any option.

2.4 GETTING STARTED WITH MS-WORD

We have already told you that for working in Ms-Word you should be familiar with

WINDOWS. If you have not covered WINDOWS so far then read that first and then go

through MS-WORD. By now you must be aware of the fact that a software package is

improved from time to time. These improvements are sold in the market as new versions of

the same software. Thus you will find many versions of MS-WORD being used in different

offices. In this lesson we will cover the version MS-WORD 97, which is latest in the market

and contain many improvements over the older versions.

While working in MS-WORD you have to work with a mouse. Also one can work, to some

extent, through the keyboard. The use of mouse is simpler as it is fully menu driven. In MS-

WORD every command is available in the form of ‘icons’.

You can go inside MS-WORD by the following way

1. Take the mouse pointer to START button on the task bar. Click the left mouse button.

The monitor will show like as follows:


FIG 2.1

2. Move the pointer to programs. You will notice another menu coming up to the right.

3. In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. Move the cursor horizontally

to come out of programs.

4. Move into the rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse

button there. The computer will start MS-WORD. You will find the screen as follows.


Fig 2.2


Let us discuss the important components of the screen.

(a)Title Bar

The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other

WINDOWS applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.

(b) Tool Bars

Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of

the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two

toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made

ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu.

(c) Ruler Bar

The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.

(d) Status Bar

The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the

page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so

on.

(e) Scroll Bar

The Scroll Bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do so by moving

the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked

on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.

(f) Workspace

The Workspace is the area in the document window were you enter/type the text of your

document.

(g) Main Menu


The Word main menu is displayed at the top of the screen as shown in the 2.2 . The main

menu further displays a sub menu. Some of the options are highlighted options and some of

them appear as faded options. At any time, only highlighted options can be executed, faded

options are not applicable. Infect if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it. You

may not that any option faded under present situation may become highlighted under

different situations.

MAIN MENU OPTIONS:-The overall functions of all the items of main menu are

explained below.

(a) File:-You can perform file management operations by using these options such as

opening, closing, saving, printing, exiting etc. It displays the following sub menu.

Fig 2.3 File Sub menu

(b) Edit:-Using this option you can perform editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, find

and replace etc. It displays the following sub menu.


Fig.2.4 Edit Sub menu

(c) View:-Word document can be of many pages. The different pages may have different

modes. Each mode has its limitations. For example in normal mode the graphical picture

cannot be displayed. They can only be displayed in page layout mode. Using the option

"View" you can switch over from one mode to other. It displays the following Sub menu.

Fig.2.5 view sub menu

(d) Insert:-Using this menu, you can insert various objects such as page numbers, footnotes,

picture frames etc. in your document. It displays the following Sub menu.


Fig. 2.6 Insert Submenu

(e) Format

Using this menu, you can perform various type of formatting operations, such as fonts can be

changed, borders can be framed etc. It displays the following Sub menu.

Fig. 2.7 Format Submenu

(f) Tools:-Using this menu, you can have access to various utilities/tools of Word, such as

spell check, macros, mail merge etc. It displays the following Sub menu.


Fig. 2.8 Tool Submenu

(g) Table:-This menu deals with tables. Using this menu you can perform various types of

operations on the table. It displays the following Sub menu.

Fig.2.9 Table Sub menu

(h) Window


This menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously. This would require two

windows to be opened so that each one can hold one document. Using this menu, you can

switch over from one window to another. It displays the following Sub menu.

Fig 2.10 Window Sub menu

(i) Help:-Using this menu, you can get on-line help for any function.

Fig 2.11


Chapter 3- Microsoft Excel

3.1 Introduction

Microsoft Excel is a powerful electronic spreadsheet (a table or grid arranged in rows and

columns) developed by Microsoft and is used to store, organize, manipulate and report on

different types of data.

As you can see, it's a rectangular table or grid of rows and columns. The horizontal rows are

identified by numbers (1,2,3, etc.) and the vertical columns are identified by letters (A,B,C,

etc.). Excel is capable of handling up to 256 columns and 65,536 rows. Columns beyond the

letter Z (column 26) are identified by two or more letters such as AA, AB, AC, etc.

The intersection between a column and a row is a small rectangular box called a cell. A cell is

the basic unit for storing data in the spreadsheet. Because an Excel spreadsheet contains

thousands of these cells, each cell is identified by a cell reference or address. The cell

reference is a combination of the column letter and the row number such as A3, B6, AA345.

3.2 Spreadsheet

A table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value can have a predefined

relationship to the other values. If you change one value, therefore, you may need to change

other values as well.

Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply as spreadsheets)

are computer programs that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically. In a

spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of data is in each

cell and how different cells depend on one another. The relationships between cells are

called formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.

3.3`Features of ms-excel:-

1. It is a spreadsheet program consisting of worksheet which looks like a table having

rows and columns.

2. A single worksheet contains a total of 65536 rows and 256 columns.


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3. It is fast,competent and accurate as compared to normal calculator and manual

calculations.

4. It also provides the facility to apply formatting on text such as font,

size,colour,alignment(left,center,right).

5. A cell color, border ,height and width can also be modified and two or more cells can

also be merged.

6. Different built-in functions such mathematical, statistical, financial etc. is helpful for

complex calculations.

7. COMPARE WORKBOOKS SIDE BY SIDE allows to see the differences between

two workbooks more easily, without having to merge all the changes into one

workbook.

8. It allows you views such as Normal view, page break view, and custom view.

9. Information rights management (IRM) which helps you prevent sensitive information

from getting into the hands of the wrong people.

10. Task pane is the facility which contains various commands which are activated all the

time.

3.4 Excel formulas or functions:-

A function is a small assignment that is performed to produce a result that can be reliably

used without caring as how the functions works or how it was created.

In order to use a function more effectively.You should first know whether

it is available and what you need to do to make it work. A function involves three main

issues:-

Name of function

Purpose of function

Result of function

To use a function in your spreadsheet ,you can display its result in a cells. There are

various functions of excel which are as follows:-

1.COUNT FUNCTION:-

Excel has a number of Count Functions that will total the number of cells in a selected range.

The reason that there is more than one COUNT function is that each one does a slightly

different job.


Excel 2003 COUNT Function

The COUNT function's job is to only add up the cells in a selected range that contain

numbers. It ignores empty cells or those contain text. If a number is later added to an empty

cell the function will be automatically updated to include this new data.

2.SUM FUNCTION:-

Calculations in Excel are often used to total a column or a row of data. The Excel SUM

function offers a shortcut to adding up these columns and rows of data.

If we were to create a formula that adds up the contents of cells B7 to B10, the formula would

be:

=B7+B8+B9+B10

The SUM function allows us to write only the start and end points of the data range separated

by a colon ( : ) and the function will add together the contents of all the cells in the range.

The same formula, written using the SUM function would be:

= SUM(B7 : B10)

3.AVERAGE FUNCTION:-

The AVERAGE function can be used to find the average, or arithmetic mean, of values in a

selected range of cells.


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The function is written as follows:

= AVERAGE (argument)

Example Using Excel's AVERAGE Function:

For help with this example, see the image to the right.

1. Enter the following data into cells C1 to C6: 11,12,13,14,15,16.

2. Click on cell C7 - the location where the results will be displayed.

3. Type " = average( " in cell C7.

4. Drag select cells C1 to C6 with the mouse pointer.

5. Type the closing bracket " ) " after the cell range in cell C7.

6. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard.

7. The answer - 13.5 - should be displayed in cell C7.

8. The complete function = AVERAGE (C1 : C6) appears in the formula bar above the

worksheet.

4.DATE FUNCTION:-

There are a number of date functions available in Excel. Depending on your needs, you can

use a date function in Excel to return the current date, the current time, or the day of the

week. This article covers using the most commonly used date functions used in

Excel: =TODAY() and =NOW() =TODAY() or =NOW() functions. Both of these date

functions draw their data from the computer's built-in clock. Computers store the date as a

number representing the number of full days since midnight January 1, 1900 plus the number

of hours, minutes, and seconds for the current day. This number is called a serial date.

=TODAY()


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This function returns the current date. To display the date in a different format than the

default:

1. Click on Format > Cells in the menus to bring up the Format Cells dialog box.

2. Click on the Number tab.

3. Select Date in the Category window.

4. Pick from the available formats in the Type window.

=NOW()

This function returns both the current date and time. To change the display to show just the

date, follow the steps for the =TODAY() function above.

To change the display to show just the time:

1. Click on Format > Cells in the menus to bring up the Format Cells dialog box.

2. Click on the Number tab.

3. Select Time in the Category window.

4. Pick from the available formats in the Type window.

5.MAXIMUM FUCTION:-

The MAX function, one of Excel's statistical functions, is used to find the largest or

maximum number in a given list of values or arguments.

The syntax for the MAX function is:

=MAX( argument1, argument2, ... argument30 )

Argument1, argument2, ... argument30 can be numbers, named ranges, arrays, or cell

references. Up to 30 arguments can be entered.

Example Using Excel's MAX Function:

For help with this example, see the image above.


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1. Enter the following data into cells C1 to C6: 114,165,178,143,130,167.

2. Click on cell C7 - the location where the results will be displayed.

3. Type = max( in cell C7.

4. Drag select cells C1 to C6 with the mouse pointer.

5. Type the closing bracket " ) " after the cell range in cell C7.

6. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard.

7. The answer 178 appears in cell C7.

8. The complete function = MAX ( C1 : C6 ) appears in the formula bar.



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Questions :-

Que1.Difference between LAN and WAN?

LAN WAN

1 LAN LAN (Local Area Network) is a

computer network covering a small

geographic area. Home, office, or schools

WAN WAN (Wide Area Network) is a

computer network that covers a broad area

and whose communications links cross

over other WANs. Metropolitan, regional,

national and international networks are an

example.

2 LAN Usually uses networking

technologies like Ethernet.

WAN Uses technologies like Frame Relay

or X.25

3 LAN Typically runs across user-owned

network infrastructure. Cables, modems,

computers, routers.

WAN Typically run across leased lines,

and expensive equipment (like satellites,

communications towers and

communications centres) and ownership

may be distributed among several

organizations.

4 LAN Typically offers high data transfers

rates with good quality cables and small

distances between endpoints.

WAN Usually slower transfer rates.

Distances usually impact on data transfer

rates even if these are equal to LAN

(10/100/1000 Mbps). Latency is much

more visible in WANs due to the distances

sometimes involved and the number of

devices (or hops) a data packet has to

travel through.

5 LAN Cheap to setup and maintain. WAN Expensive to setup and maintain.

Only at the reach of large communication

corporations and governments.


Ques 2.Difference between Internet and Intranet?

The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An

intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's protected by a password and

accessible only to employees or other authorized users.

INTERNET INTRANET

1 Slow access speeds (e.g.

56Kbps dial up connectivity)

Faster access speeds (e.g.

100Mbps LAN connectivity).

2 Different types of web

browsers are used to view the

website (e.g. Netscape, IE,

Opera)

Standardized type of

browser. Minimal or no

compatibility issues

3 Different types of operating

systems are used to view the

website (e.g. Windows, Mac)

Standardized type of

operating systems

4 Global audience (e.g.

multilingual, different

cultures)

Primarily local audience


Que 3.What is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web is a user interface to the Internet. The Internet is a set of computers

connected to each other with a network. Each of these computers either knows how to speak,

(or knows another computer that knows how to speak), a language called TCP/IP.

Here is a picture of the Internet in North America. The heavy white lines are what is known

as the "Backbone" of the Internet. Each yellow or pink line is a connection to a "Provider"

such as OARnet. OARnet is our Internet provider (along with a great many other schools and

businesses in Ohio). Soon, MCI will also be providing Internet services to us. Each little

green dot is connected to hundreds (even thousands) of other networks such as the network

we have at Ohio University.

The World Wide Web is an easy to use, transparent us er interface to these computers. You

don't need to know where the computers are or how many exist, in order to use the World

Wide Web. That is it's allure. The World Wide Web is to the Internet as Microsoft Windows

(or a Macintosh) is to DOS.

Que 4: How can you highlight text without using mouse?

Ans: Assuming that the cursor is at the start of the text you wish to highlight, hold down the

shift key and use the cursor keys to progressively highlight the text; right arrow to go along

the line, down arrow to do the whole line. Up and left reverse the process if you go too far.

Que 5: Which keyboard shortcut bolds selected text?

Ans: The keyboard shortcut to bold text is Ctrl + B.

First you highlight the text with the mouse. Then you press the "Ctrl" key and, while keeping

it pressed, press the "B"


Que 6 :what are the functions of UNDO command?

Ans : Undo the last action or actions that you made

To undo an action, do one or more of the following:

Click Undo on the Quick Access Toolbar.

Keyboard shortcut Press CTRL+Z or F2. For the F2 function key to undo your last action,

you might need to press the F-Lock key.

For more information about the Quick Access Toolbar, see Customize the Quick Access

Toolbar.

To undo several actions at the same time, click the arrow next to Undo , select the actions

in the list that you want to undo, and then click the list.

All of the actions that you selected are undone or reversed.

NOTES

Some actions can't be undone, such as clicking any Office Button command or saving a

file. If you can't undo an action, the Undo command changes to Can't Undo.

In Excel, to cancel an entry in a cell or the formula bar before you press ENTER, press ESC.

In Excel, macros can clear all items from the undo list.


http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/redir/HA001234105.aspx?CTT=5&origin=HP001216394

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/redir/HA001234105.aspx?CTT=5&origin=HP001216394

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/redir/XT102554642.aspx?CTT=5&origin=HP001216394

Ques-7.Difference between computer and typewriter?

A typewriter is completely autonomous in that anyone can use it without having to know anything

about menus and settings and preferences, and without needing any kind of experience or knowledge

of specific programs. It is a machine in the true sense of the word... a MECHANICAL device

requiring certain effort or imput on the part of the operator, in order to perform its function.

A computer is also capable of making calculations and some decisions WITHOUT the direct

imput or effort of the operator, in fact, some computers do not require operators at all, only

maintenance personel. (they have not learned to fix themselves yet, thankfully!) No matter

how advanced a typewriter is, it can never be capable of making any kind of calculation other

than those required to produce a visual representation of letters on an LCD display (if you

have a REALLY fancy electric one!)

Computer Typewriter

1 It is an electronic device It is a mechanical device i.e.it

requires certain effort or input

2 It is capable of making

calculations and some decisions

without direct input

It is not capable of making any

kind of calculations

3 one can play games on

computer

One cannot play games on

typewriter

4 Computer is well known to all Typewriter is never seen by

younger generation

5 Computer on its own cannot

print i.e it requires external

device to print.

While typewriter is self

contained


Ques-8 How can u Save the document in MS-WORD?

Ans. To save the document , save and save as command can be used.let’s discuss save

command first using the following ways:-

1st method.

1. click on the file menu and click save command. the save dialog box appears .

2. From the save pull-down list, make the appropriate selection .

You can save document to any drive(C: or D: DRIVE etc) or another network drive or save to

a floppy disk or external drive such as USB pen drive (if any).

3. in the file name text box, type a filename.

4. click save or press enter key from the keyboard. The document is saved.

2nd method. On the standard toolbar, click on save icon . the document is saved under the

current filename.

3rd method. use shortcut key combination from the keyboard by pressing ctrl+S.

4th method. Click on cross ‘X’ button on the top right corner of your word window. A

confirmation dialog box appears with three options yes , no , cancel. Click on yes to save

your file.

Save as:

Save as is other way to save your document.it allows you to save document by applying the

following changes :

1. Save as command allows you to create a duplicate copy of the same file without

deleting the old document .


It allows you to rename the existing document without deleting the old document.

2. This command permits you to change the path of your existing document without

changinf the path of old document. You can save your document in any drive on the

hard disk or external disk.

There are different ways to save your document, that are:

(a) naming word document

(b) saving in different format

(c) Saving on different disk


Bibliography:-

Windows Based Computer Courses by Sumit Kumar and Maalti

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/

What_is_the_difference_between_a_computer_and_a_typewriter

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word

www.nos/org/htm

compnetworking.about.com/.../basicnetworkingconcepts/.../network_...


http://www.nos/org/htm

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_a_computer_and_a_typewriter

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_a_computer_and_a_typewriter

lesson 1

Documents

meaning of computer

evolution of computer

types of computer

capability of computer

role of computer

small computer

common man computer

process data