Les

ion

size

(m

m)

5

0

10

Control

*

Exposed leaves

Exposed leaves

Control

Les

ion

size

(m

m)

a abc ab abcaba aa

aa a

a a a ab

d

aa

a

cd

a aa

bcd

abc

d

a

cdbcd

a

12

8

4

0

Even MVOC can induce resistance response in plants

infected healthy

60

50

40

3020

10 0

Vol

atil

e em

issi

on

(nm

ol /

l / h

)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Retention Time (min)

2

2

Intact plants

Gray mold-inoculated plants

1 3

45

6 7 8 9 10 11

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11

*

*

1 4 5 8 10

OHCH2OH

CH2OH

OH

CHO

SPME/GC-MS analysis on VOCs emitted from B. cinerea-infected plants.

Matsutake mushrooms（松茸、 Tricholoma matsutake ）

OH

(R)-1-Octen-3-olMatsutakeol

1-Octen-3-ol might be derived from the fungi, a representative of MVOC (microbial volatile organic compound).

(bp)

650500300200

650500300200

C O MJ MSAOS

C O MJ MSHPL

C O MJ MSPDF1.2

C O MJ MSPR-1

C O MJ MSPR-2

C O MJ MSPR-3

C O MJ MSActin

AOS: allene oxide synthaseHPL: hydroperoxide lyasePDF1.2: plant defensinPR-1: pathogenesis related protein-1PR-2: pathogenesis related protein-2PR-3: pathogenesis related protein-3

MOVC can induce defense responses in plants.

C: controlO: 1-octen-3-olMJ: methyl jasmonateMS: methyl salicylate

OHCOOMe

COOMe

OOH

Copyright ©2004 American Society of Plant Biologists

Ryu, C.-M., et al. Plant Physiol. 2004;134:1017-1026

PGPR VOCs can modulate infection severity of Arabidopsis seedlings by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain SCC1

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Bacillus subtilis

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

C6-a

ldeh

yde

(nm

ol/g

fr w

t)

(Z)-3-hexenal (E )-2-hexenal n -hexanal

0.25 mM 0.025 mM 0.05 mM

intactintact

disrupteddisrupted

Control

0.1 mM (E)-2-hexenal

Some VOCs can retard the growth of pathogens.

0 min

20 min

Botrytis cinerea Fusarium sp.0.1 mM (E)-2-nonenal

Plants must attract insects as pollinators.

！SOSSOS

SOS SOS

SOSSOS

SOS

SOSHerbivore

Parasitic wasp

Parasitic wasps lay eggs in the bodies of herbivores

Finally the herbivores are killed

Num

ber

of

was

ps

Undamaged

P. rapae damaged

Artificially damaged

I.F.= Incomplete flight

0

10

20

30

40

wt AH-5

I.F.=17

wt wt0

10

20

30

40

*I.F.=11

2 h

AH-5 AH-50

10

20

30

40

*I.F.=10

2 h

0

10

20

30

40

AH-5wt

I.F.=13

0

10

20

30

40

I.F.=17

0

10

20

30

40

AH-5wtwt AH-5

I.F.=14

*

0

10

20

30

40

AH-5wt

I.F.=9

2 h

2 h

16 h 16 h 2 h2 h16 h

16 h

Wild type plantsTransgenic plants forming lower amounts of volatiles

Wild typ 　 vs 　 Transgenics

How can the parasitic wasps chose plants where they can find the targets?

How can the parasitic wasps chose plants where they can find the targets?

Parasitic wasps don’t like transgenic plants that

form lower amounts of volatile compounds.

(Dolch & Tscharntke, 2000)

Alder

Herbivorous beetle

Science of bioactive volatile compounds establishing plant-microbe interaction

Objectives:Plants can form a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (PVOCs). Microorganisms also form a wide variety of MVOCs. An ecosystem surrounding plants consisits of plants, microbes, and insects. They interact each other in a various way; in some cases, by retarding their growth, or in the other cases, promoting their growth. In either the cases, VOCs function as means to communicate each other. This function is based on bioactivities of VOCs; however, there still remain many things to be clarified about functions of VOCs. It has also been assumed that there are many VOCs whose functions have not been studied, or there still remain many VOCs to be identified in nature. Wide knowledge on functions of VOCs must facilitate their applications, such as pest-management, or food preservation, and so on. The objectives of this project are (1) comprehensive survey of bioactive VOCs in Thailand and Japan, (2) evaluation of their bioactivities, and (3) application of their bioactivities.

Plants

Mammals

Insect

Microbes

Volatile Organic Compounds Establish Ecosystems!

If volatile compounds would be visible……,

Asian CORE Program (http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-asia/e-acore/acore.html) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

The objective of this program is as follows.

Having as its objective the establishment of Asian research hubs that conduct world-standard research and foster outstanding young researchers, this program supports joint research based on equal partnerships with counterpart countries. Over the 5-year duration of projects, JSPS supplies funding in an amount of up to ¥100 million(or up to ¥20 million per year), and asks partner agencies to shoulder equal burden sharing. (Started from FY 2005.)

Essential oil of grape fruits Essential oil of lavender

Sympathetic nerve

Parasympathetic nerve

White adipose

Brown adipose

Pancreas

Stomach

K. Nagai et al.　 Y.M.P.-international Corporation.

Forced to swim for 15 min

Exposure to the volatiles for 5 min

Open field experiment (30 min)

Effect of green leaf volatiles on recovery from fatigue

Total length of migration

0100200300400500600700800

Times to go into the center

012345678

Migration rate

0

2

4

6

8

Highest migration rate

05

1015202530

Rapid recovery after the exposure (Wistar)

Volatile exposure+ - +

P < 0.05

P < 0.05

P < 0.005

P < 0.1

-

cm/sec

cm/sec

cm

Volatile exposure

***

Number of Fos positive cells

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Green leaf volatile reduce the induction of Fos protein under stressed conditions

Control Exposed Control ExposedNo stress Stressed

Copyright restrictions may apply.

Sasabe, T. et al. Chem. Senses 2003 28:565-572; doi:10.1093/chemse/bjg048

Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices

Figure 1 Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices. Hexenol/hexenal, isoamylacetate, and acetic acid commonly increased rCBF in the prepyriform area (the primary olfactory cortex) in Monkey A, B and C. In addition, rCBF in the substantia innominata, orbitofrontal cortex (the secondary olfactory cortex) and cerebellum were occasionally increased. The right scheme is a lateral view of monkey brain indicating coronal slice locations. The color scales indicate the range of t-values. Cb, cerebellum; L, left; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PPA, prepyriform area; R, right; SI, substantia innominata.

Arabidopsis thaliana

1-Octen-3-ol

Glass jar (1 L)