lepton moments 2014 craigville 07/22/2014 p. schmidt-wellenburg nedm @ psi searching for the...
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Lepton Moments 2014Craigville07/22/2014P. Schmidt-Wellenburg
nEDM @ PSI
Searching for the electric dipole moment
of the neutron
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• 14 Institutions• Eight countries / 14 institutions• 48 Members• 11 PhD students
The collaboration
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PSI in Switzerland
UCN source
& E
DM
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Outline
Introduction• How do we search for the nEDM?
Status at PSI• The UCN source• Statistical sensitivity
Neutron/mercury gyromagnetic ratio
• Magnetometry• Preliminary Results
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The measurement technique
Measure the difference of precession frequencies in parallel/anti-parallel fields:
BBμEEdΔ nn 22
for dn<10-
26
Δω < 60 nHzωL≈30Hz for B0=1μT
Best nedm limit: 2.9×10-
26ecmBaker et al., PRL97(2006)
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st 2
nRF
The Ramsey technique
Free precessionat ω L
Apply /2 spinflip pulse...
Spin “down” neutron...
Second /2 spinflip pulse.
B0↑
B0↑ + Brf
B0↑
B0↑ + Brf
tT
st 2
Ramsey resonance curve
Sensitivity:
a Visibility of resonanceT Time of free precessionN Number of neutronsE Electric field strength
𝜎 ( 𝑓 )= ℏ2𝛼𝑇𝐸 √𝑁
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Ultracold neutrons (UCN)
n
1dσ
T N Storable
neutrons(UCN)
E. Fermi & W.H. Zinn(1946),Y. B. Zeldovich, Sov. Phys. JETP (1959)389
Storage properties arematerial dependent
350 neV ↔ 8 m/s ↔ 500 Å ↔ 3 mK Magnetic∼60 neV/T
Magnetic∼60 neV/T
Gravity102
neV/m
Gravity102
neV/m
StrongVF
StrongVF
V
neV 350 NbVF
& systematic effects
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Overview
Introduction• How do we search for the nEDM?
Status at PSI• The UCN source• Statistical sensitivity
Neutron/mercury gyromagnetic ratio• Magnetometry• Preliminary Results
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PSI UCN source
ProtonsSpallation targetEn~MeV
D2O moderatorNeutrons thermalized to 25 meV
1m
Main shutter
UCN storage volume
Neutron guide to experiments
UCN convertor (solid D2 @ 5K)
590 MeV 2.2 mA
Golub, R. & Pendlebury, J. MPLA (1975)133Anghel, et. alNIMA (2009) 272
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• 30 UCN/cm3 at beam exit(~550 000 UCN/25 liter)
UCN source performance
Standard operating PulseNorm Pulse
UC
N C
ounts
/s
VAT
CascadeDetector
VAT
1m glass tube
- NiMo coating- Stainless steel flanges- shutter DLC coated
UCN
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The nEDM spectrometer
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• Optimize product
Filling UCN
14000
N (
aft
er
30s
stora
ge)
Pola
riza
tion
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Simultaneous spin detection
~20% increase in sensitivity(for 2014)
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Storage life time
• Chamber made of dPS insulator ring and DLC electrodes
• Two exp fit:ts~30stf ~180s
• Max no. UCN measured after 180s storage:10 500
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Transversal depolarization
Best @ PSIT2(B0↓) : 1158 ± 94sT2(B0↑): 836 ± 63s
2013:T2(B0↓/B0↑)~600s
→ Excellent magnetic field homogeneity
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RAL/Sussex/ILL*
PSI 2013
best avg best avg
E-field 8.8 8.3 12 10.3
Neutrons 14 000
14 000
10 500
6 500
Tfree 130 130 200 180
Tduty 240 240 340 340
Α 0.68 0.51 0.62 0.57
(10-25ecm) 2.0 2.8 1.5 2.8
Neutron EDM sensitivity
2013 data taking: 3266 cycles25 daysStopped by switch break down2013 accumulated sensitivity 6×10-26 e.cm * Best nedm limit:
Baker et al., PRL97(2006)
2σ
TE Nα
~7500
~0.75
<2
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Overview
Introduction• How to search for the nEDM?
Status at PSI• The UCN source• Statistical sensitivity
Neutron/mercury gyromagnetic ratio• Magnetometry • Preliminary Results
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The measurement technique
Measure the difference of precession frequencies in parallel/anti-parallel fields:
BBμEEdΔ nn 22
Statistical accuracy of a magnetometer correcting for a change in B should be better than the neutron sensitivity per cycle:
0 1 Tμn
111 Hz 400fTμ
2Bf Bδ δ
T Nπα
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• Average magnetic field (volume and cycle)
• σB ~ 400 fT• τ > 100 s without HV • s/n ~ 500 without HV
Mercury co-magnetometer
¼ wave platelinear polarizer
Hg lamps
PM
polarization cell
HgO source
B0
≈
1μT
τ = 140s
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Goal: Measure magnetic field drifts via optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance (ODMR) with 199Hg atoms
Mercury co-magnetometer
Hg source
circular polarizer unit
253.7 nm UV light,circularly polarized
UCN precession chamber
PMTpolarization chamber
( M
. Fe
rtl, P
hD
-Th
esi
s 2
01
3 )
• Fourth harmonic generator (IR→VIS→UV)
• Toptica TA FHG (20 mW @ 254 nm)• 50 m away from the nEDM setup
50m
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Hg laser readout
Sensitivity improvement from ~400fT → <100fT
( M
. Fe
rtl, P
hD
-Th
esi
s 2
01
3 )
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𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
• There are two drawbacks using the HgMas field monitor:• Center of mass offset• Non-adiabaticity
Frequency ratio R = fn/fHg
UCN199Hg𝛾Hg
2𝜋≈ 8 Hz / μT
𝛾 n
2𝜋≈ 30 Hz / μT
+ further sys.
CsM - array
m/s vs. m/s
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Cesium gradiometer
Monitoring of vertical magnetic gradients• Six HV CsM
• Ten ground CsM• Stabilized laser• PID phase locked
DAQ
1 2 … 6
7 … 15 16
±120kV
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• Field parameterized by 9 parameters (2nd order)
• The parameters are adjusted to 12 magnetometers readings using least squares
• Residuals are about 30 pT (500 pT using only linear model)
• Jackknife procedure to estimate the error on the gradient G
Gradients from CsM
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Extracting R
Run 6043
Χ2/dof = 1.3
=
𝐾=2𝜋 (𝑇 + 4 𝑡𝜋 ) ⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
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𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
R vs gradient
B0 upB0 down
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𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
• There are two drawbacks using the HgMas field monitor:• Center of mass offset• Adiabatic vs Non-adiabatic field sampling
Frequency ratio R = fn/fHg
UCN199Hg𝛾Hg
2𝜋≈ 8 Hz / μT
𝛾 n
2𝜋≈ 30 Hz / μT
+ further sys.
CsM - array
Field maps
m/s vs. m/s
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• Mapping with fluxgate and vector cesium magnetometer
• -20<z<20, -10<r<30, Δφ = 5°
Transversal fields
UCNs: Adiabatic regime
199Hg: Non-adiabatic regime
𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
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B0up
λ fEarth
Earth rotation correction
Earth EarthnEarth
Hg n Hg
6
sin
5.3 10
f fγδ λ
f fγ
𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
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Vector light shift in 199Hg
Atomic energy levels are influenced by the interaction with light
Spin dependent part can be by modeled as effective magnetic field
(which only alters the Larmor frequency of the Hg atoms, not of the UCN)
Effective magnetic field depends on:• Light intensity• Light polarization• Light frequency• Light beam alignment
All four parameters have to be under control for reliable calculations.
B0
BLS
Beff
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• Change of light intensity 30% / 70%• Change of relative angle B-field / light
beam
Hg lightshift measurement
-1.5
-1.5
1.5
1.5ppm
ppm
𝑅=⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth+𝛿Hg − lightshift)
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Result (submitted to PLB)
γn
γHg
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Error budget
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• The UCN source delivers sufficient statistics for data taking, potential improvements are being identified
• The nEDM experiment is taking data, operational reliability has been improved during shutdown 2014
• As a test of magnetic field control we have measured the most precise gyromagnetic ratio of mercury-199 and neutron.
• We expect with 300 data-days until 2016 a statistical sensitivity of σ ≲10-
26 e⋅cm
Conclusion
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Ort, Datum
Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg
Thank you for your attention.
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detector1
Cascade UCN detector
Standard operating PulseNorm Pulse
UC
N C
ounts
/s
Measurements on beam West-1
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Cs OPM
Servo
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Vector cesium magnetometer
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Cs vector magnetometer
|B|
Bz
By
Bx
75 fT
400 fT
10 – 20 pT
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Analysis of a runThe analysis:Ramsey Fit
Mercury frequency
Cut on cycles with residuals larger than 3 (10 %)
Typical χ2=1.5
aN N
AN N
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UCN depolarization
Measurement of frequency ratio R asfunction of vertical gradient revealed unexpected polarization behavior andnon-linearity for large gradients.
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Hg laser readout
( R
&D
for
n2
ED
M,
test
ed
in
nE
DM
)
Sensitivity improvement from ~400fT → ~100fT
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• Ultracold neutrons with different energies average differently over the storage volume
• UCN with low energies, will depolarize faster:→ contribute less to the
average field measurement,
→ frequency changes non-linear
Gravitationally enhanced depolarization
0 cm
BB E B h E
z
Figures from:P. G. Harris et al, PRD89, 016011(2014)
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Side remark: nEDM sensitivity
RAL/Sx/ILL* PSI 2012 PSI 2013
best avg best avg best avg
E-field 8.8 8.3 8.33 7.9 12 10.3
Neutrons 14 000
14 000
9 000
5 400
10 500
6 500
Tfree 130 130 200 200 200 180
Tduty 240 240 360 360 340 340
α 0.6 0.453 0.65 0.57 0.62 0.57
(10-25ecm) 2.3 3.0 2.3 3.5 1.5 2.8
2013 data taking: 3266 cycles25 daysStopped by switch break down2013 accumulated sensitivity 6×10-26 e.cm
*Best nedm limit:Baker et al., PRL97(2006)
𝜎 (𝑑n )= ℏ2𝛼𝐸𝑇 √𝑁
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Magnetic fields
B0
BT
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• Field parameterized by 9 parameters (next-to-linear)
• The parameters are adjusted to 12 magnetometers readings using least squares
• Residuals are about 30 pT (500 pT using linear model)
• Jackknife procedure to estimate the error on the gradient G
Gradients from CsM
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fn/fHg vs gz
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B0up
λ fEarth
Earth rotation correction
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The pseudo magnetic field
𝑏5=𝐵0
𝑅u −𝑅d
𝑅u+𝑅d
= (0.08 ± 0.56 ) pT
⟨ 𝑓 UCN ⟩⟨ 𝑓 Hg ⟩
=𝛾 n
𝛾Hg (1∓ 𝜕𝐵𝜕 𝑧
Δ h
|𝐵0|+
⟨𝐵2⊥ ⟩
|𝐵0|2 ∓𝛿Earth ±
𝑏5
𝐵0 )
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A new limit
gSgP 2 4:8 1027
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HV performance
+160
-160
HV
(kV
)
• Best HV performance 144 kV → 12.0 kV/cm
• Average E-Field while data taking: 10.3 kV/cm
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Hg co-magnetometer
Extract B field from Larmor frequencyand correct UCN frequency (lamp data)
16 h
1.5 pT