leopold ranke-the history of servia-cyprien robert-the slave provinces of turkey
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7/27/2019 Leopold Ranke-The History of Servia-Cyprien Robert-The Slave Provinces of Turkey
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The history of Servia, and the Servian revolution. With a sketch
of the insurrection in Bosnia. By Leopold Ranke. Tr. from the
German by Mrs. Alexander Kerr. To which is added, the Slave
provinces of Turkey. Chiefly from the French of Cyprien Robert.
Ranke, Leopold von, 1795-1886.London, H. G. Bohn, 1853.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011235580
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E R V I A,
V O LUTIO N .
HO F
N IN BO S N IA.
.
MTH G RMAN
D R E RR.
IN C E S O F TUR E Y
M TH R N C H O F
R T.
, O R TR E T ,C - O V E N T GARD N .
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9
O N A N D O N S ,
1 1 B O F F I C E , T .M AR TI N ' S L AN E .
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O F E R V I A,
T O R .
signedtoProfessorRankeamong
sanytributetohis distinguished
us,a nd ,a tthe sa me t im e ,a ff o rdsa su icie nt
cityofeveryproductionemanating
the researchesofRankecanbe
a ndthe Re vo lu t io no f e rv ia is
d im po rta nce tha nm a y at rst
of ervia,betweenTurkeyand
he neighbouringcountries,
1i.a.,andMoldavia,aborder-iand
sofoppositecreeds, hasmadethis
actedstrugglebetween uropean
a lde spo t ism -be twe e nthe Christ ia n
.
ict ing f o rce s,the e rv ianspre -
cleofa brave,hardy,andsimple
onalindependenceandreligious
th,andsubjectedto thecruelper-
d e l op p re s so r s, t h ei r e b r ts t o t hr o w o
ttle encomagementfromC hris-
tso f ara sthe y co uldbe m a de instru -
croachments,orcounteractingthe
eknown totherestof urope.
so f u ro pe ha v e be eno v e rrunby
ists , e rv ia a ndthe ne ighbo uring
romTurkeyarealmostterm in-
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a v el le rswho v is itVie nna a ndCo n-
eamboatsplyontheDanube,
y writerwho ha sm a de ng l ish
e rv ia : * to the a b il i ty a nd inte l l i -
e nglishpublicareindebtedfor
tof thepresentstateofthe
ntry.
st ia npe op le sub je cte dto an in de l
se cite a sy mpa thy tha to ughtto be
nsalso.ProfessorRanke, ina
h isW o rk,e pre sse sa ho pe tha t
ansm a y e cite ino urm ighty nat io n
st ia nsunde rT urkishru le . T h is
edthe tra nsla to rinv enturingupo na ta sk,
d haveinducedhertoshrink
nimatedandencouragedbyan
tingtheauthor sviews.
essandjudicialcautionofRanke,
style,whichpresentmany
oustranslator,characteri ethe
otherW orksbythesameauthor.
partly bythevagueandfrag-
materials,andpartlyby those
ancesW hereeffectsappeardispro-
ritis aprevailingcharacteristicof
hatgreateventsariseout ofseem-
thespringsofactionin national
soughtforinthe breastofan
feelingsofasmalland yetuncivi-
singonlyto treatoftheRevo-
ndo ccup ie dch ie y with the m ostst irr ing
story,is,however,notlimited to
Re tro spe ct iv e ke tch o f the
lier chaptersaredevoted,givesas
rise andfallofthenation asis
aderto understand.thepositionof
entoftheirstrugglefor independ-
be assatisfactoryapictureas
gestM e m be ro f the uro pea n a m ily.Lo ng-
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hroughtheveilofobscuritywhich
e rv ia.T V ie we dasa who le ,inde e d ,
aluablecontributiontoour veryimper-
in te re stingpe o ple : ite h ib its ina
enceofMoslemdespotism,even
uropeanpowers,againstthe
eopleunitedindefenceof theircivil
kingdo m ,thenre ducedto the sta te o f
withouta name,andnowaprin-
mentofGeorgewitsch,theson of
oge - -m a y be rega rdeda sthe pre -
te so f the a sternco rnero f uro pe,
cipationfrom .Lurkishthraldom_
iv i l i e dsta te s,the re isa wa nto f
isthesoulof nationalhonour.
therightsof propertyarenot
will andmightprevail.
t he m t he s i mp l e pl a n,
ke who ha sthe po we r,
an.
hroughoutthehistoryof ervia.
hristianity,thoughstifledinthe
i c t fo r e i s te n ce , w as n o t wh o ll y e t i nc t . B ut i t
a v ita lrel ig ion ,puri e df ro m
n. he co me s rm ly e sta b l ishe d in
theinstitutionsofa country,that
ancanbefullyunderstoodand
cha ra cte ra nd in ue nce of W o m a n
tracedbyRa-nke, suggeststhe
greattruths,moraland political
ceofthetranslatorto enterupon
tedher toremarkthatthe
na t io nsto the in de ly o ke,ism a tter
asubjectthatcalls fortheatten-
ftheenlightenedand powerful
ndom.
htenment,whenmissionariesare
trine so f Christ ia n ity a m o ngthe he a the n in
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orld, _anclthelegislatureisorgan-
ducationalschemeforthepeopleat
asonabletohopethatthecondi~
e so ne arto usa s e rv ia,wi l l e cite
hrenin faithinthisfree country.
lemrulersis sostronglyopposed
erviansandBulgarianstoform
ndeventoacquirethe elementsof
thatitis onlybyforeignintervention
e ctualf o rbe ingo f a pe a ce fu lkind tha t
essoearnestlydesiredby the
hesecountriescanbe affordedthem.
ersin uropefromthe rst
thepeople,andimpoverishingthecountries
arring alikeagainstliberty,
is tia n ity .If W e a re to judge o f a
theirfruits, We shouldallunite
dan religionandtheobstructive
ub l ime P o rte sho uldy ie ld to the no w
o f Christ ia ncivi l i a t io n.
nofMrs. errs Translationof
ory of ervia,thePublisherhas
ame Authorssketchofthestate
ughslight,isthe onlyavailableaccount
ountbyProfessorRa-nkeofthe
Turkey,itis hopedthattheinforma-
cll icl ing pa ges,de riv edch ie y f ro m
be rt,wi l lbe a cce pta b le to the P ub l ic
theattentionof uropeisdirected
nube,_
e ,
- , 1 85 3 .
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T O R O F E R V I A.
coouoo
criv n rcnrcno rT H Rrsno r-v rnn
bes.- irsttracesofthe ervianRace.-V iew
Re la tio uso f the e rv iansto the Gree k m pire.-w
C o nstant ine L\/ lo nom a chus. T he Gra nd hupa ne s.
de ricBa rbaro ssa a tthe clo se o f the T we lfthC e ntury .
ansto the W e ste 1 nC hurch. -Ne w ccle s ia s-
e r vi a .- T h e e r vi a u i n gs . - C o n i c t be t we e n
- te phanDushan . Incre ase dP o we ro f the
ee nthCe ntury . -P ro gre sso f Civ i l i a t io n.- ta te
a t io na l ity of the e rv ianLa ws- ... 1
A L L or s a vm w L rn n rr r v. l ,
R om an m p ir e i n th e o u rt e en t h C e n t ur y . D e at h o f
-C o nseque ntDisse ns io ns.- E ncro achm entso f the
ssova.- S ubj.ugationO fthe, ervian tate. The
- i g na l D ef e at o f t he e r vi a ns n e ar V a r na , i n 1 4 4 .
tare ne e ct . S u1- rende ro f Bosn ia n o rtresse sto
f e r vi a i n th e i t e en t h C e n tu r y. - ' - x a c t i on o f
T he P e ace o f P a ssa ro vit .- -Orse n iC z e rno vich .
gro. Insurr e ct iono f the e rv ians in1737.- ~ T he
o m ple te ub juga t io nof the e rv ians1
r L 11 ~ m s o r T H T n a ms n : IN S T I TU T IO N S I N P
e n Is lam ism a ndC hrist ia n ity.- -T heirD i e re nce co nside re d
a n issa rie s. S ta te o f the Ra y a hso rN a t iv e Inha b ita nts .
.- T he pa h is.- S ta te o f Af fa irsa tthe Clo se o f the
iC o m me rcia lCha ra ctero f the P a tria rcha te a t
im ne y T a in e rv ia.- T urkishDissens io ns.
bers . C hristia nse cludedf ro m a llP ub l ic
O p p r e ss i on a n d De g ra d at i on o f t he e r vi a ns . - P r es e rv at i on
...,..25
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0 N n 1 r 1o N , C n n n ne rn a, A N D P O E T R o r TH
la ry a in ts.- Bro ther1y a nd iste rly A ' e ct ion .
b le Custo m o nthe Dea tho f a Bro the r.- Inst itu -
o d . - e st iva lo f the Ga rla nds. M a rria ge
nge inC a se so f M urde rno tkno wn in e rv ia.
S ubst itu te sf orC hurche s. P o v erty o f the
0nf e ss io n . -De pende ntsta te o f the Mo nks.--C lo iste rs .
h .- -V e ne rat io n f o rNa ture .- e st iva l inho nouro f
m of the W o m e no n t .Ge o rge s v e .-W h itsunt ide .
he r a li e . T h e V i l i .- e s ti v al o f t . o h n. -
of the Do dola ,a o rm o f Invo ca t io n f o rRa in .
f t . B ar b ar a . - w e ar i ng b y t he u n a nd b y t he
e rv ianT o a sto r e nt ime nt . Re m a rka b le Rel ig ious
a s.- ~ Be 1 ief inV a m pyre sa ndW itche s. P e r-
P o we i- f u l in ue nce o f the V i l i .- - e rv ian
a la ndHero ic o ngs.- -T he Gusle .- F e st iva lM e e t ings.
p le . S o ngso f Husba ndry .- -Am a tory
iono f He ro ic x p lo its.- H istorica lBa lla ds.- -M i tu re
u lous- .- N a t io na 1C o l le ct io no f o ngs.-W ild
Hunyad..-.Page35
G IN o r T H R n cn n rr M o vs m mr r s I N T u n n r .
y a nd itsDe pe nde ncie s .- W a ro f 17-88 . T he
stria andthe \ e rvia ns. P russ ia nP o licy .-
P o werin e rv ia. -VV e a knessa ndHe sita t ion
m ent. Re f o rm so f u lta n e l im III.- re nch
Pa y o f the T urks. -M il ita ry Impro v em e nts. In troduc-
s . T he .Ia nissa rie s .- - f f e ctso f the Cha nge s
GI N o r TH D I T UR BA N C E S I N n nv m.
ade. TheDal1is._E bu-Bekir,PachaofBelgrade.
he Aga ,De l iAchm e t.- -Rise o f Osm a nP a ssv a n
h al i es . A l e a N e n a d ov i ts c h, G r an d n e s of e r vi a .
-Returnofthe anissariestoBelgrade-
nko .- -De a tho f the P a cha. -T he Dah is .
es. -UnsuccessfulRevolt.--Addressofthe
Gra nd ign ior. -T hrea tso f the u lta naga inst
la ughte ro f the e rv iansby the Da his66
U RR C T I O N A GA IN S T 1 -a n Da ms .
a ntry . Div isio nso f e rv i ,a . -M e et ingso f the
a Ge orge . T he He yducs. -V e l iko.- - a co b
e He yduc ju rtsh ia .--Ra p idP ro gresso f the
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. i
Ge orge ise le cte dCo m m a nde rof the e rv ia ns. -
he Da h isa ndthe Ra y a Guscha n Al ia ndthe rdscha l ie s.
s .- -Atta cko f Belgra de by the Arm y of the chu-
o f a T ro opo f He y ducs.- .Ia co bNe na dov itscha nd
o rtresso f P o sch-a re va . T he P a cha o f Bo snia
- lightoftheDahis.--Theyareput todeathby
n no r mn u r or r u n O P P O S I T IO N A G AI N S T
I G N I O R .
- Insurre ct io n in the Bo sn ia nDistr icts. ' -De atho f
M e liem e t a pe ta n ,- of v o rnik.- - The e rv i-a ns
ido f a o re ignP o we r. M e d iat io no f Russ ia .
o nsta nt ino p le .- S e rv ian ta te me nto f the x pe nses
pe 1 a t io ns in the o uthernDistricts .- Re pu lse o f
nov a .- E nte rprise so f a co bNe na do v itscha nd
- urre nde ro f U sch i e . P o l itica la ndM il i t .- iry
T he .I=a n issarie s .- T he u lta n e l im IIIa rre sts
A P ac h a of N i s c h i s or d er e d to d i sa r m th e
ch iv ko v itsche cite sthe e rv iansto re s ist . T he y
z . H isRe trea ta ndDe ath ....88
S E n v1 AN W A R o rL I B R A T IO N I N 1 8 0 6 AN D 1 8 07 .
Giuscha Vu l itsche vitsch ,Vo iv o de o f m e dere v o ,is
T he e rv iansta ke the T owno f m e dere v o . -
a a ndBe 1gra de. -Re newe dDe te rm ina t io nof
Ra y a hs.-Gene ra lRisingo f the e rv ians.-
T he Arm y of Ha j iBe ga ga ina ppe a rs in the
ov itscho f f e rsto ne g0t ia te . T he e rv ianDe put ie s
T he P e op le d istrusttheirC h ie f s,a ndre f use
-Arriva lo f Ib ra him P a cha a tN ischwitha Bosn ia n
dMe n.- -Bri l lia n t ucce ssof a ra Ge orge .-
. C o n ictbe twe e nthe e rv iausa ndT urks
T o ta lDe f ea to f the T urksby a ra Ge org -e . T he ir
GallantDefenceofthe ortressofDeligradeby
e ace ispro pose dby Ibra h im P acha . Ne go t ia t i0ns
ervianDemandsareadvocatedbyPeter
d itio nso f fe re dby the Po rte . E uro pea nRe la tio ns in
TheTurkishGovernmentrefusestoratifythe
e. C a pture o f Be lgrade by a ra Ge orge .-
te sthe C ita de1 . T re ache rousM a ssacre o f the
a l l of c h ab a , a n d of U s ch i e . - a c ob N e n a -
cite a n Insurre ctio n inBo snia .- T he T urks
M ile nko .- S e rv ice so f the He yducV e l iko.-
e rv ia ns,..,..101
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M A r 1 oN o rA E R V I A N G O V E R N M N T .
anGo v e rnm e nt.- T e nde ncy to wa rdsM il i ta ry
de s , Mo m ke s , an d n e se s . I n u e nc e o f a r a
a lAsse m bly,o rD ie t . C o nst itu t iono f the Civ i l
C o u nc i l or e n at e . - -- s t ab l is h me n t of c h oo l s.
ce.- E le ct io n of the o wie tn iks ,o rM e mbe rso f the
u e nc e o f Ml a de n a nd M i lo i e in t h e e n at e . - A rr i va l i n
n i ki n , th e R us s ia n C o u n c il l or o f t a te . - C o n -
dDisputes. - ke tcho f the a rly Life o f a ra
L AT IO N S o r - sn vr aT 0T H G N E R AL T AT o r
R E Y .
oalitionagainst rance.- N apo1eonabandons
te r n m p ir e .- T h e V s l ar o f i 18 0 6. F r e nc h I nf l u-
Re la tio nso f the uro pea nP o werswith
ne ionofRussiawith the ervians. -O pposingParties
re. De posit io nof e l im Il I. Atthe P e ace o f
ertstheC auseoftheTurks. HisV iewsregard-
mencementofHostilitiesbetweenthe erviansand
viaissupportedbyRussia13
M PA u -m s o r 18 0 9 AN D 1 8 1 C . - - A R TH S T i t
B O UN D AR I S . -
i m a ag a in s t Bo s ni a . - T h e w o rd o f M eh o O r u g d-
orge sN e w x pe d itio n :- P o et ica l u lo g ium o n
P a n ica ndDe f ea to f the T u1 ks. J e a lous ie sbetwe e n
o ie. S te nhe n inge litsch, ne so f Re ssa v er,
S ucce ssf u lP ro gre sso f the T urks.- Re trea to f
o nt ie r.- - He ro ism of the He y ducV e l iko. T he
oftheC ountrytotheRightof theMorava.
: in ,the Russia n nv o y,le a v e sBelgra de a ndcro sse sthe
Russ ia nArmy cro ssesthe Lo we rDanube. Re pu lse o f
D isun io nam o ngthe e rv ians. Russ ianP ro -
ngo f the C a m paign in1810. T he e rv ians
uesto f the ra ina. C hursch id -Ali ,the Ne w
hestheMorava,withan Armyof30,000men.
a ndthe Co untry la idwa ste by Chursch id-Al i .--
byaDetachmentof3000men underC olonel
S ucce sse so f the e rv ians.- K a ra Ge orge m a rche sto the
T he T urksa re de f ea te dby the e rv i-a ns. C lo se
-
rssnns io ns.- M o NA: a cn1oALP o wnn.
po f Lo sn it a .- Dispute sa tthe kupscht ina in
urtherAid isso l icite d f ro m Russ ia. -P e te rDo brin ja e cite s
raGeorge,andattemptstorestrict hisPower.-
e Co nsp ira cy aga insth im . He ca rrie s im porta nt
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i
te,a nde f f ectsGre atC ha nge s.- Arriv alo f a
r- a de . V e l iko isgaine do ve rto the P a rty o f
nl
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.
ervians.- MiloschdispersestheInsurgents
rdshisPromises-BarbarityoftheTurkstowards
rtuna te sca pe o f Milo sch f ro m Be lg1 a de . M ilo sch
of aGeneralInsurrectionPage186
R V O L UT l0 N o r M1 Lo sc n.
f M i1o sch . - H isho noura b le C o nduct .
eArseniLomo. HisPunishment.The
beyMiloschas theirLeader.-War is
ringo f 1815.- Oppo singV ie wsa mo ngstthe
ucco ur. P re t la to ry W a ro nthe U ppe rl \ / Iora v a.
e Insurre ct io n .- Adv anta gesga ine dby the e rv ians.
a f o rt i e dP o sit io no nthe o luba ra .
sitionat Ljubitsch. TheTurksattackthe
e T urks. K indnessa ndGe ne ro s ity o f M ilosch
C a pture o f P o scha re va ,a nd x pu ls io no f the
lightthe orceoftheBosnianP-achaon
imity o f the e rv ianC h ie f .T wo f o rm ida b le
e rontiers196
Pn nl on o r PR L IM IN A R N E G O T IA TI O N S .
re ce ive dby the Co ngre ssa tVie nna . E x cite -
tianPopulationinTurkey.. TheTwoTurkish
ian ro nt ie r,a ndpropo se Ne go t ia tio ns.-
hurschidAli.MaraschliAli ismore
adsthe e rv ians. -C o nci lia to ry Re ce pt io no f
s ,by the P acha a tBe lgra de. T he e rv ia ns
al la ga ingarriso nthe o rtresse s. P urport
cess io ns.- T l1o se C o nce ss io nsnotsa nct io ne dby the
.- C o nse que ntDisa ppoin tme nto f the e rv ians.
re ss io no f the T urks. M ilo sch isde s ire dby the P acha
heirArm s.- C o nt
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iii
I N S 1 I TU TI O N S A N D R UL o r MI LO S C H .
T he ne ses.- Disa gre e me ntsbetwe e nthe m a nd
he Co ntro lo v erthe m . -Re v olta ndDe atho f
sch . -Ge nera lOutbre a k. - a i lu re of the
DemandsofthePeople. MilojeDjak.- He
o f the Re v olt . H is ucce sse s. He is
tschanddefeated.- MovementsoftheTschara-
ase dP o we ra ndAutho rity of M ilo schP a ge 223
E TT L M N T O F E R V I AN A F A IR .
Gre e kRev o lu tio no n e rv ianAi a irs . T he Ru le o f
Gra nd ign ior. T he a tte nt iono f uro pe is
s t. R u ss i a de m an d s th e u l l m en t o f th e
TneC onferenceofAkjerman.- V iewsofthe
[ he V ice roy o f gy pt. De struct iono f the a n is -
at io no f newT ro o ps.- Af i a irso f Gree ce . T he Russ ia ns
msoftheTreaty.- Arrangementsregardingthe
ntoftheC laimsofthe pahis. A ' airsofthe
da rie sde te rm inedo n233
1 1 I N T R N A L A DM IN I T RA TI O N O F M I LO S C H ,
ITIO N AGAIN S Tmm.
He ise lecte d n ia s.-- T he P orte m a kesthe Dign ity
y- ~He a ssum e sa rbit ra ry P o we r,a ndne g lects
f the Na t io nby pro mo t ing itsC iv i l i a t io n. -
doptedastheModelforthe proposedLawsof
P ro ce ed ingso f Milo sch.- He e nde av o ursto mo no -
o f the Co untry . -H isT rea tm ento f the P l lbl lu
He re f use sto be sto wLa ndsa nd sta teso nh isC o urt ie rs . -
- He p le dge sh im self to a cce de to the W ishe s
upscht ina o f 1835.- - i io nce ss io nso f the n ia s2 6
C H A R T R O F 1 8 38 A LL O F M rL os c1 -1 .
o nst itu t ion . C o nducto f M i1o sch . H isM o no -
m a ndVutsch itscha re e pe l led f ro m e rv ia. H istory
Dissat is t a ct iono f Russ ia a ndthe P o rte withM ilosch .
sulse ntto e rv ia . Abra ha m P e tro n ie vitsch .-
T he e na te ism a de supe rio rto the n ia s.- l\ / I ilo sch
P o we r, T he e i le s , e phrem a ndV uts~
e na tors .- - The e rv ianM in istry . M ilo sch
He re turnsto e rv ia. M o v em e nts inh is
schdef e a tsthe Re be ls. He m a rche s in to Be lgra de
my . -M iloschse nte ncedto x i le .
a v o ur o f h is o n ,a ndh isRet ire me nt in to
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T .
a nr.O nnnuov rrscn.
sDo wnf al l . H- ise lde st o n ,M ilan ,be ing in i l lhea lth ,
elyPower-. V utschitschwithothersforma
-Dissensionsamongthem.- Michael,the
succe e dsa tthe De a tho f M ila n .- ' l he P o rte
dPetronievitschintheGovernment.
eopIe. ' TheirDemandsareaccededtoin
o m m issa ry. He re t ire swithso me o f
e l len tde s ignso f te phe nRa d itsche vitsch.
osition.--C omplaintsagainsttheGovernmentof
isun ion .- T he e a to f Go ve rnme nt ist ra nsf e rre d
Discontent. -AMovementagainstMichael
ch itschro use sthe P eo p le . -T e mpo ra ry ucce sse so f
chaelis,however,compelledbyhis Troopsto
utschitsch.- M ichae lre f use sto gra nth isDe -
d ispe rse .- -He is f h irce dto re tre a t ,a ndta ke
utschitschentersBelgrade,andassumesthe
A L X A N D R A R AG so ne nv rr sc n.
isformed,andthe kupschtinaconvened.-
a ra Ge orge ,chose na sP rince .- V utschitsche e r-
y.- GencralIncreaseoftheO ttoman
uss ia re gard ingthe le ct io no f A1e a nde r. -
. P re sent ta te o f e rv ianA ' a irs .- Re v iew
o ns.- P ro bab le P rogre ss in the C iv i l i a t io nof
' e c ts o f t he C h a rt e r. I s la mi s m an d p i ri t o f th e
so ppo se d . T he Ne ce ss ity o f sepa ra tingthe Chris -
- Inhab ita ntso f e rv ia. -C o nclus io n235
9
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S N I A .
I.- S ta te o f Bosn ia II. Atte mpta tRe f o rm _ .III.- Insurre ct ion inBo sn ia IV.- Act iv e Ope ra t io na nd ucce ssof the Gra ndV i ie r
ks .....
IN C E S O F TUR E Y .
rkey in18 9 5 ) -51 l l .- -T he M onte negrins III. E a rly H isto ry o f M onte negro IV.- -M o ntene gro in the ightee nthCe ntury
o ra ry H isto ry o f the M o nte negrinsVl. P re sent ta te a ndP ro spectso f M o nte ne gro V II. T he Bu lga ria nsV lII. S urv ey o f the iv e .P rov inceso f Bu lgaria .IX . S o cia lCo nd it io nof Bu lga ria .T he Haiduks
p irat io nso f the Bu lgaria nsa fte rInde-
thelastcentury
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we thus, re a d we a re thus.
. o r o f fe re d , re a d o ppo sed .
we lv e. o r the te rrib le , re a d th isterrib le.
o r e rn l in , re a d e m lin .
sco pe a ct io n, re ad sco pe of a ct io nl
sho u ldbe inRo m a n lette rs.
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E R V I A.
E K E T C HO F T H R I E O F TH
bes.-- irsttracesofthe ervianRace.--V iew
t ionso f the e rv iansto the Gre ek m pire.
nstantineMonomachus.--TheGrand hupanes.
de ricBa rbaro ssa atthe clo se o f the T we lf thC e ntury .
rv iansto the W e ste rnChurch . -Ne w ccle s ia s-
e r vi a . T h e e r vi a n i n gs . - C o n i c t be t we e n
- te phanDushan .- Incre ase dP o we ro f the
ee nthCe ntury . P ro gre sso f Civ i l i a t io n. S ta te
na l ity o f the e rv ianLa ws.,,
ndsigni cantepochinthehistory
nsisfoundtowardstheclose oftheninth
immensetractsofcountryhad
umeroustribes,ofwhoseverynames
cognisant,had advancedsomesteps
storicalandgeographicalrecognition.
he Av a rs ,ha dbe e ncasto f f a nd
e clavonianstoraisethemselves
attempttheformationofpolitical
the la tte rpa rto f the nin th
ndthe gre atM o ra via -nkingdo m e te nd ing
do wnthe lbe : e ve nthe Ze ch ia ns
andtothisday theyrecollect
toplukinMoravia.Atthis timearose
eneighbourhoodofGnesneand
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N T s nn vm .
rstprince swho d idnotbe lo ngto the
vonic-Tshudishtribes,under-
e Russ ia n m pire waso rig inal ly
he rsta de cide dd ire ct io nto wa rds
onstantinople.Meanwhile,the
thodiusandC yrillus,traversedall
theDanube, andbecamedistin-
arly missionariesbytheirendea-
ardofthe nationallanguages,by
hservice.
a ro f the rsta ttem ptsm ade by
sformingpoliticalinstitutions.
tracetheoriginandmigrations
inglanguagesandmythswith
itm a y - sn ice - to sa y,tha t f ro m the
ndthe m in- the co untry wh ichthe y o ccupy
hensiveviewofancient ervia,
untry-fromacentralsummitof that-
te nding~f r= o m the Alpsto the
decl iv - it ie so f which ,with the riv e rsa nd .
f ro m the m,a ndthe v a lle y sthey f o rm ,con-
ante rrito ry be twee nthe Da nube .o n ,
andtheArchipelagoonthe other.
heseII10 ( 1I1l32tlD.ridges described
ariegatedwoods,wherethedarkness
lybywhiterocks, -orbyperpetual
e n inposse ssio no f the e rv ians.T he y
thebanksof theDrinaandthe
e ,a longthe co urse o f bo th the
be,and southerly,toUpper
ikewise,thecoastsof theAdriatic
vedunderthe governmentoftheir
sre ga rdle sso f the po l icy -of surro und in
o ,the e rv iansd idno t ,l ike th
co nst itu te a d istinct ta te,bu .
m a cy o f the a sternRo m a n m pe ror.
habitedhad,fromancienttime
erritory3 anditstill remainef
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D ma nG R E K M PI R . 3
m pi r e wh e n th e / V c s t er n m p ir e
t im e o f Cha rle m agne .T he e r-
e m bra ce dthe Christ ia n f a ith but
bjectthemselvesentirely,either
rchof the Gre e ks.
nedonacknowledgingthesupremacy
didsoonlyon theconditionthat
ctto cagovernmentproceeding
o se ru le they a lo horre d ,a sbeing .e to r-
mperor,accordingly,permitted
bynativechiefs, -solelyoftheirown
patriarchalformofgovernment.
tywerealso.-givento themin
andwriting whetherthesewere
rf ro m the W e st .T he y ,l ike wise,
aliturgywhich wasintelligible-to
ndtha t ,e arly in the te nth ce ntury ,.a co n-
avonianpriests,fromallthedioceses,
hopo f N o na ,h imse lf a cla v on ia n
eenestablishedon earth,endea-
present,andto promotethosegeneral
stinyof thehumanrace,itwould
en allowedtodevelopitselftheunrestrainede erciseofitsown innatestrengthand
developmentdependsmaterially
anewlyemergingpeopleenters
a - sta te o f civ i l i a t io n , a ndre vie wingthe h istory o f the v a rio us cla v on ia ntribe s,it is
mentwasdeterminedbythe
e r ci s ed u p on t h em .
Moravians,Zechians,C aranta--
e nt ,e ve nthe P o le s - jo inedthe m se lv e s-
e,a sre ne weda m o ngthe Ge rm ans,a nd
a kingpa rt in the chang ing f orm so f
rose. i
rphyro ge nitus,De v .-a sBa si li i T he opha ne s.co nt i-
r ot g b ar a i . r C ' n 1 z c e iv w v n \ s yn 1 _ v o v g lc a i
ov p v o v g . i Q n d ps r ov g f ip o v ra g a i r ra r pu c p w p ii g
bs i \ o v- r c g e i iv o a v c ip s v a i r t v d t wp i aa r o.
C l o i a nu s , i i i. _
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.
iatedwiththe asternC hurch,in
edbyit 3yetmuchdifferencewas
.
oopowerfulthroughthe German
tooremotefrom thecentreofthe
v ernm enta tC o nstant inop le to th ink
endencethefoundationfor the
ervians,onthecontrary,who had
reek mpire,andacknowledged
dtostrain everynerveagainstthe
ek mperorstoincreasetheir
e Greeks,despiteofthestipu-
to,attemptedto take erviaunder
ndto sub je ct it to the ir na ncia l
s design,aGreekgovernorwas
theproceedingincitedageneral
te phanBo ist law,who wa sim pri~
e,foundmeanstoeffecthisescape,
nd.Hequicklyassembledthe
theGreekgovernor,with his
sentedtohavebeen,like their
rannical,werecompelledtoleave
arstohave takenupaposition
omBy antium,ladenwithrich
ds andheenteredintoalliance
f the Gre e k m pire,who we re a t
obtaintheirfreedom.
3 , C o nstant ine Mo no ma chus,in
hthedominionhehadlost,sent anume-
dtopenetratefromthe coastinto
nsencounteredthemintheirmoun-
wisspeasantshavesooftenmet
reGreek armyWas annihilatedin
le s .
otonlydidit putaspeedy
hmentoftheC ourtofC onstan+
tgo v ernm e nt,but ita lso rm l
werofthe Grand hupanes5whos
thepreservationofthenationalinde-
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E S .D
ntwas feltonbothsides.By
earanceofacometis believedtohave
h ichthe y e pe rience d in e rv ia. "
nhistory,thatbythe Presbyter
rtentwith alltheembellishments
eyhad,inaftertimes, tooppose
dva ntage to the e rv ianstha tthey
s ofW esternC hristendom:from
alwaysopenaid,atleast acertain
gerlysoughttoallythemselvesin
ho useso f W e ste rn uro pe 3a nd
lwaysmentionsuchallianceswith
erviansrejoicedinbeingcon-
ho se re lat io nswith the a ste rn
l2LI to the iro wn, the y a lso o ppo se d ,to the
attemptsofManuelC omnenusto
e W e ste rnC ro wn.W he n re deric
adein theyear1189,approached
stedanune pecteddevotion
gto ho ldN issa a sa e f f ro m him ,
sg.henceforward,asvassalsofthe
wish ing ,ho wev e r,to o ff e ndthe Gre e k
henthe re-conquestoftheHoly
d, re dericde cl ine dthe o if e r.T he
epart ofthe ervians,is,however,
rviansattimesappliedforredress
,buta lso to the co urto f Rom e ,
etensionstothe Illyriandioceses.
e rstwho sa lu te da Grand hu-
t thisco m etbe to kene d1-dgpshko a a g co o ; i .rcc u
a yd p 5 11 . p er o ; 1 - r ol u c r d a tg 5 1 / e p i a y y o v s p . 5 9- 1 ,
97.Dobroslawisdoubtlessoneand thesame
ordingto Diocleas,alltheGreek function-
day.
o ne ride rici Im pe ra to ris ,p .32 .P ro ipsa
percipiendahominumet delitatemipsioffere-
niimperiigloriam,nulloquidemtimore coacti
gni dilectioneinvitati.
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rT H E R V I A N S
e ctedtha tthe e rv ianna t io n,l ike
s, would,bydegrees,adoptthe
hurch.Gregoryaddressedthe
no to nly a s ing , buta s o n1
uld .hardlyhavebeenthoughtof
mayconcludethatall of
have,at onetimeorother,indulged in
ansm ightgra dual ly be wo no ve r.It
oliticalconsiderationsalonein-
cesto e v ince a le a n ing to wa rdsRo m e,
shedtheseopinions butit
aspast fortheprofessionofanew
aughtC hristianityby Greek
nople,attheverytimewhenthe
re ekC hurche s rstbro ke f o rth .
they ha d im bibe dthe a ve rs ione nte rta inedby
the f o rmula e o f the W e ste rnC hurch :
hasoncetakenroot,has never
njawasdisposedfora unionwith
utd id rno tpre ve nt f ro m
rofessionoffaith,by theerectionof
oisters.Hisviews werenot
tican,buttothe centrepointofthe-
st-cloistersofMountAthos, which
a ste rn tribe s .He f o unded
edas oneofthererrovatorsofV ato-r
Gre e k a lo ier.
sentednotonlydifferencesin
systemof lifeandof goverent,
y o nthe d istinct ionbe twe enthe
.Aco unci lwh ich Inno cent III.
ea,in1199, foundedoneofits
epresumptionofa fundamental.oppo-
ers.
me da - to ta l ly d i e re ntaspe ct. ro m
e he rm itage o f C h i- la-nda r, t . a v a ,
motedtheworkofhis father3and
mtia e etDio clea e re gnis .T he VIIIthC a no n
um d-use s in tpo testa tesa -De cco nst itu tae f M a nsi 1 ..-
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R N c nu no n. 7 5
PatriarchofC onstantinople
eprivilegeofalwayselectingtheir
na t iona lp riestho od . t . a v a
rsta rchb ishop- . He to o kuph isre s idence
ianM e cca ,a ndby h issp ir itua la utho -
wer tobereveredinthe eyesof
hichtheRomanPopewouldpro-
etoaccomplish.He raisedhis
according,toallaccounts,with
ern m pe ror,- - andcro wne dh im in
blageofclergyandlaity,who, upon
se a m ple in re pe at ingthe Cre e d in
e a dea d ly con ictwa sta kingp la ce
andthesecular powers, andare-
d magnaniinousprinceswere
ofotterssnakes,by there-
do f the Church andwe nd in
at, asimilarityofaction.Manyof
vertyrannicaltheirconductmight
n, were,afterdeath,honouredas
he la stthe y pe rf o re dso m e pio usa ct.
recountthedeedsof these-
e te ndedthe ira utho rity to wa rdsHun-
a nt ium ,a nd- ,a t the e pe nse of the
sufficetonotice theposition
fourteenthcentury,whenthey
fpower.
dominionoftheMongols
rneditby viceroyssentfromtheir
andhad,underthe lastPiasts,
o the W e ste rn ta te s,ino rde rto
milarsubjugation.Bohemia,
hadalreadybecome,underthe
e se ato f a - ce rta inde gree o f civ i l i a -
t the e rv ian . ra le s,o nthe
orest-mountain,remaineduncon-
on.
a uthe nt ich isto ry : o e rv - ta .ca nnotbe e pe cted ,
su c h as D o mi t i- a n s _ L if e o f t . i m eo n -, a n d t . a v a, a n d
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N LA TI N S A N D G R E K S .
whoseforceandenergy,
edbytheirgreat distancefromtheir
e pe l le dby the e rv ians,a sco mple tely
Ge rm an ictr ibe so f i le s ia,a ndtho se on
n ervia,thearchbishop,after
cessors avaandArsenius,ledthe
e ld ,a nddro v e backthe he a the ntro ops.
medin thiscountrybythewar
e ls ,wh ichthe no ccup ie dthe wo rld.
onstantinoplewaspowerlessto
hadpreferredforthepossession
terhavingbeenrepulsed,con-
he d ispo se do f both e rv ia and
rwitho utda nge r a she thustrans-
seofAnjou.This familywas
assertitsright tothecrownof Hun-
d : but itwasno tto be e pe cted
solutelymaintained,asthe
m e srea dy to a id the e rv ians in
mperorscouldnolongerhope
no v er e rv ia 5a ndbe ingunde rthe
hostilityofthe Latinsbyan
nC hurchritual,theyinvoluntarily
hebigotedpopulaceof theirown
withdifficultye actedobedience.
eentheLatinsand Greeks,andthe
gup ina l lparts e cit ing fe udso n
dinthe interior,fromtheIonian
horus,and preventingtheestablish-
inggov e rnme nt ga v e the e rv ians
gorously ontheirownbehalf.
mentofC onstantinople,unable
dmakehumiliatingdemandsupon
thcentury,assumedthe
o kposse ssio ne pro vince so nthe U ppe r
hopDaniel andhissuccessors,arepublished
Bucho n,Re che rche se tM at ria u ,i .33 .Ita .
e ct erbieliceatnobisnostrisqueheredibus
eligere.
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A N D c a ur a cn a n us . 9
dto the a ncient e rv iantribe s.T he .
onstantinople,andtherelationsin
dwiththecontendingparties,
ervianstomakefurtherencroach-
r s t ha l f of t h e 1 t h c en t ur y , th e y no t
powerofthe Illyriantriangle,but
heywoulde ertapowerfulin-
ol i ti c s of u r op e .
ervianswasalwaystoact with
m pire whicho ppose dthe Co urt .
mselveswith theyoungerAndro-
atanotherperiodaffordeda
anuso f M a ce do n ia ,a nd phra n e so f
rsofprovinces,whohad quarrelled
us,andwho returnedstrengthened
a nta cu e nusa ssum edthe purp le ,
o pene dto the e rv ia ns.Ca nta cu-
gtha tne ithe rh is f r iendsa ndrela t ions,no rthe
omhehadassembled,could uphold
mountains,andprevailedupon
we rf u l ingo f the e rv ians,who m
ceatPristina,to joinhiscause.
elates,thattheseprincesentered
cordingtowhichneitherof themwas
s oftheother,andthe townsof
retobeleft atlibertytodeclarein.
rtheymightprefer. -iIfthis be
hataleagueofbrotherhoodwas.
accordingtothenationalcustom
oivocles Palatines accompanied
re tende r,Ca nta cu e nus,inh is
k throne.Betweenthe ervians
tedintheirearlyinstitutions,
tof theirreligion,afeelingof mu-
soofcommonopposition,directed
n m pire.Anda sa gre a tpart .
,i i .p .656.pnd rspo v / ujde r pcprro r -y ia /609a :
i a v iw r w ao v c a i av y w p ai v r ai g n iw B v r w ri w v
7 \e 0 w Z ir rp o i ko wr o rr po a w pe iv .
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.
ountrywereof clavonian,ifnot
n,therewasno feelingoftheirbeing
places,suchasMelenik and dessa,
e nus,a ndm a de o ve rto the e rv ia n
s,howe v e r,whe nhe be cam e m o re
ethat heshouldbeableto esta-
no longerallowthissystemto
disputeswith tephanDushan,
l le ve n in de ls the Osm a n liT urks
inAsiaMinor--tohis assistance,
e pe ctat io nthath isa dv ersa rie swo u ld nd
Butitwassoon evident,thatpro-
ustmust necessarilyturntothe
f e rv ia.T he f a ctthath isa rm y
instthe in de lse nde a re dh im to h ispe o ple .
mforhis victoriesovertheAgarenes.
nimityandpridepreventedhim
testwith hisleague-brother
deswouldhaveventuredtoattack.
cu e nuswa senga ged ine te ndingh is
anDushanconsideredhimselfen-
onofMacedonia.C itieswhich
tsoftheir mutualambition- such
f e l l in to h isha nds.T he By a nt ine s
to a e r ce l y ra g in g r e , a t a no t he r
o wingf ara ndwide : bo thwild
hat te phanDushana ssume da m o st
rulee tendedfromtheoriginal
manjasdominion,theprovinceson the
av e to the co untry the .na me o f
.Hav ingrece iv edthe be ned ict io no f
repelaformidableinvasionof
o ,unde rLo u isL,we re m a kinggre a t
dedin drivingthemback.In seems
dposse ssio no f Be lgra de l a t le a st
ip .7 .He m e nt ionsthe be l ie f e nterta ine dby
thathewouldobtainthehighestrewardhereafter
theC hristians,orwhokilled. thegreatest
i i - .298 .
e r vi a , 35 - r . .
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R AG U A . 11
dBosniafrom-.anobstinateBan,
dentgovernment
shan is f o und inR-agusa ,whe re he
peanhonours,andwasacknowledged
kypetaresinAlbaniafollowedhis
o a nn ina we re inh ispo sse ss io n . ro m
es,whosedistrictsmayeasilybe
soverthewholeof theRoumelian
a ndthe M a ri z a ,a sf a ra sBu lga ria,
aprovinceofhis kingdom.Being
tensiveadominion,henowven-
ichwasstillin disputebetweenthe
m pires,a ndco u ldno trightly be
e rv ian ra le ,he cou ldne ithe r
enceoftheGreeks: thereforehe
f the Ro ume lia ns the M a ce do nia n
andbe ganto we a rthe t ia ra .Onh is
oldingin hishandaglobe,sur-
twa sin the o rtho do Gre ek m pire,
nd secularobediencee isted
werealmostinseparable,althoughthe
dependentrepresentation the
sessionofimperialpower, andthe
gnpatriarch,wouldhavebeen an
as arrangedwithoutmuchdifficulty:
sembledclergyofDushan sem-
efapatriarchof theirown.
cy o f the e rv ianna t io nto pre -
ntheconflict ofthe asternand
hristendom- beingpoliticallyopposed
tca l ly to the o ther a 11d itwa sa t
achievedthatindependence.
atlywhenthey ascribedto
wardstheW esternC hurch.By
d,whoeverendeavouredtopervert
eresy wascondemnedtoworkin
tion representshimonthefesti-
el, asaskinghisV oivodesto
rousthatheshouldleadthem-
sBe gum M y si e ,p .26 .
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.
sAlemannia. Wliereverthou
z a r, wa sthe irre p ly , we wil l f ol-
ein accordancewithhischaracter.
vebeenreallyhisintentionto turn
underGermanprotection3 butthe
sess io no f tha tco n de nce which
acquiredindependence.
ur,whethersuch ademeanour,
ousitmightappear, wasnot
mentofcivilisation Apeople
sitiontomoreadvancednations,for
gitsown freedom,cannotbe
o se impre ssio nswh ichwo u ld,o the rwise ,be
a snote cludedf ro m inte rco urse with
t.Theminesshepossessed,and the
ctedmerchantsfromRagusa,who
o v o brdo , la do vo ,a nd m e dere v o,
ursewasmaintainedwiththe
jo yingthe bene tso f Ita l ia n
a hadsuf i icie n twe alth to ta ke into the ir
o f the C o ndo tt ie ri ,som e t ime sIta l ia n ,
ho we re cal le d Ce lts by the Gree ks ,
oops5andit wasprobablythrough
ervianmonarchswereenabledto
countries.Abouttheyear1355,
ngthegrandeesof theempire,as
r ing I usha Q
tthe W e st ,ca st le sa ndfo rtresse s
tinaccessibletopsofmountains:in
e rs inte rsectthe h i l ls ,a nd in the m idd le o f
yetstandingachurchof white
splendouroftheage,to thememory
yan-architectofC attaroii Manyother
undedthro ughthe m un i ce nce o f
handsofnativearchitects.W ith
o t i ie su l le Ant ich ita ,e tc.d iRa gusa , i . p .229
ance,the factthatthemostbeautifularchitec-
were erectedattheperiodofthis intercourse.
T urquie d E uro pe,i i i . 6 .
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N . 1 3
ksandchurch-laws,the dawnof
close ly co nne cted .T he re e istsa
an,which,it mustberegretted,is
Itproves,however,thatthere
ia,a nAsse mbly - co m po se do f clergy
e ntsh ipo f the Cz a ra ndthe
edthelegislativepower3that it
ssemblytosecurethepossessionsof
tandsmall, fromtheencroachments
, ontheotherhand,to protectthe
ry e a ct ionso f the la ndo wners In
he stateofviolenceandrapineto
peoplewerestillsubject,as his-
yprove3but,at thesametime,we
ffortonthe partofthenationto
ese e v i ls .
whichconstitutesoneofthe most
e iste nce o f e v e ry na t ion -a sta te of
ltraditionsofthedarkest origin,
terperiod,and fetteredbylocal
a le gal i e do rdero f th ings,f o undedo nsp ir itua l
dingwiththegeneraldevelopment
ha nge wa se e cte d,no t inde ed
recedentsandforms,butstill very
e primitiveideasofthepeople.
sy ste m so f laws,tha to f e rv ia ,a cco rd-
e be stqua l i e dto judge,is the
arises,to whatresultswillthis
e e rv ianpe o p le re a l ly assum e a sta t io na mo ngst
T h isse em e dto de pe nd le sso nthe ir
ment,thanontheir relationswith
wasincreasingwonderfullyinstrength,
to wa rdsthe o utho f uro pe.
,in the Vie nna e a r-Bo o k,l i i i.Adv e rtise m entshe e t,
cheRechtsgeschichte,vol.i.part ii.sect.v.
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A N L IB R T .
e o f th e R om a n m p ir e i n th e o u rt e en t h C e n tu r y. - D ea t h of
o nse que ntDisse ns io ns.- E ncro achm e ntso f the
issova.- S ubj-ugationofthe ervian tate. The
igna lDef e a to f the e rv - ia nsne arV a rna ,in1 4 4 .
he P ata re ne e ct .- - u rre nde ro f Bo snia n o rt - re ssesto
e o f e r vi a i n th e i t e en t h C e n tu r y. - - x a c t i on o f
T he P e ace o f P a ssa ro v it .- -Orse n iC z e rno vich .
te negro . - Insurre ctio no f the e rv ians in1 ,7 37 .- -T he
C o m p1e te ub juga tio no f the e rv iana s.
n twe se e kto inv e st iga te the de v e lo p -
earealmostinvariablyledback to
h ich f orm s,a s itwe re ,a ce ntralpo in t
ina smucha sitsubdue dthe a ncie nt
hedbythemodern.
erorHeraclius--underwhom,
tion,the admissionofthe ola-
onthe Danubetookplace---the
a nt ine Ro m a n m pire were rst
adoptedthatformofbeliefwhich
rom the C hristia n f a ith . o rtuna te ,
nstantinopledidnot-earliersuccumbto
tthis period,however,the
inor,in theimmediateneigh-
strongermilitaryforcethanthey
ebefore.IntroducedbyGanta,cu
nlisgraduallypenetratedintothe
tl1\ey,,intheyear 1357.,independentfooting:3andeatllii alipolis,evenatthepresent
e ta in the nam e so f the rstT urks,W ho ,a ssa i l -
ithalltl1e1 -violenceof
ettherewhattheyconsideredtobe
ta te wa spowe rf ul inwa r,a nd
.Hithertothefeeble government
ce ssio no f the Rom a n m pire ha d
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5
ghtofopposingonedivisionby the
snecessarythatall shouldunite
a insta co m mo ne ne my .
he e rv iansto re s ist the C sm a nlis
e ithe rre pe lthe e ne m y ore pe ct
itsohappened,thatat the
-beattempted,themightyrulerof
Dushan ,d ie d ,be fo re he ha dcom plete d
dlaidthefoundation,andere the-had
ehiilwarkof nationalinsti-
e ervianandtheTurkish tates
e f a ct ,tha tthe Osm a n lise h ib ited
mpactly-knitfellowship,beingall
wh i lst in S e rv ia,- o nthe contra ry ,the
ccordingtotheW estemsystem,ca
calpower.
te phenDusha nha d ,
een placedonthethronebefore
na llh ism e a sure s,e v en tho se
ad takenadecisiveshare.He
ingtheoutbreaksof disobedience
d but,afterhisdeath,disputes
nhis widow,his-son,and brother,whichoverthrewthesupremeauthority andthe
elvesoftheopportunitytocastall allegiance.
d, theBosniannobleshadalso
anaristocraticrepublic. C on-
eritance,-and,connectedwiththese,
rfulclasses,.atthat timeformed
sidera t~io n in uro pe 3whils t tho se
a n m pire,wh ichbo re the stro nge st
the 1-ma in tena nce .-o f a ha re m,a ndm urde ro f the brothe rso f the u lta n ha dthe e ff e ct o f
ndembarrassmentsofsort
ot,therefore,long
parties wenldprovevictoriousin
accountsof battlesnot,men-
e ste m -co untrie s .: the e rwian
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O W A . .~
hat arenotrecordedbythe
riesarespokenof asdefeats,and
wsoeverimperfectourk now-
encesof thiswar,theirresult was,
DushanlosttheRoumeliandistricts
ors:his chiefvassalssubmitting
the a ncient e rv ianco untrie sa ny
tanteventsdecidedtheirnow
pyingconqueredcountries
d ,ca rry ingo the o rigina l inha b it -
onaloppositionin theyear1389.
s ,crowne dby the ch ie f sea to f the
e l d of o s so va t h e e r vi a ns , t he
hans deathhadregainedtheirinde-
anians,oncemorestoodunitedagainst
ks werestrongerthanallthese
oughtheparticularsofthebattle are
andthe vaguenessoftradition,
thatdaythe erviansbecame
"
anlisandthe ervian ralewere
ict .Buttheirsucce sso rs ,Baja e t ,
ch,enteredintoanagreementwhich
feriorpositionofthe ervians.
rin marriagetothe ultan,and
litaryservicein allhiscam-
ghouthislifehehonourablyperformed
. Inthegreatbattlesof N ico-
the Otto m a n m pire wasin
oughtbythesideof hisbrother-in-
ound.tothishouseby anoath
f with the e a lo f a kinsm a n in the
tononeoccasion brokeoutinthe
so do ing ,he o n ly con rm e dthe
on.During thelifetimeof
n to nto lera b ly we l l bu t ,a f te rh is
stene dto la y cla im to e rv ia o nthe
f Dukas,wh ich isra the rf re e,e pre sse s it :
te pha no so tto lsuo im pe rio e se rcita sse la mil i t ia,e d in
eratore,setrovasselasuapersona.
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AM O N G C HU RC H P AB 1 I E S . 1 9
o rha d the S cla v on ia n i ingdom sf a red
1 n o ur n fu l f at a li t y, t h ei r _ do v vn . f a l l w a s a c co m -
so f the C' hurch ' p a irt ies ._g_
relatesthatGeorgeBrankovitschonce
Hu ny a d,iwha t he in te nde d . to do with
e provevictorious.Hunyaddid
a n e v e t , h e s h ou l d n1 a k et h e c o un t ry
Bra i iko v it sch the re upona ddresse dthe
lta n3T who a nswe red ,tha the wo uld
e v e ry _ _m o s,que ,1a nd wou ld le a ve the
Athe mosqu_es,orto cross them-
cco rd ing to _ the ir resp j ct iv e * " " cre ds.
nwasthat it wastbetter tosubn1ittothe
lfaith, than toacceptthe
itsch ,who ,o e v en whe n he wa sn ine ty
ptthe Westemcreed, steadfastly
en, afterhisdeath,thefemalesofhis family
hurch,theirruinwas onlyhastened
,He lena ' P a la e o lo ga , o f f ere d he r
e f t o th e S e e f o f Ro me o a n a ct w h ic h e ' c i te d _* a
he rsub jects . T \ he i e rv ians the mse lv es inv ited
t h ei r ~ f o r t re s s e s , t h at t h ey _ ' I n i gh t ' n o t se e
g iv e no v erto a ca rd ina lo f the Ro m isl1
whose intentionitwas to
cess, a ndto un ite bo thcountries unde r
,a lso m ade a de e lara t i o no f f e a lty f
u lt .T he Pa ta rene se ct , wh ich
Bosnia,andhad beenforcenturies
whicha_ crusa_dehadbeenre-
alsotinfavourof Turkish- ratherthan,
a t io n . l A t t h e " i e t a t t a7 c k_ o f t he T u rk s ,
anydefenceii eightdays,
eso pe ned the ir ga te s to the T urks,
lin to the e ne m y s po wer.
r F r e de r ic , i n t he d e ed b y w hi c h he e e m pt s t he C o u nt s
ngf e udalse rv ice to the m pire 13thAugust ,
sre a son ,tha tthey gende nBo sne rnT urke nund
eC hristenheitandenselbenO rtenfaglichund
s uschaffen, --theBosnians,Turks,and
hte V01 ) .Bo sn ien ,1 5 ,1 7 .
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RU T oT H I R A IT H.
entsmighthavebeenprevented,
anearlierperiod,adoptedthe
ta te s: buta a irsm ustha v e be en
d.Hungary ,wh ich f ro m the rst
m pire,wa sso o na fte rco nque re d
ns,whopreferredsubmittingto
mentofwhattheyweredoing,
dthemunderthenewrule.
here wa sno ne cess ity f orke e p ing
e l,the lastP rince o f the Bo snia ns,who se
ohim, was,inviolationofthis pro-
ndof the f a nat ica l he ikby who m
ted.
untry,whomtheTurksbeganto
adyannihilatedtheroyalhouse,
heironlysafetylayin embracing
prince ssha d e dto Ro m e,a nda t
deovertothePopeher rightto
uchingthe swordandshoe
m, astokensofthebequest,
dthatherchildren,a sonanda
ed.Islamism,had,thereby,become
er.Urgedby thee ampleofthe
erofrefusalon onehand,andon
ofasharein publicaffairs,ifthey
lustriousfamilieswereby degrees
ns.Thustheyretainedan here-
es a nd ,so lo nga sthe y re ma ined
ue nce in the pro v ince . o m e t im e s
lo we dthem .By th ism ea ns,ho we v e r,
esf ro m theirpe o p le ,who ,inde a nce
ainedtruetotheirold faith and,
o ld inga ny of f ice in the ta te ,a ndf ro m
monwith allthe_ C hristian
mpire,becameBayahs.
eofaffairswas insomedegree
atcertain C hristianchiefsmain-
htheaid ofanarmedpopulation.
me r sGe schichte derO sm a ne u,i i .552 .
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UTH .21
us obtained,byBemtesfromthe
mentoftheir rights,whichthe
respect.
n the M o ra v a ,the o lubara ,a ndthe
nthecontrary,was upheldinall
e Grand ignioralmostevery
ytothe seatofwaron the
sequentlyindependencecouldnot
deed,that thepeasantryinthe
eweresummonedtoC onstanti-
viceduring thehay-harvestinthe
The countrywasdividedamongthe
lthe inhabitantswerebound,bythe
aceboththeir personsandtheir
we re nota l lo wedto ca r1 y a ny
d istu rba nce swhichbro ke o ut ,we nd
staves. Theywouldnotkeep
robbedofthembytheTurks.
turydescribesthepeopleas
mdaredto liftuphis head.
rsthe tribute o f y o uthswa sco l le cte d: a
on,whichcarriedoff thebloomand
eimmediateserviceoftheGrand
heir ownnativestrengthagainst
wasgraduallyworking inthe
wallianceofHungarywithAustria,
eempireand militaryforcesof
advancesofthe O smanlis,and
eranceofHungaryfromthe
shaddividedthe nation but
developedthepowerandspiritof
slysecondedtheactiveinterferenceof
heseevents, agreatpartofthe
dpreviouslyemigratedwithinthe
gary,wasdirectlyset freefrom
is a ndthe pro specto f l ibe ra t io n
est ofthekindredtribeson the
heyprofferedtheassistanceoftheir
e o pold a ndho wla rge ly the y co n-
theimperialarmsiswell known.
t ,a ne te ns iv e po rtio no f e rv ia
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= = 1 . - ,
R N O V I C H.
f the m pe ro r,who d idnotf a i l to
esoil bye oneratingthepeasants
ngin thearmy,andbypro-.
ation.
p la in.ho witha ppene dthat
not advance,butevenretro-.
thelapseoftwentyyears,_theconquered
o be g iv enba ck.a g~a in to the Turks.
sW asowingmoretothe complica-_
s ,thanto a ny incre a se o f the
may.remark, thatthisnewcatas-
tionoftheC hristianpopulationin
ithadbeen.N otonlywas
takenonthose serfs,whohadnot
of Alandweretransferredtoother
and deepestinjury,was.in.flicted
ution.Hitherto,whilst. under
the ervianpatriarchate,withthe
beenpreserved.Thisgavethe
gardedtheC hurch,acertainshare
ured fortheRayahsarepresenta
oftheGrandnorwas
e d .- _
nof = the m pe rorLe o po ld to
owerfulecclesiasticalauthority,
perialprotection-3by which
rian.nationHstood towardsthe
reiationofprotected tates.Itwason
a tthey ro se so 15 i 9m ptly ,in the ye a r.1689,in
the irpatria rch ,Arse ni.Cz _e pnov 1ch ,
a m pl,e ..-He ,with s6_ ,11 : f
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y~seventhousandfamiliesaccompanied
ngarianterritory,wherethe
rivileges,securedtothemtheir
theTurkswould notsufferan
nlyhostileto themasC z ernovich,
ue nce in the irdo min io ns.T he y a to nce
ntercoursewithhim impracti
ppointeda ervianpatriarchat
onsthisproducedmaybegathered
edthe fateofMontenegro.The
ro,Daniel ofthehouseofPetro-
e gush i who ha dbee no rdaine dby
eniC z ernovich,hadnosooner
istrict thanhewastaken prisoner
ratedonlyonpayinga heavy
hepatronageofthe government,
nto Montenegro andDaniel,that
befreefromitin hisowndiocese,pre-
_ns_ ofthatterritorytorid themselves,
ometanbrethren.
otturnC hristians,orsecure
ght ,we re ,o na na ppoin te dda y ,sudde n ly
._.Thefactcannotbe disguised,that.
e GreekC hristianfaithhavebeen
sted.TheBishop,whohadever
inatinghissuccessor duringhis
rythedignityof PriestsandArch-
becamefromthattimethe headof
nstitutedanimportantmeansof
Austria ns in1737, the Alban ia ns
ro se ingrea tnum be rs the irf orce
,0003but theyweremetbythe
ra l e cke ndo rf ,which is f o unde do ngo oda utho -
07 tha tthe Pa triarcho f Ipe ka ndthe Archbisho p
im e e pre sse da wishto be m ade se cu la rlo rds
tobealloweda. seatandvoteinthe German
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T R 1 11 .
a,andtheirentirehost slaugh-
thatcauses e isted,independ-
duceanentirenationaldefection
.
e PeterIII,succeededin
nsionsinMontenegro andhis
dfarintotheTurkish dominions.
everalbishops andthethen
hurchat Ipe kse nth im a va lua ble
U po nthisthe V i ie rso f Bosn ia
e lda gainsth im,a ndsuccee de d
o Montenegro whitherthe
self co m pe lle dto e e f o rsa fe ty .
thePortenottopermit the
ianPatriarch.Thedignitywas
riarchatC onstantinople,over
sedund ispute dpowe r. Gre e kBisho ps
ce do v e rthe e rv ianC hurch.
or thenation.W iththeinde-
,thepeopleweredeprivedof their
conductofpublicaffairs that
omemeasureinstrumentalin
he y no wf orthe rstt im e f ound
ttotheTurkishGovernmentat
rthe P atria rcha tC o nstant inop le ,quote dby M ura d-
a b lea ude l Em pire O tto ma n,v .p .120 ,the Ha ttische ri
wasdone.ThePatriarchtook uponhimself
0 aspers,whichIpekhad hithertopaid.
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T UR I H IN S T IT UT IO N S I N E R V I A .
e n Is lam ism a ndC hrist ia n ity.- - T he irD if fe re nce co nside re d
n issa rie s.- S ta te o f the Ra y a hso rN a t iv e Inha b ita nts .
. -T he pa h is. - ta te o f Af fa irsa tthe Clo se o f the
C o m me rcia lCha ra ctero f the P a tria rcha te a t
e Ch im ne y T a in e rv ia.- - T urkishDisse nsio ns.
bers .- -C hrist ia nse cludedf ro m a llP ub l ic
e ss io nandDe grada t iono f the e rv ians.- Pre se rv a t ion
.
entreligionswouldbenot only
s,ceremonies,and hierarchicalinsti-
the po l itica l in ue nce whichthe y
ousnations.
mismandC hristianityhavebeen
o p ingthe mse lve s ino ppo sit io n to e acho ther.
heprincipal distinctionofthe
se nunde rtheir in ue nces
shavetakeninW estem
ybecensuredandobjectedto 3butit
C hurchhas,throughout,contri-
tionofnationalcharacter.
evariouselementsofwhichthe
wascomposed -withthenume-
queststowhichthat countrywas
le a ges ho wco u ld the f o unda t ion
un ity a sthato f ra nce hav e be e n
ro ughthe in ue nce o f the C hristia n
entratingpowerof thePriest-
a sce ndancy in ue ncesf ro m witho ut
f rom with in a ndthe hab ito f
byaspirit ofresistance.Butthe
v elo pe d,be ingo nce rm ly e sta -
royedbyanydifferenceofopinion
onalfeelings.
e a st .
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aliphs,andundertheMongo-
vast territorieswhichwere
e nde v e ry whe re a na nta go n ism
_ whosereligiongavethemtheclaim
in de ls , who we re conde mne dto
irreligion.
pretensionsoftherulingmilitary
belief thattheye clusivelyenjoy
shave, however,provedtothe
istwithout,theai_d_ofa_ subject
n .W ith a l l e a l ,the T urkis inge ne ra l
h iste to f the o ra n : T l10..11 .wilt
me a nso f e nl ighte n inghim who m God
If ,a s itha sbee na irm e d,a u lta n
ought..of-e tirpatinghisC hristian
av e ,be e n de te rre d f ro m the a ct ,by re e ct -
indispensable,__tohim.if romthis
beliefproceedsthewhole political
h m pire.T he two .princip le s .o f its
antagonistic.to_. each._ other, N o.
tion cancopsequentlybeenter -_.
the_r,,how. thisuneongeniality,is
teprinciplesof the _tworeligions
y .ess_e _nc_e ,o f a _ po pula rna ture a nd
tsdo ctrine so v e r he a the nna tio ns,_ . rstga ine d
e whilstIslainism,fromitsvery
n_iulgatedbythelswford.- _ l\T,.~ or,ne_ed
onismisconnect.e__d_.with. the,mitivetruthofthe onefa.ith. attimesunseen,but.always
alsehood.ofthe. o_th_e_r _ eno,ugh,thatit
ncemarksthe.,distinctiv ei.,character
rs_ to,,_ c1o n y e .rt,.na t ie ns. - Is la mism to
T he e arth is_ the_ I o rd > s,.a ndhe ._be sto __ws.
" AH AC L
> .nt ._ m re e ..e rPs-a sto be e .i11 .di-=
a _me ly ,that .the .a _et ,ua 1 pro perty in la nd
a te o rthe, .m pe ro r,, a nd ,po n ,l_y i ts .
mpire,apositivereality:grounded.011,the,_religi011$_-loelief
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S .27
elo ngsto the C a l iph,the ha dow,-a nd
rth. * W he nhe f u l l le dthe wil lo f
spreadingthepurefaith, he
hhe.conqueredamongstthearmies
who ha da ss istedh im inh ise nte rprise s:
hereditarypossession,buttothe
1 . ,t h e, f o rm o f a e f .
avebeeneffected.in morepeace-
hisarrang.ementremainedinforce,
f ro m t he r s t. T h e en t ir e e t e nt o f t he
nthe e ighte e nth ,ce ntury ,a swe l la s
ry,parcelledout.amongsttheTimarlis
m the re a re said to ha v e bee n132,000+
s,computedtoconsistof 150,000
.-althoughit,wasreallycomposed.of a-
a ctua lse rv ice = f o rme da la rge
heralltheprovincesofthe . 1I.1pire.
onDshemaat,always,enjoyedthe
Pachas.inthe fortresses,thekeys
theircare.
the .a rm y of the a ith fu lwho - .
y -awarrior.-caste,whoseprivileges
on -wa s,in e rv ia,a s ina l lthe
thelotof theRayahs,Theywere
,a ndto pa y the ta e s.W e no w.co ns iderwha t .these ta e swe re .
ventofprovingrefractory,would:
risonment,payspoll-moneytothe...
e o rdina nce so f the o ra n : Oppre S
e in ,co nce rn ingthe In de ls , unt i l they
m ble d. T o th isv erse o f the o ra n,,
ealways.appealed,whenatany time
foundthemselvesunder.the.
la wsre ga rd ingta a t io uj v e ry
age,is obligedtopaythepoll-ta
pr,o vincia rum do m in ium pqpp l iRo me n i,e s-1 v e l
possessionemtantumetusumfructumhaber_e,v_idemur.,,
o f the T urkish m pire,1798 m e nt io nsthisnum ber -
estimonyofseveralpersonswhohadthemost
hit. -
e n inHa mm e r. s a a tsve rf a ssgng ,i .332 ,
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teslceres,or stampedreceipts,
stantinople,serveatonceasproofs
io n,a sce rt i ca te sfo rpro tect io n,
by whomtheyarereceived.
stherewerestillsome districts
a n ne se s,o rprinces f o rinsta nce ,
der thehereditarydominionof
hoenjoyedprincelyauthority.And
ethattheypossessedtheprivilege
sebelongingto theTurkstoset
ad therightofrefusingto allow
to se tt le o nthe ir la nd.T he y pa id
Beg,whoresidedin ladovo.
metimekeptpossessionof tariwla
utschwasgovernedbyelective
Belgrade,however,whichby
ca l le d e rf vi ja le ti ,the pa h iswere
softhe villages.
antagewhichtheydid notpossess
s had,bydegrees,becomehere-
co nseque nt ly ,m o re rig id ly x e d
v eda t ithe o f a l l tha tthe e ld ,
duce d a nda lso a sma llta o ne a ch
heyhada righttodemandfor
dGlav n it a ,o f two p iastre s,f ro m
voidunpleasantinquiriesinto
e,manypersonsadded aportionof
a .Inso m e partso f the co im try
e pahisforeachmarriedcouple,
iastresa-yearinfull ofalldues.
d,asitenabledthe pahistoascer-
theymightannuallyreckon.
consideredasaclass
heyhadneitherestatesnor
the y hadno rightto jurisd ict io no r
werenotallowedto ejectthetenantry
venforbidthemfromremoving
hattheyhadto demandwas
hereditary,stipend,inreturnfor
nwarremainedunaltered.
ywereeverbestowedonthem
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cse rv ice a ce rta in rev e nue wa sgra nte d - \ ,
vedforhimselfanumberof
thePachahadtobe provided
ationofthePachalicalsorendered
uenecessary.
ral,were veryburthensome,parti-
whe n ita ppe a rstha tthe pe asa ntso f e v e ry
re nde rbo ndserv ice to the P a cha
y e ar a nd inCo nsta nt ino p le a
e ho use s in the m pire l ia b le to
m o re ishe ardo f e a ct ionsso
htheclose oftheeighteenthcen-
o nco rn ,which " the P a cha ha d
dtocollectaboutC hristmas,had
ntheotherhand,however, he
moneyfromthe country.The
ulatedbycustom butitcould be
umstances.Afterconsultation
wa sim pose dpro po rt iona b ly onthe
soon thevillagesandhouseholds
re g iste ro f la nde dpro pe rty wa sin
oftheoccupiers, astheyhappened
allyknown, beingtakenasthe
e rated.
nwa ssentto C o nsta nt ino p le
y to supp ly the wa ntso f the pro vince :
a n issa rie s,& c.T he a n issa rie s,
thedutiesonimportshad been
otedi themselvestotrade,and had
m o st in ue nt ia lcla ss in the co untry .
onsiderednotonlyas thechiefin
theProphet,the administratorof
gio na nd lawa re b le nde d .W he n,
torenouncethetemporaldominionof
vedforhimself thespiritualauthority,
l lasa nd a d isth ithe rto e e rcise
he wordporesati,tocut intotallies,toappor-
e rv ianDict iona ry S e rb ische sW o rte rbuch ,p .607 .
t ionssurle sT urcs, re nchtra ns lat io n ,i i.127 ,-
ndthisalterationto MahmoudI.
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cond-resided -in~l-Belgradeto
rv ia. Insm alle rto wnsthe re we re a d iswho
ssulmafisas asto C hristians,to
ha d~ch i e y to - le e kf orthe ir incom e wh ich
ue ~ a ccru ingto the m, the ir jud icial
a dm in istrat io no nthe de a tho f hea ds
duesoncommerce increasedbythefees
ghtbeforethem.Itis, therefore,
musthavebeenwelcometothem.
a s a ss o cia t e d a M ussulm a no ' 1ce r,~a ppo in te d
cute i-h is judgme nts a nd who ,ha ving
po we r,o bta ine d%1Igre ate r- co ns ide ra t io ntha nthe
' a i1 so f the Ghrist ia : ns we re a dm in iste re dby
so,-sincethe~ Bishoprichadpassedto
* clo se r re la t io n to the ta te a utho rit ie sthan
e n in e t e r na l - ap p ea r a nc e he a d op t ed t h e
hemightbeseenriding insumptuousapparel,
nia:ofpower grantedhimbytheberate
the swordthebusdowim.
im porta nce to h isc ice -wa s its pe curi ia : ry
tC onstantinople---the E lTolyC hu_rch- -
alinstitution-or bank, inwhichcapitalists
st - the ir~ mo ne y a nd itsm ea nsa re
i e r en t t ri b ut e s to t h e P o r t e, ' r e gu l ar o r
e pre sents withwh ich it~is custo m a r y
f - i1 ie i iibe rs o f the go v ernrnent .T he
s< > u . 1 ~ e s = o f r e ve n ue b i 1t c h ie y
Bishops.- E v e ry Bisho p ,when rst
a ckno wle dge h iIi 1 s e l_ f a -de bto rto a ce rtain
accordingto therevenuesiof his
e - b ci id f o r the e a ct f pa y me nt o f the
Thesebonds,= called court-bonds,pass
asortofpublic stock, aiidareinmuch
epresentative-ofthePatriarchor
urle s F a na rio te s, " p . 158: De so b1iga t io ns qu i
re tde sd i rpo ur ce ntpara n , e tqu o nd signe so usle
ol0yes.#- eeMaurer:- DasGriechischeV olk, i.
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yaredrawn, daresnotbeback-
einterest.H
fortheBishopstopay oifthe
y hav e a cknowle dge d the m se lv es
sthey wouldbringthe ad1ninistra-
ntoembarrassment. Aftertheir
srespo nsib le f o rthe a m o unt .,
e re unde rthe ne c-e ss ity o f e pe nd ingco n- I
ntheirrank anddignityamongst,
ration,oppressiveeventothe/
uchm o re so to the S e rv ian - s ,by
asstrangers.r
ests whomtheyordained,pay
wh ichthe y we re ref e rredto the pa rish -
the y a lso ra ise da pe cul ia rt1a ' ca l led
a ,f ro m e v ery ho useho ld .T his im -
o f a * rm a n,wh icha utho rised - its
f cia ls, a nd e n f o rce d it inpre f ere no e to
andlords. Itisknown also,ithat,
Pachalics,lmoney constitutedfora
ration3 andthatwealthy ana-
rs ,o n g iv ingse curity f o ri the
moneytobe raisedintherespective
e rcisedthe gre ate st in ue nce - in the
and then,bymeansofsecreta ries
them, controlledtheiradministration.
a m they boughtpate nts f o r K a d isby l inn
a large pro tto suchca ndida tes a s
l_' _ school andobtained therequired
e pisco pa lo ice sco ns isted e h ie y
ariotescouldintroduce-their mm
h.
es,ofPacha, adi,andBi shop,~ in " whi ch
alandecclesiastical authoritywas
tainedformoney3and theirholders
mse lv es a gainst lo ssby e e rcis ingthe po we r
e o ple : the re v enue o f the pa h is
f o rspeci c se rv ice s.T husthe
y,in thelanguageof political
thelight ofcapital,theinterestof
strate,belongedtothegovern-
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M A N S , A N D n n r nv c s.
t to som e pa rtie sa spa y f orthe pro -
toothersasrentsfarmedout of
omallsharein theconductofpublic
ersonstobe ruledover asthe
earevenuefor thesupportofthe
jugatedthem,andof providingfor
ce rs ,a nde v e nf orthe C o urt : i twa s
ystocarrythis arrangementof
foundindissensiononewith
ngconstantlyinthe country,had
at ofthePachas,whoresided
e a ndthe a n issa rie s,st ro ngby
formedthroughoutthe mpire,
o lo nga sthey ke pte a chothe rin
wiseeachassertedhis claim,which
lright, withalltheviolence he
retheC hristiansuniformlysubmis-
ppe arbe f o re the a d i,o rwhom the
th whetheronaccountofsome
edto oppressthemwithoutany
e d in to the fo re stsa ndturne dHe y ducs,o r
othe Italian uorusciti,ban-
e rio f so m e o f the pa n ishpro v ince s
ther ulerswhoseadministration
de ls ,gav e the m a m uchstro nge rf e el ing
heC ondottiericouldhave.The
such Turksastheyknew would
allythose sentwithtreasureto
wever,didnotpreventtheir claim-
sty a nd de l ity .W he ntwo o f
,onewasstyledAmmbasl a,captain
quentlyassembledinsmallbands.
i concealers ,whoshelteredthem,
homtheyservedas daylabourersor
ngtheyreturnedintothe forests,
a ndwhe none o f the m happe nedto
redthemselvesboundto avenge
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s C O M MA N D . 7 I 3 3
proceedingsoftheseHeyducs
tin thenation:awakeningrecollec-
ingalivethespirit ofwarfare.Up
hadalwaysbeendisregarded
opulation- whowerenotverycon-
m,andwho alwayshadtomake
d- frequentlytookpartagainstthem.
isorders,thepositionofaffairs
the supre m a cy o f the f o llo we rsof Is la m a nd
st ia ns wa supo nthe who le ma in -
sedbyreligionwas themore
ctedwithdifferenceofdescent.
thoughnotinanyway tracingtheir
y ofthecountry weremostly
a nd la ngua ge .
tas anactofarbitraryinjustice,
dislike,thattheC hristiansshould
m ta te a ff a irs,f ro m m il ita ry com -
Ithadalwaysbeenso: the
, wasintimatelyconnectedwith
u lta n sC o m m ands, co m pile dby a
d ,in the f thce ntury o f the
iaours tl1atis,ofthose subjects
a re thusspe ci e d . T he y m ustbe
theirdwellingsmustnot beloftier
ans thesoundoftheir bellsmust
tnotrideeitherhorses ordrome-
e e ighte enthce ntury ,a de cre e o f Osm a r
e In de ls a re f o rb iddento study
e a chthe irch i ld re nthe o ra n .
, they m a y no twea ra rm s ' t
telya matterofcourse,thatit is
fterwards.TheRayahswerecon-
,whoseduty wasobedienceand
he ge ne ralsta te o f e rv ia in the
hcentury.
y Ha mm e r,Ve rwa ltungde sC a l i f ate s,p .112 .
f La ws,ho wev e r,isv e ry e p l icit C o de M ili -
sson : upp l.i .106. Ildo its inte rd ire le po rtde s
hevau ,etde touteautremonture.
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T o r C HR I T I AN S .
not,onlythoseofdistinction,
hohadgraduallyassembledaround
emselvesthemastersoftheRayahs.The
themselvesthe e erciseofarms,
ngonsuchtrades aswereinany
ikeournorthernancestors,or
ers amongstwhomthesonofa
sty manyaTurkhasbeen seen
veandshoea horse,anactwhich
toryto therankofa gentleman.
ussulmansleftwithcontemptto
instance,no Turkwouldhavecon-
verythingthattheythought
beautifularms,richdresses,magni-
the y claim e de clus ive ly f o rthe m selv e s.~
hristianswasmostoppressive:
in to a to wnonho rse ba ck: he wa s
oot 3andhewas boundtorender
kwho mightdemandit.W hen
d,itwashis dutytohalt,and
d if he ha ppe nedto ca rry sma lla rm s
,hewas obligedtoconcealthem.
uty, toresentthemwasdeemed
ent..
thecountrymadea separation
Towardsthecloseofthe last
kea foreignerpassingthrough-
nthedifferencebetweenthe cities
hvedinthe.towns, largeor
s , the e rv ians in the v i l la ge s.
advantage,wouldnotsufferthe
utthecountry and,inthee -.
ervianshadamplecausefor
ervianattainedtheageof
ngse ena to wn.
whichtheantagonistparties
p ir ito f the e rv ianswa sm a in -
d.
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H AR AC T R , AN D P O E T R O F T H
T u te l ar y a i nt s .- B r o t h er l y an d i s te r ly A ' e c ti o n. -
ka b le Custo m o nthe De a tho f a Brothe r.- Inst itu -
o d . - F e st iva lo f the Ga rla nds.- -M arria ge
ve nge in -C a se so f M urde rno tkno wn in e rv ia.- -
l i. l 8 - S l 1 l S J ' . l ll 1 1l Z 6 f o r C h u rc h es . P o ve r ty o f t he
ss io n . - De pende ntsta te o f the Mo nks. C lo isters .
h. -V e ne ra t io n f orN a ture. F e st iva l inho nouro f
m of the W o m e no n t .Ge o rge s v e . W hitsunt ide .
a li e . - T he V i l i. - F e s ti v al o f t . o h n.
no f the Do do la ,a o rm o f Invo ca t io n f o rRa in. .-
f t . B ar b ar a . - w e ar i ng b y t he u n a nd b y t he
e rv ianT o a sto r e nt ime nt . Re rnarka b le Re l ig io us
a s. -Be l ief in ,V a rnpyre sa ndVV itches. P e r-
- P o werf u l in ue nce of the V i l i . - e rv iau
o na la ndHe ro ic o ngs. T he Gusle . F e st iva lM e e tings.
e P e op le . S o ngso f Husba ndry .- Am a tory
o nof He ro ic x p lo its .- H istoric- alBa l la ds.- M i tu re
u lous. Na t io na 1Co l le ct io no f o ngs. W ild
yad.
e tendfarupinto thegorgesofthe
sformedbyriversand streams,or
andsometimes,whenconsisting
o use s,they spre ado v e ra space a se te n-
ie nna a nd itssuburbs the dwel-
adistanceonefromanother.
swithinitselfan entirecommunity.
menclosedbyloamwalls,and
ofthelime,havingthe hearthin
omchambersareconstructed
te n tte dupwithpo l ishe dbo a rds,but
p la ce s.T he ho use o ste ns ib ly be lo ngsto the
mily3 towhoseusea separate
esappropriated.Thechambersare
ople.All themembersofthe
ousehold theyworkandeat
eveningsassemblearoundthe
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rs .
enthe f a the rd ie s ,h isso ns,a ppo in t ingo ne o f
al i e da m o ngstthe m,a sm a ste ro f
na ,re m a in toge therunt i l to o gre a ta n
ersa separationdesirable.Itis
o formanentirestreet.A
tlittleassistancefromstrangers.
uildings constructintheirrude
waggons preparetheyokesof
o o pthe irca sks a ndm anuf a cture their
Theirotherclothing isprepared
o o la nd a ,we a v e l ine na nd
ta ndthe - a rto f dy eingwithm adde r.
ey require,sothatsalt isper-
y nd itne ce ssa ry to purcha se .T he
tbythe villagesaresmiths,tomake
oseveralhousesconjointly,and
usingit.
supplyingalltheirownW ants,
se lf a sta te o f thingswh ichwa s
k,be ca use the ta e swe re ch ie y
s - f o rme dthe ba siso f e rv ian
restwasthusmerged,as itwere,
thedayofthesaint whosename
day, buteachhouseholdhadits
heycelebratedwith mirthand
ns,familieswereheldtogether
rthe relationsonthemothers
brother being,accordingtoancient
pe rso na ge . In the cla v on ic-
v ai ls to a gre a te re te nta stronga nd
ndsisterlyaffection: thebrother
,thesisterswears bythenameof
sbandis notpubliclybewailed
o f ce ispe rf orm e dby h ism o ther
hisgrave.
tryaverystrangecustompre-
rum li is idem a puda vuncu lum qu ia dpa tre m
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. it37
thersdies,whosebirthdayschance
thesurvivorisfastenedto the
inhisdeceasedbrother sstead,
homheis thenreleased.
iseto oneofthemostpeculiar
antribe T he Bro therho o d. P e r-
her inthe na me o f Go da nd t .
de l ity a nda idduringtheirwho le l ive s.
make thesafestselectionfor
hoosingone,ofwhom hemayatsome
ehadsolicited assistanceinsome
esignatethemselvesBrothersin
sby cho ice , P o bra t im i.N o e ccle sia st ica l
necessaryforconstitutingthisbond
in,itisc ustomarytorenewthe
ningofthesecondMondayafter
a fte rnoo no f tha tday the y o ungpe o p le
garlands:youths,eachonewith
,inthe samemanner,thenenter
ssingthroughtheirgarlands,
cha nge d .T h is rstbo nd,ho we v er-
- lastsonlytillthe succeeding
herhoodandsisterhood forever
t ion .O nthe f o l lowing a ste r
yhavebecomebetteracquainted,
m the iro rig inalcho ice o rm ake a ne w
epersons bywhomitis
thec ontrary,regardedasanaffair
mily.Thefathersoftwo houses
rtogether:e changingpresents,
toaconsiderablevalue.Thus, by
efula memberofahouseholdasa
eredbyonetoanother.The
sher tothesolemnprocession
e rto herne wa bo de a ndthere
er,orsister-in-law,ofthe bride-
h i ld,to ucheswitha d istaf f the wa lls
eroccupiedwith thisimplement,
ndwater,upto thetablewhichit
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mmowu.
toprepare:withthesesymbo-
sintothe newcommunity.Her
eofsugar,to denotethatsheshould
sgood.As yetsheisonlya
ole y e a rshe isterm e dthe be -
mptionofcontinuedbashfulness,pre-
ps apartevenfromherhusband.
shescarcelyconverseswithhim
phrasebepermittedfromher
avepassed,andshe hasbecome
hild ren ,tha tshe in rea l ity nds
othermembersofthefamilyinto
feelingofblood-relationshipthat
s,itisr emarkablethattherevenge
peciallyasafeelingofretaliation,
arcondition,is aprominentcha-
Montenegro,theracemostnearly
rise fromthefactthatpowerful
t f ound in e rv ia: the y co uldno t
intaintheirascendancy,in conse-
cterof thenationalsubjection.
toa community,isacustommore
onefoundedoncommonoriginor
consideredmurderratheraloss
whicha murderhadbeenperpe-
ay,as compensation,thepriceof
a . T h is w a s x e d a t on e t ho u sa n d
communityallowedthemur-
d .Itwa sde em e dsuf cie nt i f he
mily ofthepartymurdered, and
circumstances,wasnot likelyto
ncerevengewouldoccasionnew
ageformedwas averyclose
ct ing itso wn lde rs,a ndP re -
adalreadyappearedinthelaws ofDushan,
i f w e ma y f ol l ow n g el s v e r si o n so f a r . I t i s a q ue s