leno mascia polymers in industry from a-z · the authors dr. leno mascia department of materials...
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Polymers in Industry from A-Z
Leno Mascia
A Concise Encyclopedia
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Leno Mascia
Polymers in Industry from A----Z
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Leno Mascia
Polymers in Industry from A–Z
A Concise Encyclopedia
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The Authors
Dr. Leno MasciaDepartment of MaterialsLoughborough UniversityLoughborough LE11 3TUUnited Kingdom
All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefullyproduced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, andpublisher do not warrant the information containedin these books, including this book, to be free oferrors. Readers are advised to keep in mind thatstatements, data, illustrations, procedural details orother items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from theBritish Library.
Bibliographic information published bythe Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists thispublication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographic data are available on theInternet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
# 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation intoother languages). No part of this book may bereproduced in any form – by photoprinting,microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted ortranslated into a machine language without writtenpermission from the publishers. Registered names,trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when notspecifically marked as such, are not to be consideredunprotected by law.
Typesetting Thomson Digital, Noida, India
Cover Design Adam-Design, Weinheim
Printed inPrinted on acid-free paper
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32964-9ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-64405-6oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-64403-2ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-64404-9Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-64406-3
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Dedication
To my grandchildren and their future
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Contents
Preface IXAcknowledgements XIOverview Guide XIIIList of Acronyms XXIII
Chapter Entries Pages
A Abrasion Resistance—Azeotropic Copolymerization 1B Back-Flow—Butyl Rubber 24C Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)—Cyanate Ester 37D DABCO—Dynamic Vulcanization 80E Effective Modulus—Eyring Equation 99F Fabrication— Fusion Promoter 126G Gate—Gutta Percha 153H Halogenated Fire Retardant—Hyperbranched Polymer 157I Impact Modifier— Izod Impact Test 163J J integral— Joint 175K K Value—Kneading 176L Lamella— Lüder Lines 178M M100 and M300—Mylar 191N Nafion—Nylon Screw 215O Oil Absorption—Ozone 225P Paint—Pyrolysis 229Q Q Meter—Quinone Structure 267R Rabinowitsch Equation—Rutile 268S Sag—Syntactic Foam 277T Tack—Tyre Construction 301U Ubbelohde Viscometer—UV Stabilizer 318V Vacuum Forming—Vulcanization 326
VII
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W Wall Slip—Work of Adhesion 335X X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)—Xenon Arc Lamp 342Y Y Calibration Factor—Youngs Modulus 343Z Z-Blade Mixer—Zisman Plot 347
References 349
VIII Contents
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Preface
Polymers are a well-established class of materials both in the commercial sector andin educational curricula. Polymers are the main component of commercial productsknown as plastics, composites, rubber (or elastomers), surface coatings, fibres andadhesives.
Although many books have been published over the past 50 years or so to satisfythe demands of those concerned with the scientific and technological aspects of thesubject, the author feels that there is a need for a reference text that can provide easyaccess to brief and concise information on the terminology, concepts, principles andindustrial practice related to the constitution, manufacture and properties of poly-mer materials.
A compact encyclopaedia provides the easiest and most rapid route for retrievingboth specific and general information about the subject of interest. This is particu-larly valuable when the reader is interested primarily in the basics of the subject.
Although the central focus of this book is on aspects concerned with the con-stitution, properties and processing of polymer-based materials, the treatmentextends into related areas, including synthesis and characterization. The amountof information and details provided for each entry, therefore, varies according to theanticipated needs and interests of the potential reader within the core areas.
The contents covered by the text have been derived with the view that the fieldspans various disciplines and branches of industry and, therefore, the needs of thepotential reader beyond the boundaries of these areas are served by complementarytexts related to other sectors, such as the petrochemical industry and specificmanufacturing concerns.
The information is presented in two sections. The main part of the book consistsof an ‘‘A to Z encyclopaedic outline’’, which enables the reader to search directly for aparticular topic or item of interest. This is complemented by the preliminary section‘‘Overview’’ and ‘‘Search Guide’’, which should assist the reader to identify thespecific topic or term for the search. All the terms that appear in the ‘‘Overview’’and ‘‘Search Guide’’ are identified as individual entries in the main part of the bookthat follows, so that the reader can scan the entire field and select the topics andaspects of the subject that are of interest.
IX
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Acknowledgements
A book that covers such a wide field could not have been written without thecontribution of very many authors over a large number of years. Although credithas been given to authors and publishers, there have been a few occasions where theoriginal source could not be ascertained. Some of the diagrams used in the text havebeen taken from personal lecture notes produced as early as 1970. Many of thesewere extracted from the immensely rich literature provided by the industrial sector,whose identity was not recorded at the time. The author wishes to thank theseanonymous contributors and hopes to be able to overcome any such deficiency inany future editions, if the required information is brought to his attention or isotherwise obtained.
XI
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Overview
Additives Modifiers
Materials Properties Processing
Structure Polymerization Morphology Cross-linking
Characterization Degradation
1. Plastics 2. Rubber 3. Adhesives 4. Composites 5. Foams 6. Coatings 7. Functional
polymers
1. Compounding 2. Moulding & Thermoforming 3. Extrusion & Calendering 4. Welding, Prototyping
& Fabrications
1. Chemical structure 2. Crystallinity & heterogeneity 3. Orientation 4. Molecular weights
1. Stabilizers 2. Lubricants 3. Processing aids 4. Colorants 5. Coupling agents 6. Functional additives
1. Impact modifiers 2. Functional fillers 3. Plasticizers 4. Reinforcing fibres 6. Flame retardants
1. Mechanisms & Methods 2. Initiators & Inhibitors 3. Vulcanization & Curatives 4. Ageing & Weathering
Supporting fundamental principles
1. Rheological.. 2. Mechanical.. 3. Electrical… 4. Optical… 5. Barrier… 6. Other properties
jXIII
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Search Guide
1. Materials
1.1 Plastics
ThermoplasticsAcetals: Oxymethylene polymer, Polyoxy-methylene, Poly(methylene oxide) (PMO)Acrylics:Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA),
Methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene(MBS)Barrier polymers: Phenoxy, Poly(vinylidene
chloride) (PVDC), Ethylene–vinyl alcoholcopolymer (EVOH)Cellulosics: Cellulose acetate, Cellulose
acetate butyrate, Cellulose nitrate, CellulosepropionateFluoropolymers: Perfluoropolymer (PFA),
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), Poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Poly(tetrafluor-oethylene–ethylene) copolymer (PETFE),Poly(tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropy-lene) copolymer (FEP), Poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF or PVF2)High-temperature polymers: Polybenzimi-
dazole (PBI), Poly(ether ketone) (PEK), Poly(ether etherketone) (PEEK),Polyketone, Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), Polysulfone (PSU),Poly(ether sulfone) (PES), Poly(phenylenesulfide) (PPS), Poly(ether imide) (PEI)Polyamides: Nylon 6 (PA 6), Nylon 4,6 (PA
4,6), Nylon 6,6 (PA 6,6), Nylon 11 (PA 11),Nylon 12 (PA 12)Polyesters: Caprolactone polymer (PLC),
Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), Polycar-bonate (PC), Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET), Aromatic polyesterPolyolefins: Chlorinated polyethylene,
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene, Coupledpolypropylene, Ethylene–carbon monoxidecopolymer (ECO), Ethylene–ethyl acrylatecopolymer (EEA), Ethylene–methylmethac-rylate copolymer (EMA), Ethylene–vinylacetate copolymer (EVA), Ethenoid poly-mer, Polyethylene (LDPE, VLDPE, LLDPE,
MDPE, HDPE, UHMWPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polybutene, Poly(4-methyl pent-1-ene)Styrene polymers: Acrylonitrile–butadiene–
styrene terpolymer (ABS), Acrylonitrile–acrylate–styrene terpolymer (ASA), High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), Polystyrene (PS),Styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN),Styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA)Vinyl polymers: Chlorinated PVC, Poly
(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), Poly(vinyl alkyl ether) (PVME),Poly(vinyl butyral), Poly(vinyl carbazole),Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC, PVC-U), Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), Polyvinylpyridine,Polyvinylpyrrolidone
ThermosetsAmino resins: Melamine formaldehyde(MF), Urea formaldehyde (UF), CaseinEpoxy resins: Bisphenol-A (DGEBA),
Cycloaliphatic, Epoxidized novolac resin,Tetraglycidoxylmethylene p,p0-diphenylenediamine (TGDM)High-temperature resins: Cyanate ester, Dia-
llyl phthalate, Furan resin, PMR, Polyimide,PolybismaleimidePhenolics: Bakelite, Novolac, ResoleUnsaturated polyesters: Resins for compo-
sites, Bulk moulding compound (BMC),Sheet moulding compound (SMC), Vinylester
Other AspectsGel, Recycling, Polymer blend, Thermore-versible gel, Vitrification
1.2 Rubber
Vulcanized/Cross-Linked ElastomersAcrylates: Ethylene–ethyl acrylate terpoly-mer elastomer (EAM)
XIVj 1 Materials
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Diene elastomers: Acrylonitrile–butadiene(NBR), Gutta percha, Natural rubber (NR),Polybutadiene (BR), Polychloroprene (CR),Polyisoprene (IR), Styrene–butadiene (SBR)Fluoroelastomers: Hexafluoropropylene
copolymer and terpolymerHydrocarbon (polyolefin) elastomers: Butyl
rubber, Ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR),Ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rub-ber (EPDM), Chlorosulfonated polyethyl-ene (CSM)Silicone rubber: Polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS, VMQ), Fluorosilicone (FVMQ)Other elastomers: Epichlorohydrin (ECO),
Phosphazene elastomer, Polycarborane–si-loxane, Polyurethanes (PUR)
Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)Block copolymers: Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), Styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene (S-EB-S), Styrene–isoprene–styrene(SIB), Poly(butylene terephthalate-b-tetra-methylene oxide) (TPE-E), Poly(amide-g-alkylene oxide) (TPE-A), Poly(urethane-g-ester/alkylene oxide) (TPU)Dynamic vulcanizates: Thermoplastic
polyolefin (TPO), Plasticized PVC/NBRblend, NR/EPR blend
Other AspectsCoagulum, Crepe, Fluidized bed, Latex,Mastication, Microwaving, Vulcanizate
1.3 Adhesives
Hot MeltsEthylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),Ethylene–ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA),Polyamide, Polyester, Phenoxy
Curable AdhesivesAcrylic, Cyanoacrylate, Epoxy, Phenolic
Water-BornePoly(vinyl acetate), Styrene–butadienecopolymer (SBR), Poly(ethylene–vinylacetate) copolymer (VAE)
Pressure-Sensitive AdhesiveElastomer, Tackifier
Other AspectsAdherend, Adhesive test, Adhesive wetting,Anodizing, Debonding, Cold plasma,Corona discharge, Critical surface energy,Critical wetting tension, Joint, Lap shear,Pot life, Tack, Work of adhesion
1.4 Composites
Fibre ReinforcementContinuous fibres: Aramid fibre, Carbonfibre, Glass fibre, Graphite fibreShort fibres: Asbestos, Carbon fibre,
Chopped strandmat laminate (CSM), Glassfibre
Particulate ReinforcementFillers: Barite, Bentonite, Calcium carbon-ate, Carbon black, Channel black, Clay,Fumed silica, Functional filler, Glass flake,Kaolin, Mica, Quartz, TitaniaNanofillers: Carbon nanotube, Exfolia-
tion, Montmorillonite, NanoclayFire retardant andAntitracking: Aluminium
trihydrate, Antimony oxide, Magnesiumhydroxide, Molybdenum oxideOther fillers: Bioactive filler, Magnetic
filler, Molybdenum disulfide, Metal powder
MatrixThermosets: Unsaturated polyester, Epoxyresin, Phenolic, Cyanoacrylate, PMR,PolyimideThermoplastics: Coupled polypropylene,
Polyamide, Poly(ether ketone), Poly(etherimide), Poly(phenylene sulfide)
NanocompositesCeramer, Exfoliated nanocomposite, Organicmodified filler, Organic–inorganic hybrid
Other AspectsDebonding, BET isotherm, Commingledfibre, Composite manufacture, Composite
1 Materials jXV
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property prediction (Reinforcement theory),Composite test, Coupling agent, Criticalfibre length,Gel coat,Graphene, Exfoliation,Intercalation, Ion exchange capacity (IEC),Interfacial bonding, Laminate, Low profileadditive, Modulus enhancement factor, Oilabsorption, Prepreg, Reinforcement factor,Size, Sizing/Finishing, Zeta potential
1.5 Foams
AspectsClosed cell, Foam density and properties,Foam formation mechanism, Foam manu-facture, Open cell, Structural foam, Syntac-tic foam
1.6 Coatings
Ac Curable VarnishesAcrylic, Alkyd, Drying resin, Epoxide,Phenolic, Urethane
Water-Borne DispersionsMicroemulsions: Polyurethane, EpoxidePolymer emulsions: Poly(vinyl acetate),
Acrylic
PowdersCurable thermosetting systems: Epoxide, Poly(ester–epoxide), PolyurethaneThermoplastic powders: Polyester, Acrylic
Other AspectsAnodizing, Blistering, Cold plasma, Con-tact angle, Critical surface energy, Criticalwetting tension, Dip coating, Electrolyticdeposition, Electrostatic spraying, Film for-mation, Metallization, Gel coat, Intumes-cent coating, Pinhole, Plating, Pot life,Primer, Roughness factor, Sputtering, Sur-face energy, Work of adhesion, Zisman plot
1.7 Functional Polymers
BiopolymersChitin, Chitosan, Ester–amide polymer,Ethylene–carbonmonoxidecopolymer (ECO),
Poly(lactic acid), Polylactide, Oxo-biodegrad-able polymer, Poly(hydroxy alkanoate), Poly(hydroxybutyrate),Polypeptide,Polysaccharide,Starch
Conductive PolymersPolyacetylene, Polyaniline (PANI),Polypyrrole
Ionomeric PolymersIonomer, Ion exchange resin, Nafion,Polyelectrolyte
Other AspectsCross-linked thermoplastic, Dendrimer,Doping, Engineering polymer, Heat-shrink-able product, Light-sensitive polymer,Liquid-crystal polymer, Shape memorypolymer, Nonlinear dielectric polymer,Piezoelectric polymer, Photoresist, Poly(amic acid), PTC polymer, Spandex fibre
2. Properties
2.1 Rheological properties
RheologyBarus effect, Binghambody, Carreaumodel,Complex viscosity, Consistency index,Converging flow, Couette flow, Deborahnumber, Deformational behaviour, Dieswell, Dilatant fluid, Drag flow, Elongationalflow, Elongation rate, Elongational viscosity,Ellis equation, Extension viscosity, G0 andG00, Gel time (gel point), Melt elasticity,Mooney equation, Newtonian behaviour,Non-Newtonian behaviour, Normal stressdifference, First normal stress coefficient,Plug flow, Power law, Power-law index, Thix-otropy, Trouton viscosity, True shear rate,True viscosity, Viscosity, Zero-shear viscosity
RheometryBagley correction, Brookfield viscometer,Capillary rheometer, Cone-and-plate rhe-
XVIj 2 Properties
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ometer, Coaxial cylinder rheometer, Die-exit phenomena,Dynamic (oscillatory)flow,Gelation, Entry effect, Melt flow index (Meltflow rate), Melt fracture, Melt strength,Monsanto rheometer, Mooney viscometer,Parallel-plate rheometer, PVT diagram,Rabinowitsch correction, Sharkskin, Slipanalysis, Slit rheometer, Torque rheometer,Weissenberg rheogoniometer
Other AspectsCritical chain length (Zc), Deformationalbehaviour, Entanglement, Flow curve,Mark–Huggins equation, Radius of gyration,Reptation, Rubbery state, Viscous state
2.2 Mechanical Properties
Elasticity and ViscoelasticityBulk modulus, Compliance, Complexcompliance, Complex modulus, Creep,Creep compliance, Creep curves, Creepmodulus, Creep period, Damping factor,Deflection under load temperature, Defor-mational behaviour, Dynamic mechanicalspectra, Effective modulus, Elasticity, Elas-tic behaviour, Elastic memory, Elastic re-covery, Flexural modulus, Force–deflec-tion curve, Force–deformation curve, For-ce–extension curve, Heat distortion tem-perature (HDT), Hundred-percent (100%)modulus, Kelvin–Voigt model, Load–deflec-tion curve, Load–deformation curve, Loa-d–extension curve, Loss angle, Loss compli-ance, Loss factor, Loss modulus, Loss tan-gent, Master curve, Maxwell model, Modu-lus, M100 and M300, Nonlinear viscoelasticbehaviour, Phase angle, Recovery, Recover-able strain, Reduced time, Relaxation time,Retardation time, Relaxation modulus, Re-laxed modulus, Rubber elasticity, Shearmodulus, Shift factor, Standard linear solidmodel, Tan d, Tangent modulus, Tensilemodulus, Time-dependent modulus,Time–temperature superposition, Visco-elastic behaviour, Voigt model, Youngsmodulus
Failure and Fracturea/W ratio, Brittle fracture, Brittle point,Brittle strength, Brittle–tough transition,Cold-flex temperature, Cold flow, Com-pression set, Crack initiation, Cracklength, Crack opening displacement(COD), Crazing, Creep rupture, Criticalcrazing strain, Critical strain energy re-lease rate (Gc), Critical stress intensity fac-tor (Kc), Ductile, Ductile–brittle transition,Ductile failure, Environmental stresscracking, Fatigue life, Flex cracking, Flexlife, Flexural strength, Fracturemechanics,Griffiths equation, Impact strength, Inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), J-integral,L€uder lines, Notch sensitivity, Peelstrength, Permanent set, Plastic deforma-tion, Tear strength, Tenacity, Tresca crite-rion, Von Mises criterion, Yield criteria,Yield failure, Yield point, Yield strength,Youngs modulus
Test MethodsBall drop, Bending test, Charpy impacttest, Compression test, Creep test, Dila-tometer, Dumb-bell specimen, Dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA), Dynamicmechanical thermal analysis (DMTA),Extensometer, Falling-weight impact test,Fatigue test, Fracture test, Impact test, Izodimpact test, Mechanical spectroscopy, Mi-crohardness, Notch, Peel test, Pendulumimpact test, Rubber elasticity, Tensile test,Viscoelasticity
Other AspectsAbrasion resistance, Anisotropy, Boltz-mann superposition principle, Compres-sion, Compact tension specimen, Damagetolerance, Damping, Deformation, Delami-nation, Distribution of relaxation times,Distribution of retardation times, Dynamicmechanical spectra, Flexural properties,Friction coefficient, Hardness, Hydrostaticstress, Life prediction, Load, Microvoid,Poissons ratio, Rockwell hardness, Rub-bery state, Shear stress, Shore hardness,
2 Properties jXVII
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Stiffness, Strain, Strain rate, Stress, Stressconcentration, Tack, Transmissibility, Ten-sor, Torque, Torsion pendulum, Toughness,Vicat softening point, Vickers hardness,Volumetric strain
2.3 Electrical Properties
Low VoltageCapacitance, Clausius–Mossotti equation,Complex permittivity, Conductance, Con-ductivity, Corona discharge, Currentdensity, Dielectric, Dielectric constant,Dielectric properties, Dielectric thermalanalysis (DETA), Direct current, Electrostat-ic charge, Loss angle, Loss factor, Loss tan-gent, Permittivity, Polarization, Resistivity,Specific impedance, Stress concentration,Surface resistivity, Tan d, Volume resistivity
High VoltageBreakdown voltage, Comparative trackingindex (CTI), Dielectric strength, Dry band,Electrical failure, Electric strength, Tracking
Other AspectsDipole, Electronic conductivity, Electrostaticcharge, Ionic conductivity, Polarity, Stressgrading, Nonlinear dielectric, PTC polymer
2.4 Optical Properties
AspectsBackscatter, Birefringence, CIE chromaticitydiagram, Colour, Colour matching, Directreflection factor, Extinction index, Forwardscatter, Gloss, Haze, Light microscopy, Lightscattering, Light transmission factor, Opticalbrightener, Optical microscopy, Optical pathdifference, Orientation, Photoelasticity, Re-flection factor, Refractive index, See-throughclarity,Stressopticalcoefficient,Transparency
2.5 Barrier Properties
AspectsDiffusion, Diffusion coefficient, Fickian be-haviour, Permeability, Solubility, Time lag
2.6 Other Properties
TypesAcoustic: Attenuation, Loss factorFire resistance: Cone calorimeter, Flash
point, Limiting oxygen index, Pyrolysis,Self-extinguishing, Thermal gravimetricanalysisThermal properties: Dilatometer, Dilata-
tion coefficient, Thermal conductivity, Ther-mal expansion coefficient
3. Processing
3.1 Compounding
AspectsBanbury mixer, Decompression zone,Devolatilization, Dispersion, Dispersive mix-ing, Dry blend, Formulation, Master batch,Melting,Miscibility,Mixing,Mixer, Pelletizer,Plastication, Plastograph, Purging, Recipro-cating screw mixer, Thermal degradation,Torque rheometer, Twin-screw extruder
3.2 Moulding and Thermoforming
Machine and MouldsClamping force, Clamping system, Ejectionmechanism, Film gate, Gate, Hot runnermould, Lockingmechanism,Mould design,Nozzle, Nylon screw, Reciprocating screw,Runner, Sprue, Stripper plate
OperationsAir-slip forming, Blow moulding, Cavityfilling, Cavity packing, Compressionmoulding, Co-injection moulding, Drapeforming, Injection blow moulding, Injec-tion moulding, Plastication, Plug-assistedvacuumforming, Purging, Reactionmould-ing, Reaction processing, Resin transfermoulding, Rotational moulding, Stretchblow moulding, Thermoforming, Transfermoulding, Vacuum forming
XVIIIj 3 Processing
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Other AspectsBack-pressure, Demoulding, Distortionand Warping, Flash, Gel coat, Internalstress, Moulding cycle, Moulding defect,Pre-form, PVT diagram, Residual stress,Sink mark, Spiral flow moulding, Void,Weld line
3.3 Extrusion and Calendering
ExtruderBarrel, Barrier flights screw, Co-rotating,Counter-rotating, Decompression zone,Devolatilization, Extruder screw, Gearpump, Nylon screw, Twin-screw extruder
Extrusion DiesDie gap, Die lip, Fish-tail die, Land length,Sizing die, Spider leg, Mandrel
Other AspectsAdiabatic heating, Back-flow, Blocking,Blow-up ratio, Blown film, Breaker plate,Calender, Cambering (Roll crowning),Chill-roll casting, Co-extrusion, Crow feet,Extrusion theory, Die analysis, Die drool,Drag flow, Draw ratio, Drawdown ratio,Extrudate, Fish eye, Flow analysis, Flowinstability, Foam extrusion, Lamination,Leakage flow, Parison, Plastication, Plateout, Pressure flow, Purging, Screw–die in-teraction, Surging, Tubular film, Weld line
3.4 Welding, Prototyping and Fabrications
Hot-plate welding, Friction welding, High-frequencywelding,Ultrasonicwelding,Rapidprototyping, Stereolithography, Casting, Ma-chining, Powder sintering, Tyre construction
4. Structure, Morphologyand Characterization
4.1 Chemical Structure
Acid number, Aliphatic, Atactic, Attenuatedtotal reflectance spectroscopy, Block copoly-
mer, Carbonyl index, Chain configuration,Chain regularity, Chain stiffness, Chemicalshift, Configuration, Conformation, Conju-gated double bond, Coordination, Copoly-mer, Critical chain length, Cross-link,Degree of cross-linking, Degree of poly-merization, Dendrimer, Electron spin res-onance, Electron spectroscopy for chemi-cal analysis (ESCA), Free radical, Fluores-cence, Functionality, Head-to-head, Head-to-tail, Heterochain, Hydrogen bond,Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Hydroxylequivalent (number), Hygroscopic, Hyper-branched polymer, Infrared spectroscopy(IR, FTIR), Interpenetrating polymer net-work (IPN), Isotactic, Network, Non-polarpolymer, Oligomer, Orientation, Oxiranering, Polarity, Quinone structure, Radia-tion, Radical, Radius of gyration, Ramanspectroscopy, Random copolymer, Sidegroup, Spectroscopy, Spectrum, Syndiotac-tic, Tacticity, UV spectroscopy, X-ray, X-rayphotoelectron microscopy (XPS)
4.2 Crystallinity and Heterogeneity
Amorphous polymer, Atomic force mi-croscopy (AFM), Birefringence, Chainfolding, Cluster, Cold crystallization, Col-loidal, Co-continuous domain, Core andshell, Crystalline polymer, Crystallization,Degree of crystallinity, Dielectric thermalanalysis (DETA), Differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC), Differential thermalanalysis (DTA), Dynamic mechanical ther-mal analysis (DMA, DMTA), Exfoliation,Emulsion, First-order transition, Fractal,Fringe micelle, Intercalation, Lamella, Lightmicroscopy, Light scattering, Melting point,Microscopy, Microcavitation, Microemul-sion, Microvoid, Optical microscopy, Scan-ning electronmicroscope, Secondary crystal-lization, Shish-kebab crystal, Small-angleX-ray scattering (SAXS), Spherulite, Trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM), Unitcell, Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS),X-ray
4 Structure, Morphology and Characterization jXIX
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4.3 Orientation
Anisotropy, Annealing, Biaxial, Birefrin-gence, Draw ratio, Extension ratio, Fibre,Heat settingHeat-shrinkable polymer, Monoaxial,
Monofilament, Optical path difference, Ori-entation function, Wide-angle X-ray diffrac-tion (WAXS)
4.4 Molecular weights
Dispersity index, Distribution of molecularweight, Gel permeation chromatography,Huggins constant, Intrinsic viscosity, Mo-lar mass, Molecular weight, Monodisperse,Measurement of molecular weight, Mar-k–Houwink equation, Number-averagemo-lecular weight, Osmotic pressure, Osmom-etry, Relative viscosity, Weight-average mo-lecular weight, Size exclusion chromatogra-phy, Staudinger, Ubbelohde viscometer,Viscometer, Viscosity
5. Polymerization Cross-linking and Degradation
5.1 Initiators, Inhibitors and Vulcanization
Accelerator, Activator, Cobalt naphthanateand octoate, Co-agent, Cure time, Curing,Efficient vulcanization, Fatty acid, Kicker,Mechanical degradation, Mercaptan, Micro-waving,Peroxide,Photoinitiator, Post-curing,Scorch time, Retarder, Thiouram, Zinc oxide
5.2 Polymerization and Cross-Linking
MechanismsAddition polymerization, Anionic polymer-ization, Cationic polymerization, Chainstopper, Condensation reaction, Condensa-tion polymerization, Copolymerization,Depolymerization, DMP-30, Free-radicalpolymerization, Ionic polymerization,Metallocene catalysis, Propagation reaction,
Reactivity ratio, Termination reaction,Ziegler catalyst, Ziegler–Natta catalyst
MethodsBulk polymerization, Electron beaming,Emulsion polymerization, Heterophase orHeterogeneous polymerization, Mass poly-merization, Mechanical degradation, Phaseinversion, Photopolymerization, Radiationprocessing, Reaction processing, Seed po-lymerization, Solid-state polymerization,Surfactant, Suspension polymerization
5.3 Ageing and Weathering
Depolymerization, Chalking, Chain scis-sion, Composting, Environmental ageing,Fogging, Hydrolysis, Induction time, Lifecycle analysis, Life prediction, Ozone, Phys-ical ageing, Propagation reaction, Radia-tion, Recycling, Secondary crystallization,Solar radiation, Thermal degradation, Ul-traviolet (UV) light, UVdegradation, Xenonarc lamp, Yellowness index
6. Additives and Modifiers
6.1 Additives
StabilizersAntidegradant, Antioxidant, Antiozonant,Chelating agent, Excited state quencher,Hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS),Hindered phenol, Hydrolysis stabilizer,Lead stabilizer, Metal deactivator, Phenolicantioxidant, Primary stabilizer, Processingstabilizer, Radical scavenger, UV stabilizer
Lubricants and Processing AidsAntiblocking agent, Antifoaming agent,Blocking, Cationic surfactant, Externallubricant, Factice, Flow promoter, Fusionpromoter, Internal lubricant, Low-profileadditive, Lubricant, Peptizer, Stearate, Stea-ric acid, Tackifier, Thickener, Thixotropicagent
XXj 6 Additives and Modifiers
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ColorantsAnatase, CIE chromaticity diagram, Dye,Mineral pigment, Pigment, Rutile, Ther-mochromic pigment
Coupling AgentsCompatibilizing agent, Interfacial bonding,Silane, Size (Sizing), Surfactant
Functional AdditivesAntifoaming agent, Antimicrobial (biocidal)agent, Antistatic agent, Antitracking additive,Blowing agent, Flocculant, Fungicide, Nucle-ating agent
Other AspectsAdditive concentrate, Compounding,Fogging, Law of mixtures, Master batch,Miscibility, Mixing, Solubility parameter,Stabilization, Synergism
6.2 Property Modifiers
Fire (Flame) RetardantsAluminium trihydrate, Antimony oxide,Brominated compound, Chlorinated fireretardant, Magnesium hydroxide, Molybde-num oxide
Impact ModifiersAcrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer(ABS), Amine-terminated acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (ATBN), Car-boxylic acid-terminated acrylonitrile–buta-diene–styrene terpolymer (CTBN), Metha-crylate–butadiene–styrene terpolymer(MBS), Liquid rubber, Polymer alloy, Poly-mer blend, Telechelic oligomer
Functional FillersBarite, Bioactivefiller,Carbonblack,Carbonnanotube, Magnetic filler, Metal powder
PlasticizersEpoxidized soya-bean oil, Extender, Low-temperature plasticizer, Non-migratoryplasticizer, Organosol, Primary plasticizer,Reactive diluent, Secondary plasticizer
Reinforcing FibresGlass fibre, Carbon fibre (Acrylic fibre),Aramid fibre
Other AspectsAntiplasticization, Cold-flex temperature,Compatibility, Glass transition tempera-ture, Internal plasticization, Lower criticalsolution temperature (LCST), Miscibility,Mixing, Plasticization, Plastisol, Solubilityparameter, Upper critical solution tempera-ture (UCST)
7. SupportingFundamental Principlesand Terminology
Absorbance, Activation energy, Activationvolume, Alpha transition, Alternating cur-rent, Aprotic polar solvent, Arrhenius equa-tion, Beer–Lambert law, Beta transition,Boundary condition, Case II diffusion,Cluster, Cohesive energy density, Coldplasma, Colligative properties, Colloidal,Conformation, Configuration, Conserva-tion law, Continuummechanics, Coordina-tion, Current density, Deconvolution, Di-rect current, Elasticity, Electromagnetic ra-diation, Empirical, Endothermic, Engineer-ing design, Enthalpy, Entropy, Exothermic,Extinction coefficient, Fickian behaviour,First-order transition, Fluorescence, Frac-tal, Fractography, Free radical, Fundamentalproperty, Gibbs free energy, Hookes law,Hydrogen bond, Hydrolysis, Hydrophilic,Hydrophobic,Hydrostatic pressure,Hydro-static stress, Hydrothermal stress, Hygro-scopic, Induction time, Insulation, Interac-tion, Interfacial polarization, Intermolecu-lar, Internal energy, Intramolecular, Isother-mal, Isotropic, Law of mixtures, Linearbehaviour, Linear elastic, Lower bound, Lu-brication approximation, Melting point,Modulus, Momentum, Momentum equa-tion, Morphology, Non-destructive test,
7 Supporting Fundamental Principles and Terminology jXXI
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Non-polar, Nuclear magnetic resonance,Ozone, Photoelasticity, Plane strain, Planestress, Plastic, Poiseuille equation, Poissonsratio, Polarity, Polarization, Polarized light,
Radical, Solar radiation, Spectrum,Stiffness,Stokes equation, Synergism, Tensor, Torque,Transesterification, Van der Waals forces,Vector
XXIIj 7 Supporting Fundamental Principles and Terminology
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List of Acronyms
AAA acetoxyacetoanilideABA acetoxybenzoic acidABS acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (terpolymer)AC alternating currentACM acrylic rubber, copolymer of ethyl acrylate and butyl
acrylateAED anionic electrolytic depositionAFM atomic force microscopyAIBN azo-bis-isobutyronitrileANA acetoxynaphthoic acidASA acrylonitrile–acrylate–styrene (terpolymer)ATBN amine-terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile oligomerATH aluminium (or alumina) trihydrateATR attenuated total reflectance (spectroscopy)a/W ratio ratio of length of crack (or notch), a, to width of specimen,W,
used in evaluation of the toughness of materialsAZBN azo-bis-dibutyronitrileAZDN azo-bis-dibutyronitrilebis-MPA bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acidBMC bulk moulding compoundBMI bismaleimide (resin)b.p. boiling pointBP benzophenoneB-stage term used to describe an intermediate state of cure of
thermosetting resins, particularly phenolic systemsBUR blow-up ratioCA cellulose acetateCAB cellulose acetate butyrateCAD computer-aided designCAP cellulose acetate propionateCBT cyclic butylene terephthalateCEC cation exchange capacity
XXIII
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CED cationic electrolytic depositionCED cohesive energy densityCFRP carbon-fibre-reinforced plasticsCIE Commission International de lEclairageCN cellulose nitrateCNT carbon nanotubeCOD crack-opening displacementCP cellulose propionateCPE chlorinated polyethyleneCR chloroprene rubberCSM chlorosulfonated polyethyleneCSM chopped strand matCT compact tension (specimen)CTBN carboxyl-terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile oligomerCTI comparative tracking indexDABCO 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (tertiary cyclic diamine)DAI diaryliodoniumDAP diallyl phthalateDBP dibutyl phthalateDBTL dibutyl tin dilaurateDC direct currentDCB double cantilever beam (method)DDS 4,40-diaminodiphenylsulfoneDDSA dodecylsuccinic anhydrideDEAP diethoxyacetophenoneDEN double edge notchDETA dielectric thermal analysisDETA diethylenetriamineDGEBA diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (resin)DIAP diallyl isophthalateDICY dicyanodiamideDIDP diisododecyl phthalateDIOP diisooctyl phthalateDLTDP dilaurylthiodipropionoateDMA dynamic mechanical analysisDMC dough moulding compoundDMF dimethylformamideDMP-30 tertiary amine used as curing agent for epoxy resinsDMPA dimethoxyphenylacetophenoneDMTA dynamic mechanical thermal analysisDOA dioctyl adipateDOP dioctyl phthalateDOS dioctyl sebacateDSC differential scanning calorimetryDSTDP distearylthiodipropionoate
XXIV List of Acronyms
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DTA differential thermal analysisDULT deflection under load temperatureEAM ethylene–ethyl acrylate (copolymer)ECO epichlorohydrin–ethylene oxide (copolymer)ECO ethylene–carbon monoxide (copolymer)EDS energy-dispersive scanning (analysis)EDX energy-dispersive X-ray (analysis) (same as EDS)EEA ethylene–ethyl acrylate (copolymer)EM electromagneticEMA ethylene–methyl methacrylate (copolymer)ENF end-notched flexure (test/specimen)EPDM ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (rubber)EPR ethylene–propylene rubberESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisESCR environmental stress cracking resistanceESR electron spin resonanceETER epichlorohydrin–ethylene oxide–diene terpolymerETPV engineering thermoplastic vulcanizateEV efficient vulcanizing (cure)EVA ethylene–vinyl acetate (copolymer)EVOH ethylene–vinyl alcohol (copolymer)EW equivalent weightFEP poly(tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene) copolymerFIR far-infraredFKM designation for a fluoroelastomerFRP fibre-reinforced polymerFTIR Fourier transform infraredFVMQ designation for a fluorosiliconeGc critical strain energy release rateGCC ground calcium carbonateGIc, GIIc, GIIIc critical strain energy release rates for fracture
modes I, II and IIIGOTMS c-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilaneGPC gel permeation chromatography, known also as size
exclusion chromatography (SEC)GPTMS c-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilaneGRP glass-reinforced plasticHALS hindered-amine light stabilizerHDI hexamethylene diisocyanateHDPE high-density polyethylene (density 0.935–0.955 g/cm3)HDT heat distortion temperatureHHPA hexahydrophthalic anhydrideHIPS high-impact polystyreneHP-PE high-pressure polyethyleneIEC ion exchange capacity
List of Acronyms XXV
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IIR isobutylene–isoprene rubberILSS interlaminar shear strengthIPN interpenetrating polymer networkIR infrared spectroscopyIR isoprene rubberIRH international rubber hardness (scale)Kc critical stress intensity factorKIc, KIIc, KIIIc critical stress intensity factor for fracture modes I, II and IIIK value empirical parameter used for molecular weight of PVCLARC tradename for a variety of PMR products of
NASA-LangleyLCP liquid-crystal polymerLCST lower critical solution temperatureLDPE low-density polyethyleneLEFM linear elastic fracture mechanicsLLDPE linear low-density polyethyleneLOI limiting oxygen indexLP low-profile (additive)M100, M300 modulus of a rubbery material at 100% and
300% extensionMBS methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene
(terpolymer blend)MBT mercaptobenzothiazoleMDI diphenylmethane-4,40-diisocyanate [4,40-methylene
diphenylene isocyanate]MDPE medium-density polyethylene (density =
0.925–0.935 g/cm3)MEK methyl ethyl ketoneMF melamine formaldehyde (resin)MFI melt flow index, also known as melt index or melt flow rate
(MFR)MFR melt flow rate, also known as melt flow index (MFI)MNA methylnadic anhydrideMPD m-phenylenediamineMW molecular weightMWD molecular-weight distributionMWNT multiple-walled (carbon) nanotubeN1 first normal stress differenceNBR butadiene–acrylonitrile rubberNBR nitrile rubberNIR near-infraredNMP N-methylpyrrolidoneNMR nuclear magnetic resonanceNR natural rubberODA oxydianiline
XXVI List of Acronyms
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PACM 4,40-methylene-bis-cyclohexanaminePAN polyacrylonitrilePANI polyanilinePB poly(but-1-ene)PB polybutadienePBI polybenzimidazolePBT poly(butylene terephthalate)PC polycarbonatePCBT poly(cyclo(butylene terephthalate))PCL polycaprolactonePCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylenePCTP pentachlorothiophenolPDLA poly(D-lactic acid)PDLLA poly(D,L-lactic acid)PDMS polydimethylsiloxanePE polyethylenePEEK poly(aryl ether ether ketone)PEG poly(ethylene glycol)PE-g-MA polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydridePEI poly(ether imide)PEK poly(aryl ether ketone)PEM proton exchange membranePEN poly(ethylene naphthanate)PEO poly(ethylene oxide)PES poly(ether sulfone)PET poly(ethylene terephthalate)PETFE poly(tetrafluoroethylene–ethylene) copolymerPF phenol formaldehyde (resin)PFA perfluoroalkoxy (polymer)PHA polyhydroxyalkanoatePHB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)phr parts per hundred parts resinPI polyimidePLA poly(lactic acid)PLLA poly(L-lactic acid)PMDA pyromellitic dianhydridePMDI poly(diphenylmethane-4,40-diisocyanate)PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate)PMO poly(methylene oxide)PMP poly(4-methylpent-1-ene)PMPS polymethylphenylsiloxanePMR polymerization of monomer reactants
(NASA-Langley process)POM polyoxymethylenePP polypropylene
List of Acronyms XXVII
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PPG poly(propylene glycol)PPO poly(phenylene oxide)PPS poly(phenylene sulfide)PS polystyrenePSA pressure-sensitive adhesivePTBAEMA poly(2-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate)PTC positive temperature coefficient (polymer)PTE thermoplastic elastomerPTFE polytetrafluoroethylenePU polyurethanePVA poly(vinyl alcohol)PVAc poly(vinyl acetate)PVB poly(vinyl butyral)PVC poly(vinyl chloride)PVDC poly(vinylidene chloride)PVDF poly(vinylidene fluoride)PVEE poly(vinyl ethyl ether)PVF poly(vinyl fluoride)PVF2 poly(vinylidene fluoride)PVME poly(vinyl methyl ether)PVP polyvinylpyridinePVP polyvinylpyrrolidonePVT pressure–volume–temperature (diagram)Q symbol sometimes used for polydimethylsilicone rubberQ meter apparatus used to measure permittivity and loss factor
of dielectricRF radiofrequencyRIM reaction injection mouldingRMS root mean squareRTD residence time distributionRTM resin transfer mouldingRTV room-temperature vulcanizationSAN styrene–acrylonitrile (copolymer)SAXS small-angle X-ray scatteringSBR styrene–butadiene rubberSBS styrene–butadiene–styrene (thermoplastic elastomer)SEBS styrene–ethylene–butylene (thermoplastic elastomer)S-EB-S styrene–ethylene/butylene–styreneSEC size exclusion chromatographySEM scanning electron microscopySEN single edge notchS-EP-S styrene–ethylene/propylene–styrenesemi-IPN semi-interpenetrated polymer networkSIS styrene–isoprene–styrene (thermoplastic elastomer)SLS standard linear solid (model)
XXVIII List of Acronyms