lenin's article no 1(l.w pdf)

7/27/2019 Lenin's Article No 1(L.w PDF)

1/31

1

AD tdkif vDeifAD tdkif vDeifAD tdkif vDeifAD tdkif vDeifAD tdkif vDeif

1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&uf odk@ wifoGif;onfh1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&uf odk@ wifoGif;onfh1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&uf odk@ wifoGif;onfh1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&uf odk@ wifoGif;onfh1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&uf odk@ wifoGif;onfh

"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif;pmwrf;"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif;pmwrf;"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif;pmwrf;"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif;pmwrf;"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif;pmwrf;

(1919ckepf/ rwfv 4 &uf)

2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;

(1920 *sLvdkif v )


2/31

2

Workers of the world unite !

tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?tvif;vd_if;uGef&ufrS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?


3/31

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'Drkdua&pDt&SdqHk;aom "e&SiforRwEdkifiH/ qkdonfrSm'Drkdua&pDt&SdqHk;aom "e&SiforRwEdkifiH/ qkdonfrSm'Drkdua&pDt&SdqHk;aom "e&SiforRwEdkifiH/ qkdonfrSm'Drkdua&pDt&SdqHk;aom "e&SiforRwEdkifiH/ qkdonfrSm'Drkdua&pDt&SdqHk;aom "e&SiforRwEdkifiH/ qkdonfrSmtvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&eftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&eftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&eftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&eftvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;u zdESdyf&ef

tvkyfvkyfol vlxk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;utvkyfvkyfol vlxk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;utvkyfvkyfol vlxk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;utvkyfvkyfol vlxk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;utvkyfvkyfol vlxk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm "e&Sifrsm;uzdESdyf&ef,EzdESdyf&ef,EzdESdyf&ef,EzdESdyf&ef,EzdESdyf&ef,EW&m;r S wyg;tjcm;r[kwfacs? &JabmfvDeifW&m;rS wyg;tjcm;r[kwfacs? &JabmfvDeifW&m;r S wyg;tjcm;r[kwfacs? &JabmfvDeifW&m;rS wyg;tjcm;r[kwfacs? &JabmfvDeifW&m;r S wyg;tjcm;r[kwfacs? &JabmfvDeif

tvkyform;rsm;tm; vufawG@usus 'Dr d kua&pDcHpm;cGif h&zdk @qk dvSsif aoG;pky ftvkyform;rsm;tm; vufawG@usus 'Dr d kua&pDcHpm;cGif h&zd k@qk dvSsif aoG;pky ftvkyform;rsm;tm; vufawG@usus 'Dr d kua&pDcHpm;cGif h&zdk @qk dvSsif aoG;pky ftvkyform;rsm;tm; vufawG@usus 'Dr d kua&pDcHpm;cGif h&zd k@qk dvSsif aoG;pky ftvkyform;rsm;tm; vufawG@usus 'Dr d kua&pDcHpm;cGif h&zdk @qk dvSsif aoG;pky f

olrsm;tm; pnf;a0;cef;rtm;vHk; ESif h taumif;pm; udk,fyd kif taqmuftOD;}uD;olrsm;tm; pnf;a0;cef;rtm;vHk; ESif h taumif;pm; udk,fyd kif taqmuftOD;}uD;olrsm;tm; pnf;a0;cef;rtm;vHk; ESif h taumif;pm; udk,fyd kif taqmuftOD;}uD;olrsm;tm; pnf;a0;cef;rtm;vHk; ESif h taumif;pm; udk,fyd kif taqmuftOD;}uD;olrsm;tm; pnf;a0;cef;rtm;vHk; ESif h taumif;pm; udk,fyd kif taqmuftOD;}uD;

rsm;ud k vufvGwfoGm;atmifvkyf&ayrnf? OD;p Gmtm;jzif h tvkyform;rsm;tm;rsm;ud k vufvGwfoGm;atmifvkyf&ayrnf? OD;p Gmtm;jzif h tvkyform;rsm;tm;rsm;ud k vufvGwfoGm;atmifvkyf&ayrnf? OD;p Gmtm;jzif h tvkyform;rsm;tm;rsm;ud k vufvGwfoGm;atmifvkyf&ayrnf? OD;p Gmtm;jzif h tvkyform;rsm;tm;rsm;ud k vufvGwfoGm;atmifvkyf&ayrnf? OD;p Gmtm;jzif h tvkyform;rsm;tm;

tcsdef tm;&S dap&rnf? if;wkd@. vGwfvyfr_ pk&k H;pnf;a0;cGif hudk rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f/tcsdef tm;&S dap&rnf? if;wkd@. vGwfvyfr_ pk&k H;pnf;a0;cGif hudk rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f/tcsdef tm;&S dap&rnf? if;wkd@. vGwfvyfr_ pk&k H;pnf;a0;cGif hudk rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f/tcsdef tm;&S dap&rnf? if;wkd@. vGwfvyfr_ pk&k H;pnf;a0;cGif hudk rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f/tcsdef tm;&S dap&rnf? if;wkd@. vGwfvyfr_ pk&k H;pnf;a0;cGif hudk rSL;rsdK;rwfEG,f/

od k @r[kwf t&if;&Sift&m&S drsm; tkyfcsKy faom evAdef;wH k; ppfom;rsm;uodk @r[kwf t&if;&Sift&m&S drsm; tkyfcsKy faom evAdef;wH k; ppfom;rsm;uodk @r[kwf t&if;&Sift&m&S drsm; tkyfcsKy faom evAdef;wH k; ppfom;rsm;uodk @r[kwf t&if;&Sift&m&S drsm; tkyfcsKy faom evAdef;wH k; ppfom;rsm;uodk @r[kwf t&if;&Sift&m&S drsm; tkyfcsKy faom evAdef;wH k; ppfom;rsm;u

tumt uG,fay;jcif;rs d K;r[kwfbJ vufeufud kif tvkyform;rsm;utumt uG,fay;jcif;rs d K;r[kwfbJ vufeufud kif tvkyform;rsm;utumt uG,fay;jcif;rs d K;r[kwfbJ vufeufud kif tvkyform;rsm;utumt uG,fay;jcif;rs d K;r[kwfbJ vufeufud kif tvkyform;rsm;utumt uG,fay;jcif;rs d K;r[kwfbJ vufeufud kif tvkyform;rsm;u

tumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf? &Jabmf vDeiftumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf? &Jabmf vDeiftumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf? &Jabmf vDeiftumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf? &Jabmf vDeiftumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf? &Jabmf vDeif


4/31

4

tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf&J @ owif;pum;tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf&J @ owif;pum;tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf&J @ owif;pum;tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf&J @ owif;pum;tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf&J @ owif;pum; (Message)

tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&; qd kwJ h pum;vk H;a0g[m&udk 'Dr d kua&pDa&; ke f;uef

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ywfouf+yD; qufvufjiif;ckef aqG;aEG;ae=uvdrfhtkH;r,f?

Armjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ppftm%m&Sifpepfu &mpkESpfw0ufausmf Adkvfus}uD;pdk;cJh/

}uD;pdk;qJjzpfw,f? 'Dppftm%m&Sifpepf&J@ aumufuspfpOf;vJ/ ,kwfrm&ufpufr_awGa=umifh

awmfvSe fvd kp dwft&if;c He J @ tm%m&Si fpepfr Se for# tmvk H ;qef @usif =utm%m&Si fpepfr Se for# tmvk H ;qef @usif =utm%m&Si fpepfr Se for# tmvk H ;qef @usif =utm%m&Si fpepfr Se for# tmvk H ;qef @usif =utm%m&Si fpepfr Se for# tmvk H ;qef @usif =u ! qdkwJ h

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OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pOftjzpf owfrSwfcJhw,f? oabmxm;cJh=uw,f?

1988 ta&;awmfykHaemufydkif; Armjynfvlxk/ vlwef;pm;/ vl@tv$mrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh

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oif;uGyf(e,fpyfa'o+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;rd_if;) jcif;cHae&w,f? 'DumvrSmyJ EdkifiHa&;tm%meJ@

ywfouf+yD; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@&J@ tjrifawG=um;vm&w,f? ppftkyfpkudka&m vlxkudkyg

today;vdkwJh oabmeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm tm%mvdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm tm%mvdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm tm%mvdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm tm%mvdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;EdkifiHa&;vkyfwm tm%mvdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl; qdkwJh toHawG

vlod&Sif=um;ajymcJhwmvJ =um;cJhbl;w,f? r=umvdkufbl; ppftkyfpk&J@ EdkifiHa&;pnf;0dkif;xJ odk@

ydk;zvHaumifrsm;vdk ckef0ifum EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;awG pwifvkyfaqmif=uygawmhw,f?

wu,fawmh Ed kifiHa&;vkyf=uw,fqdkwm taysmfwrf;Ed kifiHa&;vkyfwmawmh rjzpfEd kif?

edkifiHa&;tm%m&,lcsifvdk@ edkifiHa&;vkyf=u&wm r[kwfaybl;vm;? [efaqmifp&mrvdkygbl;/


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wu,fvufawG@rSm=unfh&if EdkifiHa&;tm%m&SdrS rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfawGudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmifGufEdkif=u&wm r[kwfaybl;vm;? b,fvlwef;pm;jzpfjzpf tm%mqkyfudkif

xm;=uwm/ tm%m&Sdatmifvkyf=uwm&J@ wu,fh&nfG,fcsufu rdrdwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOf

awGudk kyfvkH;ay:vmzdk@ r[kwfygvm;?

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txnfazmfrvJ qdkwmudkawmh tcsdefay;apmifh=unfh&tkH;r,f? vufawG@jzwfoef;r_u rSwfausmufyJr[kwfygvm;?


6/31

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b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif; oabmw&m;rsm;udkawmh EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifolrsm;taeeJ@ tqufrjywfavhvmzdk@ vdktyf+rJvdktyfaetkH;r,f? ta=umif;rSm vufawG@&ifqdkif

ae&wJh EdkifiHa&;tajctaewdkif;rSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf&J@ vkyf[efeJ@ taiG@toufawGu

uGif;usefaeao;/ &Sifoefaeao;vdk@jzpfw,f?

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ta&;}uD; bmom&yfwckjzpfaevdk@ygyJ?

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wifjyzdk@ &nfG,fxm;ygw,f?

,ck &JabmfvDeif a&;om;wJh aqmif;yg; 2 apmif udk rdwfquf wifjyay;vdkufygw,f?

tJ'gawGuawmh -

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2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&ef owfrSwfcsufrsm; pwJh

pmwrf; 2 apmif jzpfygw,f?

'Dpmwrf; 2 ckudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xme (1 ar 1992) u

bmomjyefcJhum avhvma&;pmpOftjzpf xkwfa0cJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?

tvif;vd_if; uGef&uf

12 / atmufwdkbm / 2013


7/31

7

uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&ufodk@uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&ufodk@uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&ufodk@uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&ufodk@uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f yxruGef*&ufodk@

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ta=umif;pmwrf;ta=umif;pmwrf;ta=umif;pmwrf;ta=umif;pmwrf;ta=umif;pmwrf;

(1919ckepf/ rwfv 4 &uf)1

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[efaqmifr_wdk@rSm &Sif;I aeayonf?

2? ta=umif;rSm Tjiif;cHkajymqdkcsufonf a,bk,s'Drkdua&pD ESifh a,bk,stm%m&SifpHepf

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a,bk,s'Drkdua&pD [lI r&Sdaom a=umifhjzpfonf? &SdonfrSm "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDomjzpfonf?


8/31

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9/31

9

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rsm;udk umuG,faejcif;jzpfa=umif; Ttcsufu xifvif;pGm jyaeayonf?


10/31

10

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11/31

11

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12/31

12

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11? Oa&mywkduf (+Adwdefryg) wGif tzGH@+zdK;qHk; t&if;&SifEdkifiHjzpfonfh *smr%DwGif e,fcsJ*smr%D.

ppf&H_;r_a=umifh ay:aygufcJ@aom jynfhpHk onfh orRwEdkifiH vGwfvyfjcif;onf ay:ayguf+yD;


13/31

13

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liebknecht)ESifh &dkZm vlZifbwf(Rosa Luxemburg) wkd@tm; owfjzwfr_onf urBmh

twkdif;twm ESifh orkdif;twkdif;twmt& ta&;ygayonf? TonfrSm ppfrSefaomypPnf;rJ@

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'kwd,urBmppfw0dkufu *sL;rsm;tay: vkyfovdk vkyfjcif; (bmomjyefol)


14/31

14

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15/31

15

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14? ypPnf;rJ@ tm%m&SifpepfrSm tjcm;aom tm%m&Sifpepfwkdif;. enf;wlyif EdkifiHa&; tm%m

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rnfjzpfonf?

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16/31

16

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xm;av+yD?

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tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfr_wdk@udk ay;pGrf;Edkifaoma=umifhjzpfayonf?

16? "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDESifh ygvDrefpepfa[mif;}uD;wkd@onf vkyfom;jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; tpdk;&

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. ta=umif;&if;rSmvnf; Tonfyifjzpfonf?

17? ppfwyfqkdonfrSm bk&ifh EkdifiHatmufwGifrS zdESdyfa&;twGuf vufeufjzpfonf r[kwfacs?

'Drkdua&pD t&SdqHk;qdkonf tygt0if "e&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; xkdtwdkif;yif jzpfonf?t&if;&Sif.

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17/31

17

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u|Ekfyfwdk@tm; oif=um;jyoayonf?

19? "e&SifAsL&dkua&pDESifh w&m;Oya',E W&m;wkd@jzpfaom ta[mif;tjrif;wkd@udk EdkifiHawmf

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20? EdkifiHawmftm%mudk +zdKcsa&;qkdonfrSm if;[email protected];aqmifjzpfol rmhufpf tygt0if qkd&S,f

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1919 ckepf azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufae@wGif t0ga&mif tifwmae&Sife,fESifh qufE$,faeaom


18/31

18

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taumiftxnf az: jcif;rS wm;jrpfcGifhay;&ef wifjyvkdufonf?

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&SifpHepf jzpfaom qdkAD,ufpepf ESifh "e&Siftm%m&Sifpepf jzpfaom trsdK;om; v$wfawmf wkd@tm;aygif;pyfay;&ef qkdonfh T&,fp&m }udK;yrf;r_u t0ga&mifqkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESihf qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf

rsm;. oem;pzG,fpOf;pm;yHk pOf;pm;enf;udk vHk;0 zGifhcsvkdufayonf? if;wkd@. azgufjyefonfh

"e&Sifaygufp EdkifiHa&;ESifh tiftm;opftjzpfodk@ wm;rEdkifqD;rEdkif csDwufoGm;aeonfh ypPnf;rJ@

'Drkdua&pDopftm; aumufuspfpGm tavSsmhay;ap@pyfr_ wkd@udkvnf; vHk;0zGifhcsvkdufayonf?

22? vlwef;pm;&yfwnfcsuft& ajymrnfqkdvSsif bef;t0ga&mif tifwmae&Sife,f. trsm;pku

abmf&SDApf0g'udk &_wfcs jcif;rSm rSefuefayonf? if;wdk@ taejzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;xktm;

a=umufvef@jcif;a=umifh w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsuf w&yf rcsrSwf0H@cJ@jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf

if;wkd@onf k&Sm;&Sd rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ *smr%DrS &_dif;'ref;rsm;ESifh

tjynfht0 wlnD=uayonf? k&Sm;rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf

abmf&SDApfrsm;. zdESdyfr_ta=umif;tjypfajymqkd&mwGif if;wkd@onf jynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y

ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm;qefusif+yD ; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufrS&yfwnfcJ@onfqkdaom tcsufudk

zHk;uG,f&ef }udK;pm;=uonf? tvm;wlyif *smr%DwGif &_dif;'ref;rsm;ESifh if;wdk@. ygwDonf

fjynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y olwkd@onf tvkyform;rsm;ukd qef@usif+yd; "e&Sif vlwef;pm;bufrS &yf

a=umif; jyocJ@+yD;jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh t0ga&mifbef;tifwmae&Sife,f taejzifh abmf&SDApf0g'tm; _wfcsjcif;rSm obm0

usayonf? Tonfu jyoonfrSm 'Drkdua&pD udk umuG,fr_ udk jyoonfr[kwfacs?

jynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y rdrdwkd@onf ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm;tm; qef@usif&eftwGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufu &yfwnfcJ@=ua=umif; udk,fhudk,fudk od&SdcHpm;rdolrsm;. rdrdudk,frdrd

umuG,fr_udk jyojcif; jzpfayonf?


19/31

19

xdkta=umif;a=umifhyif t0ga&mif tifwmae&Sife,f trsm;pk. qHk;jzwfcsufrSm vlwef;pm;&yfwnfcsuft&qdkvSsif rSefuefonf[k ,lqEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm;onf trSefw&m;

udk a=umufIrjzpfay? trSefw&m;udk wnfhwnfh&ifqkdif+yD; vkdtyfaomEdkifiHa&; ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm;

jyKvkyf&ayrnf?

y&mA'g trSwf 51

1919 ckepf / rwfv 6 &uf?

Thesis on bourgeois democracy and Proletarian Dictatorship Presented

to the First Congress of the Communist International

(t*FvdyfbmomrS jyef qdkonf?)

&Sif ;vif;csuf /& Si f ;vif;csuf /& Si f ;vif;csuf /& Si f ;vif;csuf /& Si f ;vif;csuf /

1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. yxr t}udrfajrmufuGef*&uf udk 1919 ckepf rwfv 2 &ufrS 6 &uf txdarmfpudkwGif usif;ycJ@onf? EdkifiHaygif; 30 &Sd uGefjrLepf ygwDrsm; vuf0Jqkd&S,fvpf tpkrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 52 OD; -34OD;rSm rJtjynfhay;Edkif+yD; 18 OD;rSm ajymcGifh &Sdaomfvnf; /rJay;cGifhr&Sd - wufa&mufcJ@onf? tdu tpDtpOfjzpfaomvDeif. e&SifDrkdua&pDESifh ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sif pHepf tpD&ifcHpmudk rwfv 4&uf ae@-reufydkif;wGifwifoGif;cJ@onf? vDeif. pmwef;tm; uGef*&uf u raqG;aEG;awmhbJ twnfjyKvdkuf+yD; ,if;udk tus,fjyef@qHk;jzef@a0&efn$ef=um;csufESifh twltvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ AsL&dktm;v$Jay;vkdufonf?T pmwef;tm; jznfhpGufcsuf tjzpfvDeif wifjycJ@aom qHk;jzwfcsufukdvnf; uGef*&uf u csrSwfcJ@onf? pmwef;udk vDeifu &k&Sm;bmomjzifh a&;cJ@+yD;*smrefbmomodk@ jyefqkdcJ@onf? uGef*&ufwGif vDeifu rdef@cGef;tm;vHk;udk *smrefbmomjzifh ajym=um;cJ@onf?

vDeif. t}uHay;csufjzifh uGef*&ufonf Zifrm0J vuf0J tpk(Zimmerwald left) udk zsufodrf;a=umif;woHwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? urBmhypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm;xHodk@ a=ujimpmwef; wckjzpfonfh uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fudk twnfjyK+yD; tjcm;aomqHk;jzwfcsuf ESihf cs rSwfcsuf tajrmuftjrm;udk vnf;csrSwfcJ@onf?tvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwDESifh TaumfrwDu a&G;cs,fol5OD; yg0ifonfh AsL&dk [lI acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@ ESpfzGJ@zGJ@pnf;&efqHk;jzwfcJ@onf?

uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f(uGefrifwef/ wwd, tifwmae&Sife,f) urBmhtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifA[kdjzpf+yD; 1919 ckepfwGif wnfaxmifum 1943 ckepf wGifzsuf odrf;vkdufonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;. &nf&G,fcsufrSmuGefjrLepf0g ypPnf;rJ@ tm%m&SifpHepf ESif h t&if;&SifpHepftm; qkd&S,fvpfpHepfjzifh tpm;xkd;a&;twGuftvkyform;vlwef;pm; trsm;pkudk pnf;&Hk;,l&efjzpfonf? wwd, tifwmae&Sife,f /uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fonfqkd&S,fvpf 0g twGuf EdkifiHwum ypPnf;rJ@ vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJqkdif&m awG;ac:r_ tajccHrsm; csrSwfcJ@aomyrtifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmifcJ@onf? yxr urBmppf. tapmydkif;umvwGif vDeifonftacsmif0grS uif;pifaom tifwmae&Sife,f topfwck -wwd, tifwmae&Sife,f- twGuf pwif tm;pkcJ@onf?uGefrifwefwnfaxmifa&;udk jzpfay:vmapaom ta=umif;rsm;rSm &k&Sm;jynfatmufwkdbm awmfvSefa&;.=oZm*,ufa=umifh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ tvSsiftjref }uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf+yD; Tonfa=umifh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGifuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifh tpkrsm; zGJ@pnf;vmcJ@=uonf?


20/31

20

uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fonf urBmhuGef*&uf 7 ckusif;ycJ@onf? kwd, uGef*&uf (1920)ckepfwGif uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fodk@ yg0ifcGifh&&ef owfrSwfcsuf 21csufudk csrSwfcJ@+yD; tacsmiform;rsm; / tv,fA[dk 0gDrsm;ESifhrif;rJ@tiftm;pkrsm; 0ifrvmEdkif atmifwm;qD;cJ@onf? qr uGef*&uf (1928)ckepfu uGefrifwef. tajccHvkyfief;pOfudkcsrSwfcJ@onf? owWr uGef*&uf (1935)ckepfu ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm; wyfaygif;pktajccHay:wGiftajccHaom us,fjyef@onfhzufqpfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pk twGuf enf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifh e,fcsJppfyGJ. tE W&m,fudk &ifqkdifaecsdefwGif zufqpfqef@usifa&; wdkufyGJenf;y&d,m,fwkd@udk csrSwfcJ@onf? uGefrifwefwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD onf acgif;aqmiftydkif;rS yg0if onf?

wd,urBmppfwGif uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rSm ydkI&_wfaxG; vm+yD; wkduf&onfh tajctaersm;rSm vnf;axGjym;vSonf? wzufwGif uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;rSm tiftm; t&a&m =oZm t&yg }uD;xGm; vmcJ@onf?Ttajctaersm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm; +yD;aemuf uGefrifweftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ. obmywd tzGJ@onf 1943 ckepf

arv 15 &ufae@Y uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f udk zsufodrf;&ef qHk;jzwfcJ@onf? T qHk;jzwfcsufudk tzGJ@0if ygwD {&mr

trsm;pk}uD;u twnfjyKcJ@onf? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fonf EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; t=um; qufoG,fr_rsm;

xlaxmifjcif; ESihf tm;jznfhjcif;wkd@wGif orkdif;0if tcef;rS yg0ifcJ@onf?yxrurBmppf+yD;onfh aemufjzpfay:vmaom

tajctaeopfrsm;ESifh tnD tvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_. oabmw&m;a&;&m jyomemrsm;udk &Sif;jy&mwGif uGefjrLepft,ltqrsm;

0gjzef@csdr_twGuf taxGaxG rl rsm;udk az:xkwfjcif;/ rmhufpf 0g'/ vDeif0g'udk udkifpGJ+yD; tacsmif0g'orm;rsm;. o&kyfzsufjcif;ESifh

yHkzsuf/yef;zsufjcif;rS ckcHumuG,fjcif;qkdonfh orkdif;0iftcef;rS yg0ifcJ@onf?T aqmif&Guftm;vHk;u EkysdKaom

uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;tm; }uD;rm;aom tvkyform;ygwDrsm;tjzpfa jymif;vJapcJ@onf?

2? rmhufpf. jyifopfEdkifiH jynfwGif;ppfusrf;twGuf tdef*,fa&;aom trSmpmrS ?

3? rmhufpf . jyifopfEdkifiH jynfwGif;ppfrS?

4? bef; tifwmae&Sife,f ? kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f udk jyefvnf xlaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsuf jzifh 1919 ckepf azazmf0g&Dvu

qGpfZmvefEd ki fi H bef;+rdK wGif usif;ycJ@aom qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;ESif h tv,fA[kd ygwDrsm;. uGefz&if h jzpfonf? vDeifu

bef;tifwmae&Sife,f. ol&Jaumif;rsm; wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. vkyfief;wm0efrsm; aqmif;yg; wkd@wGif bef; tifwmae&Sif

e,f tm; a0zef wkdufcdkufcJ@onf?

5? tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; aumfrwDrsm; ?yxrurBm ppf+yD;onfhaemuf +AdwdoSs pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ay:aygufcJ@aom

a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cH&onfh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;? if;wkd@onf jynfyrS ppftiftm;jzihf pGufzufusL;ausmfr_udk qefusifckcH

onfh qk dAD,ufk&Sm;Ed ki fi Htm;axmufcH&mwGif wuf}uGaom tcef;rS yg0ifcJ @onf ?4if;wk d @. tcsdKaom acgif;aqmifrsm;-0DvsH

*gvwfcsm(WIILIM GAILACHER ) polrsm;onf +AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ 0ifa&mufcJ@onf?


21/31

21

uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcGifh&&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;

(conditions for affiliation to the communist international)

uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f pwifxlaxmifonfh yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf(The First Inagural

Congress of the Communist International) onf tzGJ@0if ygwDtopfrsm;

yg0if&eftwGuf wdusaom owfrSwfcsufrsm; ra&;qGJcJ@acs? yxr uGef*&ufumvwGif EkdifiH

trsm;tjym;Y uGefjrLepf t,ltq tEG,frsm; (trends) ESifh tpkrsm;om &SdcJ@onf?

uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf - urBmhuGef*&uf 11111 udk rwlaom tajc

taeY usif;ycJ@onf? xkdtcgY EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif t,ltq tEG,frsm;omruawmhbJ uGefjrLepf

ygwDrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sdvm+yDjzpfonf?

r=umcifurS 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifcJ@aom ygwDrsm;ESifh tpkrsm;rSm wu,fwrf;

uGefjrLepf jzpfrvm ao;aomfvnf; wwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. tzGJ@0ifjzpfI ydkI ydkI wifjy

vmae=uonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frSm trSefyif ysufpD;oGm;av+yD? =um;tqifh

tv,fA[kd ygwDESifh tpkrsm;onf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frSm arSsmfvifhcsuf ukefqHk;ae+yD

jzpfa=umif; owd+yKrd=u+yD; rSefrSeftm;}uD;vmaeaom wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ESif h

csdwfqufrd&ef vrf;&Smae=uonf? odk@aomf olwkd@onf olwdk@. tacsmifqHaom/ odk@r[kwf

tv,fA[kd usaom (centrist) ay:vpDrsm;udk qufvufo,faqmifEdkifaprnfh

udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_ twdkif;twmwckudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef arSsmfvifhae=uonf? uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,frSm wpHkw&mawmh a&yef;pm;aeav+yD?


22/31

22

xdyfydkif; tv,fA[dk tpkrsm; wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0if&ef qENjzpfay:aejcif;uwwd,tifwmae&Sife,ftaejzifh urBmt0Srf;&Sd vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;trsm;

pk}uD;. axmufcHr_udk &&Sdaea=umif;ESifh wae@+yD;wae@ydkI tm;}uD;aom tiftm;w&yf jzpfvm

aea=umif; oG,f0dkufpGm jyo twnfjyKvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

tcsdKaom tajctaersm;wGif qdkvSsif uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f tzdk@ kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f

. tawG;tac: t,ltq rsm;udk rpGef@v$wfao;aom awGa0+yD; vrf;ckvwf rSm &yfaeonfh

tpkrsm; yg0ifr_ rsm;jym;vmjcif;a=umifh t&nftaoG;avsmhyg;oGm;rnfh tE W&m,fESifh yif

}uHKawG&ayvdrfhrnf?

xdk@tjyif trsm;pkuyif uGefjrLepf&yfwnfcsuf &Sd+yD;jzpfonfh ygwD}uD;tcsdK (tDwvD / qGD'if )wGif jyKjyifa&;ESifh qdk&S,fausat;a&; (social-pacifist) *dk%f; tawmftwef&Sdaeao;onf?

if;wdk@rSm ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;udk xdxd a&mufa&muf zsufqD;&ef/ odk@jzifh "e&Sif

vlwef;pm; ESifh kwd, tifwmae&Sife,fudk taxmuftuljyK&ef tcgtcGifhaumif;udk apmifhaejcif;

jzpfonf?

[efa*&D qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH . oifcef;pmrsm;udk rnfonfh uGefjrLepfrSsar@Irjzpfacs?

[efa*&D uGefjrLepfrsm;u jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJ@jcif;twGuf [efa*&D ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;

pm;rSm }uD;rm;pGmwefzdk;ay;cJ@&onf?

xdk@a=umifh 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&uftaejzifh tzGJ@0ifopfrsm; yg0ifcGifhESifh yufouf+yD;vHk;0wdusonfh owfrSwfcsufrsm; az:xkwf&efESifh yg0ifcGifh &+yD;aom ygwDrsm; tay:usa&muf

vmonfh wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; owfrSwf&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqrdayonf?

uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu uGefrifwef(comintern) tzGJ@0if jzpfa&;

twGuf atmufygowfrSwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?

1? ae@w"l0 0g'jzef@jcif;ESifh v_H@aqmfjcif;wkd@onf uGefjrLepfvuQ%m ppfppf jzpf&rnf? ygwDrsm;u

csKyfudkifxm;aom owif;vkyfief; tm;vHk;wGif ypPnf;rJ@awmfvSefa&;tay: opPm&Sda=umif;

1919 ckepfu b,fvmuGef (Belakun) acgif;aqmif+yD; wnfaxmifcJ@onfh uGefjrLepfrsm;.orRwEdkifiHjzpfonf? wESpfcef@rSsom wnfwH@cJ@onf(bmomjyefol)


23/31

23

jyo+yD;aom ,H k =unf&onfh uGef jrLepfrsm;tm; t,f'Dwmvkyfap&rnf? ypPnf;rJ @vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepfta=umif; aqG;aEG;&mwGif yHkaoaz: jrLvmw&yfozG,f rjzpfap&?

,if;tm; tvkyform;/ tvkyfor/ ppfom;ESifh v,form; wOD;pDtwGuf rkcs vdktyfcsufjzpf

vmaponfhenf;rsdK;jzifh vl}udKufrsm;vmatmif vkyf&rnf? TonfrSm u|Ekfyfwkd@. pme,fZif;

rsm;wGif pepfwusaz: jycJ@aom vufawGtcsuftvufrsm;. aemufqufwGJ jzpfap&rnf?

wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk axmufcHolrsm;onf pme,fZif;/ vlxktpnf;ta0;/ tvkyform;

or*~/ or0g,rtzGJ@&EdkiforSsaom pifjrifhudk toHk;jyK+yD; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk omru ,if;udk

tm;ay;olrsm;ESifh ta&miftaoG; trsdK;rsdK;aom jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;udkyg pepfwusESifh rjywf

wrf;zGifhcs&rnf?

2? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif; taejzifh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tv,fA[kd0g'D rsm;udk vkyfom;v_yf&Sm;r_ (ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; / t,f'DwmtzGJ@/ tvkyform;

or*~ / ygvDreftpk / or0g,rtzGJ / jrLeDpy,faumifpD ponf) . wm0ef&Sdaom ae&mrsm;rS

worwfwnf;ESifh pHepfwus z,f&Sm;ypf+yD; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&onfh uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;

&rnf? tpydkif;wGif tawG@t}uHK &Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tvkyform;rsm;jzifh tpm;

xdk;&onfh udpPrsdK;&SdEdkifonfqkdaomtcsufrSm twm;tqD;rjzpfoifhay?

3? ppftkyfcsKyfa&; odk@r[kwf ta&;ay:Oya'a=umihf uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk w&m;0if

raqmif&GufEdkifaom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif rkcsyif Oya'wGif;vkyfief; ESifh Oya'yvkyfief;wdk@udk

aygif;pyfzdk@vkdayonf? Oa&mywdkufESifh tar&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHtm;vHk;vdkvdkYyif vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrSm jynfwGif;ppftqifhokd@ 0ifa&mufvsuf&Sday&m uGefjrLepfwkd@taejzifh "e&Sif Oya'abmif

ukd enf;enf;rSs ,Hk=unfudk;pm;Irjzpfay? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tqHk; tjzwfumvwGif ygwDtm;

awmfvSefa&;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh pif+ydKifw&m;r0if ,E W&m;w&yfudk

ae&mwumwGif wnfaxmif&rnf?

4? vufeufudkifwyfrsm;twGif; 0g'jzef@csdr_ESifh vH_@aqmfr_udk ZGJ&Sd&Sd ESifh pepfwus vkyfaqmif&rnf?

ppfwyf tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;wGif uGefjrLepf tjrKawrsm; zGJ@pnf;&rnf? uGefjrLepfwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@

vkyfief;trsm;pkukd Oya'jyifywGif vkyfaqmif=u&ayrnf? odk@aomf xkdodk@ rvkyfaqmifygu awmf

vSefa&;wm0efudk opPmazguf&mus+yD; wwd,tifwmae&Sife,ftzGJ0if qkdonfESifhvnf;

udkufnDrnf r[kwfacs?

5?aus;vufa'orsm;wGif v_Haqmfr_udk pHepfwusESifh pDrHudef;&Sd&Sd vkyfaqmif&rnf? v,f,m

vkyfom;ESifh qif;&Jaomv,form;wkd@txJrS tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh tpdwftydkif;wck. axmufcHr_udk


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r&bJ/ aemuf+yD; rdrd. ay:vpDESifh tnD usefaus;vufvlxkxJrS tpdwftydkif;wcktm; =um;aeatmif rvkyfEdkifbJ rdrd.atmifyGJudk ckdifrmatmifvkyf&efqdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifay? vufiif;umvwGif

aus;vuf&Sd uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_rSm ta&;}uD;qHk; tpm;xJwGif yg0ifayonf? Tvkyfief;udk t"du

tm;jzifh v,f,ma'orsm;Y tquftoG,f&Sdonfh awmfvSefaomtvkyform; uGefjrLepfrsm;rS

wqifh aqmif&Guf&rnf? Tvkyfief;udk OayuQmjyKjcif; odk@r[kwf r,Hk=unf&onfh

jyKjyifa&;orm;wydkif;rsm; tm; yHktyfjcif;rSm ypPnf;rJ@ vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&; tm; jiif;y,fjcif;

rnfayonf?

6? wwd, tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom ygwDwkdif;onf ajAmifa=ujimxm;aom

qkd&S,frsdK;cspf0g' (social-patriotism) udk omru qdk&S,f ausat;a&; 0g' wdk@. vdrfnmr_

ESifh [efaqmifr_udkvnf; zGifhcs&rnf? t&if;&Sifpepftm; awmfvSefa&; enf;jzifh +zdKcsjcif; rjyKvSsifrnfonfhEkdifiHwum jzefajza&; &Hk;awmf/ rnfonfhvufeufavsmhaygha&;ajymqkdr_/ EkdifiHaygif;pHk

tzGJ@csKyf(league of nations) tm; rnfodk@aom 'Drkdua&pD usus jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_urSs

vlom;rsm;tm; e,fcsJppfyGJ&efrS umuG,fray;Edkifa=umif; tvkyform;rsm;udk pepfwus

&Sif;jy&rnf?

7? uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdolrsm;onf jyKjyifa&;0g' / tv,fA[dk ay:vpD

wkd@ESifh vHk;0tuGif;rJ@ tqufjywf&ef vkda=umif;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf? ygwD0ifrsm; twGif;Y

vnf; xkdokd@ tqufjzwf&efvkda=umif; 0g'jzef@&rnf? Todk@ jyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdygu worwfwnf;

usaom uGefjrLepfay:vpDw&yf r&SdEdkifacs?

apmEdkiforSs apmpGm ,if;odk@ jzwfawmuf&ef uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fu rjzpfrae tm;jzifh

vnf;aumif;/ aemufqHk; owday;csuf tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; awmif;qkdonf? wwd,tifwm

ae&Sife,fwGif wl&mwD(Turati)rkd'D*vD,meD(Modigliani) ESifh tjcm;olrsm;uJ@odk@aom ajAmif

ausnmxm;onfh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm; yg0ifEdkifaom tajctaersdK;udk cGifhrjyKEdkifay? xkdodk@

jzpfvSsif wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf ysufokOf;oGm;+yDjzpfaom 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ESifh

tvGefyifwloGm;apvdrfhrnf?

8? rdrdwdkif;jynf&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u udkvkdeDrsm;ydkifqkdif+yD; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tm; zdESdyfaom wkdif;jynf

rsm;&Sd ygwDrsm;onf udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;/ tzdESdyfcHEkdifiHrsm;ESifh yufoufI txl;&Sif;vif;wdusaom

ay:vpDudk usihfoHk;&rnf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom ygwDwkdif;onf rdrd

EdkifiH&Sd e,fcsJorm;rsm;. udkvkdeDt}uHtpDqkd;rsm;udk tnmtwmuif;rJ@pGm zGifhcs&rnf? udkvdkeD


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b0rS vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSeforSsudk pum;tm;jzifh omr[kwf vufawG@tm;jzifh axmufcH&rnf? udkvdkeDrsm;rS e,fcsJorm;rsm;udk armif;xkwf&ef awmif;qdk&rnf? udkvkdeDESifh tzdESdyfcH

EdkifiHrsm;&Sd vkyfom;vlxkESifh nD&if;tudkozG,f pdwf"gwfxm;&Sd&ef tvkyform;rsm;udk ynm

ay;&rnf? udkvkdeDzdESdyfr_tm; qef@usif&ef vufeufudkifwyfrsm;twGif; pepfwus vH_@aqmf&rnf?

9? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom ygwDwkdif;onf tvkyform;or*~rsm;/

or0g,rtzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom tvkyform; vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; twGif;Y pepfus+yD;aom

uGefjrLepfvkyfief;udk ZGJ&Sd&Sdvkyfaqmif&rnf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;twGif; uGefjrLepf tjrKawrsm;

zGJ@pnf;&rnf? }uH}uHcdkifcdkif ZGJ&Sd&Sdvkyf&if; or*~rsm;udk uGefjrLepf ta&;awmfbuf ygvmatmif

vkyf&rnf? rdrdwdk@. ae@w"l0vkyfief;rS tqifhwkdif;wGif qkd&S,f rsdK;cspf0g'. opPmazgufr_ESifh

tv,fA[kd0g' . awGa0,drf;,dkifr_ wkd@udk zGifhcs&rnf? tjrKawrsm;onf wckvHk;taejzihfygwD. atmufwGifvHk;0&Sdap&rnf?

10?uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifaom ygwDrsm;onf trfpwm'rf t0ga&miftvkyf

orm;or*~tifwmae&Sife,f (Amsterdam Yellow Trade Union International)

udk jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwkdufyGJqif&rnf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f

ESif h qufoG,fxm;onfh &SifoefpjyKae+yD jzpfaom teDa&miftvkyform;or*~rsm;

EdkifiHwumtzGJ@ csKyf(International Federation Of Red Trade Unions)udk tpGrf;ukef

axmufcH&rnf?

11? wwd, tifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom ygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. ygvDreftpkrsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;r_udkjyefvnfppfaq;+yD; pdwfrcs& olrsm;udk z,f&Sm;um ,if;tpkrsm;tm; ygwDA[dk

aumfrwDodk@ wu,fwrf;vufatmufcH jyKap&rnf? ygvDreftrwf jzpfaeaom uGefjrLepfwdkif;

tm;rdrdwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rSeforSsudk ppfrSefonfh awmfvSefa&;0g'jzef@csdr_ESifh v_H@aqmfr_ tusdK;pD;yGm;

atmufwGif vufatmufcHjyKap&rnf?

12? tvm;wl / yHkrSefxkwfa0aomESifh yHkrSefr[kwfbJ xkwfa0aom xkwfa0onfh pme,fZif;rsm;

tjyif yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rSeforSsrSm ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. vHk;0vufatmufcHjzpfap&rnf?

ygwDw&yfvHk;taejzifh Oya'wGif;wGif &Sdonfjzpfap/ Oya'ywGif &Sdonfjzpfap Ttwdkif; jzpfap

&rnf? yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfr_ukd tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;/ ygwDay:vpD

ESifh tjynfht0udkufnDjcif; r&Sdaom ay:vpDwkd@udk usihfoHk;jcif;rsm; vHk;0rjyK&?

13? uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifaom ygwDrsm;onf 'Drkdua&pD A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifr_ qdk

onfhrlay:wGif zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfap&rnf? jyif;xefaom jynfwGif;ppf&Sdaeonfh TumvwGif


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uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;taejzifh tjrifhqHk;A[kdcsKyfudkifr_/ ppfpnf;urf;ozG,f oHr%dpnf;rsOf;ESifh =oZm}uD;rm;aom ygwDA[dkrsm;&Sd+yD; us,fjyef@aom tcGifhtm%mESifh ygwD0ifxk. taxGaxG ,Hk=unf

pdwfcsr_&SdrSom [email protected] xrf;aqmifEdkifonf?

14? Oya'abmiftwGif; vkyfudkifae=uaom uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;onf rvGJraoGpGJuyfvm

wwfonfh "e&Sifaygufprsm;udk pepfwusz,f&Sm;&eftwGuf ygwDudk yHkrSefoef@&Sif;r_ (jyefvnf

rSwfyHkwifjcif;) jyKvkyf&rnf?

15?uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaomygwDrsm;onf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tiftm;

pkrsm;udk wkdufcdkufaeonfh qkdAD,uforRw EdkifiHwdkif;tm; udk,fusdK;riJ@bJulnD&rnf?

uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;udk qkdAD,uforRwEdkifiHrsm;. &efolrsm;twGuf ppf

ypPnf;o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;udk jiif;y,f&ef rem;rae 0g'jzef@csd&rnf? tvkyform;orRwEdkifiH

ponfwdk@tm; vnfrsdK npfowf&ef apv$wfvkdufonfh vufeufudkifwyfrsm;twGif; w&m;0if

0g'jzefcsda&;a&m/ w&m;r0if0g'jzef@csda&;ygjyKvkyf&rnf?

16? ,cifqkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qufvufudkifpGJxm;onfh ygwDrsm;onf ,if;

vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk jrefEd kiforSs jrefpGmjyefvnfoHk;oyf+yD; rdrdwdk @ Ed kifiH&S doufqdkif&m

tcdkiftrmtajctaersm;ESifh avsmfnDpGm uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh

tnDuGefjrLepf vkyfief;pOf topfrsm; a&;qGJ&rnf? pnf;urf;t&qkdvSsif ,if;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkuGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. vmrnfhuGef*&uf/ odk@r[kwf if;. tvkyftr_aqmif tzGJ@u

twnfjyK&ayrnf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@u twnfjyKjcif;udk qkdif;iH@xm;onfqkdygu ,if;

ygwDonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. uGef*&ufwGif t,lcHcGifh&Sdonf?

17? uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.uGef*&ufrsm;ESif h A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ @wkd @.

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk yg0ifolygwD tm;vHk;u vkdufem&rnf? jyif;xefaom jynfwGifppftajc

taewGif vkyfudkifae&jcif;jzpfojzifh TuGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fonf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sif

e,fxuf A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ ydk&Sd&rnf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fESifh ,if;. tvkyf

tr_aqmifaumfrwDwkd@onf [email protected];wkdif;wGif rwljcm;em;aomygwDrsm; wdkufyGJ0if

vkyfudkifae=u&onfh tifrwefuGJjym;aom tajctaersm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf qdkjcif;rSm


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,kwWd&Sdayonf? xkd@a=umifh ygwDtm;vHk;vdkufem&rnfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk xkdodk@ csrSwfEdkifonfhjy\emrsm;wGifom csrSwf&ayrnf?

18? txufygazmfjyyg tjrift&qdkvSsif uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom

wkdif;jynfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. trnfudk ajymif;vJ&rnf? yg0ifvkdaom ygwDwkdif;.trnfrSm rnf

onfhEdkifiH. uGefjrLepfygwdD (wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. tpdwftydkif;wck) [k jzpfap&rnf?

emrnfjy\emrSm vkyfdk;vkyfxHk;jy\emoufoufr[kwfacs/ EdkifiHa&;t& tvGefta&;yg

aomudp P jzp fonf? uGe f jrLep f tifwmae&Si fe,fonf "e&Si favmuwckvH k ;E Si f h

t0ga&mifqdk&S,f'Drkdu&ufygwDrsm;tm; jywfjywfom;om; ppfausnmcJ@av+yD? uGefjrLepf

ygwDrsm;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; atmifvHawmftm; opPmazgufoGm;onfh w&m;0if

qdk&S,f'Drkdu&ufodk@r[kwf qkd&S,fvpfygwDa[mif;rsm; jcm;em;csufudk tvkyform;wkdif;tm; vHk;0&Sif;vif;atmifajymjy&rnf?

19? uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&uf +yD;onfhaemufwGif

uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,fwGif yg0ifvkdaom ygwDwdkif;onf ygwDw&yfvHk;udk,fpm; Twm0ef

0wW&m;rsm;udk vufcH&eftwGuf txl;uGef*&ufrsm;udk apmEdkiforSsapmpGm w&m;0ifusif;

y&rnf? ?

ADG tkdif vDeif

1920ckepf/ *sLvdkifvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf?

vDeif vufa&G;pif usrf;twGJ 31

(t*FvdyfbmomrS jyefqdkonf)


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aemufquf rSwfpk ?aemufquf rSwfpk ?aemufquf rSwfpk ?aemufquf rSwfpk ?aemufquf rSwfpk ?

1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&ufudk 1920ckepf *sLvd_ifv 19&ufrS1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&ufudk 1920ckepf *sLvd_ifv 19&ufrS1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&ufudk 1920ckepf *sLvd_ifv 19&ufrS1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&ufudk 1920ckepf *sLvd_ifv 19&ufrS1? uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf urBmhuGef*&ufudk 1920ckepf *sLvd_ifv 19&ufrS

=o*kwfv 7&uftxd usif;ycJ @onf? uGe f*&ufud k y Dx&d k*&ufwGif z Gi f hvSp fc J @ +y D ; aemufqufwG J=o*kwfv 7&uftxd usif;ycJ @onf? uGe f*&ufud k y Dx&d k*&ufwGif z Gi f hvSp fc J @ +y D ; aemufqufwG J=o*kwfv 7&uftxd usif;ycJ @onf? uGe f*&ufud k y Dx&d k*&ufwGif z Gi f hvSp fc J @ +y D ; aemufqufwG J=o*kwfv 7&uftxd usif;ycJ @onf? uGe f*&ufud k y Dx&d k*&ufwGif z Gi f hvSp fc J @ +y D ; aemufqufwG J=o*kwfv 7&uftxd usif;ycJ @onf? uGe f*&ufud k y Dx&d k*&ufwGif z Gi f hvSp fc J @ +y D ; aemufqufwG J

tpnf;ta0;rsm;ud k armfpudkwGifusif;ycJ @onf? TuGef*&ufod k @ Ed kifiHaygif; (37)ck&S d tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ud k armfpudkwGifusif;ycJ @onf? TuGef*&ufod k @ Ed kifiHaygif; (37)ck&S d tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ud k armfpudkwGifusif;ycJ @onf? TuGef*&ufod k @ Ed kifiHaygif; (37)ck&S d tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ud k armfpudkwGifusif;ycJ @onf? TuGef*&ufod k @ Ed kifiHaygif; (37)ck&S d tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ud k armfpudkwGifusif;ycJ @onf? TuGef*&ufod k @ Ed kifiHaygif; (37)ck&S d tvkyform;

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 200 ausmfwufa&mufcJ@onf? &k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 200 ausmfwufa&mufcJ@onf? &k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 200 ausmfwufa&mufcJ@onf? &k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 200 ausmfwufa&mufcJ@onf? &k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 200 ausmfwufa&mufcJ@onf? &k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwD

. udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJwGif vl 64 OD;yg0if +yD; if;wkd@txJY ADGtkdifvDeif /trftdkifumvDeif / tufzftD;. udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJwGif vl 64 OD;yg0if +yD; if;wkd@txJY ADGtkdifvDeif /trftdkifumvDeif / tufzftD;. udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJwGif vl 64 OD;yg0if +yD; if;wkd@txJY ADGtkdifvDeif /trftdkifumvDeif / tufzftD;. udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJwGif vl 64 OD;yg0if +yD; if;wkd@txJY ADGtkdifvDeif /trftdkifumvDeif / tufzftD;. udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJwGif vl 64 OD;yg0if +yD; if;wkd@txJY ADGtkdifvDeif /trftdkifumvDeif / tufzftD;

ZmZif;puD; / atat qefa& ,ufAf/ twf,ifrf( tifzfat qm*D ,ufAf) 'DZuf rmcG DvfpuD; /ZmZif;puD; / atat qefa& ,ufAf/ twf,ifrf( tifzfat qm*D ,ufAf) 'DZuf rmcG DvfpuD; /ZmZif;puD; / atat qefa& ,ufAf/ twf,ifrf( tifzfat qm*D ,ufAf) 'DZuf rmcG DvfpuD; /ZmZif;puD; / atat qefa& ,ufAf/ twf,ifrf( tifzfat qm*D ,ufAf) 'DZuf rmcG DvfpuD; /ZmZif;puD; / atat qefa& ,ufAf/ twf,ifrf( tifzfat qm*D ,ufAf) 'DZuf rmcG DvfpuD; /

tufpf tkdif ayghyfem/ 0d kif trf ,m&dk pvAfpuD; / atpD vlemcsm;puD; / trftif yd ka&mhpuD; / trftufpf tkdif ayghyfem/ 0d kif trf ,m&dk pvAfpuD; / atpD vlemcsm;puD; / trftif yd ka&mhpuD; / trftufpf tkdif ayghyfem/ 0d kif trf ,m&dk pvAfpuD; / atpD vlemcsm;puD; / trftif yd ka&mhpuD; / trftufpf tkdif ayghyfem/ 0d kif trf ,m&dk pvAfpuD; / atpD vlemcsm;puD; / trftif yd ka&mhpuD; / trftufpf tkdif ayghyfem/ 0d kif trf ,m&dk pvAfpuD; / atpD vlemcsm;puD; / trftif yd ka&mhpuD; / trf

tifef yd ka&mhpuD; /tif trf au u&kpum;,m; / attrfaumfvGef wkdif/ tdkif tufzf tmref ESif htifef yd ka&mhpuD; /tif trf au u&kpum;,m; / attrfaumfvGef wkdif/ tdkif tufzf tmref ESif htifef yd ka&mhpuD; /tif trf au u&kpum;,m; / attrfaumfvGef wkdif/ tdkif tufzf tmref ESif htifef yd ka&mhpuD; /tif trf au u&kpum;,m; / attrfaumfvGef wkdif/ tdkif tufzf tmref ESif htifef yd ka&mhpuD; /tif trf au u&kpum;,m; / attrfaumfvGef wkdif/ tdkif tufzf tmref ESif h

tifef tupf wd kvfrifpuD; wk d @yg0ifonf? uGef*&uftwGufjyifqifr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;ud k vDeifutifef tupf wd kvfrifpuD; wk d @yg0ifonf? uGef*&uftwGufjyifqifr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;ud k vDeifutifef tupf wd kvfrifpuD; wk d @yg0ifonf? uGef*&uftwGufjyifqifr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;ud k vDeifutifef tupf wd kvfrifpuD; wk d @yg0ifonf? uGef*&uftwGufjyifqifr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;ud k vDeifutifef tupf wd kvfrifpuD; wk d @yg0ifonf? uGef*&uftwGufjyifqifr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;ud k vDeifun$e f =um;c J @ +y D ; t" duusaom tpD&i fc Hpmr sm;wifoGi f ;um ta&; }uD ;r de f @c Ge f ; trsm;tjym;n$e f =um;c J @ +y D ; t" duusaom tpD&i fc Hpmr sm;wifoGi f ;um ta&; }uD ;r de f @c Ge f ; trsm;tjym;n$e f =um;c J @ +y D ; t" duusaom tpD&i fc Hpmr sm;wifoGi f ;um ta&; }uD ;r de f @c Ge f ; trsm;tjym;n$e f =um;c J @ +y D ; t" duusaom tpD&i fc Hpmr sm;wifoGi f ;um ta&; }uD ;r de f @c Ge f ; trsm;tjym;n$e f =um;c J @ +y D ; t" duusaom tpD&i fc Hpmr sm;wifoGi f ;um ta&; }uD ;r de f @c Ge f ; trsm;tjym;

ajym=um;cJ@onf? olu tacsmif0g' ESif h tv,fA[dk 0g'wkd @ud k rem;wrf;wd kufyG JqifcJ @ +y D; rif;rJ @ajym=um;cJ@onf? olu tacsmif0g' ESif h tv,fA[dk 0g'wkd @ud k rem;wrf;wd kufyG JqifcJ @ +y D; rif;rJ @ajym=um;cJ@onf? olu tacsmif0g' ESif h tv,fA[dk 0g'wkd @ud k rem;wrf;wd kufyG JqifcJ @ +y D; rif;rJ @ajym=um;cJ@onf? olu tacsmif0g' ESif h tv,fA[dk 0g'wkd @ud k rem;wrf;wd kufyG JqifcJ @ +y D; rif;rJ @ajym=um;cJ@onf? olu tacsmif0g' ESif h tv,fA[dk 0g'wkd @ud k rem;wrf;wd kufyG JqifcJ @ +y D; rif;rJ @

qi'Du,f0g'D t,ltqtE$,frsm;ESif h uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK. vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'udkvnf;qi'Du,f0g'D t,ltqtE$,frsm;ESif h uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK. vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'udkvnf;qi'Du,f0g'D t,ltqtE$,frsm;ESif h uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK. vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'udkvnf;qi'Du,f0g'D t,ltqtE$,frsm;ESif h uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK. vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'udkvnf;qi'Du,f0g'D t,ltqtE$,frsm;ESif h uGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK. vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'udkvnf;

xda&mufp Gma0ze fc J @onf? olonf atmufy g aum fr& Si fr sm ;. tvky fwGi fy g0i fc J @onf?xda&mufp Gma0ze fc J @onf? olonf atmufy g aum fr& Si fr sm ;. tvky fwGi fy g0i fc J @onf?xda&mufp Gma0ze fc J @onf? olonf atmufy g aum fr& Si fr sm ;. tvky fwGi fy g0i fc J @onf?xda&mufp Gma0ze fc J @onf? olonf atmufy g aum fr& Si fr sm ;. tvky fwGi fy g0i fc J @onf?xda&mufp Gma0ze fc J @onf? olonf atmufy g aum fr& Si fr sm ;. tvky fwGi fy g0i fc J @onf?

EdkifiHwumtjctaeESif h uGefrifwef. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm; /trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvkdeDjyomem /Ed kifiHwumtjctaeESif h uGefrifwef. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm; /trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvkdeDjyomem /Ed kifiHwumtjctaeESif h uGefrifwef. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm; /trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvkdeDjyomem /Ed kifiHwumtjctaeESif h uGefrifwef. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm; /trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvkdeDjyomem /Ed kifiHwumtjctaeESif h uGefrifwef. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm; /trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvkdeDjyomem /

ajr,mjyomemE Si f h uGe f jr Lep ftifwmae& Si fe,fwGi fy g0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm; / ola&;aomajr,mjyomemE Si f h uGe f jr Lep ftifwmae& Si fe,fwGi fy g0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm; / ola&;aomajr,mjyomemE Si f h uGe f jr Lep ftifwmae& Si fe,fwGi fy g0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm; / ola&;aomajr,mjyomemE Si f h uGe f jr Lep ftifwmae& Si fe,fwGi fy g0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm; / ola&;aomajr,mjyomemE Si f h uGe f jr Lep ftifwmae& Si fe,fwGi fy g0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm; / ola&;aom

'kwd,uGef*&uf. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvdkeDjyomem/ ajr,mjyomem ESif h'kwd,uGef*&uf. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvdkeDjyomem/ ajr,mjyomem ESif h'kwd,uGef*&uf. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvdkeDjyomem/ ajr,mjyomem ESif h'kwd,uGef*&uf. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvdkeDjyomem/ ajr,mjyomem ESif h'kwd,uGef*&uf. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ trsdK;om;a&;ESif h udkvdkeDjyomem/ ajr,mjyomem ESif h

tz G J 0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm;wd k @ud k uGe f*&uf qH k ; jzwfcsufr sm;tjzp f twnf jy Kc J @onf?tz G J 0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm;wd k @ud k uGe f*&uf qH k ; jzwfcsufr sm;tjzp f twnf jy Kc J @onf?tz G J 0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm;wd k @ud k uGe f*&uf qH k ; jzwfcsufr sm;tjzp f twnf jy Kc J @onf?tz G J 0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm;wd k @ud k uGe f*&uf qH k ; jzwfcsufr sm;tjzp f twnf jy Kc J @onf?tz G J 0i f&e f owfr Swfcsufr sm;wd k @ud k uGe f*&uf qH k ; jzwfcsufr sm;tjzp f twnf jy Kc J @onf?

'kwd,uGef*&ufonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;pOf/ pnf;&H k;a&;rlrsm; /aoe*FAsL[mESif h' kwd,uGef*&ufonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;pOf/ pnf;&H k;a&;rlrsm; /aoe*FAsL[mESif h' kwd,uGef*&ufonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;pOf/ pnf;&H k;a&;rlrsm; /aoe*FAsL[mESif h' kwd,uGef*&ufonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;pOf/ pnf;&H k;a&;rlrsm; /aoe*FAsL[mESif h' kwd,uGef*&ufonf uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f.vkyfief;pOf/ pnf;&H k;a&;rlrsm; /aoe*FAsL[mESif h

enf;y&d,m,fwkd @twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;cJ @onf?enf;y&d,m,fwkd @twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;cJ @onf?enf;y&d,m,fwkd @twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;cJ @onf?enf;y&d,m,fwkd @twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;cJ @onf?enf;y&d,m,fwkd @twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;cJ @onf?


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lenin's article no 1(l.w pdf)

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