lenin to stalin. civil war the bolshevik opponents form the white army leon trotsky commanded the...
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Lenin to Stalin
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Civil War
• The Bolshevik opponents form the White Army
• Leon Trotsky commanded the Bolshevik Red Army
• Around 15 million Russians died in the civil war from 1918-1920
• The Red Army won
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Lenin’s Economic Reforms
• War and revolution destroyed the Russian economy
• Lenin launched the New Economic Policy or NEP
• Lenin put aside his idea for a state-controlled economy and resorted to a small scale version of capitalism.
• The government still kept control of major industries and banks
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Lenin’s Political Reforms• Lenin organized Russia into
several self-governing republics under the central gov’t
• The country was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist Party
• They created a constitution based on socialist and democratic principles, but the Communist part had total control
• Lenin has a stroke and he tries to prepare Trotsky – Testament
• Stalin insults Lenin’s Wife
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vs.
• Trotsky (right) was a firm Marxist who wanted support for a worldwide (comintern) revolution against capitalism. Well read and traveled, brilliant, great speaker and writer, large man, spontaneous – Ignores Politburo
• Stalin (left) wanted to work on socialist views in Russia first. Dull, secretive, crude and rough speaker, small and unattractive, nerveless and steady – Friend of Politburo
• Lenin dies Jan. 21, 1924 – Trotsky a no-show for funeral
• Stalin put his supporters into top jobs and Trotsky heads the military, eventually he is fired
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Stalin vs. Trotsky cont…
• Trotsky was stripped of party membership and fled into exile in 1929
• He was later murdered in Mexico by an agent working for Stalin
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Stalin becomes Dictator
• Stalin was cold, hard and impersonal
• After forcing Trotsky out Stalin focused on Russia’s development
• He used the phrase “socialism in one country” to describe his aims of perfecting a Communist state
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Stalin’s Totalitarian State• Stalin transformed Russia
into a Totalitarian state• Totalitarianism described
a gov’t that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life
• Totalitarian leaders appear to provide a sense of security and give direction for the future
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Stalin’s Economic Reforms• Lenin’s NEP was a
mixture of free enterprise and state control
• Stalin’s economic policy called for total state control
• He called for a command economy, which is a system where the government makes all economic decisions
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USSR’s Industrial Revolution
• In 1928, Stalin outlined the 1st of many five-year plans for development of the USSR’s economy
• The five-year plans set unrealistic quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity
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USSR’s Industrial Revolution cont…
• To try and reach these unrealistic quotas, the gov’t limited consumer production
• People faced shortages of housing, food, clothing and other goods
• The gov’t controlled every aspect of the worker’s life, which took a toll on peoples personal lives
• From 1928-1937, industrial production increased by 25%
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Agricultural Revolution
• In 1925, the gov’t seized 25 million privately owned farms
• The gov’t combined them into collective farms
• Peasants resisted the gov’t and Stalin used terror and violence to force the peasants to work
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
1) Police Terror• Dictators of
totalitarian states uses terror and violence to force obedience
• Monitored telephone lines, read mail, planted informers
Lavrent Beria(right): head of secret police
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
• Kirov Affair - In 1934, Stalin launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror that was directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power
• When the Great Purge ended in 1939, Stalin gained total control of both the Soviet government and the Communist Party
• Attacks military killing 3/5 of the marshals, all 8 admirals, 35,000 officers. This leads to WWII struggles.
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
2) Indoctrination and Propaganda
• Totalitarian states rely on indoctrination or instruction on the govt’s set of beliefs, to mold people’s minds
• Party leaders lectured workers and peasants on the ideals of communism
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
• Soviet newspapers and radio broadcasts glorified the achievements of Communism and Stalin
• Soviet Realism was an artistic styles that praised Soviet way of life
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
3) Censorship• Stalin would not
tolerate individual creativity that threatened conformity
• Gov’t controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and other sources of information
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Weapons of Totalitarianism
4) Religious Persecution
• Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of Communism
• The Russian Orthodox Church was the main target of persecution
• Roman Catholics and Jews were also persecuted
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Daily Life for Women Under Stalin
• With the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, women won equal rights
• Women had new educational opportunities, but were still responsible for their household duties
• Women were supposed to provide the state with future generations of obedient citizens
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Education• The government
controlled all education from nursery school to the university
• School children learned the virtues of the Communist Party