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LEMMA LIST
VOLUME ONE
A – Ed
Articles Page numbers
A
Abbreviations (Adam Gacek) ........................................................................................................ 1–5
Acehnese (Edwin Wieringa) ........................................................................................................... 5–12
Adjective Phrase (Alain Kihm) ...................................................................................................... 12–16
Adjectives (Wolfdietrich Fischer) ................................................................................................... 16–21
Adverbs (Janet C.E. Watson) ........................................................................................................ 21–25
Affrication (Chakir Zeroual) ......................................................................................................... 26–28
Afghanistan Arabic (Bruce Ingham) .............................................................................................. 28–35
Afro-Asiatic Languages (Andrzej Zaborski) .................................................................................. 35–40
Agent (Hussein Abdul-Raof) ......................................................................................................... 40–43
Agreement (Maher Bahloul) .......................................................................................................... 43–48
≠â±id (Yishai Peled) ........................................................................................................................ 49–50
Aktionsart (Johannes Reese) .......................................................................................................... 50–53
Algeria (Jacques Grand’Henry) ..................................................................................................... 53–58
Algiers Arabic (Aziza Boucherit) ................................................................................................... 58–66
≠Amal (Valeriy Rybalkin) ............................................................................................................... 67–74
Analogy (Robert Ratcliffe) ............................................................................................................ 74–82
Analytic Genitive (Kerstin Eksell) .................................................................................................. 82–85
Anaptyxis (Petr Zemánek) ............................................................................................................. 85–86
Anatolian Arabic (Otto Jastrow) ................................................................................................... 87–96
Andalus (Otto Zwartjes) ............................................................................................................... 96–101
Andalusi Arabic (Federico Corriente) ............................................................................................ 101–111
Antiochia Arabic (Werner Arnold) ................................................................................................ 111–119
Apophony (Sabrina Bendjaballah) ................................................................................................. 119–123
Apposition (Mohssen Esseesy) ....................................................................................................... 123–126
≠Arab (Jan Retsö) ........................................................................................................................... 126–133
Arabic Alphabet for Other Languages (Alan S. Kaye) ................................................................... 133–147
Arabic Alphabet: Origin (Beatrice Gruendler) ............................................................................... 148–165
Arabic Studies in Europe (Alastair Hamilton) ............................................................................... 166–172
≠Arabiyya (Yasir Suleiman) ............................................................................................................ 173–178
Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords (Jan Retsö) ......................................................................................... 178–182
Argument (John C. Eisele) ............................................................................................................. 182–187
Article, Defi nite (Andrzej Zaborski) .............................................................................................. 187–188
Article, Indefi nite (Lutz Edzard) .................................................................................................... 188–191
±Aßl (Ramzi Baalbaki) .................................................................................................................... 191–195
Aspect (John C. Eisele) .................................................................................................................. 195–201
Asseverative Particle (David Testen) .............................................................................................. 201–204
Assimilation (Petr Zemánek) ......................................................................................................... 204–206
Automatic Language Processing (Noureddine Chenfour) .............................................................. 206–216
Auxiliary (Martine Haak) ............................................................................................................. 216–221
B
Baghdad Arabic (Farida Abu-Haidar) ........................................................................................... 222–231
Baghdad Arabic Jewish (Jacob Mansour) ...................................................................................... 231–241
Bahraini Arabic (Clive Holes) ....................................................................................................... 241–255
Bambara (Dinie Bouwman) ........................................................................................................... 255–257
Bangladesh (Ali Riaz) .................................................................................................................... 257–259
Bedouin Arabic (Judith Rosenhouse) ............................................................................................. 259–269
Bedouinization (Farida Abu-Haidar) ............................................................................................. 269–274
Beirut Arabic (Samia Naïm) .......................................................................................................... 274–286
Bengali (James M. Wilce) .............................................................................................................. 286–289
Berber (Jordi Aguadé and Peter Behnstedt) ................................................................................... 289–293
Berber Loanwords (Abderrahman El Aissati) ................................................................................ 293–299
B≠èri Arabic (Manfred Woidich) .................................................................................................... 299–308
Binà± (Ramzi Baalbaki) .................................................................................................................. 308–310
Binding (Joseph Aoun) .................................................................................................................. 310–313
Biradicalism (Andrzej Zaborski) .................................................................................................... 313–316
Braille (Muhammad Al-Sharkawi) ................................................................................................. 316–320
Buka®a-syndrome (Rudolf de Jong) ............................................................................................... 320–322
C
Cairo Arabic (Manfred Woidich) .................................................................................................. 323-333
Cameroon Arabic (George Echu and Mohamadou Aminou) ........................................................ 333–339
Caretaker Talk (Khawla Aljenaie) ................................................................................................. 339–343
Case Roles (Hussein Abdul-Raof) ................................................................................................. 343–347
Case Theory (Mark S. LeTourneau) .............................................................................................. 347–353
Cataphora (Yishai Peled) ............................................................................................................... 353–355
Causative (Adrian M≥celaru) ........................................................................................................ 355–360
Chad Arabic (Patrice Jullien de Pommerol) ................................................................................... 360-368
Child Bilingualism (Ghada Khattab) ............................................................................................. 368–375
Child Language (Mary-Ann Walter) ............................................................................................. 375–378
China (Leila Chérif-Chebbi) .......................................................................................................... 378–383
Christian Middle Arabic (Jacques Grand’Henry) .......................................................................... 383–387
Cilician Arabic (Stephan Procházka) ............................................................................................. 388–397
Classical Arabic (Wolfdietrich Fischer) ......................................................................................... 397–405
Classicism (Heikki Palva) .............................................................................................................. 405–411
Clitic (Joseph Aoun) ...................................................................................................................... 411–414
Code-switching (Gunvor Mejdell) ................................................................................................. 414–421
Cognitive Linguistics (Sami Boudelaa) .......................................................................................... 421–427
Coherence (Said Faiq) ................................................................................................................... 427–430
Cohesion (Esam N. Khalil) ............................................................................................................ 430–433
Collective (Ignacio Ferrando) ........................................................................................................ 433–434
Collocation (Dalal Mahmoud El-Gemei) ....................................................................................... 434–439
2 lemma list – volume one
Colloquial (Soha Abboud-Haggar) ................................................................................................ 439–442
Communal Dialects (Keith Walters) .............................................................................................. 442–448
Comoros (Ahmed Chanfi ) ............................................................................................................. 448–451
Compounds (Abdul Sahib Mehdi Ali) ........................................................................................... 451–455
Computational Linguistics (Everhard Ditters) ............................................................................... 455–465
Concessive Clause (Michael Langer) ............................................................................................. 465–467
Conjunctions (Michael Waltisberg) ............................................................................................... 467–470
Connectives (Heléne Kammensjö) ................................................................................................. 470–477
Construct State (Elabbas Benmamoun) ......................................................................................... 477–482
Contrastive Grammar (Utz Maas) ................................................................................................. 482–489
Convergence (Lutz Edzard) ........................................................................................................... 489–495
Coptic (Tonio Sebastian Richter) .................................................................................................. 495–501
Coptic Loanwords (Peter Behnstedt) ............................................................................................. 501–505
Copula (Maher Bahloul) ............................................................................................................... 506–511
Corpus Linguistics (Everhard Ditters and Jan Hoogland) ............................................................. 511–518
Creole Arabic (Jonathan Owens) .................................................................................................. 518–527
Culture and Language (Niloofar Haeri) ........................................................................................ 527–536
Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Alexander Borg) ................................................................................... 536–543
D
Îàd (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................... 544–545
Damascus Arabic (Jérôme Lentin) ................................................................................................. 546–555
Îamìr (Yishai Peled) ..................................................................................................................... 555–559
Declension (Lutz Edzard) .............................................................................................................. 559–564
Defective Verbs (Rainer Voigt) ...................................................................................................... 564–565
Deixis (Mihai Dat) ........................................................................................................................ 565–569
Demonstratives (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................................................. 569–573
Derivation (Pierre Larcher) ............................................................................................................ 573–579
Determiners (Lina Choueiri) .......................................................................................................... 579–583
Dialect Geography (Peter Behnstedt) ............................................................................................. 583–593
Dialect Koine (Catherine Miller) ................................................................................................... 593–597
Dialect Literature (Humphrey Davies) .......................................................................................... 597–604
Dialects: Classifi cation (Heikki Palva) ........................................................................................... 604–613
Dialects: Genesis (Soha Abboud-Haggar) ...................................................................................... 613–622
Diathesis (Jan Retsö) ..................................................................................................................... 622–626
Îidd (Lidia Bettini) ....................................................................................................................... 626–629
Diglossia (Naima Boussofra-Omar) ............................................................................................... 629–637
Diminutive (Tamar Zewi) ............................................................................................................. 637–640
Diphthongs (Tamás Iványi) ........................................................................................................... 640–643
Diptosis (André Roman) ............................................................................................................... 643–647
Discourse Analysis (Ahmed Fakhri) .............................................................................................. 647–653
Dissimilation (Petr Zemánek) ........................................................................................................ 653–654
Djibouti/Eritrea (Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle) .......................................................................... 654–656
Dysphemism (Mohammed Farghal) .............................................................................................. 656–659
E
East Africa (Abdul Aziz Y. Lodhi) ................................................................................................ 660–666
Educated Arabic (Karin C. Ryding) ............................................................................................... 666–671
lemma list – volume one 3
VOLUME TWO
Eg – Lan
Articles Page numbers
E
Egypt (David Wilmsen and Manfred Woidich) ............................................................................. 1–12
Elative (Alain Girod) ..................................................................................................................... 12–16
Elision (Michael G. Carter) ........................................................................................................... 16–18
Ellipsis (Mustafa Mughazy) ........................................................................................................... 18–21
Enclisis (David Testen) .................................................................................................................. 21–22
Energicus (Tamar Zewi) ................................................................................................................ 22–25
English (Alan S. Kaye) ................................................................................................................... 25–29
English Loanwords (Ahmad Atawneh) .......................................................................................... 29–35
Epenthesis (Samira Farwaneh) ....................................................................................................... 35–39
Epigraphy (Islamic) (Sheila S. Blair) .............................................................................................. 40–50
Ethiopia (Andreas Wetter) ............................................................................................................. 51–56
Ethiopic Loanwords (Stefan Weninger) ......................................................................................... 56–57
Ethnicity and Language (Eirlys E. Davies and Abdelâali Bentahila) ................................................ 58–65
Etymology (Václav Blažek) ............................................................................................................ 65–69
Euphemism (Mohammed Farghal) ................................................................................................ 69–72
Europe (Jan Jaap de Ruiter) .......................................................................................................... 72–79
Exclamation (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ....................................................................................... 79–81
F
Fà≠il (Hassan Salam Bazzi Hamzé) ................................................................................................ 82–84
Faßì™ (Georgine Ayoub) ................................................................................................................ 84–90
Fi≠l (Hassan Salam Bazzi Hamzé) .................................................................................................. 90–96
First Language Acquisition (Fatima Badry Zalami) ....................................................................... 96–104
First Language Teaching (Kassem M. Wahba) .............................................................................. 104–113
Focus (Sven-Olof Dahlgren) .......................................................................................................... 113–116
Foreigner Talk (Muhammad al-Sharkawi) .................................................................................... 116–122
French Loanwords (Carole Paradis and Darlene LaCharité) ......................................................... 122–131
Fronting (Wafaa ≠Abd al-Fahim Batran Wahba) ............................................................................ 131–136
Frozen Expression (Elizabeth M. Bergman) ................................................................................... 136–137
Fulfulde (Rolf Theil) ...................................................................................................................... 137–142
Functional Grammar (Ahmed Moutaouakil) ................................................................................. 143–150
G
Gahawa-Syndrome (Rudolf de Jong) ............................................................................................. 151–153
Gemination (Samuel Rosenthall) ................................................................................................... 153–155
Gender (Atiqa Hachimi) ................................................................................................................ 155–164
Glide (Abdellah Chekayri) ............................................................................................................. 164–169
Government (Mark S. LeTourneau) .............................................................................................. 169–175
Grammatical Tradition: Approach (Jean-Patrick Guillaume) ........................................................ 175–182
Grammatical Tradition: History (Michael G. Carter) .................................................................... 182–191
Grammaticalization (Mohssen Esseesy) ......................................................................................... 191–198
Greek Loanwords (Dimitri Gutas) ................................................................................................ 198–202
Greetings (Nagwa Elzeiny) ............................................................................................................ 202–207
Grounding (Esam N. Khalil) ......................................................................................................... 207–210
Gulf States (Clive Holes) ............................................................................................................... 210–216
Gypsy Arabic (Yaron Matras) ....................................................................................................... 216–222
4 lemma list – volume two
H
£a≈f (Jacques Grand’Henry) ......................................................................................................... 223
£àl (Monique Bernards) ............................................................................................................... 224–228
Hamza (Andries W. Coetzee) ........................................................................................................ 228–232
£araka (Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................................................... 232–236
£arf (Samvel Karabekyan and Marat Yavrumyan) ....................................................................... 236–239
£assàniyya Arabic (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) ................................................................................ 240–250
Hausa (Al-Amin Abu-Manga) ....................................................................................................... 250–256
£imyaritic (Christian Julien Robin) .............................................................................................. 256–261
History of Arabic (Ignacio Ferrando) ............................................................................................ 261–268
Horn of Africa (Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle) ........................................................................... 268–275
Hypercorrection (Benjamin Hary) ................................................................................................. 275–279
I
±Ibdàl (Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila) .................................................................................................... 280–281
Ibero-Romance (Reinhard Kiesler) ................................................................................................ 281–286
Ibero-Romance Loanwords (Federico Corriente) ........................................................................... 287–290
Ibtidà± (Choukri Iraqi Houssaini) .................................................................................................. 290–293
±I∂àfa (Karin C. Ryding and Kees Versteegh) ................................................................................ 294–298
±Idÿàm (Janusz Danecki) ................................................................................................................ 298–300
±I∂màr (Michael C. Carter and Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................ 300–302
±I≠jàz (Sophia Vasalou) ................................................................................................................... 302–307
±Ilÿà± (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................... 307–308
≠Illa (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 308–311
±Imàla (Aryeh Levin) ...................................................................................................................... 311–315
Impersonal Verb (Alain Girod) ..................................................................................................... 315–318
Implicational Scale (Maik Gibson) ................................................................................................ 318–325
India (Tahera Qutbuddin) ............................................................................................................. 325–331
Indirect Speech (Madiha Doss) ...................................................................................................... 331–333
Indonesia (Karel Steenbrink) ......................................................................................................... 333–339
Indonesian/Malay (Stuart Campbell) ............................................................................................. 340–345
Infl ection (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) .......................................................................................... 345–354
±Inna wa-±axawàtuhà (Kees Versteegh) .......................................................................................... 354–358
±Inšà± (Pierre Larcher) .................................................................................................................... 358–361
Insults (Evelyne Larguèche) ........................................................................................................... 361–365
Interface Linguistics (Peter Hallman) ............................................................................................. 365–372
Interference (David Wilmsen) ........................................................................................................ 373–378
Interjection (Herbert Eisenstein) .................................................................................................... 378–380
Internet (Waheed Samy) ................................................................................................................ 380–387
Interrogative Pronoun (Kees Versteegh) ........................................................................................ 387–389
Interrogative Sentences (Moha Ennaji) .......................................................................................... 389–395
Intonation (Dana Chahal) ............................................................................................................. 395–401
±I≠ràb (Kinga Dévényi) .................................................................................................................... 401–406
Iran (Éva M. Jeremiás) .................................................................................................................. 406–414
Iraq (Otto O. Jastrow) .................................................................................................................. 414–424
Ism (Monique Bernards) ................................................................................................................ 424–429
Ism al-fà≠il (Michael G. Carter) ..................................................................................................... 429–432
Ism al-fi ≠l (Aryeh Levin) ................................................................................................................. 432–434
±Isnàd (Kees Versteegh) .................................................................................................................. 434–437
Israel (Muhammad Hasan Amara) ................................................................................................ 437–441
Isti≠àra (Udo Simon) ...................................................................................................................... 441–447
Ištiqàq (Abdellah Chekayri) .......................................................................................................... 447–451
lemma list – volume two 5
Istiμnà± (Monique Bernards) ........................................................................................................... 451–454
Italian (Guido Cifoletti) ................................................................................................................. 454–456
Italian Loanwords (Guido Cifoletti) .............................................................................................. 456–459
±I†bàq (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) .............................................................................................. 459–461
Ivrit (Aharon Geva-Kleinberger) .................................................................................................... 461–464
Ivrit Loanwords (Muhammad Hasan Amara) ............................................................................... 464–467
J
Jargon (Elizabeth M. Bergman) ..................................................................................................... 468–472
Javanese (Rochayah Machali) ....................................................................................................... 472–477
Jazà± (Kinga Dévényi) .................................................................................................................... 477–481
Jerusalem Arabic (Judith Rosenhouse) .......................................................................................... 481–493
Jìm (Andrzej Zaborski) ................................................................................................................. 494–496
Jinàs (Lidia Bettini) ....................................................................................................................... 496–498
Jordan (Mohammed Sawaie) ......................................................................................................... 498–505
Jordanian Arabic (Amman) (Enam Al-Wer) .................................................................................. 505–517
Juba Arabic (Catherine Miller) ...................................................................................................... 517–525
Judaeo-Arabic (Geoffrey Khan) ..................................................................................................... 526–536
Jumla (Tamás Iványi) .................................................................................................................... 536–540
K
Kalàm (Tamás Iványi) ................................................................................................................... 541–545
Kalima (Aryeh Levin) .................................................................................................................... 545–548
Kàna wa-±axawàtuhà (Aryeh Levin) .............................................................................................. 548–552
Kanuri (Sergio Baldi) ..................................................................................................................... 552–555
Kaškaša and Kaskasa (Munira Ali Al-Azraqi) ............................................................................... 555–557
Kazakh (Rob Ermers) .................................................................................................................... 557–559
Khartoum Arabic (James Dickins) ................................................................................................. 559–571
Khuzestan Arabic (Bruce Ingham) ................................................................................................. 571–578
Kinàya (Joseph Dichy) ................................................................................................................... 578–583
Kinship Terms (Mohammed Farghal) ........................................................................................... 583–588
Ki-Nubi (Ineke Wellens) ................................................................................................................ 588–597
Kufi c (Sheila S. Blair) .................................................................................................................... 597–603
Kurdish (Michael Chyet) ............................................................................................................... 604–608
Kuwaiti Arabic (Clive Holes) ........................................................................................................ 608–620
L
Labiovelarization (Dominique Caubet) ......................................................................................... 621–623
LafÚ (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) ................................................................................................. 623–628
La™n (Georgine Ayoub) ................................................................................................................. 628–634
Language Academies (Mohammed Sawaie) ................................................................................... 634–642
Language and Gender (Fatima Sadiqi) .......................................................................................... 642–650
Language Attitudes (Keith Walters) .............................................................................................. 650–664
Language Contact (Sarah G. Thomason) ...................................................................................... 664–674
Language Impairment (Mohammad T. Alhawary) ........................................................................ 674–681
Language Loss (Abderrahman El Aissati) ...................................................................................... 681–687
Language Pathology (Sabah M.Z. Safi ) ......................................................................................... 687–694
Language Policies and Language Planning (Kassim Shaaban) ....................................................... 694–707
Language Shift: Amazigh (Yamina El Kirat El Allame) ................................................................. 707–716
6 lemma list – volume two
VOLUME THREE
Lat – Pu
Articles Page numbers
L
Latin America (Ernesto Capello) ................................................................................................... 1–6
Latin Loanwords (Irfan Shahîd) .................................................................................................... 6–8
Leveling (Reem Bassiouney) .......................................................................................................... 8–13
Lexical Variation: Modern Standard Arabic (Zeinab Ibrahim) ..................................................... 13–21
Lexicography: Bilingual Dictionaries (Jan Hoogland) ................................................................... 21–30
Lexicography: Classical Arabic (Tilman Seidensticker) ................................................................. 30–37
Lexicography: Monolingual Dictionaries (Ahmed Taher Hassanein) ............................................ 37–45
Lexicon: Matrix and Etymon Model (Georges Bohas and Mihai Dat) .......................................... 45–52
Libya (Christophe Pereira) ............................................................................................................ 52–58
Lingua Franca (Catherine Miller) .................................................................................................. 58–64
Linguistics and Arabic (Bernard Comrie) ...................................................................................... 64–71
Lisàn (Ahmad Taher Hassanein) ................................................................................................... 71–74
Literacy (Mohamed Maamouri) .................................................................................................... 74–80
Locatives (Mushira Eid) ................................................................................................................ 80–88
Luÿa (Tamás Iványi) ..................................................................................................................... 88–95
M
Mà∂ì and Mu∂àri≠ (Michael G. Carter) ......................................................................................... 96–100
Maf≠ùl (Zeinab Ahmed Taha) ........................................................................................................ 100–106
Maf≠ùl fìhi (Kees Versteegh) .......................................................................................................... 106–110
Maÿribì (Adam Gacek) ................................................................................................................. 110–113
Ma™mùl (Miklós Maróth) ............................................................................................................. 113–116
Majàz (Udo Simon) ....................................................................................................................... 116–123
Majhùra/Mahmùsa (Janusz Danecki) ............................................................................................ 123–125
Malagasy (Narivelo Rajaonarimanana) ......................................................................................... 125–128
Malayalam (R.E. Asher and M.N. Karassery) ............................................................................... 128–135
Mali (Dinie Bouwman) .................................................................................................................. 135–141
Malta (Joseph M. Brincat) ............................................................................................................ 141–145
Maltese (Manwel Mifsud) ............................................................................................................. 146–159
Ma≠nà (Djamel Eddine Kouloughli) ............................................................................................... 159–164
Maßdar (Everhard Ditters) ............................................................................................................ 164–169
Mauritania (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) ........................................................................................... 169–176
Maw∂ù≠ (Miklós Maróth) ............................................................................................................. 176–178
Meccan Arabic (Mahasen Hasan Abu-Mansour) .......................................................................... 179–187
Mechanisms of Linguistic Change (Reinhard Stempel) .................................................................. 187–192
Media (Ragia M. Effat) ................................................................................................................. 192–199
Media Arabic (Ragia M. Effat and Kees Versteegh) ...................................................................... 199–204
Metathesis (Elizabeth Hume) ........................................................................................................ 204–207
Meter (Dmitry Frolov) .................................................................................................................. 207–215
Middle Arabic (Jérôme Lentin) ..................................................................................................... 215–224
Middle Verbs (Zouhair Maalej) .................................................................................................... 224–227
Mimation (Michael P. Streck) ....................................................................................................... 227–228
Minimalism (Joost Kremers) ......................................................................................................... 228–233
Modal Verbs (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ...................................................................................... 233–238
Modern Standard Arabic (Ernest N. McCarus) ............................................................................. 238–262
lemma list – volume three 7
Mood (Standard Arabic) (Robert Fradkin) .................................................................................... 269–273
Moroccan Arabic (Dominique Caubet) ......................................................................................... 273–287
Morocco (Jorge Aguadé) ............................................................................................................... 287–297
Morphology (John J. McCarthy) ................................................................................................... 297–307
Mu™aqqaq (Adam Gacek) ............................................................................................................. 307–311
Multilingualism (Abdelali Bentahila and Eirlys E. Davies) ............................................................ 311–320
Muštarak (Lidia Bettini) ................................................................................................................ 320–323
Mutaràdif (Lidia Bettini) ............................................................................................................... 323–325
N
Najdi Arabic (Bruce Ingham) ........................................................................................................ 326–334
Nasalization (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) .................................................................................... 334–336
Nasta≠lìq (Adam Gacek) ................................................................................................................ 336–339
Nasx (Adam Gacek) ...................................................................................................................... 339–343
Nationalism and Language (Elie Kallas) ........................................................................................ 343–353
Nawàsix (Nadia Anghelescu) ........................................................................................................ 353–354
Negation (Jamal Ouhalla) ............................................................................................................. 355–360
Negev Arabic (Roni Henkin) ......................................................................................................... 360–369
Neo-Aramaic (Werner Arnold) ...................................................................................................... 370–373
Nigeria (≠AbdulFattah Olayiwola) ................................................................................................. 373–377
Nisba (Jean N. Druel and René-Vincent du Grandlaunay) ............................................................ 377–381
Nominal Clauses (Frederick Hoyt) ................................................................................................ 381–388
Nominalization (Mustafa Mughazy) ............................................................................................. 388–394
North America (R. Kirk Belnap) ................................................................................................... 394–400
Northwest Arabian Arabic (Heikki Palva) .................................................................................... 400–408
Northwest Semitic Languages (Rebecca Hasselbach and John Huehnergard) ............................... 408–422
Noun (Lutz Edzard) ...................................................................................................................... 422–428
Noun Phrase (Frederick Hoyt) ...................................................................................................... 428–434
Nubian (Angelika Jakobi) ............................................................................................................. 435–439
Number (Robert R. Ratcliffe) ....................................................................................................... 439–447
Numerals (Catherine Taine-Cheikh) .............................................................................................. 447–453
Nunation (Franz-Christoph Muth) ................................................................................................ 453–454
O
Object, Absolute (Moheiddin Ali Homeidi) .................................................................................. 455–461
Obligatory Contour Principle (Samuel Rosenthall) ....................................................................... 461–464
Old Arabic (Epigraphic) (Michael C.A. Macdonald) ..................................................................... 464–477
Omani Arabic (Clive Holes) .......................................................................................................... 478–491
Optimality Theory (Lutz Edzard) .................................................................................................. 491–499
Orality (Elizabeth M. Bergman) .................................................................................................... 499–501
Ottoman Empire (Gottfried Hagen) .............................................................................................. 501–505
P
Pakistan (Tariq Rahman) .............................................................................................................. 506–512
Palaeography (Petra M. Sijpesteijn) ............................................................................................... 513–524
Palatalization (Chakir Zeroual) ..................................................................................................... 524–526
Palestinian Arabic (Kimary N. Shahin) .......................................................................................... 526–538
Paronomasia (Avihai Shivtiel) ....................................................................................................... 538–541
Participle (Jonathan Owens and Marat Yavrumyan) ..................................................................... 541–546
Parts of Speech (Michael G. Carter) .............................................................................................. 546–552
Passive (Vít Bubeník) ..................................................................................................................... 552–558
Passive (Syntax) (Amira Agameya) ................................................................................................ 558–564
Pausal Forms (Robert D. Hoberman) ............................................................................................ 564–570
8 lemma list – volume three
Performatives (Mustafa Mughazy) ................................................................................................ 570–573
Persian (John R. Perry) .................................................................................................................. 573–580
Persian Loanwords (Asya Asbaghi) ............................................................................................... 580–584
Personal Pronoun (Arabic Dialects) (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................... 584–588
Personal Pronoun (Standard Arabic) (David L. Appleyard) ........................................................... 588–593
Phonetics (Salman H. Al-Ani) ....................................................................................................... 593–603
Phonological Merger (Enam Al-Wer) ............................................................................................ 603–605
Phonological Split (Enam Al-Wer) ................................................................................................ 605–607
Phonology (Ellen Broselow) .......................................................................................................... 607–615
Phonology: Metrical (Bruno Paoli) ................................................................................................ 615–623
Phonotactics (Stefan A. Frisch) ...................................................................................................... 624–628
Phraseology (Avihai Shivtiel) ......................................................................................................... 628–634
Pidgin Arabic: Bongor Arabic (Xavier Luffi n) ............................................................................... 634–639
Pidginization (Mauro Tosco) ......................................................................................................... 639–644
Poetic Koine (Kees Versteegh) ....................................................................................................... 644–647
Poetic License (Geert Jan van Gelder) ........................................................................................... 647–652
Polarity (Frederick M. Hoyt) ......................................................................................................... 652–658
Politeness (Avihai Shivtiel) ............................................................................................................ 658–663
Political Discourse and Language (Nathalie Mazraani) ................................................................. 663–671
Possession (Samia Naïm) ............................................................................................................... 671–676
Pragmatics (Mustafa Mughazy) ..................................................................................................... 676–683
Predicate (Frederick M. Hoyt) ....................................................................................................... 683–689
Pre-Islamic Arabic (Muhammad Al-Sharkawi) .............................................................................. 689–699
Prepositions (Stephan Procházka) .................................................................................................. 699–703
Presentatives (Geoffrey Khan) ....................................................................................................... 703–705
Pro-Drop (Mushira Eid) ................................................................................................................ 705–713
Pronominalization (Ahmed-Sokarno Abdel-Hafi z) ........................................................................ 713–717
Proper Names (Franz-Christoph Muth) ........................................................................................ 717–724
Prosody (Thami Benkirane) ........................................................................................................... 724–728
Prothetic Vowel (Munther A. Younes) .......................................................................................... 728–730
Proverb (Avihai Shivtiel) ............................................................................................................... 730–736
Pseudodual (Kerstin Eksell) ........................................................................................................... 736–739
Pseudoverb (Bernard Comrie) ....................................................................................................... 739–740
Punctuation (Siamak Rezaei) ......................................................................................................... 740–742
lemma list – volume three 9
VOLUME FOUR
Q – Y
Articles Page numbers
Q
Qàf (Lutz Edzard) ......................................................................................................................... 1–3
Qirà±àt (Mustafa Shah) .................................................................................................................. 4–11
Qiyàs (Miklós Maróth) ................................................................................................................. 11–14
Quantifi er (Peter Hallman) ............................................................................................................ 14–20
Qur±àn (Muhammad Abdel Haleem) ............................................................................................. 21–31
R
Rajaz (Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila) .................................................................................................... 32–37
Reanalysis (Mohssen Esseesy) ....................................................................................................... 37–43
Reciprocals (Joost Kremers) .......................................................................................................... 43–45
Redundancy (Ali Farghaly) ............................................................................................................ 45–50
Reduplication (Dina El Zarka) ...................................................................................................... 50–53
Refl exives (Joost Kremers) ............................................................................................................. 53–57
Register (Reem Bassiouney) ........................................................................................................... 57–60
Relative Clause (Mustafa Mughazy) ............................................................................................. 60–70
Relative Pronoun (Arabic Dialects) (Ángeles Vicente) ................................................................... 70–72
Religion and Language (Stefan Reichmuth) ................................................................................... 72–80
Resumption (Joseph Aoun) ........................................................................................................... 80–85
Rhyme (Soheir G. Mahfouz) ......................................................................................................... 86–92
Root (Petr Zemánek) ..................................................................................................................... 93–98
Ruq≠a (Adam Gacek) ..................................................................................................................... 98–100
S
Sabab (Michael G. Carter) ............................................................................................................ 101–102
Saj≠ (Gert Borg) ............................................................................................................................. 103–106
Ían≠ànì Arabic (Janet Watson) ....................................................................................................... 106–115
Sandhi (Robert D. Hoberman) ...................................................................................................... 115–118
Íarf (Joyce Åkesson) ...................................................................................................................... 118–122
Saudi Arabia (Bruce Ingham) ........................................................................................................ 123–130
Script and Art (Adam Gacek) ........................................................................................................ 130–138
Second Language Acquisition (Mohammad T. Alhawary) ............................................................ 138–146
Second Language Teaching (Helle Lykke Nielsen) ........................................................................ 146–156
Secret Languages (Abderrahim Youssi) ......................................................................................... 156–160
Semantic Bleaching (Mohssen Esseesy) .......................................................................................... 160–164
Semantic Extension (Mohssen Esseesy) ......................................................................................... 164–169
Semitic Languages (Rainer Voigt) ................................................................................................. 170–179
Senegal (Fiona McLaughlin) .......................................................................................................... 179–185
Sentence (Moha Ennaji) ................................................................................................................ 185–191
Sentence Coordination (Heidi Lorimor) ........................................................................................ 191–195
Serial Verbs (Kees Versteegh) ........................................................................................................ 195–199
Ši≠r (Kamal Abu Deeb) .................................................................................................................. 199–214
Sicily (Alex Metcalfe) .................................................................................................................... 215–219
Íifa (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 219–222
Sign Languages (Bernadet Hendriks and Ulrike Zeshan) ............................................................... 222–235
Íila (Kees Versteegh) ..................................................................................................................... 235–237
Sinai Arabic (Rudolf de Jong) ....................................................................................................... 237–251
10 lemma list – volume four
Slang (John Eisele) ......................................................................................................................... 251–259
Slavonic Languages (Václav Blažek) .............................................................................................. 259–267
Slips of the Tongue (Sabah M.Z. Safi ) ........................................................................................... 267–272
Somali (Andrzej Zaborski) ............................................................................................................ 272–275
Somalia (Mohamed Haji Mukhtar) ............................................................................................... 275–278
Songhay (Sergio Baldi) .................................................................................................................. 279–282
Sound Symbolism (Kees Versteegh) ............................................................................................... 282–290
South Africa (Iris Hoedemaekers and Kees Versteegh) .................................................................. 290–295
South Arabian Loanwords (Martin R. Zammitt) ......................................................................... 295–297
South Arabian, Modern (Antoine Lonnet) .................................................................................... 297–300
South Semitic Languages (Anna Gr. Belova) ................................................................................. 300–315
Specifi city (Frederick M. Hoyt) ..................................................................................................... 315–320
Speech Accommodation (Sonia Shiri) ............................................................................................ 320–328
Speech Acts (Daniela Rodica Firanescu) ........................................................................................ 328–334
Speech Errors (Stefan A. Frisch) .................................................................................................... 334–338
Stem (Adamantios I. Gafos) .......................................................................................................... 338–344
Stress (René Kager) ....................................................................................................................... 344–353
Subject (Amira Agameya) .............................................................................................................. 354–359
Subordination (Mark S. LeTourneau) ........................................................................................... 360–367
Substrate (Wouter Kusters) ........................................................................................................... 367–375
Sudan (Al-Amin Abu-Manga) ....................................................................................................... 375–381
Swahili (Sergio Baldi) .................................................................................................................... 381–387
Syllable Structure (Maher Jesry) .................................................................................................... 387–389
Syncope (David Teeple) ................................................................................................................. 389–391
Syntax (Elabbas Benmamoun) ....................................................................................................... 391–402
Syria (Peter Behnstedt) .................................................................................................................. 402–409
T
Ta≠addin (Zeinab Taha) ................................................................................................................ 410–416
Taboo (Avihai Shivtiel) ................................................................................................................. 416–421
Tafxìm (Muhammad Hasan Bakalla) ............................................................................................ 421–424
Tajik (John R. Perry) ..................................................................................................................... 424–425
Tajwìd (Kristina Nelson) ............................................................................................................... 425–428
Ta≠lìq (Valeriy Rybalkin) ............................................................................................................... 428–430
Taltala (Jacques Grand’Henry) ...................................................................................................... 430–431
Tamakkun (Janusz Danecki) ......................................................................................................... 431–433
Tamil (Torsten Tschacher) ............................................................................................................ 433–436
Tamyìz (Ramzi Baalbaki) .............................................................................................................. 436–437
Tanàzu≠ (Wafaa Batran Wahba) .................................................................................................... 437–442
Tanwìn (Georgine Ayoub) ............................................................................................................. 442–446
Taqdìr (Kees Versteegh) ................................................................................................................ 446–449
Tatar (Suzanne Wertheim) ............................................................................................................ 450–451
Telugu (V. Swarajya Lakshmi) ...................................................................................................... 452–454
Tense (Uri Horesh) ........................................................................................................................ 454–458
Terminology (Xavier Lelubre and Joseph Dichy) .......................................................................... 458–466
Terms of Address (Dilworth B. Parkinson) ................................................................................... 466–471
Textlinguistics (Said Faiq) ............................................................................................................. 471–476
Thai (Anthony Diller and Wilaiwan Khanittanan) ........................................................................ 476–477
Thamudic (Ernst Axel Knauf) ....................................................................................................... 477–483
Theme/Rheme (Nadia Anghelescu) ................................................................................................ 484–487
Theta Roles (Mark S. LeTourneau) ............................................................................................... 487–494
Topic and Comment (James Dickins) ............................................................................................ 494–501
Topicalization (Sven-Olov Dahlgren) ............................................................................................ 501–508
lemma list – volume four 11
Toponyms (Stefan Wild) ............................................................................................................... 508–515
Transcription (Philipp Reichmuth) ................................................................................................ 515–520
Transformational Grammar (Ferid Chekili) .................................................................................. 520–528
Transitivity (James Dickins and Janet C.E. Watson) ..................................................................... 528–535
Transitivity: Object (Usama Soltan) .............................................................................................. 535–542
Translation Literature (Uwe Vagelpohl) ........................................................................................ 542–548
Tripoli Arabic (Christophe Pereira) ............................................................................................... 548–556
Truncation (Lutz Edzard) .............................................................................................................. 557–559
Âuluμ (Adam Gacek) ..................................................................................................................... 560–562
Tunis Arabic (Maik Gibson) ......................................................................................................... 563–571
Tunisia (Taïeb Baccouche) ............................................................................................................ 571–577
Turkey (Joan Smith Kocamahhul) ................................................................................................. 577–583
Turkish (Mark Kirchner) ............................................................................................................... 583–589
Turkish Loanwords (Stephan Procházka) ...................................................................................... 589–594
U
Urdu/Hindustani (Alain Désoulières) ............................................................................................. 595–603
Uyghur (Hans Nugteren) ............................................................................................................... 603–608
Uzbek (Hans Nugteren) ................................................................................................................. 608–612
Uzbekistan Arabic (Gerit Zimmermann) ....................................................................................... 612–623
V
Valency (Zouhair Maalej) ............................................................................................................. 624–627
Variation (Enam Al-Wer) .............................................................................................................. 627–636
Velarization (Stuart Davis) ............................................................................................................ 636–638
Verb (Pierre Larcher) ..................................................................................................................... 638–645
Verb Phrase (Frederick M. Hoyt) .................................................................................................. 646–652
Verbal Clause (Frederick M. Hoyt) ............................................................................................... 653–659
Verbal Noun (Judith Rosenhouse) ................................................................................................ 659–665
Voice (Phonetics) (Chakir Zeroual) ............................................................................................... 665–669
Vowel Backing (Melissa Barkat) ................................................................................................... 669–674
Vowel Elision (Thami Benkirane) .................................................................................................. 674–676
Vowel Harmony (Philip J. Monahan) ........................................................................................... 676–677
Vowel Raising (Melissa Barkat) .................................................................................................... 678–682
Vowel Reduction (Thami Benkirane) ............................................................................................ 682–683
W
Wa∂≠ al-Luÿa (Bernard Weiss) ....................................................................................................... 684–687
Wàdì £a∂ramawt Arabic (Abdullah Hassan Al-Saqqaf) ............................................................... 687–699
Weak Verbs (Rainer Voigt) ........................................................................................................... 699–708
West Sudanic Arabic (Jonathan Owens and Jidda Hassan) ........................................................... 708–718
WH-Movement (Lina Choueiri) .................................................................................................... 718–722
Wolof (Fallou Ngom) .................................................................................................................... 723–725
Word Order (Sven-Olov Dahlgren) ............................................................................................... 725–736
X
Xabar (Yishai Peled) ..................................................................................................................... 737–740
X-Bar Syntax (Mark S. LeTourneau) ............................................................................................ 741–749
Y
Yemen (Martine Vanhove) ............................................................................................................ 750–758
Yoruba (Isaac A. Ogunbiyi) .......................................................................................................... 758–763
Youth Speech (Ahmad Taher Hassanein) ...................................................................................... 764–767
12 lemma list – volume four