lel' - thapra.lib.su.ac.th · the moro problem in southern philippines, a.d. 1900-1980 by...
TRANSCRIPT
ft1"JJ1~'!11tl'i::~ fif1ft ~J~iL 'ilL ;le~J~::.Ju'il'iln L ~e~ 'lel' n1A~"JJ1tl'i::~fif1ft~J~i
ucu-ii~J~~'VIe1fl'e ~,,~'VIe1fl'eAt~tl1n'i
tln1'iAnti1 2547
ISBN 974-464-609-8
fi"JJi'VI~"JJ'il~ucu-ii~J~~'VIe1fl'e ~,,~'VIe1fl'eAt~t11n'i
THE MORO PROBLEM IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES, A.D. 1900-1980
By
Pensurat HomYam
A Master's Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
Department of History
Graduate School
SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY
2004
ISBN 974-464-609-8
................... ~.~···························· .-=lev Q. .c::-. ....
f'lC\JUC?IUC\J"Yl(?]'JVJUI~tl
tJlJ~ ./.f. Lti'fllJ ....... ~.~·······~.Pl .. ':!:{ ..
AI-d I~ 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ••• u~~fi'llJn~~l-Jn1~
(~•JI'JUP~'l~(?]~'l"'l'l~U l-J,j'~ Lnm~n'lfU)
~9 ~ otsrr ...... I ................. I .......... .
'5,..,,/ ~c.,.7.J •••• '-'J" ••••••••••••••• ": ••••• -:-:. •••••••••• n~~l-.ln'l~
(~"ll'JUI"l1~(?]~1"'l1~U ~~~~ru mru"'l,r~~~) '\1 I ~~~ .., ,u
...\ 1 ~ ""11--V <A- 't "( ...... I ................ I ......... .
MORO PROBLEM IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES, A.D. 1900-1980) fll'"l1~U ~f'I'J1Jf'I).J~1~U~'Wlf : C-JPL ~ '
lJoJ'~ Lfit11~fi1~U. 121 ~iJ1. ISBN 97 4-464-609-8
U ruvn C>ltl L ti'il..:Jl-.nYln f~JU1~'ll'il'lrl ~UU'Wri" i'1 n~~1u~:; L ~U (;] L~m ll1J~1 L '\.I (;I'll 'il'IU ill'\.11 LL~:;m~LLflU rum'll'il..:Jf~J 41 , d.9 'I ... ... dJJ
1J1~rl~tlil'Wri"
~~m~i'1m~1 LU'Wm~tl~:;).J')~m1).J~LL~::~ LF1~1::tfu CJ.!'~-~1 L).J t~a.J~~wnF~1~'ll'fl..:Jrl~tlil"Wri" L(;JtJ
LLU..:Jm~i'1m~nLU'W 3 u~:;L~'W u~:;L~'WLLm i'1m~1~11J.J'W1n1~Yl1'1n1~Ll1'il'ln1~Unm'il'l'll'il'IL).JLT).j~~).J1'W"lh'l~ LU'Wf~J:S~~1).J "lh..:JLU'Wmn.nUf'I).J'll'fl'I~LU'WLL~::-rl'J..:J~l-lftJ'flL).J1-mtlnf'l~'il..:J tl~::L~'W~~'il..:J i'1n~ti..:~~1L'\.I(;J'll'fl..:J
~ ~ '
UC1.Jl-111'Wmf'l1~'ll'il..:Jrl~tlil'Wri"~1'Wn1~f'l~'il1Jf'l~'il..:J~~'W ~:;uuq'111 P!1~'W11'11J.J'Wfi~~).J ~m~JJiJP!1~(;Jf LL~::C-J~
m::Ylu1'Wm~C>l'il~'ll'il'l'll1'JL).JLT).j~~).Jfl1f'l1~'"l'Wn..:J f'I.P!. 1980 u~:;L~'W~~1).J n1TLLill'liUC]Jl-11'll'il..:JfjU1~~'1LLC>l 1~fuL'ilm1-nti..:~ l'l.P!. 1980
c.J~m~i'1n~~ui1 UC1.J'~-~1~Ln(;l~'WLL~::ilc.J~C>l'ilLti'fl..:~).J1'"l'Wti..:~u'"l"l1r'W ;i'fl UC1.Jl-11m~'flLLun~'J LU'Wfj:SM:; 1'W l'l.P\.1968 LL~::~..:JI'l~1).Jn~1'1Ljj'il..:~1'W'll'J..:J l'l.P\.1972 ti..:~ 1'1. P\.1977 ~1L'I-I"J'll'il..:JUC]J'l-11ill-1~1u
u~:;m~ L-Jl'W f'I'J1).JLL(;Jn(9]1..:J1'W~1'WP!1~'W11'11J.J'Wfi~~).J m~).J~Yl~\'Wm~tl'ilf'l~'il'I~~'W nf'i1'J;j'il fj1J1~rl~UU'Wri"
Hftl 'il n n n'\.1)-J 1 u ).J'fltJ m~).J~Yl i~ ~'WLLri ~'il~ u~ L ;r1).J11 'W'\.Il-J Lm::iJ'W(;l1 L 'W1~ LU'Wnf'i).J 1'11~ L~ U'W ~ nvY..:~f~u1~rl 6J " " 'I ....
~tlil'W~l-J~'W1'"l~'"l::LLnUC]J'\.11'ilih..:J'"l1-..:~4'..:JLL~::C>l'i1Lti'il..:~ ~..:JC-J~n~'W1~n~).JL).JLT~'WL;r1m~(;l).Jn1~M~~1).J LL~:;
'll'ill'l'J1).J-rl'Jm'l-l~'il'"l1nt~na.J~~).J ~..:J~..:JC-J~m:;YJuC>ltln~:;u':l'Wm~LLnuCJ.!l-11 mh..:~hrim;.JI'l'J1;.J~mm;.J~4'(;11~
iln1~L'"l~'"l1~::l-ltJ1..:JfjU1fl~~tlil'Wri"nu'lltJ'J'Wn1~L).JLT '"l'Wm::i..:~ilm~~'I'W1;.J1'W~C]JC]J1YlTLU~LLC>lri1l-J~1;.J1~Cl
~ ~Ut1Jl-11L~ L ti'il..:J'"l1nrY..:~~'il..:J el1u1l-Jil f'I'J1;.J'"IT..:J1'"11 "Wm~tl{ju~ m;.J;J'fll'ln~..:~ '"l'WLU'WUCJ.!l-11 C>ltl Lti'fl..:J;.J1'"l'Wti..:~
U'"l'"!U'W
um~i'1m~1 2547
K43415006 : MAJOR : HISTORY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
KEYWORD : THE SECESSIONAL MOVEMENT OF MUSLIM MINORITY IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES.
PENSURAT HOMYAM: THE MORO PROBLEM IN SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES A.D.
1900-1980. MASTER'S REPORT ADVISOR: ASST. MANAS KIATTITHARAI. 121 pp. ISBN
97 4-464-609-8
This is a study of the Moro Problem in the South of the Philippines under the rule of
U.S.A. and the independent period. It concentrates on the reaction and responses of the Moro
Muslim leaders and their followers in the South of the Philippines, their attempt to be
independent, which had led to the problem for the successive governments of the Philippines.
It provides all the details of the problem and describes how the Philippines governments have
tackled the issue.
The content of this is divided into three mail parts. The first concentrates on the
political development of the Moro during the Islamic period, the period under Spanish rule and
the period under the tutelage of the United States. The second figures out the cause of the
problems in the South of the Philippines, the occupation of land, the leadership, religion
culture, and geography up to 1980. The third is about the solution of the government since
independence till 1980 and its impact on the Southern Moro.
The result of the study confirms that the Moro Problem still continues to the present
times. The intention of the Moro Muslims to set up their own state in 1968, and the civil war
from 1972 to 1977 came as a result of the difference of religions, culture and the land
ownership by the Christian immigrants in Mindanao. Furthermore, the government has failed to
propose a long term solution. This compels the Moro to turn to Islamic ideology and calls for
the support of the Muslim world. This development has further complicated the problem.
However, all means to end the conflict, especially the negotiation between the Philippines
government and the Moro rebels, has failed because of the insincerity on the part of both
sides.
Department of History Graduate School, Silpakorn University
. . 1-Jvrl"'r jliJJi'ti1J Students s1gnature ........ '/'................. . .. .. ~
Master's Report Advisor's signature... .. ................................. ..
Academic Year 2004
'"l
., 0
~ 1 J'tl'YfW fimruw~1~1J'tl nJ'!;vl1'"l'WlJJ'J'~ 1"1 ')1~ ~1 L~'"l~-.11~ ~') tJ ~ L U'fl-.191 n l"l'J 1 ~ •
rl-.1 'J ~ LL~ :;'\A'J -.lLtl (;1 ~ 'fl M:;tJ:; L'J ~ 1~'fl1'"l1 J'tfdj'W ~mmj-1 ~1 J'tl'Yi 'Wfil 'IX LLri-ih Vi Lf.l1 LL~ !;"ll'fl
"ll'fllJ'ViJ'!;I"ln.!L'WI"l'J1~'fl'WLI"lJ'1:;'1f"ll'fl-.1 ~"ll'JW'l1~(;JJ"'l'"l1J'tJ ~YiJ'J'nJ mru'"l,j'l!t~~ mJ'~n1J'(;JJ''J'"l~'fllJ q q qJ q Ql .a
"Jl'JtJ L~~'flL 'Wn1J'(;JJ''J'"l LLrllJVl ~{;1tJ'flll1'l!t1~-.1 n ~'l!t (;J~'fl{;l'"l'WI"ln.!1'"l11tJJl11"1~"1!11.h:;~P11~(;Jf
l"lrw:;~n'l!t1P11~(;Jf ~~1';jVJm-itJM~thnJ'vmvh'W •
~11il'Vi'Wfi LL~:;rh-i-.1L'"l'"l1n L~'fl'W,rn ~n'l!t1W'lJ '1J1 'i: VJLL~:;t'W~'fl-.1 ~1"11Tu1:;~P11~ (;lfVJnvh'W
"ll'fl"ll'flUI"lru Lf.l1~~1~uruan(;J~VJm-itJ ~1~fumJ'(;l1'J'"l1ULLuu~1J''WYi'Wfi . ~
tJ I tJ J1 t,l
~ {;1Yl1tJ'il -if'flunYii'fl-.lL{;l1 vhn{;l~'W1 'W~1J'ilYi'Wfi-n'W'il n'flLU'WI"l'J1~fu~{;l"l!'fllJ"ll'fl-.1
"' 0 1 U'Vll"l!?ltJ'flllTlj''l 'Vlt.J ............................................................................... .
U'Vlrl!?lU'flJl'l'jj"l~..:Jn~M .......................................................................... .
n(;] ~n:i':i'l-.IUJ':::n'lfil ................................................................................ . 0 ~
U'Vl'Vl
0
" Vl'l..!'l
U'Vl'\ .. !'1....................................................................................... 1
il 0 "' t1 l"l'J 'll-.1 L 'l..!l-.1'1 LL~:::I"l'J'll-.1~ '119 'lJ"ll'fl'l 'lJVI'l ....................................... .
o "' • I .r -:!! l"l'J 'll-.ll-.l'l'VIl-.l'lt.JLL~:::'J (;] tlu :i':::~'ll"l"ll 'fl'l n'l:i'l4 n M'l ................................ . • •
~l-.ll-J~J'l'l..!n'l:i'~nM'l ............................................................... .
"ll'flU L"ll (;]n'l:i'~nM'l ................................................................... . 0 0
~ ""' " 'J :i':i'n..!n:f:fl-.I'Vl Lnt.J'J"ll'fl'l .............................................................. .
-~ -:!! 'Jnn'l:i'14nM'l ......................................................................... .
.,J"I !;AI """' L'J~'l'Vl ~"11 ~'l..!n'l:f'J~Cit.J ................................................................ .
0 " LLVI~'l"ll'fllJ~ .......................................................................... . "
• I ~ .-.J o 1 ""' u:i'::: ~t.J"l!'I..!'Vll"l'l !?l'J'l~Ci::: !?l:i'U ........................................................ .
2 ~Jl 'l'Vi'Vl 'l,lllij fil'l ~ [;]fLL~:::Jlij'VI ~'l'Vl'l'lUJ':::.wi fil 'l~ (;]f"ll'fl'l'VIl-i Lm:::ij'l..!!?l'l L'l..!'l .. " " " 0" Q.... I ..c::tt.
"ll'l..!'l!?lLL~:::'Vl(;]'l"Jl'fl'l'VI~ Ln'l:::lJ'I..!!?l'l L'l..!'l ............................................ .
U:i':::"l!'ln:i' .......................................................................... .
"ll'l..!'l !?lLL~:::I'I'J'll-.IVI'I..!'lLL 'IJ'I..!"ll'fl'lU:i':::"l!'lnL .................................... .
i'll'll-.1 .............................................................................. .
Lfil:i'M~fi~Ci ......................................................................... . .... ~.c:l.c:.l..c::tt.
'J tl"l!'J (;] ............................................................................ .
!"I • I """" .r "" I'I'J'll-.1 Lu'l..!l-J'l'Vl'l'lu :i':::'J (;] fil'l ~ (;] J'"ll 'fl'l Ln'l:::l-.1'1..!!?1'1 L '1..!'1 ............................ .
YJ""utJ Cl "' 11 ...... ff" ~ '\..! 'I..!VI~nJ'l'I..!'Vl'l'l J':::'J(;]fil'l~f;lL ...................................... .
ov ~
Vl~nJ'l'I..!ICi'l..! ...................................................................... .
Vl~nJ'l'l..!(;]:::.r'l..!(;]n ............................................................... .
3
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
10
10
12
14
14
15
15
17
19
19
19
' "" U'Vl'Vl
" "' .,. .,. Vl~'-ln _J1tJ'VfWL3-J'el'l ................................................................ .
' " ool d. ... d. ~ ' ~~-. 1~1 5 n1J'LLr:J"llt.l1tlL"ll13-J1"ll'el'l n1,,tJ1'e),,'(l13-J ~\JVI3-J Ln1:;l"l'CllJlJ\J't:i ................. . 'lJ
n1J'U c;']I")J''fl'l"ll'el'l~ L1JtJ .............................................................. .
~1 LVI"J"ll'el'I~'II"1J'13-J La.J LJ' ........................................................... .
.c!l "' ... n1J't.IC'li"1J''el'l"ll'el'I~VIJ'~'el L3-JJ'n1 .................................................... .
JJl
3 U'1JVI1 La.JLJ'1 u.n11"1 Hf"ll'fl-.:~Yl~tJiluil ................................................ .
~1 L Vll?l"ll'fl'lif ruVI1 La.J LJ'a.J~~a.JL tJ!l11"1L~"ll'fl'IYl~1Jiluil .......................... . . "' . ' ' ' .. 1 .::::.1 .c:S; ..::Y o.IC~o
lJJ':;n1J''VlVI\J'I n1J'tl'eli"1J''el'I'Vl C'l\J .............................................. .
' ' tJ .::::.1 .::I Q..l !,tO
J>:;mJ>'Vl~'fl'l mmnuJ>:;uu~tJ1 ............................................. .
U'VlU1'Vl"ll'fl'l ~in 1 un~a.J l'l1-.:~1t u~-.:~1"13-J La.J h ........................... .
U'VlU1'Vl2T~~C'l .............................................................. .
~ f.l1\J!l1'V'l"ll'el'l ~U1'Vl1'11JJ':;L 'V'l ru ~U1'Vl1'1 L'Cl n LL'Cl :;~U1'Vl1'1 P\1 ~\J1. 'lJ 'lJ 'lJ
.- .-'e:lC'la.Jn1J't"W'ela.J3-J:;VI ......................................................... . • • ... ... .,. C'ltJLLC'ltJ'el~'Cl13-JVIJ''elC'l1~~~'Cl13-J .......................................... .
'' tJ .::::.1.::::.1 A. ... .... .Q
J>:;n1J''Vl~ ~!l1'V'l1J3-.l P\1~ l?lJ'LL'Cl:;'VlJ''V'lt.l1nJ'fiJ'J'3-J"l!1 l?l ..................... .
~ n'!tru:;"ll'el'l mJ>l'l'fl~"ll'fl'l"l!1'J La.J LJ'a.J~~a.JL tJ.n11"1L~"ll'fl'IYl~1Jiluil ........... . 'lJ •
' " n1J>I?l'fll?l1tJ ........................................................................ .
n1J'"'l'Cl1"'l'Cl ....................................................................... .
n'lJ>l'l'flJ>'fl'l ....................................................................... .
n1J'LLU'I LLt.ln ~tJLLC'ltJ ........................................................... .
~'J'flrl1-.:~ LVII?ln1J'nJU1L1J~mJ>~J>u ............................................ . • 'lJ 'lJ
... .:::i ... •
LV1[7Jn1J'n.!qJ:;uC'l:;VI (Jab1dah Massacre) ............................. .
LV1[7Jn1J'nJa.J1il~ (Manili Massacre) .................................... .
" "' I • I • I ' I Ol( ... 'i' 'i' n1J'I?l'ILL\J'JJ''J~lJ'ClC'llJ'Cl'eltlLLVI'I JJ11?l~3-J ~J' .................................... .
n~a.J MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement) ................. .
" VI\J1
20
21
23
24
24
30
31
35
35
35
42
43
44
44
45
48
49
50
52
52
53
55
56
57
57
58
59
59
' "" 1J'Vl'Vl
n~l-1 MNLF (Mora National Liberation Front) ....................... . q
n~l-1 BMLO (The Bangsa Mora Liberation Organization) ....... .
n~l-1 MILF (Mora Islamic Liberation Front) .......................... . q
I (j "J<C:it. GAC:It. ~ I
n~l-lfl'lrln~un'J~n Mora 'VI~fln~l-1 Mora ................................ . q d.J •
m~{;]fl~"llfl'l"ll1'J Ll-1 h~hltl~:::~u r1'J1l-!~1 L~iOl .................................. . 'IJ
' .. ' ""~ ~ L'VIInn1nU~1'Vl'VI1~'Vl biOl b~ ...................................................... . • m~rirem'J'WfjU1~ .............................................................. .
·.!'""' .... "" ~~"" t:J~ n~:::'Vl1Ji0l1 n n1~!nfl'C-l LYlfl~n'l~1 t?l'WLLt?l'W"llfl'l"ll1'J bl-1 b~l-l~~l-1 ................ . 'IJ •
' ' .I q 4 c~ .a!<Crt. ..., ..-.::::.
u~:::m~'Vl'VI'W'l m ~~ ru L~t.J"ll'J ~n LL~:::'Vlrl'lt.J~'W ............................... . .. "' ' " .I "" :."!1 •• 1 "" "" ur:::mr'Vl~fl'l mr"Y'l'WY'l LL 'W'J r1t?lfl~~1l-l ...................................... . .. ' ' iJ c:l i.l Cit.
~:::m~'Vl~1l-l m~flYlt.JYlmt.Jr~'Wj1'W ....................................... .
' ' • I """" .:-: "' .- ' • I u~:::mr'Vl~ rl'J1l-J·til-Jl'l'Wfi~:::'VI'J1'lu~:::L 'Vl PI .................................. .
' .,( CIIJ,I II o ..-1J~:::n1~'\'l'VI1 mr'Vl1'Vl1t.Jfl1'W1iOlrjU1~ ..................................... .
4 mnLm "11Ut1J'VI1 Ll-1Lr"llfl'lfju1~Yl~tltlu~ ........................................ .
mmm "lJU '1J'VI1 Ll-1 trt 'WL~fl'l~~'W ................................................. .
' ' ' .. I q .... ..c:!l A .df 4i" I
ur:::m~'Vl~fl'l mriOlt?ln1rL~fl'l~'WL"llflLL~:::br1Nn1~1n1'l1 ................ ..
i1 u " 1" 0
.... mnLn "11 '1J'VI1t?l'Jt.Jn1~ "lln1~'l'Vl'VI1L ........................................ .
mnLm"liU'1J'VI1~'Jt.Jn1rLiOl~iOl1 ................................................... .
" -~.I"" "llfl~nn~'l'Vlr blJ~ ................................................................. .
• I , .... .... .- ~ "" m ru~:::~ 1 'W'l1'W~:::'VI'J1'l~jU1 ~ nufl'l r1 nr b~ n~~ ~l-1 ......................... .
5 u'Vl~rtl .................................................................................... .
u~rru1'4n~l-l ...................................................................................... .
ll11Plt:J'W'Jn ......................................................................................... .
111 r1 t:J'W'Jn n 'finM-rtlfl ............................................................... .
"" .:-: .. ll1rlt:J'W'Jn "11 flllfi1'Wrll'l'Vl ........................................................... .
' " ll11Plt:J'W'Jn r1 ~1~u L'VI~mnl!vhnt?l~ut 'W'Vl1'llnfl'WL~"llfl'lfl~tltlu~ r1. Pl.
" 'VI'W1
60
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
67
67
70
71
71
74
74
75
76
78
80
84
90
93
99
107
108
111
1889- rl.PI. 1980.................................................... 114
d U'Vl'Vl
... ... ' ~1""'.1~1 ..1" ' ""' Jl1rtt:.J'W'Jn -:J 9-:J~'J"'I1!1-:J1 "ll'EJ-:Jy~~uu'W·c; LL1J-:JI1!1~1J~Jl1rt .................... .
u ~~o-' :i'::::'J 111 ~'J"ltl ........................................................................................ .
"' ~'W1
117
121
~
" • b b b
.WLU.:!tfLt-L~UN:L!J.~B~L~II1.111~~11~Ll1. 11~~11tl!1111~UL~Uil~1~11L~~~LY1.~LielB~rT._v.~Y1.~11~U
t-BU.~B~I'1.\1Y1.Q1 t-~l'l.UfL~ ~leliA. 1:!tfLt-BU.Jtl\ l'l.B~ t-LIA.:!LU1 ~lll.t-LIA.Il B ttN: ~ Ul'l.U.LIII.fb J: B~ fb ~ L ~ 0 0 0
~LIII.ibLb 11l!lt-~:!~Tib~&'~tlel1 t-B[J1tLUI'1.LJt't'~LII1.fULb[;!}mf::fL~~~LU.t-BU.~LU.t-L~~tLU 0 ~
Utt-£LrT.:!~11 ~LrT.IeliA.m~::t
~lel1~t-Btl!IUfL~U.11!t-_La~ULbUBI'1. t-BjfW~1~~~n.N:&'£B~I'1.Lt-llLt:!~11~~111.t-~LUU.LtL~~B~t-t~l'1.~ • ll~l ~U~tLU:!~11U.~\'UtLYL~tLU~rT.tLU N:ttUt~~U1t-LIA.tLU~rT.tLU _!tl1.1ll:!tfL\'UtLYL~tLUb~
rT.B~!!J~t~llLt:J f:LLI 1'1.t1tLU~LJJ.111.L~1LJJ.111.~_tt B~t-~t-~TI~t-f1.111.11L~ t-Btl!IUfL~I'1.Lf1~~111.t-~tLUU.Lt
L~~ t-Bt:!~11 ~~lll.t-~LUU.LtL~~ !:ll~l 1'1.~t-B~t-Bt~UfLtLUI'1. \~~~fUll!. \~rT.BU:!tfLI'l.~ tJ1'1.Q1 ~ ~lll.t-~
~1a~111~1 t-~l'l.U.N:O".t-l!l t-_La:!~11 t-Bt l!l U fLt LUt-ifLrT.£fLtLU!: t-~U.LtU B 1 rT.£~t ULbt-~111. t-L ~U ~LrT."£Jtl\ 0 "'
flLLitLII1.fJ1tLUt-LIA.M.LLIUB1!:fttt-_Lak!t-Btl!IUfLLU~I11B&'£111.~~1l_tt~ :!LU1~111.t-~1'1.,V~Il~11'1.jrt-t}ll1.1'1.jr 0 "' 0
1'1.[J1 N:L~l!l !:Jt'tt:St-_Lat-Btl!IUfLI'1.fL1 ~ra,tt ~:!LM.TM ra~111~1 t-~n.a.11U.n._vn.~u ~ N:L~l!l ~ W" 1 :=tfL~~LbN:L~ ~
t-Btl!!Url~ ~L~ LW!lt1Bl1.111A. (Lt:l1) t..n.t3t-BU.t-Btl!IUrt.fLU~, llLLI:!t~BrT.rT.11t-Btl!IUrlfLUI'1.rt1 t-Bt~Urt I .. J"lj I I=' F'~F' I 0 II I-" It -I__, 1,;' I ..
.. L Jf 11'1.f11 ~1'1.B!JI1~1 o~TI Ll1!: t-~ l'l.L ,CT. ft111.B~II1.U\ t'£ LrT.rT.rT.11 t-Bt l!l UfLtLU U LbLN:J~ ~ L lel ~:!tfLt-LIA.
~ .. 1'1.Lt&ULt1!1'1.!;!t-B~t-Btl!IUfLtLU l'l.!t.l'1.\;!t-B~I'1.t~BL~:!tfL~I'1.!1.UB1LI'1.~~U~t-B:!~111'1.\1t'B~U~t-BrT.,V11C,f I 1'5 I I I
n.~t-B~t-Bu.rat..n.ra1n.~n.~~~.t..ytt..un.tN:~fn~tJ!: Lt-L~N:l!lt-~La.::trl!ILLIULbn.IA.,,~~~'n.ur~~t-Bu. .. 1'1. \;! t-B ~~ t L~!1t-B 1UbLI'1.L~Il L b:!.Wt LU:! ~11 ~ ~lll.t-~rT.~:!t t-~1'1.Lhtft111.rT.~:!t~11 t-~ bLI'l.L~IlLb:!tUtLU
I I 1'5 ~
~
!: ~ LU.t-~ 11 ~LrT.!&£t-BU.t-U111.Y1.~tJI'1.[J11'1.\;! t-B~t-Btl!IU fLtLU Jt't n_v:: ~1m_v t-~rT.B~b~t ~ LJtLN:L~IlLt:J :!~ 0 0 0
b 10 .-Q b
~11 &LUL~~I!JLI'1.L~:!~11~fUfU~~UilLt:JrT.,VtLII1.~rT.IlLt:Jt-L~II1.:!tbLI'1.L!?~~~t-~~tLU~ ~rT.&LY1.LY:!tfL
rT.BrT.:!UB& l!l u fLt LU !:11'1. GIL~ ~1'1.~~ "'rt 1'1.~ t-B ~n.~ :!&:! ~,, ~ L a.n.~ :=t B~lll.t-L ~ u ~Ln.&'_:
B~ rT.~:!tt-B~tLIII.-trT.tLU!: &'_:rutLYL~rT.rT.111'1.jJ11eliA.1:!tfLt-Btl!IUfLtLUrT.rT.11fLt~Y1.111.LYibt\N:ttYr_:
11 L~ LU-tl11 B&'£111.~ t-Bu.ibt\N:ttY&'_:n.mmra~m~JJI'l.f::fL~~t-BU.t-Btl!l U fL&LUI'l.L&' 1'1.~1'1.[:}1 ~ \ S£6 ~
1;11'1. tibt\N:ttY&'£t-LfJt'\ LU-tl11 B&'£111.~ n._vra~~ 11l!IUL\'ULBI'1.[J1 U ~ ~Jtlt t-ll~1 UBBI'l.~:!~ ll~1 B1 l!l LLI[!lr
n~ Ln.~lellA.1::t[11'1.B~ 9v6 ~ ·wl!l B~1tLUt-LIA.I'1.[J1t-L~BU.L.WBm£~1)31'1.f::fL~~IellA.1::tfL
(wa,qoJd a4l !O a:~ue:>!J!UD!S pue lUawalelS) Llt1.fu.J:t-Sit.fu~L~N:Ltl!t::~11LN!rtij1N:Ltl!t
Lf\IA.Il 0
~ IA.IA.Il p
• 11~[1 ~ tle1LU~~f1~11L!t1L!,A-t'L~UU ~~f1.~~1tlf1. ~ 11~b3111e11A. 1 ~~f1U Llll. 111(1f1~~~11tL ~f1._ttL~I1Lil.~LU ~ t' ' ~
~I!JL~I1111 ~ (11 t'Lfl~le1 LU~~f1L11U~~Jt'tk!UL~II1. 1 le11A. 1~~f1t'~l!1 t'Lf1 11~ t-r-tt~~11 I!J~ ntt 1 11LfJl!111fJ,ItJ ~ ~U~ " "
t'Lf1~111(1f1~~f1. ~ 11~b3 ttt'~tlo~t'~ll.~ ~~~LUl4J Lltl !1}~ t'~ 1 11~ b3 ttle11A. 1 ~~f1 le11A. 1 ~~ f111 ~ 11LlJI1l!1 Lf1.11l!1
• ~LU~~11 Ll!l~LU 11UU111.Lb31tl ~1'1., U.1 LI1L f1.~M. 1 t'~M. 1 ~U.1f1.L ~1'1., le11A. 1~~1'111L~II1.t'L~UU [email protected]~Itl II 1./i\t o r -~ 11 \t I'~~ ,.
mm 1e1v. 1~~f1LM.t-~t'BJtl ULI!Jt-~t: 1 J11Uf1~h1t-~11.1!J!;!rmle11 ~~ r1v.~~u ~11 t-~t-9~~11 11r-Jtl M.LtJ ~11 g b31 ' '
~Lil.~, t-11t!.1 u~Bnr-~lt111U.1 B1 l!1LtJI11i~~11 t.1f1.1'11'1~ u.~e~v. 1~~1'1111., LV. LI1Bt1f1.11.t't11n111Lr-l!1 r-v.~~11 ~~ ~., ~'=' ,.. p .. r ~.:1·-~ 1 ·" 1. o r ,f ,.
t'Lull.t'L~Ut'Lfl~I!J ~ f1.b311LfJietf1~Jt'VfJl!1 ~t'~~f1.1J1 t1 111~ LU.t'tt 11 11~~f1~ ~f111fJffJI'1. 1111 ~Uf1. ~fU 111. ~ ne-~
11~ b3ttuLU.t-~11.~~ 11Lul!1 e-n 111'1.1:}1 ~tb3~'~t',L4JB~ 1J11Gf1~ ~u L I!Jf1t u ~@11 ~ b3 kn~1m~ u 1111 ~ I!J t-~111. " '
11~b3tt~~ 11~b3ttfJLU.f11Jf1.11~1 b3f.l!1 uLU.t'L pill.:~ Jt't rt~f1.~~f1U:tf11!JLBft\~t'~11 ~ ~rtLfJl!l • t'~~1~LUt'LIA.t'l!lf1.~11Lul!lf1.LJtl:~11 Lf1.tf!l ~tLUf1.LJtl 1111!:~ LU.f1.LJtl ~111t1111.1f1.!lo 1 t LU~tf1
11L~II1.~11 ~111. 1 11fJ,ItJ t-l!ln~n .1111 u U111J1 rtLr-1!1 t-L~ b3tLun ~ 11LI1LI1M.I1 Lui!! n_v r-11~1 t-~~u LU!1!1~t
f1. ~t LJf 1 11~b3ttf1.~11f1.~ 11u~ Jtl1}11(1f1~ ~le11A. 1~tf1~tLU ULI!J~ k!1UL111.fb J:t ULI1f1.fJf1.L ~11~ b3 ttfJLU. ' ~
L~~~f1f1. ~ f1.~1!J ~ ~M.ftt11Lul!1 ~ !;!1tL ~ L!,A-Jt'tle1V. 1~~ f1 ~Ltt t'l!lf1._tti1Lul!1 LM.L~~~ 1 ~ LU.ttfJU LU " ' '
le11A. 1~~f1t'~~l!1 Uf111Lf1111 f1.@~ ~ 11 LU.~~f1
t'l1~1t'_@II1.~LU~~~, t'~1f1.1tlf1.hb3!1_tl.b3UL~II1.1~l!ll!lhtt~~~, Lt-L~.j;l,!ef1~~V.~tL~t'~I1~~M. (Utt-~Lf1) I I tl I l'fi
~ ~
f1.L hLft111.!1~~~t'~f1.1!J~ ~111.t'}f1~~~ ~11 t',L4! t'j1111. 11 L~ M L ~ J/ t'14l t'~11 I!JLf1.L ~ Jlo ~\ b3 @U_f L 11 ~ f1~L f1.L!l~~ f1 ~ "
\'1. L \'tu LI1L ~fJ1 ~11~~ f1. [J-1 L 11 t'@~1 t'L~ U 11L~l!l t'b3f1. [J.1 11 L~ Uf1.1!JI1 L~ f1!1Lt f1L ~ 1~ LIII.IA.t'~ L !f ~~
n~t-~ni!Jie1v. 1~~f1t-~ll.m~ L~L111.m(tniJ1 I1L~u11~ b3ttt111l Llll.m D ~BU.f Ll1~ f1~LnL!l~tf111!t ~ t-~ni!J
G ~t'~l!!U ~111L~l!l t'b3t'~II1.U.LW ~1 f1~Jtlt ~~1 rtL~b3~!1~!1~ti1Litl t'~ 1f1.1tl t'@~l!1Uf1~ I!J~f1.,@f1.~!11J 11@~ M. I 1'1 I I
• • ~~f.l!1L\'1.b3L!el~~f1_t1.~1tl.(!f1~~uLU.~~11f1.1Jf_l11~fJLU.~tf1~~~1~1!JL~I!JtLUB~Jtltl1~~11t1111f1.U.I1~U
f1.1JW~1f1.!lo 1 LUf-111 B'~ll1.b3t'Bil.t'B~l!l Uf1tLUf1.L Jt!B~ Jt'W 11~ ~tt~1111 f1.U.I1 ~U 11f11 b3f1.1A. 11j11(1f1~ ~
t'B~l!1Uf1L11Ljf 1Jtl\ LUf-111 Br~111.~ OG ~.j;~,ttfJitlle1~~f.l!111Jtlf1. ~ LI1B~ t'~l!111B[1~Bt'~f1t(jf1U~LU~~1 U_tt ' ~
• • ~ @~lt111~1 Ll1~ ~f.l!luLU.f1.U.11U.~~11 t'Btl!!Uf111L[2 f11Jt'~11 ~ ~11LfJl!1 ~ ~1tL lltllll. 11'1.1:}11'1.~ L\'1.b3 L le1 t'L ~ ~ L U.
t'L~f1.l!lt'Bil.t'Btl!!Uf1tLUJtl~I1LlJ~@Uitlt1111 fJLU.tL ~ L!,A-t'~ t1111 L~UI1-l111f11 b3t'~l1~~ttf1.1J1 ~11~1 t'~ ' ' "
\'1.U.I1l!lt!LfULBti.IJ1U\'1.~11f1.~t'Btl!1Uf1L11Ljf11'1.f11b3B~1 L11Ljf111L1111.fM.11~teo~~f.l!1Lf1.b3Lie1~Ltl-111.f1.@~ " ' '
9 ~ ~Uultlle1 ~ b3f.l!1 ~11 t'~ LI1Lf1. 1 L~f1.t£~LU1~LM.t!.111~1)311(1f1~~t'Bil.Jtll f1.Bitl t'LIA.~LU1f1.f1~@t' ~ 111.11 ' "
U~lll.t'~ Jt'ti1L~~~L\'1.~Lie1 B~f1_tt~t'B~1f1.~\'1.U.LpJf\\'1.~ 1 ~ teo_fltl ~Lief ~~~f1t'LIA.IA.!1f.!1U LI!Jt'BI1 U Llll.
11Litl~~t t'LflB llBtl-11~Uf1.U.f1.1J1 L~~t f1_tl.t'~ ~ b3f.let L\'1.~Lie1 B~f1_t1.~111(1f1~~1e11A. 1 ~tf1t'Bil.fU111.l tl.u ~
G
3
'j..UJIUtl'ILfll~1!t~n.,'il'fl'I~~Uth.J~.,:;L~fue.J~L~UVIIU'flUI'Ia.Jin n11Lrl~'fl'WLVI'dL~'flLL1J'ILLUn~'WLL~'W
Liluf~~~ ~::n~1u LiluifqJVIIih~ qJ~.Yh 1 ~f~u,~Yl~utlu~VJ n~~u ~'fl'lrl., ~~ru' LL~:: LLm 'il
UqjVII La.J t~~~~a.J'Vll'lfll I"IL~'il'fl'!Yl~utlu~djuif qjVII~::VI~I'If~ui~Yl~utlu~ nu taJ h
a..~~~a..~~il rl'dla..~i j;l LLU'I'flUI'I r;i'f) L ii'fl'~ LL~::u'l LLm'ilhi1~ .,un~1u Liluif ruVJim~r;i'fl~ LL~::m~ri'fl . ., .. rl'dia.JhJ ~'IU ~::~uu1:: L'Vl fl!a.JI Lj;}U ~n~'fl ~ L ii'fl'~.,, n rl'dla.J ~'fl'l m ~mJ'I LLU n ~'WLL~'W~'I djutJ ~:: L~'W~
th~ut.,~.,::~n1ilrl'dlaJLrl~'fl'WLVI'd'il'fl'IYi'dnLa..~L~aJ~~a..~1um~r;l'fl~I'W'WLUUIU'il'fl'lf~ui~Yl~utlu~ ' ~
~al'ur;i''~i u'fln.,,n~rl'dla..~i~ LLU'~~ Ln~;1uu'lri'fl1~'Ln~ufimm.,,n"lll'd~~~a..~ 1u~'lu~u1 'il'fl'~ t~n ni~L~'W'flrl'dla.J~~L1Aur;i'flifqJVIIL~uu~::L'Vlfli~'Wj n~ Vl1'flm~u~::L'Vlfli~'WjL~m~~t!u~~'W 'il'l.J'd'Wn11LLU'I LLUn ~'WLL~'W'il'fl'l n~ aJ La.J L~a.J~~a.J n~ vliL ~ Ln ~ LU'WU~:: L~unn L~U'Irl'W~I.,::djum~ • •
"' ' LL 'Vlm LLIIJ!'IVI1'fl~::Li3 j;J'flfiULinU'il'fl'l~~utlu~VI1'fl hJ ~IVIfuu~::L'Vl filL 'VlUU'Wrl'dlaJ Lrl~'fl'WL Vl'd'il'fl'l
n~a..~ta..~tnJ~~a..~Liluu~::L~'W~UI~'WL.,LU'W~Lfll~tu~I'W::~~~utlu~Lii'Wu~::L'VlfliL~'fl'WUI'W'il'fl'l L'Vlu i:ll"!'dla..~LnM~LL~::Lilun~a..~~a..~':UnmL~uu~ilifqJVIIrl~lurl~'~nu1um1U11uu11a..~'ilu'l'W
ni~LLU'I LLUn~'WLL~'W
"' "' ' 'II'W~n~i:UuuiJ.,~~'!VIaJIUVJ.,::~n~'lfli1VI~'I'Vli'IU~::~flll~(;lf'J.I'fl'ln~a..~La.Jha..~~~aJ ~ q " q ..
LL~::if.,4'U~vll L ~ Ln ~ mTr;i'fl ~'l'Wf~U'l~YJ~UU'W~ LL 'W'd~ ~ L 'Wn1~1'da.Jn~a.J r;itJ ~I'Winla..J~~'-.1 rl~'il'fl'l tl~~I'-.ILL~::~n~l~n~ru::'il'fl'ln'l1r;i'fl~'l'W~I~ILU'WLUL'W~ULLUUL~UI'ILL~::iJe..~~'flUI'Ih t~u.,~ .. LU'WLVI~nmTru1u"li'd'lrll~vlfll~n'd~~~ 20 LU'WVI~n ~'I~L'V'l~'l::m1Lrl~'fl'WLVI'd'il'fl'ln~'-.!LaJL1'-.l~~'-.l • • • - .l' I ..I I CV -1~ II ~~ Ln~'ii'Win'fl L'W'fl'l'-.l'lUI'l'W'l'W LLinVI~'I.,'ln 1"1. fll. 1900 t~~::LU'W1::U::L'l~'l'VlLn~nl~'fl'V'lUYH'il'l'-.l'lln'IC1'W
•1u t 'WLn'l:i3uj;l'l L 'W'l L ~ '-.1'-.1'1 nfu'iltJ'I"l!'l'l r11'~ vJLL~ ::'l.!n ~'I'Vlur;i 1'1".111 ~ v1 1 t '\X n ~ '-.! L'-.1 t~~~ ~'-.! iJ .. q q ..
rl'l'l'-.IVI'l'l~n~'ltum~nnLLtl'l~~uvl'l'-.l'lVI'lnu ~-:~Ln~mTr;itJ~'l'WLL~::4'j;ln~a..~'ilu'lum~vi'l'lj ;1u .. ' "' ' vi'fl~nuflu'l~Ylih.ltlu~ 'il'flUL'il~n'il'fl'lm1~n1il.,::~u~~tun 1980 LU'fl'l.,'lnVI~'Itl1981 Lilu~'W'-.11
n~,·'-.l~L1'-.l~~'-.!LrJii:JI"!'l'l'-.l~~LLinnLLUnLii'Wn~'-.lvi'l'lj L~'f!Lffin~'le.J~U1:LU"l!tJ.,'lnft~u'l~~~Utlu~ ' ' ...
fl'l1a.J~.:J'IUJ1!1LLfi~-l'~JJqtl-a~'li.:JA"ll'EHin1'iAm~1 (Goal and Objective}
1. ~ n~'l1Ji1VI~'I'Vl'l'IUT:~ fll'l~ ~nf'il'fl-:~ n~'-.1 taJ t~~~~'-.l'Vl'l-:~ ~ntJu t~'il'fl'lrl~utlui
2. ~n1!!''1 LL 'W'l ~ ~ ln'l'-.1~ ~'-.! r1 ~'il'fl'l~~~'l'-.1 LL~::u'VlU'l'Vl'il'fl'l n~'-.1 taJ t1~~~'-.l
3. ~ Lrl1'l~iif.,4'u11'fl'l n~'-.1 L'-.1 L1'-.l~~a..~~ r;itJ ~'luftSU'l~YJ~utlui ' • oi
4
~a.~a-~~~1tm1~Am~1 (Hypothesis to be tested)
~::'lJ'lJ fl'JI~ L~'fl LL~::LL 'W'J f.1 !?l'Vl1~ P11~'W1"Jl'JtJ ~~ L~1~1 ~"lf1'J b~ h~ fl'J1~ dj'W~~~~~ '
L 'V!um LL 'll'WLL~ ::~'fl~ m~~1 L il'W;75 l1l 1 'W~ n~ru::~ LU'WL'fl n~ n~ruL'fl'V'j1::1?i''J fl'J1~ ~'fl~m~,r'Wt.J~n ~'W1 ~"1!1 'J b~ b~~~ ~ ~ (;)'fl ~1'Wn 1 nJ n fl ~'fl~"ll 'fl~ f~u1 ~~~Utl'W iLL~ ::~'W~'W~'"l ::tJn fl~'fl~ l1l'WL 'fl~ 1 'W ' ~
".l..'fl'UL".l..IPI".l..'fl.:Jn1~Am~n (Scope or Delimitation of the Study)
W)~u1~rh~~'W!?l"ll'fl'lJL"lll1l"ll'fl~m~~n~1~'Wfl~11rJl'W"ll'J~ fl. Pl. 1900-1980 ~~LU'W~::u:: ... I " I
L 'J ~1V1 ~ 1~1 n1~'fl~ L ~'Wm ~'fl'V'jtJ'V'j L -if 11tJ 1?1~ tl'W ~1'W1 'W'VI~ Lm ::n'W!?l1 L 'W1"1l'fl~ ~'fl'V'jtJ'\"j'lJ1L'J ru~'J'W ~ ... ...
~'W1 "ll'fl~'VI~ Lm::~~tJtl'Wi L~LLri "lf1'Jfl1~ !?lLL~::'!!n~~'VJ'W(;)1~"1f1~ ~'WLU'W~~1"1l'fl~fl'J1~'VI'J1!?1 n~'J~1'"l::nmLtJ~~~'W"ll'fl~n~~"L~"L~~~~~ L~'fl~'"l1n"ll'J~~:;u::L'J~1~::'VI~1~ fl.Pl. 1900-1980 LU'W
... ' ' "Jl'J~ "ll'fl~ m ~(;)'fl ~1'WLL~:; (;)'fl ~'fl t11~ ~'WLLN 1 'Wm ~"ll'fl LLtJ n i?l'J LU'W ~ M::~~ LiJ1V1~1tJ LL U'W'fl'W LL~::1~
... '
...I ...I "' • • 'J~~wn~~aJ'VILn!I'J".l..'fl.:J (Rev1ew of related Literature)
m~~n~1"11'fl~'!!n75"1!1m~1'VltJ~L~m-if'fl~riuiJru'V!1b~"l~~~~~~~tJtl'Wi~'J'W1'VIru'"l::1~ "' ' "'
fl'J 1~~'W 1 '"l riu ~~tJ~::"lf1fiULl1ltJ'"l'W~~~,ru Lt.J ~'"l m ~ 1~ LLri m~~n~ ~~ ~~tJtl'Wi'"l1 nm ru1tlfl~~
Lt.J~'"lm~tJ~::"lf1fitJ1l1ltJ "ll'fl~t.J~~~ il1ltJ~1'W:: n~1'J~~nnP11~l1lf tJ~::~P11~l1lf 1'~'Wfi~~~ m~ ' ... " I "
Lij'fl~ m~tJnfl~'fl~i?l~LL(;) fl.Pl. 1972 LU'W~'W~1 LL~::~1tJ~::L~tl!?lL'VI~n1~ru(;)1~1 VJLn!?l~'W1'W~~tJtl'Wi II I I ll
ri'fl'WLL~ ::'VI~~ n 1 ~L~'fl n 1?1~ V],:; L~'fl ~ "Lu~ ~~ m ~~ 'W~1'W 1'"l m ~tJ n m'fl~"ll'fl~tJ~::fi1 'W 1 fiu ~~1 fn'fl ~ il I II I
~~~1'W'Vl1~75"1!1m~~n:n'W'VItl~ ~'fl ~~tJtl'Wi: '"l1n~~fl~1~"L~nflf~V1 2 ~'\"j~~tJ~::"lf1"1f'W "ll'fl~ ~1?11 ... " ~'fl'WP11 n~1'J~~fi'W~1'WU~::L'VlPl~~tJtJ'Wi'Vl1~~1'Wi~fl~ 1'~'Wfi~~~ LL~::tJ~::~P11~l1lf b!?ltlL,j'W
~'Vl fl'\"j ~ "1l 'fl~ ~ L U'W LL~ :;~'VI f~'fl L~1n 1 ~~(;)'f)~~ UiJ'Wi LL~ :;~ ,r tJ ~L~fu L'fl n n"lf'"l 'W ~~ ~ ,r tJ ~
tJ~::fi1'W1fiu~~1fn'fl~ "L!?lm,j'W~fl1'\"j LM~~n'"l fl'J1~i~~wf~::'VI~1~tJ~::L 'Vl P1 ~~~1'W~ n~1'J~1
-if1~ ~'W~'J'WLU'WU~::btJ"lf'll'LL~::~::Vf'fl'Wfl1'\"jU~:;~ P11~ l1lf"ll'fl~~~tJtl'Wi vh 1 ~ Ln 1?1 fl'J1~ L-if1 h LLri~ ... " I
~'W1'"l ~ n~1 'W'fln,1nllu'Vl fl'J1~Vl n~1 'J ~~ LL 'W'Ji'J~tJ~ !?lU~'fltJ LL~~"lf1~"L~h "lf'fl~'J:jl~1'J~~ru
( 1?1 ru"Yl ::'VI~,;) 'lJ'W'W 1 fl ~~ n~ 1'J ~~"lf'Wn~~,j'fltJ~'fl1 Piu'flt11 'W'VI~ Lm ::'Vl1~Jl1 fl 1~~ m n'"l'WLL~ ::n n ct q llJ " lU
5
Wl'l ~m ndftfqJtn 1 iJ~~utJ~~fi1iJ1fiu ~a..nfn'fl~
e.J ~~ 1 iJ ~ LUiJtl ~~ Lt.J"lftJ(;]'fl n 1 ~M m~n"ll'fl~un~"l!1 n 1 ~(;J~tj'iJ(;J n LL~ ~"l!1'JYJ~tltliJ~~1 ,X
rl'J13-J~iJ1'"l L~t.J'J nuu t1J'\-113-1~~3-JV11~1l11"11rJi'"ll'el~YJ~tltliJ~l1'1-1~1iJ'Yl1iJ L"liiJ w. K. Cheman, ~ q
Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and The Malays of Southern
Thailand mh~J ii~ l"l'J1a..J LUiJa..J1 LL~~~ m~ru~VJ1~ LM~~n'"l i~ l"la..J"ll'fl~"l!1'J L3-J L~a..J~~a..J 1 iJLm~iJiJt''l'l LiJ1 ~ q
mnl"l~'fliJL'I-1'J(;]'flrJi'1iJ"ll'fl~~~~a..J1iJPI(;J'J~~~~ 20 LC'it.JL'il~1~tJVltJ1Vl"ll'fl~ Panglima Hassan LL~~
~ 'J n "ll'fl~ L "1l 1~ (;]'f)~ rltJ f~tJ1 ~'fl La..J 1niJ L ti'fl~'"l 1 n"l!1'J'fl La..J 1n iJ tJ1~ m'la..J~ L -iJ1a..J 1tJ~YJ~tJUiJ~~ tJ'l t.J'la..J ~ ~ q
~ I
Le.Jt.J LL~il"11~ r;l Pl1~iJ1 mni'fl ~~"lltJ'JiJm~mJ~ LLt.J n ~iJLLC'IiJ"ll'fl~ La..J L~a..J~~a..J LL~~~Vlfi~~1l1t.JiJ'fl nVI q
l:lr;J'fl-ir'flonC'ILLu~1iJmmu~LLt.Jn~iJLLC'IiJ ~'JiJ1iJ~1iJL~t.JiJ"ll'fl~ Kenneth E. Buuzo, Liberalism and
The Quest For Islamic Identity in the Philippines mh~Jii~"lltJ'JiJni~tl~C'ILL'fln~~~a..J1iJtl~~LV1Pl
YJ~tltliJ~ Lt1lu1,X-ir'fl~~Vl1~tl~~~P!1~(;JfL~mnul"l'J1a..Jia..J~iJtf~~wh~"lfiJn~a..Jr;l1~1 "ll'fl~~~tltliJ~ ~ t- I
~~ LLr;l~~u LUiJ'fl'l ru1ill"la..J"ll'fl~~ LtliJii~ m ni'fl ~~"ll'fl~n~a..J"l!1 ~Ut.Ja..Ja..J~~a..J mnmn t1l~'"l1 n f~u1~ .. q fU d.S
LL~~mn;l'fl~1l1t.J1iJ"ll'fl~n~a..J~~~a..J~~tltliJ~ ~'JiJ~1iJ"ll'fl~ Peter G. Gowing and Robert D.
Me Amis, The Muslim Filipinos n~1'Jn~"l!3-J"l!iJa..J~~3-J1iJtl~~LV1P!YJ~tltliJ~ tJ~~~I"l'J13-JLUiJa..J1 q •
uru'!-11n1~'flcii~Ja..JrltJI"liJn~a..J~iJ ~(;J.liJ1m~~hiJn1~~n"rnLL~~m~Ltl~uiJLLtl~~"ll'fl~n~a..J"l!iJa..J~~a..J G.l' cu q q q
1iJ~iJ~r;J1~1 "ll'fl~YJ~tltliJ~ !J I I I
iJ'fln'"l1ntlu~i1~1iJ~iJ1 ~n tJVll"l'J13-JLLtl~VIti1~u1'"l L"liu ~'fl~L3-JLnL~~LL"lln: ~1iJ~"ll'fl~
"1!1'Ja..J~~3-J1iJYJ~tltliJ~LL~~1Vlt.J"ll'fl~ UL(;J'flf ~ m'J~~. L~t.JiJ uru'Yl~ 'fi'fliJfh LLU~ n~11Jii~ q
iJ tuu 1 uVJ 1~ n 1 ~L;J'fl~ LPI~~~n'"l LL~:::i~ 1"13-J"ll'fl~tl~:::L VJ P!~~tltliJ~LL~:::tl~:::L VJ Pl1 Vlt.J (;]'f)"lfiJ n~a..JtJ'flt.J ~ q
'I-1U~~'fl~L~mnuiJiJC'I1LiJ1 1tJLJi'LLri A preleminary Survey LC'It.J Alfredo Tiaman
LL~::: Philippine Ethnography: A Critically Annotated and Selected Bibliography LC'It.J Shiro
Saito e.J ~~1iJ~~ utJ ~:;~ 1"!1 ~ (;Jfa..J~~ a..Jl:lhJ 3-.11 nun ~~~iJ'flci rltJVliJLL~:;~:;t.J:::L 'J ~1 L "JliJe.J ~~ 1iJ"ll'fl~ q ~ q
Najeeb M. Saleeby ~n~1~'fl~ Studies in Mora History, Law and Religion LL~::: The History
of Sulu 1"1.1"!. 1973, Cesar Adib Majul '!-1U~~'fl~~~3-J1u~~tltlu~~~Via..JvfLuiJtl~:::~P!1~(;Jf
a..J ~ ~ a..J da..J rJliJJi''Jt.J n 1~3-.11 ii~ LL~ :::'flfitJ1t.J~~ ~13-.1 1 iJYJ~tltliJ~ iJ~~t.J~~,f~'fl L3-J1mtln l"l~'fl~ ~iJ q ~
" " I
LLC'IiJL3-JL~~'Ja..J'fl~1iJtl~:::LV1Pl ri'fliJ'I-1tJ1U~'JU3-J1nLUiJ~1iJ"ll'fl~ Saleeby 1"1. Pl. 1968 1Jl~~~'fl'I-1U~~'fl
~ Majul L~t.JiJHlmJ~1 Man date in Mora Land: The American Government of Muslim
6
Filipinos, 1899-1920, Ralph B. Thomas ~~lYl'l~~'fl-:J~,:m~'l'JtOJ'Wn-:~tl 1946 ~'l~'fl~'fl'l~'l Muslim But Filipino: The Integration of Philippine Muslims, 1917-1946 LL~::: Samuel K. Tan
1~~n'ft11h:::.wiPI'l~lYlfl~t~1'W~Di~'~l'lP!lYl'J~~'ft~ 20 "The Muslim Armed Struggle in The
Phillippins" LL~::: Tan's ~-:~1~vh';)VImtJ'Yi'Wfl~YJ~hJtlulf~'fl'l "American Military Rule 1899-
1913" Sulu Under L'W Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review ~-:~iJ-:~'l'W';)9tJ~n'ft'l
L'W~:::vd'l'lr11'~1'1PilYl'J~~'ft~ 18-19 L~LLri Anne L. Rober "The Sulu World Eighteenth and
Early Nineteenth Centuries: An Historiographical Problem in British Writings on Malay
Pinacy" (The Cornell University, 1966) John K Reynolds "Towards An Account of Sulu
and Its Borneo Dependencies, 1700-1878 (University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1970)
LL~::: John lngleson, "James Brooke and British Political Activity in Borneo and Sulu"
(University of Western Australia, n.d.) Clifford Smith's "A History of the Moros: A Study in
Conquest and Colonial Government" (University of Chicago, 1948) ~'fl'l~'l'J"ll'fl'IUblJVI'l"ll'fl'l
~~1J'l~~VI~~'flL~1-m1'WtJI"l~L~h'flrlL'W Commonwealth, Dorothy Rogers, Sulu-bon daughter dS dS q qJ
of a former American governor of the province LL~::: "A History of the American
Occupation and Administration of the Sulu Archipelago, 1899-1920" (University of San
Francisco, 1959), M Rajaretnam L~mn1J~~1J'l~'flL~1-n'WL'W"li~ (L~tJ'W-rl'J'I 1"1. Pl. 1930-1940) dJI ""
' ';)VIt.J'ltJ'Yi'Wfl"ll'fl'I~VI'l';)VIm~tJiJ:nLLn'W L1'fl'l "The American Administration of the Sulu
Archipelago" (1971) Dr. Howard Fry 'fl'ltOJ'lnJ~'fl'WL'W'fl'fl~LlYln~m~tJ'WL1'fl-:~ Alexander
Dalrymple (1937 -1808) and The Expasion of British Trade n~'l'Jn'l l"l'J'l~~~~'Wfl"ll'fl'l British
East India Company and The Sulu Sutanate in the 181h Century LL~::: James Warren
Vi'l'l'l'WL'W Australian National University L~tl'W~'fl'l "Slave-Trade-Raid: The Socia-' ' , A oCit. tr .c::la.c:S..c::Y
Econom1c Patterns of the Sulu Zone, 1700-1900" 'JVItn'W'Yi'Wfi"ll'fl'l Cornell Vln'Cn'Jtl'IL~'fl'l
1'l'JL'Wr11'~1'1P![;l'J~~'ft~ 19 L~LLri 1h':::.wiPI'l~[;]fiJur;nL'W'l "ll'fl'l Reynaldo C., Ileto's
Maguindanao, 1860-1888: The Career of Data Uto of Buayan, Miguel A Bernod, S. J.,
"Father Ducos and the Muslim Wars, 1752-1759", Philipine Studies, (16/4 (1968), 690-
728, Horacia De Ia Costa, "Muhannad Alinuddin I, Sultan of Sulu: 1735-1773", Philipine
Historical Review, I (1965), 95-135
7
'1fin1-aRm~1 (Method of Study)
1-if ~:; biJm.J';Jfi n 1 ~~ n'lf1VI1.:Jlh:;.wi fll'lfll'lfLL~ :;ill Lfl'W'fll'l'la.J LL 'W'JVI'l.:JU ~:;.wi f'\1 fll'lfL~.:J
" ';JL~~1:;'\.f bj;)U'fl'lfii'U'VIinj1'WLL~:;L'elnfl1~ ~'Ja.J-.1.:J';JVim\lymfi t:JfN'l'W';J{u l'l~'flj;}/Ol'WUVI~'J1a.JpJ1.:J1
"' -.1'.:J!11'l!t1 L Viti LL~ :;!11'l!t1 Pi'l.:JU~:; b VI fl1
' "' (1a.J.:J1'W';J{ul?i'.:J LLPi L~'fl'Wfi'W'J'l~a.J 'Yi .fll. 2545 LL~:;il1Lfl'W'flfl1~il'Yiufin1u1uL~'fl'W
Ct. fV tJ" I fV tr'
2. 'VI'flfl~j;~n~'l.:Ja.J'\!11'JVIU1~Ufi~~a.Jfll1fll'l~ Vl'l'Yi~:;/Ol'WVI~
3. 'VI'flfl~j;)n~'l.:Jflm'iJu';JV!uu"'im~ ,li'l~.:Jnnua.J'VI'l';JVImiu
"' 4. 'VI'el.:Jfl~j;!fltJ'la.Jfla.J'l~a.J
5. ~'fl.:Jfla.Jj;! SPAFA •
tJ-a~ts'luvlfl,~11'"1~'L~.r1J
1 . vh 1,XVI~1Un.:J~'J1a.J Ltl'Wl-111 'W~~ l'l~~-m~a.J b2-l b~2-lfl~a.JVI1.:Jl'l'fl'W1~~'fl.:J~~tltluff • • 1u-rl'J.:J~~fl~1a.JLi'la.J1urL'Jrul'l~'W1~.:jflii'J'J~1~ 20
2. Vlt 1 ~VI~1Un.:J~j;)a.J~~~'el.:Jiifl~1a.J~1'WUVIU1VI~~.:Jn~a.J b2-J b~~fl~2-J
3. vh1,XVI~1Un.:JL~n-.1fl!U~'el.:Jn~a.Jb2-lb~~fl~2-J~Pi~~~'Wf3U1~~~tJtJuff LL~~t:J~ m~VIu~iiPI~in'l!tru~~~.:Jm~Pi~Klumn~.:JLLUnl?i'<J~~nLtl'W~M~Iil'lnYJ~tltluff
"
PHILIPPINES
LOWLANDS/SEA LEVEL HILLIIMOUNTAINI
·' •
200mi
200km
8
I
"" 'V1~1 Philippines [online], accessed 8 February 2005. Available from
http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/ph.htm.
9
MINDANAO
' .,.
.~
"
'Vl6..1'1
$'JLU
SE"A
' -·
CELEBES
SEA ...... Q
J + '"'>4:>9 I
I
Source: Polyglott-Reisefiihrer, Philippinen, Albert G. Schaefer, 1996 Polyglott-Verlag Miinchen Polyglott-Travelguide, Philippines, by Albert G. Schaefer, 1996 Polyglott-Publishing Munich, Germany
Note: With few minor changes with regards to spelling and German words
Map of Mindanao [online]. accessed 8 February 2005. Available from
http://geocities.com/sofiehofmann/maps/map_mindanao.htm.
d 'l.J'Vl'Vl 2
LL~ :;Lm :;1J'l~ ~'W ~~ 1 'W'el ~ ~ Ll"ltl LU'Wf~~M:;~iJ l"l'd 1~i~ L~''el~'Vl'l~t) (;J..J'Wfijj~ LL~:;iJ~ (;J..J'W'ln'ln'n~ ~ q
mnl'j'el~ ntjtJn f>lj'fl~~'ltl1'd'W'l'W VI~ n ~'l'W'Vl'l~ L1Jj'l rur1 ~;111 ~ Lj'l'Vl j'l1J~'liJntj~~ ~'W~'l'WLL~ :;iJ ~ ~
"' " ' "IJ~"ll'WLfl (1l~'WV!~'lti~'WU~'l LL~'d "Jl'WL~'l ~~ L~~'elV'lt.IV'l L~'l~'l'el~ ~'l~ Ln'l:;l9h~1 Vi'd n~'elV'lt.IV'l L~'lltJ !.1 I !.1 I !J
c;l~ nu ~'l'W"'l'WL U'W"ll'l'd~'WLl'j'el~~~ ~~ L~~ ~'el"ll'WL~'l~~ 'l tl 'elV'lt.IV'lltJ"'l'l n1J'flfL umtJ j:;~ 'l ru 300-200 ~ 'lJ
"' ' "' tl ri'fl'Wrl1'~ l>lm ~ L(1ltl c;l~ n'W_j'l'W~'l~ Ln'l:;l9h~1 ~1J L~'el~'ltlfl'Wl1l'el~'l LL~ :;iJ n'ljtJn f>lj'e)~ ~Jl'lV'l
~~1"1~ jtJLL1J1Jt)'(;J..J'Wfijj~"lJ'el~~'WL'el~LL1J1Jf~"ll'lti~~'Vl:;L~ "'l'Wnj:;~~ 1"11-~ l>lPI~'Jjj'tt~ 16-20 ~'WLL(1l'W 'lJ ~
"' 1 'WvnlLm:;LV!~'hurJi''el~ Lt.J:n run1Jn'lj"lJtJ1tl c;i't;J"lJ'e)~~'VlfimruTWI"l~L uYJ~tJuu; mh'd ~'e) n'lj~'l 'lJ ...
m ru'li'lrl~"ll'el~~ LtJ'WL 'l.\j:;tJ:;LLmLL~:;~V!f~'fl L~1-m1 'WJl'lt.IV!~~ i11L ~V'l'dn L~ h~~~~~'elrJL 'WJl'lrl ~ q 'lJ
"' 1~~tJuu;Ln(1lif'IJVI'l"ll'l (1lf>l'd'l~ LU'WL'el n L'Vl PI LL~:;mm 'Vlm LL"ll~"ll'fl~"ll'Wl1l'l~"ll'l ~ l111~ Pl'l~'W'l ~~'l!u
' "' L ~'elL~ L ~'lL"'lif ru'VI'l"ll'fl~V'l'd n t~ tj1 'WVI~ Lm:;~'el'WLrJi'"ll'fl~YI~tJuu; 1J'V1U"'l:;mh'd ~~ t~ Lj~~~~1 u
... 'lJ q
"' ' Yl~tJuu~ 'fl~'Vl'N ~'flu1rJI~ (11"1J'fl~tJj:;L'Vl PI Lm:;ii'W(1l'l L'W'liJ~u~tJj:;~'lru 96,438 ~1n~ntm~ m 2
., ' ' c;i'~'elrh:;V!~'l~~:;~"'l(11~ 5-10 'el~PI'lLV!i:l'el LL~:;~'el~~"'l(11~ 122-127 'el~PI'l~:;t)'W'el'eln ViPILV!\l'eJ~(11
'lJ 'lJ 'lJ
2 W.K. Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malays of Southern Thailand (New York: Singapore University Press, 1990),19.
10
11
LL~::;'ei1'd(Pl1b'J1 (Davao Gulf) Vifll~::;tj'u~n~(Pl'Vl::;L~1~ ( Sulu Sea) U1~t'l'd'W"ll'fl~'Vl:::L~ 'i:u'i:e:~~ LL~::;
U1~t'l'J'W"ll'fl~'fi1'J 'U.Jh (Mora Gulf) Vifll1~~(Pl'Vl::;L~ii'W(Pl1b'W1 (Mindanao Sea) 'Vl1~~'fl'WLVIil'fl"ll'fl~
Lm:::ii'W(Pl1b'W1ijbn1:::~~1~t1J1 L"li'W Lm:::'i:u'i:e:~~ (Bohol) Lm:::L"ll\J (Cebu) LL~:::m1:::L~L~ (Leyte)
~1~,1nLm:::ii'W(Pl1L'W1LtJ'V11~~::;1'u'fl'tlnL'ilu.:~LVIU'flth::;a.nru 50 1aJ~Luuu"h'Jn!Vl'fl~'Vl:::L~~~n~
~(Pl"ll'fl~'i:~n ijl"l'l1aJ~mnun~1 35,000 'rl~ • • .., ' ' "" ........... _.~ ., ':'1 .'1 3 ........ 'l bn'l:::aJ'W(Pl1 b'W13J'Y'l'W'Vl~'J'W ~VIqj bU'W.!J b"ll1 bb~::;u1 3J'Vl11U ~'W~'fl'Wn~1~ bb~::;~Ub"ll13-11n
n~1U1L'Jnl1'3-l~~'Vl::;b~ bbVI~aJ 1"11U~2-J'Vl1bb~::;'fi1'J~~1~qj L"Ji'W bbV1~3J"ll1'W'fl1fJ~~'W (Cape San
Aguestin) 1"11U~2-J'Vl1iaJU'J'Irh (Zamboanga Pen) 'ei1'dL3JL1LL~::;'el1'J(Pl1b'J1 .Yh1~LU'WLLVI~~,'fl(Pl
L1'fl1~~::;(Pl'dn b 'Y'l11::;ij'fi1'J~,'fl(Pl ~'fl1~~ ij LLVI~aJ LL~:::I"l1U~aJ'Vl1fhu~l"l~'W~aJ t'l'J'Wbij'fl~~~1~t1J • "ll'fl~ Ln1:::ii'W(Pl1 L'W1 1~ bbri Lij'fl'IIPI1 L'J1 LU'WLij'fl'I'Vh LL~::;fl!uu n~1~ Lm~~1n11aJ1 'WLm::;ii'WIPI1 L 'W1 .. e.~~~P~e-~~~~1~'11 fi'fl U1'W'flU1mVI1'flu1'WaJ::;u~1 aJ:::'Y'l~1'J mLL'rl -if1'J Lij'fl~iaJu'J~md:luLij'fl~
'Vl'fl~b~U'Jbb~::;LU'WLi1'fl.:~'Yl1~ijL1'fl'Vl'fl!PI~3J'flaJ1n ~'fltl1:::3J~~ti.Yh~'JU1mc.J~un~1 ~'WI111 (Vinta)4
.... ... tl 0 -"' .... .., Jl ... .., 'W'fln,1naJL1'fl :::;aJ~,1'W'J'WaJ1nbb~:::Lu'W'fl1"l!'Y'lVI~n"ll'fl~"ll1'J'Y'l'WLaJ'fl~e.J~aJe.J~1'Wnu~n1'Y'l
niifll1~11lfLL~'J Li1'fl~ L1"1~1u1 LIPI (Cotabato) Lfl'WUj'fl~'YhLL~:::fl!uun~1~mnh 1muLm::;ii'WIPI1L'W1 .. .. I il " t,f
~'WFi'1VJ~1~t1J ~'fl 1~LU'flLLi~ L"li'W 1~tfn LL~:::"ll'fl~U1 L"li'W VI'J1U ~~~LL~::;m~1~ Li1'fl~'i:~w1u1'i:~
~~ LU'W~uun~1~m1~1~~1 ~ qjaJ1ri'fl'W "ll'W2-J~~aJ'Vl1'111l'fl'W1~ LU'W"ll'W~'WLij'fl~ L~1"ll'fl~tJ ~'WfinaJ LL~::;tl1:::L'Y'lru~'l!U~'fl fll1~'W1~~~13J e-1~3-1 e.J~1'WnU~'J13J L~'fl d'fl~ ~ bb~::;~qjqj1nl ~'I bb~ 1"11-~r;f
film11'1!1'~ 15 LU'W~'WaJ1 LL'Y'liVI~1U~Lm::;1~LU'WI"lf~LL7nLIPIU'l!mL~'J~t1'11~'fl 21n~aJ (Makdum) ..,
U1aJ1,1naJ::;~::;m ,1n'l!'WLL 'Vi i"llU1U~ ii'WIPI1 L 'W1 bb~ ::;~"ll'fl'W uvJU1'Vl"ll'fl~ ~ Le.~u LL 'Y'lifil1 ~'W1~ ~ ~ 13-1
~ 13-1 17tl e.~ in ~'W 1 'IX l"l'W~'WLijt1~1'JaJ ~'J ri'WLU'Wf~~~~12m1u1~ mnl1"llt1~~~ ~ 1'W~ m1::;~"llt1'W di • ..
' .., LL~::; LU 'W~ 'WU n ~1~'Vl1~ n11~1 ~'JU 1:::u::;VI fil1 ~'W1ii~ ~12J rhi~"llmu ~'J 1 'WVI~ Lm::;Vl ~tltlu~'l!'W
Lijtl~aJ::;U~11~ n~1u LU 'W~'Wu n~1~ n11tln 1"11tl'IIPI13J LLUIJ fii1~'W1ii~ ~13-1 ~ 'JU tJ1, n~ 1'J 1~~ 1
31JL"ll1~~1~qj1~LLri 1JL"ll1tl1Ltl (Apo) ijutl!PI~~ 9,689 ~111 LU'WUtl!PIL"ll1~~'1~!PI"lltl~ .., ' "'
YJ~tltl'W~ tl~'Vl1~11l'fl'W1~"lltl~Lm::;iiu!PI1L'W11'Wu1L'ln!T_J'Vltl1'WLL~~"l!1~ t'l'J'WLL2-hJ1Vl~1~qj ~tl mJu1
t11fJ"ll1'WU1'J 150 13-J~ 'fl~'Vl1~11l'fl'WL~"ll'fl~Lm::;ii'W"l1L'W11'WU1-L'lnlifJ'VlU1'WLL~~"1!1~LIPIU1VI~c.l1'W~71U ..... <Q 0 " ~J' ..J .JC~~~ .. " ... "
~~'Vl1~11l'fl'WLVI'W'fl"ll'fl~Ln1::;3J'WIPI1L'W1 'Vl1 ~VI'Y'l'W'Vl71U~UL"ll1'Vl3JI"l'J12JifJ!P12J~2J\j7n!LU'WU7L'Jn!n'J1~
4 Joanna Moore, Discovering The Philippines (Singapore : Me Graw-Hill Far
Eastern Publishers, 1971),67-73.
12
~ 1 ~ 'W1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ilu'VIU1'Vlvi 11 ,X Lnvm1~r.J~,;i',;ni'W'f.l~L'Wn!J Lntu"Pl'Vl1..:1~1~'W1 ~1~'W1~~~1~~mu ,;i'l
mJ 1..:1 ~'l L11 L~'lL 'W~~ Lm~YJ ihJti'Wd' uvi~u L11"ll~rn~..:~ L'rl~1~mn -if1~1~'f.l..:~~ LU'WLL~~~1~'W1fll1~tol ., q
ilmuhaJ''W!Pl1'Vl'f.l~n LLt;i~1~'W1~~~1~U\Ifll\ILU'W~ilu~~'f.l\l"ll1'l~'WLii'f.l..:~Lmd~'WL111L'W1 " ~1'W1Ji1'f.l1n1fll Ln1~i1'WL111 L'W1f'i..:l'f.l~1'WL'tli;Jf'f.l'W iJ ~'W~;Jn~;J~'f.lL11U LL11f..l~~'"l~U1
fll 'l1~~'W'"l1 n~~1 ~ ~'Vl~vi1 'l ,X Ln L11 ~'WI;Jn ~'Vlfi'rl~'"l1 n~~~~~~ ~;J~<)'W'f.l'fl m~u..:~ LWW'flvi1 'l 1X~'WI;Jn 'l 'W q q
L~'f.l'W'rl n ~r.j mu'Wii..:~ L~'f.l'Wn~fl1~'Wfi LL~~~'Vlfi'rl~'"l1n~~~~~~ ~;J::;<)'W~;Jn L~u..:~ 1~vi111X~'W~;Jn 1 'W ., q q
L~'f.l'W'rl gttfl1 !PI~ ii..:~ L~'fl'W(;J~1fll~ LLt;i I;J'fl'W 1~u ~1 ~'"l1 n'r11fJL~~'W
"ll1'l t~t~s Lii'W"li'W~~~~ Lii'W"ll1'l~'WLii'fl..:~LL~~Lii'Wu~~"ll1m~'f.l..:~u~~L'Vlfll~~uD'Wd' • ' " '
n~~~u-:~1'Wi1'"l1U'W f?i..:~Ci'W31'WLLCJU~~Lm~vi1..:~1 . 'Vl1-:lfl1fll1~ ~'f.l Ln1~ij'WL111L'W1 u1~~1'W
(Basilan) L'"l t~ (Jolo) LL~~~~Ln1~"n~ (The Sulu Anchipelago) LU'W,~"li'UL~n1 u~~n'flU'fl1~'rl
u~~~-:1 vi1m~;J1 ;)1'Vl1~LL~~L'ri1~U~n "ll1'l L~L~LU'W'rl'ln~fmn~uunn~Lilu~u~~L'rlnJ3-j~~~
L'fl1 H'flti1..:~ Lflli..:~ fllfL11 LL~~1 ~'WLLL'l'W~'W1 u~~~~ m1~vi1..:~1 "ll'el..:~YJ~uti'Wd''"l~~n~ Lu'Wut'l f'lffi\1 'LL11u
H'ri1~-:I'Vl~1~LULL~'l~'l'U~1n 1'W'tltu~L~mriunt'i~iJ"l!-Duu11riL-if1~1LeJULL'rlifii1~'U1 LLvJ"ll1'lL~h • ~Lf'li..:lfllfL11U\I!Pl\IUL11Ju1ufii1~'U1~~~1~ ~ULLL'lU~;Jt:!U1~~'fl\l~~uti'Wd'iJ~nMtud~LfiiML;:i'fl\l'"l1n ~fl1YI1Ji1fii1~1;Jf~LU'WLn1~L~nLn1~U'flU~1n~1f..liifil'l1~i~~'WfiLL~~Lfili..:lfilfL11fii1~'U1'flU1\1~1n u~ ~vi'fl ~ 1'Wfii1~'W1 fill~ to]I;J~'flL11'"lumnJn fil~'fl..:~"ll'fl..:~~ LU'W~1 LL'lf..I(;J~'fl"' ~'lumffi1i 'lJ'lJ1-if'fl(;Jn~..:~
ri1~1r1filmrul)~m~-if'fll'lntNLVhLL11Un
,~L~ (Mora) ~\1~1'"l1mih~1 ",r'lf" (Moors) t~tntl'W~1~HfL'~un~~~~'Vl1\lfl1fll1~ q
" " ' 'tl'fl-:1~ ~uti'Wd' f?i..:~ LLvifilf..:~~ LU'UL -if1LU~1'fl1tu1ilfil~ 1 'W"li'l-:1~~..:~ fD11~ ~;Jfll I;J'l1ntYJ 16 'rl'l n~ LU'WL~un J' .., .,J ... .., "" ' 'i' 'i'
"ll1'l'ri'WL~'fl\I'Vl'U1.Jfl'e:lfii1~'U1'el~~1~'l1 "~~ ~~"
/ / ··•
.. ,;
••. ~:. J
......... ~-
13
·,
' "" Y1~1 Sylvia Mayuga and Alfred Yuson, edit by APA Production, Insight Guide
Phillippines (Singapore: Singapore National Printer Ltd., 1985), 23.
14
n'l1~-:J~'W~1'W~'eNU1::"ll1n:i'LLU,'JbU'W 4 n*l ~'fl n~6JL!?l1,n (Tausung) n~6J6J111L'W1
(Mananao) n~6J6J1n~'W!?l1L'W1 (Maguindanao) LL~::n~6J"ll16J1~ (Samal) ~-:JLU'Wn~6JbV!hkJ~~V1 " '
LL~::u-:~ilnf'i6J U11"11'W (Yakan) nf'l6-l'i:~t~ (Jolo) nf'i6Ju1-L'Jn.lLVJ'flnL"ll1"11'fl-:JLL~U1bi"11?11U1bl?l ,-:~iJ • • • " ' '
l"l'J16JVI'W1 LL uu~'tl-:Jtl~::"ll1 n:r~-:1 ~ VJ ~tl LLUUn'l1~-:Jn'W~1'WLU'Wm~n:r:;r.nu1tlm6J"ll1tl ~-:~~ L~'fl-:1
LV1rY1 'i:VJu'*<J1tl ' "
"ll1'J b6J hiJ~n'l!tn.~::L'UYn::1u~1'WI"l'J16J LU'W'flU mntl~ti'WLLtl~-:~ nf'i6J"l!1'J b6J t~uu 1~iJ .. . t11u1~ m n~'fl-:1 LVJ~~ ::~'J6J n f'i6-16J ~ ~6-11 t)t~~-:JVI6J VJ LLI?l ~:;n f'i6J~:: n:r::r.r V1 n:r::~ 1tll?l16J m n.11 L "111?1 • • • 1?11-:~1 nf'i6JLI?l1"lln'fl~i1.utlnlil~'fl-:J~'fl-:J~~I111'W"ll~ iJL~I?ILLVJ'W~VJnuu'tlfLilmLVI'W'fl tl1~11'u LL~::~:bu
' ' ti ' ... 1J
~'W~'fl-:i"ll1ti~-:J(;]'fl'WLr1f~'fl-:Ji3'WV11L'W1 ~16J1~t1~VJI?l'flrl'lJ6J1L~L~tl ti'WbVJUL~tl ti'WL~t1LL~::~u1~ n~6J
6J1n~'WV11L'W1 iJI"l'J16JI"1~1tll"l~'lrl'lJnf'i6JLI?l1"lln ~'J'Wnf'i6-16-1111L'W1 '1J1U1'W "1!16-11~ U11"11'W LL~::U1 b~ q • •
cs.l' I .... I I :!i I I I .:;l I
n~'W'fl'J nu~ ~ mu~'fl'~ n~6J l?l'W utm~1 n'WI"l'J16J LLI?ln 1?11-:J~'fl-:J n ~6-1 1?11'~1 6-1 l"l'J16J LLI?l n 1?11-:Jll1'ft1~ V1
u~::m~~u L~'fl~1tl
j.l t,l I I
~ll1V'li-:JI"16J~'fl-:JVI~Lm:: LLU-:JLU'W 4 "ll'WeD'W7 ~'fl "li'WiuVIV!il-:~ ~'fl '!X<JVIU1tln1"11'fl-:J1::~u
~~~Vl i.r1fmi ~1~ (Dutu) Vl1'fl~1"111 (RaJa) LL~::I"11'flUI"lf'J iJm1~'1J'Vl'flV11~hLLVIU'I'Vl1'1~1tiL~'elV1 ~ ~ "
"IIU-i'W'Vl~'fl-:1 6J1ll1nlf"l1 (Maharlica) LU'Wn~6J"li'Wi'W't!n:ru Vi1m1n l?l'tl~'el ~~1-:JU1'W~'fl'W LU'W
tl~mn~LL~::d~lu~mn'fl'1~t~-:~~1~ n~6J"li'WiliJ~Vi1n'WLL~::il'Vl1~~'fl-:~l?luLt~'~ "llu~u~~16J ~6J1n<J " '
(Timag ua) djun~ 6J"li'Wi'W1 V'liVI1'fl~1,j f!J"li'WD116J V11 iJVI'W1Vlvl1 11LL~ ::r1ft~-:J~-:J~'Jtl LL~:; LL1'1'11'W
~tl~ l?l'W 1. ~ LLri m ~VI1'fl L t<\' 1~'el'l~ ~'W~ l?l'Wvl 1n'W iJ~'VlflL 'W'Vl f'V'l ~'WV'l'fl ~6-1 lil'J1LLI1l'i:untf1u~Vi1n'W 1~
6Melvin Mednick, "Some Problems of Mora History and Political
Organization," in The Muslim Filipinos, ed. Perter G. Gowing and Robert D. McAmis
(Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House, 1974), 15.
7 Gilbert Khoo, A History of Southeast Asia Since 1500 (Kualalumper: Oxford
University Press,1970), 155-156.
15
J.l I I J.l I
1~ LL~:;"l!'Wi'WVi~ 'fl1~tl" •Jnnn~ (Aiiping Saguiguilir) LU'Wn~'-l"ll'Wi'W'Vl1~ ~Vil'lmU'W'Vl1~ 1~Lbri "
'V'l 'J m "l! ~ t1 ~ n 'Vl1 ~1011 n m:tfl n !'ll?l~'W~'I t 'Vl'rr'Vl1'1'fl'l"ll nnm:t'-1 'Vl1~ hJ i1 L~'W-D1:t:;VIU~'WVI1'fl'Vl'J n~n .. ... .. 'Vl1 ~~" Ln 1?1'-~ 11 'W"ll cw:;~u 1?113-11:tl?l1 LU'W'Vl1~ "ll'W.ft''W'Vl1~ hli:l~'Vlfi1 'Wm l'l"ll'Ml'l'W Ld'fl f'l'W~1 ~'!J L "ll'W
1?11l'l mti~'~ 'Vl1~~nVI~1tif'l'W~D~:;r~nih hl~1b~'fl1 mui'uH' b~1'W1ti"ll'fl'l l'l'W .. .. n 1 :tL~'fl'W ~1'W:;'Vl1'~i" f'l'-~ :t:;VI~1" n ~ 3-l"ll'W.ft''Wm:;vh 1~VI1 n~ 1Yl 'J n ~'-~1 n'J LL~ :;'f) 1~tl"
' ' " n :t:;l1 1 f'l'J13-I ~ f'l'J13-I"ll'fl1JIDl'WbU'WViu:t1 n!J L"ll'W LU'W'VlVI1:tU'fl'l n'Wu1f-:l 1n LL~:;i:lit~"ll'W:;n1~ L~'fl'Wi'W
" ' ' bb~ 1?1'1 1 ~ b ~'W~ 1"ll'WoD'W'Vl1'1i-:l f'l'-1 bU'WI'i''Jn1VI'WI?l1J'Vl1J1'VlVItJ1Vi bb~:;mJ-:l'ih'W11DlVItJ1Vi'flth:Joft'l?l b~Dl'W
~11 1Yl Lfll mt1n~D~"ll'fl-:lVI,J Lm:;'Vl1-:l l'l'fl'W 1~ LU'WLLuuu'I~Yl b Yl :t1:; n 1 :t'flu :t'J'-1 n'WLU'W"ll'-l"l!'W u \I 'lJ It
(u 1 f" 1n) 'fl1 ~tJ mn vn :;u~ n m'-lu~L 'Jt"W"ll1tJ ~"'Vl:; L~ LL~ :;~:t1u l'l1'-1~11 1Yl11ilu:t:; L 'Vl fll l11 m:t .. .. " ' ' u:t:;'-~" ~uil'l1u1 '1'-IVI'fltl'-ln m:tt:J~l'l~'l"ll'fl'lc;J1"1 L~'fl Hu~L11f'l1'Wf'lf'J~'fl'W i1m:tL'V'l1:;u~nl'l1'-l . ..
J' ..J ' ' f'l'J1'-I LVI '-I 1:;~'-l"ll'fl'I'V'l'W'Vl iJ m :tf.l 1"ll1 tlrl1JVI~U1'W~'WU1-:l L~ ntJ'flti~D~'Wn :t:;~'ll11 m:t~ 1?1 c;l 'fl A'1"ll1tl
nuu~L'Jcw1n~ L~tl'~
' tl ~~fll'l"ll'fl'l1 3-l"ll'W 1 'W1J1 f'l 1n ri 'fl'Wn 1 :i'L oD 13-1 1"ll'tl'l fll 1 ~'W1~~ ~ 13-1 iJ f'l'J13J L ~'el LL~:;
u:t:;wn"i1111t11'WU1f-:l1n 1~LLri n'l:i'U1Jn'fl'Vj:f:;L~1~~11'1L~n ~tln~1 1J1'Vl1~1 (Bathala)8 ~'fl~1J'W
~'J:t:tf'lLU'WeriJ'fl1'W110l'ill-:l~ l?l~'li'J n'l'i"'I"Jl1 LL~I?l'l f'l'J13J Lf'l1:t'Vll'i''J LL 'Vl'W"ll'el'I1J1'Vl1~ 1€'W 1~ LLfi 11L "ll1 bb,_]J1 tJ \1 q ., "'l[j t.l
th ~b'1t1n~1 ~'J1'Vl1~ i'Jm:t, I"Jl11J:i':i'Yl1J'i'~~'JtiLL~:;U'!i'JL'Vl'VlL~1LLc;l~:;Vf'tl'I~'W L"Jl'W nmL:t'l \i q q 'lJ cu
(Gugurang) ~1'fl'fl'W (Laon) LL~:;m:i'\j"ll1~~1.:JL'Vl'JI?l1LU'W~'W~1'W'fl~ri'fl'WLL~'J uu~1i1fll1~'W1~Lri1Lbri 'fl 1101 n ~· 1 'J 1~ rJ 'lVI'-1' Ln 1:; 1 'W'-IVI1 ~ 3-1 'Vl :i'LL U iJiyj n n' 'tl 'W ~ 101::; d1 'W U :t:; b 'Vl fl! YJ ~ UU 'Wii'J .. .
" ... ' t! (;J.J'Wfi:t:t'-1 LU'W"ll'il.:Jl'l'Wb'fl'l 1'1'1 LLc;ln'l:tl'i''lii'W~1'W 'l~~l'l ~111Yli'l f'l'-1 xu LLuum:tunM'fl'l LL~:;
" ' bfl! :i'~~n~D~ ~ n~'l f'l'J13J b~'fl bb~ :;m:tuuntl fl!1~'W1 bU'Wbb1J1J L'flyj1:;"lJ'f).:J l'l'Wb'fl'l
... ' ' Lm:;bb tA'IiliJ f'l'J1'-I L~D~1qJ'fl~1'W:t:;~uVIu'IV1 Luwr'~f'l'-~ LLUU"ll'WLe.h LL~'1 L~D~. LU'WI?l11~n1VI'WI?l~1fJf'l
8 U'l'fl:t tlt~:;wk!{, u:t:;~fl!1~l'lfL't'lL~t~l'l:;i'W'fl'flm~t~-:~1~ (nl'~L'Vlyj"1: ~1un~'-~vf
L'flL~U'W~Ll'lf, 2527), 117.
16
L 'il (;It) 00-I'Wfi~~~ LL '\A,:n,~\i'l'il'tl'l L 'tl L~U (;l:::t)''W'tl'tl n L ~U'IL~
ij~~fj(;J'il'fl'l1~"li'WL 'W"li'l'I~I"'1~'W1;a~~1~ L;r1~1 1~\Lfi 'VI~ Lm:::u1~~'"l'W ~'l'WL'VIqj'"l::: ' ' .,
LU'W'W1UYi~1'W £'l1~(;11 '"l:::U'"lUVJ'fl~hJL~'flU1 L~m~Yi1~um~Lnu"n'tl'lth LL~:::~hmm~n1 u'tlu1 ., '
'VI'"ln l'i-:~n'W~'"l'W'"l:::m:::lil1U'tl~~'tluu~L'lru~ L wh LL~:::m~~'I'W'"l 1~u'tl~ djw;;l~'tlul4f'l 10 ri'fl'Wm~
u~ n;]')r;} 't 'VI3-i'"l:::i:lfifi"lf'fl1J 14 n!LL3-ib Yi~Yi 'VI') ni:l 14'W(;i')U'"l::: Lnu L~~ ~;r1'l1tJ1 'Wm:::u'el n 1m~1U'l1'1 H " . 'W'tlnU'"l'W ~'l'W~u~:::n'flufifin~~~'Vl1'11"11~'W1 ~'tl :a~1~ (Imam)
u1-L'l ru'VI~ Lm:::1J\'l LI4U LU'W~'Wu n~1-:~ m~~h'i11U'Vl1-:J'Vl::: L~ ~'l'W'VI~ Lm:::i1'W~1 L 'W'"l'"l:::i:l
"l!'"l'l 1~ L~'tl1~U'tl~'VI'W1 LLU'WU1'L'lnl"l!1U rl-:~ u-:~~Yi rJhum~(;lnU~'"l LYi1:::U\'jn;J1'l1J'W~~'tl'W U\'jn
~:::Yi11'l 1h'W~tU~1 ('tl1J1n1) iJ~n'l!tru:::LU'WI4~'tl1J14f'lL~m LL~:::'iiU1UI4~'tl1JI4f'lJl1U'VI~'I 11 "Ji'l'l
I I I 9.1 I
141'~(;] 1"1 m~~1iV1 16 Lil'W"li'l-:~V1i:Jre)1'W1141~1nV1~~ 1~uv'h~-:~14~1~"l!'W:::"l!1'l~ LU'W'VI~1UI4f-:~ LL~:::L1-~ •
10 Inger Wulff, Features of Yakan Culture in The Muslim Filipinos (Manila :
Solidaridad Publishing House, 1974), 242-253. 11
Jo Franklin Ewing, Some Rites of Passage The Tausug of The Philippines
{Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House,1974), 132-143.
' 17
~\lil; 'El L~rm LL(;l n ~1\1 nu'El'El n hJ 12 91 n m J'Mmj-1'1J'El\!Un LtJJ'1 ru~ ~~tJ~1"llt.!Le.h~ L -if1~1 ~\!VI~ n
LLVI~\IL t.!VI~ .. lLm:::LL"'\I~i.h:::n'EltJ~'JtJ~'J n"llt.!L~1 Lt.!nlL(;l ~\.! Ll?liJL~tJt.!LLI:'1 :::~1 Ll:'1~ (;11~~1 t?lu 13 ~\IUU
"' " " ' ~1il~'J\.l~ ¥1\1-K\1 ~~~~tlu L \.l~'J tJ nt.!l1'\l ~\.! m1~ LU\.l'El~'lJ'El\l"ll\.lL~1 ~1\11 LU\.l~ mtru:::VI~tht.!Yl
L~t1n~1 u1f\!Ln 14 ~il1?11(;1LUt.l~i.Jn ~J''El\1 ~~1~n Lt.ltJ1f\!LnLL~l:'1:::LL"'\I ~~~t.l'"l1nn~~"llt.l~~1nu
"' "' '
" L~m nt.l t?l\lut.l~'J 1 ~~1 ~ n.J'll'El\ltJ1 f\!Ln ~'El Lilu-K\1 ~~ L~1'ElU nt.l LUt.!VI~U1t.!LL~l:'1:::mJu1t.!Ltlt.! - ~ ~ ~
12 -=l ~ l?lnm~:::L'Eltll?l bt.l Lourdes C. Ungson, Philippine History and Government "'
(Quezon: Taurus Pub, Co., 1979) 2-3.
' " 13 un LtJJ'1ru~~ L:n'El~1"ll\.!L~1 L'WnlL(;l 'El~tl~~191n [;l'EJ\Jnl:'11\1'1J'El\I'Vl':li.J L'El L~tl ~'JniJil
" ' J'i.Ji1\IL~tJLL~J'::: e.J~VI~nVItJ'El\1 e:b~1 '"l~nLLU\.l "ll'EltJL11'Elt.!LL~'J\IVI1L"ll~L'W~1\Int.l ~'J'W"ll1'JL~1 "' "'
" :Su'LI?IiJL~tJ'WLUt.l~'Jn~'El\!Lnl:'1'EltJ~ ~'JniJiJJ'i.Ji1\l~\ltJ1\I c:l'JLVI~'El\1 Vlif1L~n '"l~n'Lc;i\1 m~n Vlif1 "' "' "'
" e.11 n n~1\l ~'J niJilm~~1 umJ'4'Ui.Jl:'11 LL1:'1:::~1-K (;ltJ ~'Jt.l"ll'WL~1~1 Ll:'1~'El~tJ~~1'"l1 m 'El L~tJ(;l:::t)u
'El'ElnL~tl\IL~ ~'Jn~iJJ'i.Jh\I-K'Wi1'1?1 '"l~nLLU\.l e.J~~1 (;11~~1(;111:'1 ~'Jn~"Jl'EltJ~1-K(;ltJLLI:'1:::VI1i.Jl:'11 "' "'
'El11fi~1~'1J L~LLri nl"ll 1?11tJ ill?! fi~ M VI~1'J LU\.l~t.l ~ntJI:'1:::L~tli?IL\.l Robert B. Fox, Aspects
of Philippine Culture Pre-History of The Philippines, The National Media Production
Center for The National Museum of The Philippines, 1967. Agoncillo, Teodoro A,
Philippine History (Manila: lnang Wika Publishing Co., 1966. Lucian W. Pye "The Politics
of Southeast Asia", in The Politics of The Developing Areas (Princeton, New Jersey :
Princeton University Press, 1964)
14 L~~U1 f\!Ln dJ'W;'El L1'El"llili?IVI~\I~"ll'WL~ 1~ 1 Ll:'1 t~1-if LiJ'W~1VI\.l:::'el~ tl~ ~ ~t.!Li.J LL~'J\IVI1 "' IS,. I !I
.Yh L~Yl r;i\1 nu j1'W(;11 ~ Ln1:::~1\11L \.ln1J'L~\.l'Vl1\l LL~~:::~ f\l'"l:::'El'el n ~'e) LU\.l'lJtJ'J\.l Ll?ltJiJ nu r;i\.!LU\.l~'J ., I tl I !I I I 11
Vlif1 ~'JU ~~ Li1'El~t.lfJ\I r;i\IVI~ nLLVI~\!YlLI?I ~ tnt.!YlU'WfiLUt.!LLVI~\I"ll~"ll'W I?IJ'1tJ1:'1:::L~tl I?IL'W Alfredo ' ' "'
R Roscos, The Story of the Philippines (Ohio: McCormick Mathews Publishing Co.
Incarnation, 1968), 74-77; ~~J'J'ru mru'"lU')j'~~. i.JJ':::rWifl11~[;]f~1nl:'1~~tJLVI~: L'ElL~m~~ 1 ' ~ ~
'tlUtJ11"lluru-Yi111u~blTW (m~mn'1: 'LN'Yia.Jlf'"lli1~Nmru11"ll~'Ylm~u. 2539), 392-393. • •
18
, 3-J"l!t.! 1 t.~~::UU Ll"i1'tl tlJ'l ~ 1 t.!~~ VllU LLUU n11tl n 1"1 ~'tl'l LLUUU 1f'lLn n b{j "kllU bbUUn11U n l"l~'tl'l
Vf 'tl-:!~t.~ 1 t.~if~,u-t.~ ' '" u1f-:~ Lmlt.~1 rn 1-t-'n \'tlf.lUt.~Lm::~"l!'tlt.! ;'~ Lilu-vh~1'l L~'tl'l3-J::U~1 Lm:: L"l!U Lm::~t.~rn1 L t.~1
~~'t:f \1 'I 'll
" ' ' LL~:: Lm:: 'i:u 'i:l!~ 1'J3-JI"l1'tlUI"lf'J t~~'~ LL~ 30-1 oo 1"11'tlUI"lf'J LL~::~un1utl~::~1u1f'l tn ~'~Vl~::Vf'tlt.~
1 ~bi~t.~~1t.~mWnl"lffi'l~~1tn1~vi1'fl11"111~'l Lilt.~tr'J"L-rih~'l~ rn 1t.~u1f'l Ln"ll'tl'll?lt.~L 'tl'l ~'tl LLrrl~::u1f-:~ 'tn
~::hi~t.~LLri rit.~ tr'J·wi.h Le.htlnl"l1'tl'l LVltlreJ1t.~1~ L~Vl"ll1Vl ~,..,iJ'l~LI?11-u3-J'Y'l~'tl3-J!1~ L~3-Jra1t.~,..,~iht.~~ " '
~ ::vh~-:~ '"'n3-J,..,1!ra ~ (?) ~t.~'"' ~ l"l'J13-J"ll!1'~~ niht.~ m1~ Vl ~t.~ 1~ 1?11'~1 ~t.~'tlu riu (?)11?1~'~ lilt.~ 1 t.~mJiht.~ \1 'll ~ ~
L~ra n~t.~3-J 1 ~ 'Jt.!l"l'J13-J~ 3-1~t.~firiuu1f-:~ tn~t.~t.~ran~1nm~v11~'~ 1"1~13-J LL~'J m~ e.~n~t.~~'JtJ m nLrrl'l .. tl I II I I
\l'lt.~,..,1ra i'J3-Jilravn-:~m~tl n '"'1!1\1 Lilt.~U1\I l"lf\1 L(?)tJ 1 -iM1i~3-JtJ1~1U1t.~,..,1ra n1(?) L~!1 rn ~1u1t.~ LLI?l~'lVJ
L ~t.~<i' Vl L ~t.~ 1 t.~ltl uuum~tl n 1"11'fl'l ri~ra m~~'J3-Jn~3-J Lilt.~'Y'l'Jn L~m rit.~
~ 1t.~tl1::~~ Pl1~ 1?1 f"llra\1 m 1 ::~t.~rn1 L t.~1 ~'el~t.~rn1 L t.~13-J 1~1 n;'el 3-J1nflt.~(?)1 L t.~1 (Magu indanao) 15 ~t.~LL(?)t.~'i1tl1::n'elu~'Jmm::,..,~n ~ra Lm::~t.~(?)1Lt.~1LL~::L;'el3-J 'i:u.:J'tlJu\1 m1::
L~n1 ~n Lm::i1t.~(?)1Lt.~1il~t.~un~1-:~'el~~1hmL2-iJ'l~~'~n (Pulangi) 'Vl1'll?1!1t.~1rJi'"ll'el'lLm::~-:~~ .,
rel1t.!1~tln1"11'tl\I~\ILLrrltl~1tJLL,._,~3-l<i'3-JU'J'lnl~'l~t.!11"11U'eltJ~ (Tinaca point) ~'Jt.l"n~LUt.!,._,~Lm::
L~ n1 'fl~~::,..,~1-:~Lm::u'tlfLilmrium1::~t.~l'11 Lt.~1 il~t.~umn\l'fl~Ut.~Lm:: 'i:~ t~ ~ 1"11'fl'l L~'fl-:1~1-:ll?lt.~
~1 Lilt.~~~U~1m~'tli'13-J1~1n~.W1P11~t.!1tl~~13-J~'l3-J1 Le.JtJLL'Y'liPI1~tJ1~ m1::11~ 1t.~tl 1390 11"1!1U1
nt.~Vl1 (Baginda) L~1"1!1tJiiu-:~mLU1 ~3-111?111 tm'lt.!1!~~'Jtlrl1~'ln!1-:!li'Yl~~t111fiL,._,tj'tln~1L~ ..c 'i' 'i' 0 " ..Jtl 'i' 'i' 'I .J ~ ~ tJ(?) ~~ ~~ LL~::'Vl1,..,t.!1'Vl nl"l1'tl\l ~~ ~~ 11~ ~t.!'Vl~Vl ~t.~m::'Vl'l!11\JU1m (Abu-Baka) ~~~3-J~1n3-J::~::
m (Malacca) t~~3-J1~riufil'11n"1!1U'lnt.~l'11 tlnl"l1'el\l~urrl'fl~1m1"1!1U1nt.~Vl1 LL~::n~1mi:lt.~
~~rrl1t.~l"lt.!LL1n"ll'tl\l 'i:~ 'i:~ ~'Jt.~~i1t.~mLt.~11t.~ l"l.PI. 1480 "1111-vJ L3-Jel3-J,..,aj'l'1 mu\l~~t.! (Sharif
Mohammed Kabungsuwan) '"l1ntJ::Lllfl~1U"l!tJ::r1i''JtJn1~\I'V1,..,11~LI"l1?11U1 Ll?l LL~::Lr1i'LLrrl\l\11t.!
riuL~1,..,c0\l~tJ~'tl\1~1?11 ~Ut.~1 (Putri Hunina) LL~::mu\l~~t.~rin~1milt.~~~rrl1t.~l"lt.~LLm"ll'fl\l~t.~I'11Lt.~1 ~ l"lt.!~'tl1 ,ru'tl~1 t.~i1t.~(?)1 Lt.!1 L~ Ltl~ut.~3-J1uuti'fl PI1~'W1tl~~13-J ~nvY\1 ~\111"1l'J\11(3-J1n'lt.~l'11 L t.~1'V11\I
' " l?l'flt.~ 1rJi'"lJ'tl\l Lm::iit.~l'11 L t.~1 L~ t.~P!m~~1!J1il 15 t.~'tl n~1nilu'l~ m~~Vl rrl'fl~ 3-J~t.~firiumi~?J1u13-J~nn:: • ~nvY'lilmffifitJ'Y'l"l!1'J~t.!L~'tl\1~1ml?l'elfLt.~l?l (Ternate) 3-J1~\I~t.lt~1t.~1 t.~"l!~ ~t.~m Lt.!1 'i:u Lei~ LL~:: dB ....
L"li\J "1Jru::~"1!1'J3-J1 L~u~1n L3-J~ nn::LL~::u'tlfLum3-J1~\I~t.~l1t.~1 utl1~1~u vl1 t '-''Ln 1'1m~~Vlrrl'tl
15 W.K. Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malays of Southern Thailand, 19.
19 .
i3-l~ufinu~~~1u~u'ElfLilm~'Ju '"l1miuP~1~u1:a~~13-IL~LL'V'l1m~'"l1UhJ~-:J3-I~il~1 uu1~~1ii • ... 1"1 'J13-I i 3-I~'Wfl'Vl1-:Jn11~'l.J L~'El ~1U ~ !?l ~'Elrl'W'ElU1-:J LL '\lULL ~'W 16
L1'El-:J11'J 1 'W'El ~l?l"ll'tl-:J~:IJ Lnt~'V11-:J l?l'El'WL~ri'El'W~ Ltludh3-11tlnM'tl-:J,!UL:IJoD!?lL'"l'W LL~~1 'll
... ' ' ii n11n~ 1'J ~-:J'El~L u~~ n ~1u~~1u~u LL~ ri1:1-l ~13-111t1L 1Xn1'V'l"ll'El-:Jtl1~~PI1~ l?lfVI ~'tl L U'tl-:J 1~
'E!U1-:J hn !?113-l'"l1n~-:J~tl11n{) 1 u~~n~1u'Yl111X L~'El1~~1~~ m1~Yl~tltluffii11n ~1U3-11'"11nm1~ tJ Sl iJ" I I
"ll1'J3-1~1~'El'V'lU'V'l L i 13-11 r;i-:J~~ n Lb ~~ -:J ~-:JUL 'V'l11~~'El"ll'tl-:J~'WLL!?l'WVJtlnn{)'tl~L 'W~~n ~1'W'Vl1-:J
tl1~~P\1~l?lf~uLL1n1 ~-:Jun~"ll1n11L~'IXI"l'J13-IL~'W~1-:J1 nu U1-:Jn~1Yl~tltluf!LU'W~'J'W~n-:J"ll'tl-:J ~:l-lLm~LLtl~YJn~-:J1~~~(?)wlu1tlL~;J'Elunuu'ElfLilm ~~Lu~ "ll'J1LL~~~3-11!?111 u1-:Jn~1Ltlu~'Ju
'll • •
..... ... Vlfin,S1U'"IU
~~ntJ1'W~'W~'El~1LU'W~~n~1ULri1LLri~iimm~1'J~-:J~:l-lm1~Yl~tltJui{ L11Yl11'l.JL~ ~ ~ 'll
'"l1nuu~n Chu Fan-Chin 1u Record of foreign Nations "ll'tl-:J Chan Ju Kua ~-:JLU'W~~LL~L~m
rl'l.Jn11~lt~1-:Jtl1~L'VlPI~~'WbrlU-:JLL~~Vhnuu L~~U'l.J~U-:JU'W~nLrjL'W l"l.PI. 1248 LL~~ 1258 iJm1 'll
'l.J11tl1Utl-:Jn11L-if13-11~lt"ll1U~ 3-11~ (Ma-i ~~'tl Ma-yi) ~-:JLU'W~'El~Un~~Ln1~fl~tJtJuli.uL'J~1,!'W J;i'tl3-11L'WI"l~~(;]P~l?l'J11~ 16 vi'El~1"ll1'J~'WL~L~'W'Vl1-:J3-11~1"1l1U'l.J~L'Jru~~Ln1~3-11~!?l ~-:J 1! vhu ~
' ~ ....... •.!"}....... dltl.... ... ~!?l'Elfi'l.J1tl'J1Lu'W"ll'ElL1Un"ll'El-:JLnt~ 3 Lnt~ ~3-11Um 1~1'J'W (Pa-lao-you ~1'El Pala-wan) Lnt~
'l.J11!'tllnt (Pa- chi-nang ~~'tl Busuanga) LL~~Lnt~'tl1~1Liiuu (Chia-ma-yen ~~'tl Alamian)
Vlfin,S1UIJ1:-;.J'u~J~n
Ll"l~1~'fJ'll tlL!?lL~ii (Claudius Ptolemy) LL'iA-:J'tlL~n'li1'WL!?l1-u L1-un~~Ln1~Yl~tltluff
~13-11UL'El~~ (Maniolas) ~'J'W~'tltl1:;L'VlP~Yl~tltluitln~-:J~u1u tl1543 L!?lm!n~11'J'"l'li1'J~Ltlu~'tl 'll
ltl L~Ltl'll L!?l'tl ~~mt~u'El~ (Ruy Lopez de villalobos) L~'ElLUULnm~LLriL~1"ll1UfJ~tl "ll'El-:J ... ' '
tl1~L'Vli"I~Ltlu '"l1nuu1uu 1554 :jl'tlfl~tltluif tl11n{)L'WLLI:J'WVloW3-Ivf'tl'tlnL!:JULL'V'liL!?lUUn
16Lourdes C. Ungson, Philippine History and Government, 15-16.
20
11~ fil'l~ l'lf-n'l'l~(;l'l L~tJ'W~'fl fi'i:m1-wu ~~'-l~L'fl( Giovanni Ramusio) ~'l-w'll'm~'W~'fl"ll'l'ltJ t~un1 ~ " .. . ~'-lqj'l'W'l'-J!;h..:~1 rl'W L"Ji'W VI~Ln'l:::Vl'l..:J(;I:::r)'W'f!'fln VI~Ln'l:::Vl'l..:J(;I::;r)'tJ(;In VI~Ln'l:::"JJ'el..:J'-l'lL~'ClLL'Cl'W
VI~ Ln'l:::L'Cln'l"l!U LL'Cl:::VI~ Ln'l:::'-l:::il'Cl'l ~'l'WUn L~tJ'W~~tJ1VIl-iLrJib ~~'-ltl.J'l'W'l'-l~'l LYl"li~Yl'Cl'fltJ LL~..:J
(;l::;r)-w'fl'fln Vl'1'fl~'WLLc;J'WLL~..:~i..:~'fl'i'tl..! ;"~~'fl~~4'nri-w~1-wwd'll'nvi'fl..:~L~m ~'fl i.,J'-lmL~..:Jl'l:::r)u'fl'fln ' 1 t.l "ciJ q
Lc;JtJ el'l'W L~. Lc;J'Cln'lLc;J (Juan J. Delgado) mh'l~..:~1-w fl.fil. 1751 LL'Cl::: LL'-l'WL'l'Cl Lc;J'fl LL'fl"ii rnfn
tn (Manvel de Az. Carrago) mh'l~..:JL'W fl.fil. 1871 ~~'W~~l.Jl~'l'l~~uil-wf:f tm"li 1-"'l'l'Cl (Jose
Rizal) i.~mi'l'l~..:J~'-ltlJ'l'W'l'-lL,J~n(;l::;r)-w'fl'fln 1.11-wuVln'Cl'fl'W"JJru:::~\!n~'li"Jn 1-wtl1896 0 ... 0
~'l'WL 'fl n~1 ~VI~ n ~1'W"JJ'fl..:J~ LU'W 1 -w~~uVl~~uil-wf:f (;In Ltlt.~Li4'fl..:~~-w L'fl n~1 ~YiriuvfL~ u
LLYli1-w The Philippine Islands fl.fi!. 1493-1898 LU'Wnnil~'l'flth..:~1-wm~~m~'lLYl~'l:::VIU..:J~'fl,c;J 1.1 I I I I
uL11-w4f'fl~'ClVI~'lU~'l'-lL'fln~'l~VI~n~'l'W~Lu-wvhnmriu~~tl-w~1:J'Li1u~'l'W'l'W'-l'ln~..:~ 55 L~'-l ;1..:~ ... 0
LU'WVI~ n ~'l'WL~ LU'W'flth..:J ~ VIU..:J~'fltl~:::UlVlVIU..:J~'fl, c;JU~ L~tJ'W~'l'W 1 Vlqj Li1'Wfi'WVl'flfJ 1 'WL VI [;J mnu
Vl1'fli.~~'fl1Jtl'l'-l~'ln~zL~'W Vl'1'flL~tJ'W~'lnVI~n~'l'WU~:::UlVl~'l"'1 L"li'W 'W'ltJifl'WL(;IUL'fl Lc;J'fl '-l'flfm
(Antonio de Morga) ~'fl..:J~~~~~"l!m~YJ~uil-wf:f L~tJ'WVIU..:J~'fl~'fl ~~"l!'fl~ (Sucesos) i.~fuuml'fl..:J ... 0 ...
~'lLU'WU~:::~fil'l~l'lfi'WtJ'flc;) LLU..:J'el'flnLU'W~'fl..:Jll'lfl L~LLri m..:J~'l'ln'l~L~mLYliilmtJ~'l"'1 ~"'LL~
LLm G-'-J ~"'~ ~tJ ~ L~ tJ'W rl1Jll 'l flU~:::~ fil'l ~(;I m~uiluf:fLL'Cl:::~'WLLc;)'W Lc;)tJ~'fl1J 1 ~~'ltJ'Cl:::L ~tJ (;) ~'l'W
u~:::~ fil'l~ (;If i3~~l'l fl'l'l'-JLU'W'fl~"ll'fl..:JU~:::"l!'ln~ l"l'l'l'-JL~'fl~'fl ~'ClU::: LL'Cl:::l"l'l'l'-l L~1-t")J~:::~UVJ'fl..:J
~'W ~'l'WL'fln~'l~"JJ'fl..:Jtl'nu'l"l!LU'W~'l'flth..:JLVI(;In'lnlrvii'lm~~~tJ..:J'l'W4f'flLVi~~1-..:~~ic;JLLlf..:~ri-w Ltl-wm:i' •
• ...- " a ...:::. ...::..0111:11 ...::. u ~ .t::~~ cv -=9. .=1 LV1U1Jn'l1L"JJU'W n'l:i'L~U'fl"JJ'flLVl~~N LL'Cl:::'lfin'l:i'LL~c;J..:JI"l'l'l'-JI"lc;)LVI'W 'tl:::'W'Wn'l1L"liU'W1J'WVlnL:i''fl..:J~'l'l
tl:i':::~ fil'l~ (;I m~ut1u~ ~'l'W 1 VI qJ Ln c;)~'l n..:J'l'WL~U'WU:i':::~ fil'l~ (;lf~'-l'fl..:J e.i'l'WYl'lnU'lVlVI'Cl'l..:J;..:J LU'W
..... .k .. ~fl nJ1U'WUUJ'B~
V1 1..:1 (;I 'flU 1~ "ll'fl..:JYl ~ tltJ-wgfLtl-w~-w~'fl u Yl'l n L'-l 'i:~'-l ~ ~ '-l i'l '-JVI'l mYlu~ud~'f!..:J ~ (~u n~1 .. . c;J'l:i''lrl'W (Daranguns) LU'W~'l'W'JU'-l'ln '-JVI'ln'l'V"lU~~~~tl,JL"li'W U'l~rl'W ~'Wc;J'l:i''l'V"l'l(;l'l
(Bantugan lndarapatra) ~L'Cl'-l'l'W (Sulayman) Uc;J'l~'l1- (Bidasari) LL'Cl::: U'l~..:J "ll'lU'Cl (Parang ... 0
sabil) fil'l~'W'l~~'Cl'l'-l~'l\I~..:Jm~~..:Jti'W~'l'WVI'1'fl.,c;Jrl'lLilc;J"JJ'fl..:J~~~'-l1'WLn'l:::'i:~ L'Cl L'WVl'l~~ ( The
Tarsilas Arabic, Silsilah) "ll'fl..:J~~~c;J~..:J ~'W '-l'l"l!'l'Cln'l (Tuan Masha'lka) ~'-l'l~'IL~L'ClLL'Cl:::LL~..:J..:J'l'W
21
n'"11'ell'ltll'la.JI'el~U'WLn'1:;u'el'WLn (Bongo) r.nmi'el-.311'J'Il'el-.3mu-:~~1'u'lur1i~i?lf!ltWJ11~~ 15 ~-:~ dj 'W~ ~ t;] I'WPI'WLL1n'll'el'l Lm:;iju~n L 'WI
q
a.JI Lt:.JtJ LLYli~ Lm:;1J~ t;i'ela.J1vi'fl~~~~~a.Jiilln LLVI~a.Ja.J~IfJLL~:;Lm:;u'elfLum 1~'1lmtJ~'Vlih'l~ dha.JI
1 um1 :;i3u~n L 'WI LV'Itl'el'l Pi' t1 n 11L~'W'Vll'l"il'el'IU11V"~Ivi'fl A'llillna.J:;~:;m~a.JI ~ V1 t;i'el A'l'llltlflU Lij'el-:~
t;i1-:~ 1 LLtlU"l!ltl ~-:J'Vl:;L~ LL~:;Lm:;t;il-:11 ~iJ ~UnP11'el'ILU'W"l!I'Ja.J~IfJ~'Imtlml?l LLUUn11A'I~~ V'lt;i'el
i a.J~ufi nu ni1L~'W'Vll'l ~1m tJ1:;VI~ 1-:1 nu'el~ L~a.J'el LV'!tJiJoif'ell?ln~-:~~llil :;~ V1 t;l'el A'1'1lltlrl'W 1~ f;i'el Ld'el
LU'Wa.J ~~3-J~'Jtlrl'W 17 ~~1 ~ L'VIfhvi'e!A'I LU~ti'Wa.JIUU~'elflii~'WI~~~~a.J q
f!II~'WI~~~~a.J1~ LL Yl i'lltlltl L oif11111 umJ Lm:;'Vll'll?l'el'WL~~ m1:;"1!~ Lm:;i3uV'!I L'WI .. .. ...
LL~:;~u111'V11-:JLVIU'elU~L'JruLm:;~'l!'el'W m1t!u5'elf!II~'WI~~~~a.JiJ~'J'Wt:.J~n~u1~PI'W~'WLij'el-:~LVI~I .. "' U1'Ja.J~'Jn'WLi:Juf~~~~~a.JllltiL~ni1UI'Il'el'l~~t;J~u1um1'l!u~'elflii~'WI~~~~a.J nl1a.JI'Il~Wll11~
' "' "' ta.Jei'a.JV12JV"~ n1u-:~~1'u VJ'flllilLtlu-.1-:~P~nL~:;ej'tl1:;n'elu~fim1a.J LLt;imu-:~~1'un~la.JI1tl~-l11"li'J'~flf .. " 'll ..
a.Jin':3um L'WI~'W'Vll'll?l'el'WL~'Il'el'l Lm:;i3'WV'!IL'WI L'WPI~~i?lf!ll?l'J11~~ 15 1~ 1'Ja.J~'I'Witi'VlVIITt~t!'l L'lll
n1~~ n11LLt;i-:J-:J1'WrlUVIqj-l"lii'J~'WLijtl'l n1 1~ 11-l n{)'lltl-l Pl1tlU Plf'J~iJ t:.J ~ t;] tl n11PI'JU I"J3-.In11Ujtl-l
LL~::flii~'W~~~~~a.J ~~n~ru::1PIN~fNmrunP~ffi'IPI~ItJ~11i1V"~ mh'JFI'fl Li:Jumrunl"'lffi-ll?lla.J
fi1 ~ui'ulilln ~~~I'WIIil~-l~ V'llil'W~-.3 ~i:l~I'WIIilUt!tl~ V1 LL~::~ tJntln Pl1t!'l LU'W~'W ~~u ~llll'l i-l Pla.J'Il'el'l La.J LT~~ ~a.JiJ PI'Jia.J LU'W~Utl'l nuuu~'W~I'W'Iltl'l n~ 3-.1'-J~~a..J iJ m1
~ 1 N=D':3 l?l'll'el-.3 LLt;i~:;n~ a.J LL1?1nt;i1-:~ numa.J~'W~ ~-.3 LLt;i"llltl ~-.3'Vl:;L~ 1tlu-:~~11U l?l'fl'WU'W~'Ill L 'Ill LL~:;n . .. .. L'lll1~1?1~'flV'I1tlu-:~~11U~I L'li'W a.Jin':3'WV11L'WiiJ~n~ru:;L~'W'Vll'ln11Lmtl?11 tl~noifi'J'WI~a.J (wet rice)
.. q
1tll?lla.J~d'luJ1vl'Ja.J~-:~~a.J~-:~LL~J~ LPI1?11U1 Ll?l '1lru::~a.JI11L'Wit!f.luu~l;'l-:~ tl~noif1'J Ll'IV'I "lii'JtJIPII'W ... .. ..
~~~a.JI?l'fl'WL~"l!'eluvhm1~1'1llt1LL~::tl~u ~'Jun~a.J'llla.JI~niJm1vhm~1?11m1a.J 1u'llru::~n~a.J
u1 tlil L~tJ'Joif'el-:~num1vht11:;a.J-:~
17 ..., :='I ..., .- .. 1 ...-:::a. .- -' .., -=1 6i "" o .., U'ltl1 utl!:l'I'Wfi, u1o/'JI?lflll~fn1LtlL"lltlfn:;'J'W'eltlnL'Utl'l bin (nNL'Vll'la.JVI1'WPI1 : ~I'Wn •
~~Yl1'tlb~uu~1!11{ 2527), 69.
22
" n~2-J(;h~1 iJI"l'l12-JLL(;In(;]"Wfl'flnLt](;I12-J"!lti1~LL~~I"l'l12-J'VIt11LLUtl"!l'fl~U~~"l11m' m~i?l~ I 1 II I
Cit~~1t~YJLm~i1t~mLt~1i?l~LL(;]LLmi3-2-Ji.r1i'mi n~2-JL(;]1,n 2-J1~1Lt~1 2-J1nfjt~~1Lt~1 LL~~"i112-J1~ U1J 1 !I I I
djt~n~2-JLW, iYlfl~vr1-'fldjt~n~2-J'VI~n ~'lt~n~2-Jml"l1t~lil~i?l~Cit~'i"lt~m'~4'~m:::r.nui.u(;]12-J"111tl~~ , ~~~~ " , 1 d
'fl'flnLUiiltl~~~t~L~tl ~tl n~2-J2-J1nfjt~~1Lt11 i:Jm12-Ji2-J~t~fin1Jn~2-JL(;]I"iln ~1'VIt1Jn~2-J2-J1~1Lt11 1 " " q
LL~~"l112-J1~ill"l'l12-Ji2-J~t~fin1Jn~2-J~t~U'fltl m~~~~~irj(;]LL1J1J2-Jfl~2-JLfjt~~:::1J1JtlJ1~ ill"l'l12-J~'fli(;IU . . ~
LL~:::flt~Liilfl1UL~'fl~L~mnt~ ilt3'c;J.Jt~U~2-J~Ltlt~"!l'fl~(;]t~L'fl~~~i.~ilm~LLtl~LLUn i.~Lu~ut~LLU~~u1J
~~ LUt~l"l'l12-J~~ 1. vrqj~il Lruvn:::(;lt~'flth~ m11il"i~ 18
r1i'1t~LI"l~~fl~1~fll1flt~1 iJ~~~uft~m~unl"l~'fl~ ~'fl fl~{;],t~ ~1'VIU1~d:Jt~,r'l'VI'W1~~ • vn~r111t~fll1flt~1LL~:::mrunl"lffi~iln'fllj (Gadi) Lrlt~~'Wvnn'M! Lrlt~~~LL~VI1~fll1flt~1~:::~1Jffi~,r'lvru1
il~ 1t~11ilVI1~ n!)'VI2-J1U~fl~12-J LL~:::u~fl~~~~tl i?](;]~t~ Llil LL Vlt~~~ (;]lt~L owt~~ (;11 (Pend ita) ~~ Lrlt~~'lll Vl1~u~:::L-wru~lil~'l1X~1LLt~:::'t11{;]'fl,r'l'VIU1~~~2-J1 ~~1'VIU1~VI1~lil1flt~1 ~'fl ~2-J12-J (Imam) ~~~~
'VIUI~L t~1:::~1J".Q2-J"lltl ~2-J12-J Lrlt~~~iJ1JVJ1J1VI~U1".Q2-J"lltiLL~~ 1 ti1~~1J'VI~U1tl ~2-J12-J LL(;]~~I"lt~lil:::il ~ -rl'lUI"l'flLVIU (Khatib) Lrlt~~LLfl~~n1~2-J LL~:::u~lt~ (Bilal) djt~~L~ru"ll'lt~1,Xu~:::"l11"llt~2-J1U1~n'fl1J " " ~
'Wfi ~~J't~ ~2-J12-J f'ltlLVIULL~:::U~Iti~~LUti1JI"ll"l~'VI~n ~n'l!tru~~t1~1tiLL1J1Jf;djt~lULL1J1JU~~L'Wru "!l'fl~~fl~2-J 19 ~~(;]lt~Ltlt~~unl"l~'fl~ n!J"!ltl~~~(;]lt~i.~'l-rln!)'JJ'fl~~~'l!tU LL(;] Lrlt~n!)"!l'fl~r12-JJlf ~~L~'fl
Yf~~~(;],t~~tl~~L~tlYl~-w~:::~~L~I:::'If~~n!J'VI2-J1ti2-J11il1n~~tl1t~ (Quran) I t ~ .-.1 .J_ r! ~ I ~ l.f
fl~(;]lt~lil:::(;I~~2-J1'VI 1J"l1111 (Rumah Bechara) djt~VIu~n'M'l U~~n'fl1J(;]'ltl n~2-J"llt~t:.J 1 " q !J
~~~ilt11t~11ilvr1-'fl(;]1(;1 ~~ill"l'l1~nr~A-~LL~:::1J"i'l112-J1n(;]12-J~'~u.ft~1.t~r;J,LLvr'll~(;],~120 fl~{;]lt~lil::: v •
LL(;]~~~fnVlltJIVI ~L'1un~1 11-l!l~t~(;]l (Rajah muda) lil1nl"l'l12-JL~t~"ll'fl1J'JJ'fl~fll11~mm~1 ::. .,..J ''l - I .!11 ., ''l"· I 21
ru:::t~t~~VI'flfJ t~(;]t~LL(;]tl~~(;]ltllil:::Lut~~tlfJ (;lunf'11'fl~
" " Lf'1Nfl~1~if~l"l~~L1LLtl~Ltlt~ 3 -nt~it~ ~'fl -nt~it~~~ 'V12-J1tl~~ ~r1i'f1Jr;]1LLvr'll~1.t~m~ '-' I
unl"l1t1~ djt~~ilLntJ~~ iJt11t~11ilVl1~n1~Liit1~ ~'lt~"llt~it~1JI"ll"l~fi~12-J(;]1 'V12-J1tl~'l ~1'l!t!J1'Yi'lLU hi
18Melven Mednick, "Some problems of Moro History and political
Organization," In The Muslim Filipinos (Manila: Solidanidad Publishing House, 1974), 21. 19
Ibid., 16.
20 Ibid., 19.
21 Ibid., 20.
ttL~~~LM.~LislM.tlb!JL~M.~~~TI M.~L~~tf1
~~11,1It'Bjfr..rl~1r-tL~~~L11~Lie!U~k1.r-tL~ftt111J11't~~ttUlM.1::~ft (J:::f.4.BU::~-~~) r-t~UI1~~111J1
I'CL~~~ I'CL~~~LU::~ft (J:::~L~H~~) t-B~l!!Uft~LUI11J1r-tL~~~ t-B~~~LU::~f1 (11~-~~) l-11~Lie!11j;p ' '
I'CL~~~ t-?k'I.~~LU::~ft B~ ~LU::~ft £ U~k1.flf.,~I1BU::~fti'CL~~~LI1~Lie!r-t~~gu~k1. £<::
'~£ 'pUBI!B41 UJ8L.jlnOS JO SAB!Bv-.J 841
pue S8U!dd!l!4d UJ84lnOS JO SOJOv-.J 84l WS!leJedas W!ISnv-.J 'UBW840 ')fMc::<::
~k1.11 ~ r-c~ ~hr..LU.11,¥, ura _!U~Ii.r-c~ra~111f11 ~~LI1L~I1 ~~Bu ~ Bt!k1. mB~ t-LtA. L11~ru r., 1-:,11:: ~,, L ~t:tt
»~L~ ~B~~LU11~~~!l~1L~t;:r-tt-~11 (UBW!BinS JO UBllnS) 11Ltt~t~ 11L~~~B~111!f.1t'l-[l9.t._.l6
~t11ft1~ t-BIX.~L11L~I1LlA.I1L~~LBftt!f~11t-~,l'tjf1t-L[lB~B~~tr-t~~ttUt.M. 999 ~ 'le!'l!! B~1 i1Jro1::LU1
~UI111~~M.U!l~LU ~1f'tl L~U!l~111ft1~Ut.M.~r-t~~ttt.L!r.B~~ftt~~l!!l11e!_LAt;:~LU~fttL!l-(SJOOv-.J) _ft.,te 1 f1 I I
Ut.M.I1L~ B~~LUI1 ~ 11LI1t.L!ll1~~ ~1tl!! I'CL~ l!! t-~ t-BIX._!U~LUI1~::~ ftt-~U ~ l't~1 ~ B!l ~ LB~r-t ~ ~ ttt.L llo
• 11,1It-~11~~r-tLt.l!!~~1t-~t}~k1.1!lt.~ 11U.Ut;:~Lie!YJ~-:.l!!11Q1»~t<B!;£111~t.L!r.I1B~t-J~LU::~1111ft1~_.1l-:,~_fl.U "' "' '
t-BIX.W~L\'ULBI't~1~LU11Q1L~~tB~~LB 999 ~ U111J11Gft~~t-B~l!!~~11ft1~~~l-U ' '
11j1 1 [email protected]@..!.11!1 ~ !!!.LU
.. £<::1'CL~~~LI1~Lie!U~k1.1'CL~B~~~Il~1 L!l-~I'CL~B~I1,!\::\'U.r;T.U~t;:
• • t-~11Gft~~l1 ~ B~k1.U~~ft11~lA.r-t ~Lk1.r-t::LU1 r-t~UI1 ~ I'CL~ ~~1111::~11_t1.t-14 flf.,~ I'CL~~~L11~ Lie! t-BIX. !1k1. ~ "'
t-LflBB~mLt.l!!I1,1Ir-t~I1Lr-tLjf m,tti1B~B~~~Ill!!1 t-~ L11~~tA.~I1~ B~1 r-tLt.l!!L!l-ll~1 (::l!qeJV) l!!G~LB I 1& I I I
u;tLL!J!oVLU 11L~U_f~r-t~UL~!lLr-tk1.CiUJ!oVLU t-L~UJii1~111J1L~1::~M.t!l11111~~r-tLt.l!!f'T.I1::~~~1l~1
M.LLJ~tA.~::~fttst-L [l9.B!;£t'9.~l!!111Q1 LI'CL11~Lie! LB1 L !1-~L Ul1 ~ ll~LI'CL ~ I'CL f.,l!j:: ~11 t-B!;£gLu ~ Lk'l.lA.~ LU '
t-LtA.ll~Lr-tL~r-tL r..l!! ,q. ~ ~LU::L~M 1 !f11_t~.~t 11~1w U11Q1 r-tLr..~ c-~11~, » 1. c-~ ~,, ~t-~ t-B m~ t-BIX.I1~1m\€ "' ' ' b ,., b b
11~::~~~11Q1r-tLr..l!!t!~I1L~~~t-BIX.~11~r-tl!!l1t.l!!~LUt-BIX.::ru.r;T.U~11bpt-~r-t~~r-tl1!r.t-BIX. r-tl!!t'J LI1~Lie!
" I " t-B~l!! Uft~LUI1f'l.11 ft~11_tl.t'14 c::c::l't!lt} 1 r-t~~gL~::~11WLB11!f1~LU L.t-L~ 111111 ft~11 ~ 11LlA.l!! L~-:,11~ LU:: ~11
"' .. 11~ftL~ U L~Lr-t t-B~l!! Uft~ t-BIX.~\ IlL~ LI1~Lie!::~11 t-B!;£1~LU t-LtA.t'f1.k1. 11 L~ ML~ B~ 1 Ll'ti1,1I B~ !lL~B~ 1
11~t-~11_g.M.U.111J1 t-!l~1 B~t:~~u::~~ UL~Lr-ti1L~ ~~t-~ t-~11~LUI1t.~ !lL1111Q1 ~ t-BIX.~11 ~ t-B~ ~ U ft~ LU 1$ I I tl
11 ~~B 11L~ Lu IA.111,11.11~ ~ uuraLrx.B~u Ul1~!lM~tA.t-Brx.L~m~Jm~Lr-tL~!1t ~ ~L~I1-!"11!r.I11J1 ~ L tA.I1-!"11Jro
" n LJt~LU t-LtA.!lt.~L~~I11J1 t-~ Lilt!! t-~ B B~ 11~ I:-B~Lttk1.t.Xl111J11l~1 t'B!;£1~LU t-LtA.I11, ::11L~ 11B~1ll~ L I'CL ~
I I I I
b "' "' n. 11~1lM!tA.::~,~~t-~~I'CJt~LUfl.%~\::~11 ~L~I:-BIX.~11~1:-B~l!!Uft~LU)tl1,1lLLJ[lB 1:-!l~1B~t!!1\ 11~"!1At!
t:G
24
., ~ 'tl\1 be.~ =a'\! n'l.J m1 a.J bfl i-:J Fl f"' 'V11\I ~ 1~-w 1'~l'tl\l"ll1'J~ ~ ~ a.J 1. 'Wb ~ "'il
"~\! Fl na.J La.J L1"24
Ln !'l~'Wbb~ ~~1 b'i1'Wa.J1 bU'Wb'J~1'W1'W~\I~'l.J b~U'J rl'W'flth-:J !?l'tl b ti'tl-:JLa.lil
"' " " 'l.F11Lm"ll-w~1~'flth-:JL~"'~1"' ~-:JFI11a.JLa.J11ili3-a.Jron-w F~f-:JLLm~-:JLL!?I Fl.~.1578-1596 Ltl-wm1t?l'el~ I .... I .. .Q ~ " I 25 ~ I ~
1::,.'J1-:J~Lu-wnu\,.~Lm::1\l L"~ 1~ 'l.J'tl1L-wm L'Y'l'tlm1F11L'W,.~Lm~ "'-:JLL"''W'Wa.J1m1Unflffi-:J~'tl-:J
,...~ m1::n~1t1 LU'W'1 l'lth Pi 'lJ Fttl "ll1'l1\l i1 F1'J1a.Jia.J~-wtfn'l.JU1::"ll1"ll'W 1. 'W'l.J'tl fL ilm F11'tl'l.JF1f'l~'tl-:J
n,;-"'1-u~-:J~tJ.:~ LU'W'lJ1~ri-w ~ LU'W1'l.J"ll'W~"ll1'J'l.J'flfL ilm L ~'fl"'::~~1-:Jmn.nilfla.J 1 -wi1-w"' 1 L -w1 ~ !'l'l.J'Vl
'l.J1'Vl~'tl-:J 1\l a.J1n~'W!n1L'W1 'l.J1t11'WL'LXLU'W'tl1U.nilfla.J LL~::'Y'lt11t11a.JL'!Xtl'fl~f'l.J'Y'l'Jni1"ll-i-w-w11
Fi'J1~~!nLLU-:!~"'1a.J~1~tlm1t?ltl~1'W~UnF11'fl.:!~LL!?I-:J~-:J~'W~1UnF11'fl-:JL~a.l~-:Jt;ln~1"'1t1L'WU1596 v v
U'l.JL~~ 1 n11Un Fl1tl.:!La.lU 1::~'l.J rl'J1a.J~ 1 L~"' vl1 t'LX~ LU'WLa.l ~1a.J11t;l beJ tl LL Vi i~1~'W1 Fl1~ ~LL~ ~m"'
i1-w"'1 L -w1 LU'W'fl1 n.nilfl~L~
~ ~ - .1 <II .1 ..J !'I ' .: ~.:11"111~ ~~ ~1Ln!'l"'1n~1m[;J 3 u1~n11 Fl'fl u1~n11LL1n b'Wtl\1"11nLu'WFI'W~::mp.JL"ll'fl
"l!1 ~ ~1~t.n ~il LLN LJi'fl ~1\.1~1ritJ-wLL£\''J1::~~1.:~ ~1u fll1~ L~ti'WLL~::ti~~1~~-:~iitJ LU'W~'J LL 'Vl'W~'fl-:1
~.:~flln~r~lL~"'~"ll1'lr~1~(;1~~uil-w£fri'l.J"ll1'l~Lu-w~i1i'\Jin'l!tru"bJm.:~L~-wri'l.J~~~~rl~utl-w~.:~il .., r .... r~ .J AI .cr. • " "' .J i 'lJ ~ m~tru'Y'l1:;"1'W'V11Lrlm U1:;m1'Vl~tl.:J Lt.ltl-:J~1"11n"ll1'l~~~a.J"'tl "'1-wm1L ~1a.J1~'fl.:l~ LU'W'Vl"'~
Li1a.J1ln11'WL\.I~'WLL!'l'W'!Itl.:ltj~~~ L~tlfn'!i1tl~1111ViH~'ltJn1"ll (Kris) ~'HU'Wtl11fi~tl-:1"1!1'J
I I I 11
~ ~ LJi 1'W"ll1'l~~~a.J 1. ui1-w"'1 L \.11 LL~:;1\l i3-a.J"'1nm1VI~ LU'W L"'a.J~L -w L"' L~ ri'fl'WLL~:;VIi1-w"'1 L'W1 ~.:~ LLI'i
Fl.~. 1578-1898 n'WL'l~132o n 25 ~ LUt.~r.i'l.J ~a.J L'i'fl~uA' ,~tl-:JtJ~ ~a.J"'1n'l.JtJfL ilu'l'l. -wt.h-w~,~ ~uth.il "111'l La.J '1:1 'l. -w
'l.J1-L 'lru,.~ Lm:;l'11.:~1 'V11.:~ "'tJ-w1.~~tJ.:~rl~utlu~.:~i'la.JijtJfi'-wLJitJ~~ LU'W~~1u fllf-:J ~'Jun-w "1-u'l. -w~
~!'!Ln!'ln11LJi'fl~'fltl1-:Jl'WLLN ~11ti~::L~ti!'IL~a.JL'W Leandro H. Fernandez, A Brief History of
Philippines (Boston: Ginn, 1951), 143-144.
25
I I I !V il I
m~'l.J n LUn L~'elm~vrV1il~'l9'l n ~'ltl L~'el£'1~~1 t1 LL~:::LL~':l'IVI'll"\':1 1~f1 ~':I tiL 'W~'WLLI'l'WL VIU'el~'W'I11YI • 'U
"ll'l':l~~ ~~~')~Vi ~'I n'WLL~ :::Le.J:n ruvr,J'l n'l.J n'l ~tJn 1"\~'el-:i~tJ LL'l.J'l.J"ll'el-:1 LiJ'el'I~'W L ~'el vJ'el ~'l 'W • ~ 'U
' " " "ll'l':l~ LU'WYlL~'W'Vl'l'l~'l~l'll"l~'el-:1 ~'ILL(;]ll 1565 LD'W~'W~'l 'il:::'!!u1'~ntltJ~:::~-:~I"l1'Wmn·ih 1tJ1u~~tJtlu~ • ' ' "
"ll'el'l"ll'l':l~ LU'W~'eli.~~'l Ltlumn~~'el'l ru'l4'n ~"ll'el'ln,;~n1'~~ LU'W LL~:::mntJ~tJ'W"ll'l':l~'WLil'el-:~1 ,X LD'W
l"l1'~ 1'1 Pl'l~iln"ll'WYi'l 1 ,X Ln 1'1-if'eli l'lLLtJ'In'l.J~~~~ LL~:::9'l n~-:11"\n~ 1"\~L~ 1'1~ vJ'el ~'l'WYi') mr':lf '111LU~ • 'U 'U
m~.Yh~-:~1"\~'l~"ll'el'l"ll'l':l~ LtJu{;]'eJ"Jl'l':l~~~~Vfrel-:~~'W~~LtJ'W~tln~'l t~h ~'el Pi~n~ ~':l'WL'Win'el'Wnm-:~ • 'U
LL~:::~n'el'WL VIU'el"ll'el'l~~tJtlu~~~'l~'l~tl~ £'11"\~'el-:~1~ LL~:::Le.Jtl LL Yiil"l'l~'W'll"l1'~ ~,X LLri"ll'W~'WLil'el-:~1 ,X
LD'WI"\1-~ 1'1 Pl'l~iln"ll'W ~-:~ ~tl n~'l ~'W~L'el~ (Indios)
m~~~ LtJu1-ir3fim~*~ l'll"l~'el-:~ ~'WLLI'l'Win'l~~':J'W{;]'l-:~1 Ltlumru1UI"l~ LL~:::1-if~'l'W'l9 I I I !I
'Vl'l-:1 m~Lil'el-:~ n 1~tJ n l"l~'el-:~Y!il'eltJ LD'WLI"l1'el-:~iJ'el1 umntJ~tJ'WPl'l~'W'l"ll'l':l~'WLil'el-:~ LL~:::m:::.Yh m~ 'U
II II I I
~'l L~9.Yi'l 1 ,X"ll 'l':l~'WLil'el-:~tJ'el~f'l.J'I!'Wm9 LD'WLVi~1:::~1 ~n~m~(;]'l'~1 Ylu-:~ ~'l.J'el~ Ll'ltJ L'il.Yi'l :::m ~YI I I .. 1 II
~ LtJui.~.Yi'l~'ltJI"l':l'l~lT-:~ ~" LL~:::m~~'el m~~~'VlfiL uYI~u 'l.J'l'IYl"ll'l':l~'WLil'el-:~tJ'el~f'l.J Pl'l~'W'll"l1'~ 1'1
LL~:::t) 00-I'Wfi~~~ l"l1'~ L~ti'Wn L~'el LL~ n n'l.J n'l~L~iJ m~~~'Vl~t 'W~~'W"ll'el-:1 ln'W26 ~'I LL,j'~ LU'W9:::tr'W~'l 1-if
" ~'l ~n~m ~'Vl'l-:1 m ~Lil'el-:~ m ~tJ n l"l~'el-:ID'l.JU-:1 ~'l.JL'IX"ll'l':l~'WLil'el-:~ f'l.J Pl'l~'W'l LL~:::1' OOJ'Wfi~~~"ll'el'I~LU'W I I I II
LL{;]"Jl'l') L~ L~n~-:11"\'1~ l'llT'WLL~:::I"l'IL7]-:i~'Vlfll"\')'l~ L~'el ~:::'l.J'l.Ji'll"l~LL~:::t) 00-!'Wfi~~~ ~'I L~~"ll'el-:1 ln'W n'l~ I I II II I u 1'1 M'el'l"ll 'el-:~ ~ LU'WLL~:::I"l':l'l~Yimm~YI9 :::LtJ~ tJ'WLLtJ~-:~'!!u.Yh 1 ,X Ln 1'1 e.J ~ ~'el '\1-:~ ~'el-:~ ~1t1il~ n'jj'ru:::YI
" ' ' Ln ~ tll'li-:1 LL~ :::'el'l ~'lIn LLfl'WLLvJ ~::: ~'l tl 'W'eln9'l ntJ~'IiJ"Jl~"ll'WLt-h (;]'l-:11 In 'l~Yl~'l 'l.J~-:1 LLtl'l.JJlL "lJ 'lYlhJ
• 'U 'U
Ll"ltl ~4' n LL~:::LlJtJ'el~f'l.J l"l1'~ 1'1 Pl'l~ 'W'l L vriJ'el'W"ll~"ll'W~ n'l.J27
'eltl'l-:1 hfi m~"Jl'l') L~ hiJI"l':l'l~i~~'Wfin'l.J 'U •
" "ll'W~'WLil'el-:~ LL~:::ill"l':l'l~ LD'W'eltl'elth-:~~-:~'l.J~"ll ~" ~':l'elth-:~ " ... ~:::vd'l'l"ll'l':l~~~~LL~:::iJ1-rl"ll'l':l~~~~ "U q q q
':j"Jl'lU~:::tWiPl'l~~nf ~VI'l':j'Vltl'l~tl~~tJ'ln~. ~.tJ.tJ.), 47; Miguel Barrad, "The First Encounter
and Idyll of Innocence", in Rediscovery (Quezon City : Atenco de Manila University,
1977),17.
27 ~Yi~~ru m ru9'\!'jj'~~. ':jt) 00-!'W'ln'l~'Vl'l'li'll"l~ LL~:::1'00J'Wfi~~~L 'WU~:::L'Vl Pl~~tJU'W~ . ~ ~
~l!tJil'ltJL~~v(fim ru'lill"l'-!~n::1't~(;ln (1"11~ (;]P\(;l'l5'5'M~ 16-20) .4 7
26
~ ' ~
Ln ru"YJ1 t.rvhrvh.J~~l-1Lb~::il1 "lll-1 ~·~l-lhlih~~ nti1tJn1~l'l'fl~~:;~~·v1Ml'l n~l-111 ... "28
q q d.S 'lJ q
~mj"ru:;m~l'l'fl~r.nm~~m~rul'l1'11 m.Yh"llu b~~m~ru1u"ll'J'l l"l.P\.1609-1634
3-11 n~uvn L u1 Cl ntl VI ~'fll-IL u'El1'J'Y'l b~'l fi'LV~u n'fl'l ~'fl~ LUi.! v'h 1 ~ bn V~l"l'J13-I~ ru L~tl bb~::V~1 ~n~ ru~1u qJ 'lJ cu c... qJ CIJ Q.l
1uu 1612 ~"ll1mCln L9l-l~w~::Clnm1V~~'fli.!Ludjub"ll~tJ~1i.l'Ji.!'l!u~u "ll'J'lbbm".ll'fl'll"l1~ l?lM~n'J~~'jj" '" '" ' ~
Vi 17 11u~::"ll1"lli.l".ll'fl'l~"ll1mClnl"l'JUI"ll-lbb~::Cln9'unl-lih1udjuvn~ 'fltl1'1hn~n1l-ln~uv'h1~n~l-l 'lJ q 'lJ q q
II I I i1
'i:l-1 'i:m-li'l bbni'l~i.lb~'flVi9::l'l'fl ~U'fl'l nu~nub'fl'l 91 n'l!u~ mum~run~'lu b llub 'J~1u~::l-11ru 20 u '" ~ ~ ~
bb~ V~'l~1~::u::b 'J~1"ll'J'l1J"ll1'JYluL~'fl'~ e1 n9u Llluvn ~ ~m1'1"ll1'J~~utlu~nhl1~fu l"l'J1l-ltJ ~n~~l-1 '" q
• I ""' • I "" "'29 91 n"ll1'J~ bui.l3-11ni.ln91 n m~u n l"l~'fl'l bb~::mn~wn'jj" ~ ~ '
l'l'fll-111 uti 1655 ~mum~ruL~'fl~1u'Ju1~LnV~m~~u~u1 mJ Lll'fl'l91n~ Luuiln1~'~ ~ ~ '
'Vl~1~~'flu bb~::oif'fli V~ bbtJ'l~::~~1'll-11 n~uV11 bi.l1 Ln V~~u~n l"lf'l1 uti 1656 'i:V~uYi~~ l'l1ut~u~::m M q
bb~::'"hu'Vl~1~ 9u"ll1'J 1"11-~ b~uu~1'fl"ll1'J ~n::1'u~nn Lllu~'Ju~::riu
91nm~~~ bUUL1lu~1u L~u Lmuum~~u~'lbbl'lu 1663 "ll1'J~ Luut~~::~'l 'i:l-l~nn:: q
~
(Moluccas) bL~::snl-JU'J'lmu~::l-11ru 15 u LL~::l'l'fll-11~Luun~u1ul"l~'fl'~snl-lu'J'lm~nl"lf'l LL~V~'~ ' ' ~
1 ~ b ~i.l~ 1"Jl1 'J 3-1 ~ ~ 3-1 n '\Al mu 13-1 Vi 9 ::fn'jj-1f'I'J 13-1 ~'l'l.J m~Vi ~LUi.!~:;~'! ~i.lbbVIi.llUVh 1 ~"Jl1'J bl-1 b~'fltl q '"
' ~ ~
1 ~ b Yl'fl bb~ n nuil lnU11'\Al bb~::m~1 ~l"l'J13-!"ll'Jtl b~~'fl ~'11"1~13-!l~~i.l~ VI~'! CJ~".ll'fl'l~'ll"lnl-11 i.l"ll'J'l11vh q
28 Luis Q. Lacar, "Neglected Dimensions in the Development of Muslim
Mindanao and The Continuing Struggle of The Mora Pepple for Self-Determination," in
The ELEVENTH IAHA Conference, "International Association of historians of Asia",
Session Ill, Colombo, 1-5 August 1988, 3.
29'\Al'lfll 'i:~'i:u, mru19'm'Vl::L~L~U1i.loif1'1L~'fl'IL~tl'l ll11"1 2 (nNL'Vl'Y'l.., : Ll"l~VIl'Vltl,
q
2523), 369. ~~1u~::L~tJVILi.l Gregorio F. Zaide, Philippine Political and Cultural History
Volume 1 (Manila : Philippine Education Company, 1957), 306-322.
27
'f) tJ '1-.1 hn PI'13J L ~ P~n'1HUll'1tJ 1 '\..!"ll'fl-.1"!!'1';1 L3J tn~ mnum~un 1"1 ~'fl-.1"1l'fl-.1 ~~ ~'1'\..!il ~ ~.Yh • •
1~Lfl{;ln'1'iLLU--1=fi-.1'el'1u'1~nuL'fl-.1 ri'fl1~Ln(;lf'l'J'13J~'fl'WLL'flll'1t.JL'W L"li'W 1u l"l.fl!. 1725 L3Ji3J~~{;l m~ ""' J' .I o ~ .I , 0/ a ~ o J' ,
~ {;) {;1'\..!"11'\..!un 1"1 ~'fl--11!~ LL 'Vl'W~'fl L{;lt.Ju n l"l~'fl-.1'fltl '1-.1 L "113-1 LL "11-.1 LL~~'J"l-.1'\..! btlU'1m'J3J'fl '1'\..!'1~ "11'\..!PINPI'fl
~~~'1'\..! LL~~ihn'fl-.1~~Un n'fl--1~~L"1'fl3-ITUtlJ"l!'1n'1~L'fl--1 vh1~dju~~~~~'1n~'1'\..!'1~"J'W'W'1-.1 tJfu
• I ""' • I ""' 'I """' J' ..,; "" " • I u !--1"11'\..!Ufi1~3J L 'Wtll.J u~~L ~ CULL~~fll"l~'\..!'1 L ~3-ll..J"l Pl~~"l'\..!"11'\..! L 'W'fl-.1~'1n l"l'J'13J"1J{;l LLtl-.1'V11-.1n'1~u nl"l~'fl-.1 I "' I
Yiiln~l-lVtlJm~unl"l~'fl--1"11'fl--1f~LL~~il~n.,l3-ITl-f u"l!'1~'1n'1nu'fl~uu Yi~1ri''1Jn~'fl~~~1'WLL~~~ll1
n iui.~iJ~ 1'\..!'1~ l"l'JU 1"13Jfl~n1~3J"ll'fl-.1U~~{;l'1~'J~U'1~'1--11 L~ vh 1~~~ ~1'\..!l-i-.1 LL~'J-.1~1'V1'1-.1~'lU • • • 'el1u1~ 1 ~iJ l'iii'\..!U n~ 1-.1~ L oir3J LL i--1 Plfl'fl {;13-1'1 L ~P~n1 ~rul"l'J"ll-li{;l LLU-.1"1l'fl-.1~~ ~'1'WLLfl~~ll'1~l-l1'l-f U"l!1~1 J~ q 1 'II
L"liu~l1'11 ~~ LU'WL ~udjut'flm~~~'1l..l1~rtln~'1'WL3JL~i.~nl"lf-.130
l"l.fl!.1737 ~fl~'1'WU'1fLI"l'flf 3-l1'1;ifl'1'W'1 rll-l"l!'1-l-f LL'l..i--1l-l1n';ju(;11L'W1 i.~~-.1'W1l-l1u~ufi
iqJqJ'1iu~n.,~nu~ Luu LL~~~'fl3-1'11u l"l.fll. 17 44 ~LU'W"ll'fl~--1iJ"l!iuu11-Loir'13-111u3-11n';ju(;1'1L'W'1
LL~~i.~fU'tl'lf'lJ'1P~~i--1~'1n~~~'1'Wrl3J"l!'1-l-fP~'1tJ ~fl~'1'WI"l'W1~a.J ~'fl L3Jil-l~~{;l miJl{;l~'Wi.~fum~
~uu ~'lf'\..!~'1 n ~ LU'WLLfl~~~'fl'Wfl! '1~'1..!'131 LL~~ fl ~'1'\..!L ~wit~~ 1n m~il il-l~'Wn 1.3-1 P~1-~--1"1l'fl rt'fl'Woir'fl PI nfl--1 I "'
fii.~l1 1 i. rl' nul"l ru~i1"lli'W'W'1'1 ~'Jt.J L ~PIUI"l'J'13Jil-l~'Wfi~~~~'1-.1 L3J hLLfl~~ LU'W~--1 L ~ut..i1--1 i.tJ • "' '"lun~~~--11'1..! f'l.fll. 1762 'Ei--1mpffitinJ~il~1i.~ 3-1'1n'Ju(;1'1L'W'1L'fl-.1nn~'J~'1'fi--1mp~t~~~{;l
I I I " I
f'l ~'fl-.1 ~ fl ~ '1U'fl'1i1l{;l ~'W~-.1~-.1~ PI i.tJ L y;'fl3J'flU Lm~WW--1"1l'fl-.1 P~'W1 ~ LuuVi r;i-.1"1l'fl--1'fi-.1 mp~t n'1~LUtJ3J
L u 'flU"ll'fl-.1 'Ei--1 n ~~~ ~ -.1 iu'V11u 3-1 1n';ju(;l 1 L u1 vi 11 ~ 'Ei--1 n ~~~--1 r;it;J LL 'Vl'W 1ul-l'1n';ju(;11 L u1 LL~~il~'Vlfi Vi Lfll~ 1 um~~., LLl'i ~uti iqJ '1!., i.aJil~fl1'W'V1'1-.1u!jmi 'flU"l-.1 t~nPI'13J"l!1'J t3J hnti'fl i.~~.,iJ~~ ~~LLfl~
..; ~-.1U~"ll~~tl~~'W-.1
-rl'J--1 f'l1-~ r;l fi!PI'J~~~ 19 ~-.1f'l~1l..l L3JL~Ln{;l~'W3-1'1~nf'lf--1 L(;lt.J~ LU'WU'fl-.1rl'W~'1'W1~"1l'fl-.1 "1!'1 ~ !J t~tJ~u1 ~ Luui.rlil on n1~--1'V1~'1~LLfl~fii'1~'W'1 fill~ r;]Lflu';jfim~~~ ~Lu~t.Ju 1 ~"l!'1'l~~~3J~u i.tJ
~--1fn.ti n ~ l'i'fl n~P~lu~ LU'WLL111U1~~Uf'l'J'13-1~3J L ~fl'l unu1~~ fll'1~ P~fii f'l'J"ll.J L ~'\..!~'11 'W~'\..!LL{;)Wl '1 filL~
"1l'fl-.1~~tJtlutri.~tJ~~ttJ"ll1l"'V1'1-.1m~A'.,nu~unl"l~'fl-.1~')tJ32
30 %~~ .., 'I"" 0/...,
~--11"1 L~ b'W, 'fl'1CU'1~n1'Vl~Lfl bPIU'1'\..!"11'1-.1L3J'fl-.1ll'11"l 2, 372-37 4.
31 Gregorio F. Zaide, Philippine Political and Cultural History Volume 1, 315-316.
32Cesar Adib Majul, "The Muslims in The Philippines on Historical
Perspective," The Muslim Filipinos, ed. Peter G. Gowing and Robert D. Me Amis (Manila :
Solidaridad Publishing House, 1974), 9-10.
28
m1~"1!1'ltJ tnJ~~TW1"'l1u•Jh~11~1tJI"l1-~!'lfllm11~~ 18-19 v'i11'1X"ll'fl-:~'Vl1-:!v'i1~1~h •
"1J1tJ"ll'fl-:~l"luVITJ-:~~u~V~u'flu~-:~ Lrlue.~~ 1'1Xm"'l1~~ i?l~1n~u 'fi1'Ji'3'Wi?l1 L'ic\1 ( 'ei1'J t~ 'i:1) LL~:::Lm:::u1-:~ Lm:::n~un~1tJ djuLL ~~-:~~~~'fl L~ u-:~~ 1 LU'WLL ~~-:J"ll'f)-:1 L"'l1~ ~ 1?1 LL~ ~ 1"'l :::h11 "lll"l'W"ll'fl-:1~ ~ !91 1'W1 ~
~1-'fli'3'Wi?l1 L'W1 ~'J'WLm::: L"'l t~ri djuL~TJ-:~vh ~1"1l1ui[qw!f1 djuLL~~-:~ L"'l1~~ 1?1~1 ~n.~~~i?lL 'WL'fl L~tJ .... ... 'l"" (;l:;'J'W'f)'flnL'iltJ-:1 (;1
~1'W'W (Lanun) ~1'fl~~'W'WLU'WL"'l1~~i?l~~'flL~u-:~1u'fi1'l~~1'W1'Vl1-:!1l11"1L~"ll'fl-:Ji3'WV~1L'W1 • • ~-:~111:::n'fl'Ll~'ltJI"l'W~1L~U U1"'l'fl~LL~:::"l!1~~ ~n~'ln~~-:~ ~'fl u1~1uu (Balabinee) ~~'flL~tJ-:!L'W
"" 1tl~Lm:::"l!1,r~L~~ (Samales) 'Vl1-:J(;l:::.ru'fl'fln"ll'fl-:JLm:::1"'l t~ L"'l1~~i?l~'fN~'lnUL~'W'Vl1-:J"'l1mm:::1"'l t~
LL~:::Lm:::i3'WV~1L u1111u-:~ L(;l'fl~1i[q n (T erpasike) 'Vl1-:J (;l:;.ru(;lm~u-:~ L1tlU'fl"ll'fl-:JU'flfLum uu-:JTJ'fln
LU'W 4-5 n~~ n~~~1tl~-:I~-:ILL~'WL~tJ'l.JLn1:::'l.J'flfLumLL~:::11~'WLLm'l.J1-L'lt1.l'tl'lnuLL~:::~~b'l.J~ n~~~ • • • ~'fl.:~ L 1h hl'lu'ei1'J '1. 'Vlmh'W"l11tJ~-:~ (;l:;.ruTJ'fln"ll'fl-:J~~1tJ n~~~~1~ LL~'W~'fl i.1lchu1t1~ Lm:::~Lm LL~::: "' . "' "ll'fl-:~ LLI"lu~ :::~ :::m~ui.11'Vl1-:J L 1t1U'fl ~-:~~ ~ 1 n~~~~ll~u"!!1u ~-:~ ~1umu'fl"ll'fl-:J"l!'l1 LL~'l L ~h 111u-:~'fi1'l • LU-:Jn'fl~ ~'ln~~1"'l:::11~'W~i?l~1l1uthuJ1"1l'fl-:1~~11ilul Lrl'fl-:~"'l1n~~v'i1m1"1l'fl-:JL"'l1~~i?l~
"" ' L"'l1~iV~ n~1'l~'fl ~(;l"J!1~!9i'fl~riu~'JnL"'l1~~i?l "'l1m!uv'i1~1tJill"l~"ll'fl-:J~1~'W LL~:::~f-:~Lfll~
~mu1~UV~Lm:::u1i[q~u'lu l"l.fll. 1844 ~~l9hu'i:~e1~1t1~V~ ~1~~~ i.~~-:!'W1~'lu~ufi~ruru1L~'fl , tl Q,l Ql
l"l.fll. 1845 tJ'fl~roi1tJL~'Wb'lX~-:~n~~~-:ILL~'WL1tl~m1J LLI?i1~~n111Jlju"ii(;l1~~qjqj1
~ Ltlui.~~-:J'W1~'l u~ufi~ t1Jqj1n11~1riu~~!9i1'Wn11~~ 1 Li?ltJ1t1.r-:~~1 'l tX~m1~1~ "ll'fl'l.J~'ltJn!)1t1~1m~'fl~V~.ritJ"'l1n 'i: "'l1~~V~ LL!9i~ufi~ '1Jt1J1 hi~e.~~ b'W(;l'fl'Wn~1-:JI"l1-~ !'lfll(;l'J11~~ 19
mnil'fl-:J 'l uLm:::en\1~ l"l'l1~ LL(;l n LLtJn'Vl1-:JI"l'l1~ f:i V~ L '"u U111?11 V~1 ~~-:~1t1~1u uu-:~ LU'W~'fl-:J~'ln Li?ltJ~ ~ 1u1t1ii-:J L '"u~ 11"l'l 1il~ ~~ufiriu (;l:;.ru(;l n L ~'fl~"'l:::1~fu m1~~ 1"11'fl-:Ji1'f)-:~nu riu~n ~1u1t1i1-:~ ~ V~ • "" ..,J • • "I"" "" ..,. ' "I ~I "" .I ..,J ..,.'i' ..,...,. 1"11'WL'W'fl-:l"'l1nLnN'J1"'l:::'Vl1 b1tln111"11"'l:::L~tJ1t11tJ (;l'fl~1 b'Wu 1848 "1J11tl~'J-:J~Lu'W"l!'fl 'ic\11"11 b"l! 1"1~1'JLffi
1~ unn'fl-:J L1'fl~1 L"'l~ m LL~:::u-:~il'fl~~ LLUI"l"ll'fl-:1 L"'l1~~ i?l'l.J1~1ililu U'l.J~1U1:::~u l"l'J1~~1 L~"'l Li?ltJb-if
L1-'fln~ 1vJ~f'fl~1"'l1n~-:~n~~1'l~ 3 ~1 'OJ1mru~1~11nuV~ L"'l t~ 1~ ~ Lll'W~'f)-:~llnu'i:"'l1~~V~~hi~-:~ 'W1~L u~ufi~'1J'1J1 ~'l'W1~tJ'fl~fu~ 1'W1"'l"ll'fl-:J~ LU'W ~ Lll'W(;l'fl'l.J LL 'Vl'W1~ LV~tJ'OJ:::rol1m~u'l1X LLri
"" ~~l?i1'WLL~:::V~1~d~I'WPh'l~roi1tJ111:::~1 LL~:::tJ'fl~bl"l11~U1:::L~ru~~~1~~-:11tl~VI tJ'f)~f'l.J~1'W1"'l"ll'f)-:J
~~!9i1'W
29
... n'"lttl'fl~ Lb ~'il'fl\1~ ~ iJ t~U~b 'l~1~'W yj 'fl ~ LiJ'Wn~'IJ 11J ~ ~ l1h'W~ ~ nhJtJn'illi 1911~~'1) qj1
'I ._..., ~ "' J' 'I •"" • I ..s ' .,. ""' 'i' • l'i' J' LL~~ ~"ll 'lnn1tLL'IJ'IJ ~'"lt~~~'il'W ~~~'fln ~ Lu'W'"l\l'il'flrl'l1~"ll'ltJL~~'fl'"l1n"ll1191tJ ~tu ~~umt"ll'fl'il1U
'fl11DLL~~ilmt'fl\i'kJ1191L~~\Ifil~\l~~~~'fl1'li'Wmriu (Suntagan) L~'flmt~1'il1UU'W L'Wt~~~1\IU 1850-1860 ~LiJ'WlJt~n11'1U~vl1~'flb'"lb~LL~~t~~~U\IL'"lb~ L'"l~~l911~-1911~ (Ta-wi-Ta-wi) ~n~'fl\1
... ' ihi'fl~1ntl~n'WLn1~~~'~1 'flti1'1Loif~'l'l~ ~'fl~11uu 1876 ~~~1ur~u1~~'il'fl'~1~~'fl 'lJ~ir~~~
... ...
'fl1 ~ ~v'h~\1 rlt1~ rlf\11 ~qj n'IJ~ LiJ'W~ n ~ LiJ'WiJ ~'flU'W~U'U~\i'Wn1tt'IJ ~~ ~~'W~\I~U'"l1mi1'fl'I11J~\I ' ... ...
ir'W'fl!!l~mm~ ~n~m~'fl'W~'fl~1nu'fl~ LL~'fltl1'1~'WL~'~ ~ LiJ'W~'Iu~"ll~ LU'WLi1'fl'I~'W LL~"ll1'l"ll~ 1~ \j tJ \J 'lJ ..
U'fl~f'IJ'ilt'W~~oif1~~'l\l~ LiJ'WLL~~n'fl\IVI~1tU\I'fl!!l~~~~~ Lri'fl~~~1'W'IJ1t~~'W~ 2 1911U ~ LiJ'WyjtJ1U1~ ti ti " q q
1-~t'fl'Wtl1'W1'"l~~ ~~'W~\1~ n Ld'fl~ LiJ'W'iltl1Utl1'W1'"ln1tlJn rlt'fl'I11J~'I1 ~'Wn Ln ~n1t~'fl~1'WLL'IJ'IJ • n'fl\lb'"ltbn~~'Wi'l~~Ln1~ LL~~1'WU1882 ~LiJ'W1~rl1'fl'I.Jrlt'fl\l~~~\l~~~ Vlf'l'ltt~~'fl~1VI~11"ll1'l r~1-~r;ltlnn'fl\IL'"lt~h1911U~\I 300 r~u t~u~L1Ju1~~~~~ttl1Jt1'1JL'"lt1~ ..
' ...
V11\1~1'W~'W~1L'W1 ~LlJ'Wtn11'W11J~\Ittl1'l~1L'l1 b'"l~~i1'W~1L'W1~'lU~'flLrl1'fl'l4'ntL'flU1 • ... ' ' t~u'fl1 ~u':lVIu1n1t~iru 1 ~~vh 1 ~~ LiJ'W~\IU'fl~ f'hu1~irur~'ll911~"ll1U e:f\IVI~L~i1u~• L u1 1 u r~. fll.
1891-1895 ~LU'Wfi1tl'fltl'"l1ni~'IJ'Nn1LL~~1..Jn~11'fl'IJVI~L~~~'IJ~1L'W1 LL~n'fl~L~LfltJ\1~1~L~'fl'W ...
nfi1tl'fltl LL~~~'fl~11'W rl.fl\. 1898 ~LiJ'Wb'"l~~i1'W~1L'W1~nrlf\ILL~L~~~~~ttlU~rlt'fl\IL~n33
n1~~LU'WLi1~1U\I~~Ln1~~~'111'W~~~~~VItLLti~YJnLL~~Loif1~1rlt'fl'I.Jrlffi\liJ,~~\I ~~1UL~'flrJI'el\ln1~U1U'fl1t'WTWrl~ 'flU1\ILtni911~~LiJ'W~1~1ttlrlt'fl'IJ~1"ll1'l~'WLi1'fl'l'il'fl\lfJ~,jtlutf ,1 'I '1 '"' ::. J! .. .. J " .. 'I ' -n'l'W ~~qj ~VI\11"11'Wn11L~'fl\l Lfllt~~n'"lLb~~rl'l1~L"ll'flVI1\IIi\1~'W1 UnL'l'W"ll1'l~~~~ ~'W~~Ln1~VI1\I
... 1~ ~~'il'fl\ln1tJ;!'tlfL'W~~Ln1~VI1\11~'1LL~'"l~u~r~t'fl\IL~L~LL~~Ltlun~1~11tlU'IJU\IiJ1~fii1~'W1tl~
I ~ I ~
~ ~~ LL 'V'j1'iJU1UL~'tlti1'1l'i'l~\l LU'Wn1t~ ri ~nu1~1~Lrl~'fl'W~'l '1.~~1n n~1il ti'1~ LU'WL i1~1u ~ f'lt'fl\1 ... '
.;{ 1 n~1il tit~ LVI fi\YJ ~tliJutfn f'l\IL~ LLI91nJ;i1\ILU'"l1ntlt~L VI fll n~~ Ln1~~'W1 1 WJi1111rl L'fl L~U 191~tJ'W
'fl'flm~u\11~~uuei'flfii1~'W1tl~~~~ ~'lilrl'l1~LU'W~U'fl\l iJ~1U~~~'WfiLilu~tl'IL~mnu'fltl1\l .. . ... .... u· ...,.::;t. -=-~ .. I <1:11 OICil .... ,J ...... ' .-... ,. "'
L ~'WU'l LL 'W'WLL~~U ~ tl'fl !)'IJ 1911911~ fi11~ L 'WU~ut~L yjt'lJbb'IJ'IJ L~U'ln'W -n'l'W'Wnut~'l191 fl\1 ~ 1911Lb~~ ~
~n~11Jt~~fll1~ 191f~'fl\1~1 LLNU'W~~~ 1'"11'Wmtr~t'fl'I.Jf'lffi\IYJ~1Jtlutf'il'fl\l~ LiJ'W~'fl utuu1u 3 G
t1u'l.~mi God ~~~U~\1 'V'j1~L~1 Glory ~~~U~\1 rl'l1~t'~Lt'"IU LL~~ Gold ~~~U~\1 Vl'fl\1~1 1.~
n~ 1U~1 LU'WtJI9l Qtlt~~\1 f'1~~n 1 'W'W LU'IJ1Um1tln f'lt'fl\l'il'fl\1 ~ LiJ'W
30
n'111'i'fl~Twmn;J'll-J'l"ll'fl'l"l!'l~~'~~t)u"'n ~'ILL~iil~ii;rtlL~uLmuu'fl~~~"uu1~m11um1il'fl-.:~nu I II " tl tl
l'I'WL'fl'~ LLI'17jfim11ULLuun'fl-.:~ Liil1;i-.:~ Lonl-J'l~-.:~ LLI'i~-.:~ L~l-Jri'l.~t:.~~u'l-.:~1uu'l-.:~l"lf-.:~ u'l-.:~l"lf-.:~"11'1') 'i:l-J 'i:1n~'fl'~
tJ'fll-JVJ'liqJqJ'liu~n'l~ L~'flhl1~~'fl-.:~~nV1'1~'1tJ~'l'~iil'W~l-Jr;)iu L~'fl1'fl L'flm~LL~~~mumnw~ J"o lJ' oQ .Q.J c:l ~
til~ L 'fl'fl'fl 'l'W'JU 1 ~ LU'W'fl~1~un l"l1'fl'l l'I'WL 'fl'l LLUU Lr;)l-JVl Ll"ltJ LU'W'fln r11-.:1
L~'fl~ LU'WU(;)l"l1'fl'l~~utluff V111 ~m1~'1"ll'lm~~~"'~ Lm~r;l"'~1 Liil1'1J;'W LLr;J;'tj"'
u 1~~ 'lt)'W"ll 'fl'l~') n Ll-J L1 hl1~ L~tJ');r'fl'l nu n'11~TYnm~~~ '1'1 Ln'l~l-J'l nun L~'fl L Vluunu L "lJ l'I~'WVl'l'l .., Ji .., "'"' o .I "'.I o ..J .!"! 'i'
11'11"1 L~'W'fl "l!'l'J~'WLl-J'fl'lntJ'Il"l'IVl'ln'l1L ~'l~u~n iilUu~'l LL~~n1~Vl'll'l'la..J LLUUVl Ll"ltJLu'Wa..J'l br;)tl
fmf'l"ll'WUfi11l-J L Utll-JU1~ L ~ rua..~~ ~l-J L'fl'l H 'flth'l Ll"li'll"lfr;) "lln.!~~n'11"ll'Wfi'I~'W~'11~~~ '1'1 ~'Wtl . ~
n~'l'll"l'J'll-J Liil'1qJLULm~l'i'l-.:~1 Liil'1'1J;'W "l!'l'J Ll-J L1~'1'W'J'Whjil'flu 1~n~'lmilu Liil1~~ r;)U~'W~r;)a..J.rl L1'fl~'W~'lLL~~{u~rJ'WLI'ltJL'Yl~'l~l'l'll-J"l!'ltJ~'I7j'l!'lU'W (Visayan) LU"ll'ltJLU'WVl'l~~ Liil L~LL~~u'flfLilm
~ Luu1~u1'1uuT'12J'flth-.:~~un "11'1') Ll-J 'L1~-.:~ Lilu~"'lriuf~u'lfm~~u1~"ll'l"llu1uL"lJI'J~u1 "'~'flr;)l-J'l ... ...
l'l-.:~il"lf'l') 'i:l-J hiJLmi'fl~'l l'I'WLilu'l!'l')~ ~utlu 1: u (Filipino) LLr;l'fl£1 '1'11(;1 L ~1'1~ hl ~'fl-.:~ m1'fl~1~'fl'l'W'liil
'tl'fl'l mi'l'llu~ LU'W~'I LU'Wl"ll~ L~U'W34
mr~"l!'l')~ LU'Wiu1fi"lf'l') Ll-JL1'fl'flniil'lnl-J~il~'l nu Lr;) L1LL~~~'l!'ltl'l 1u"Ji'J'ILL1n~l-J'l~'l
LL~~L~ fi-.:~ n '1~-.:!Vl~'lrr;l'fl~'l!'l') Ll-J tr 1 'Wi1'Wr;)'1L 'W'l u.~~"JI~ n'11'tltl'ltltl'l'W'liilVl'l'ln'11Lil'fl'l"lJ'fl'l~ LU'W
LL~~n '111'i'fl ~ 'l'W'tl'fl'l'l!'l'J Ll-J L1 Vl'11 ~LU'WmTr;l'fl~ rl'W'flU'l'l r;]'t) L ti'fl'l ~'~1 ~~ LU'Wii l"J')'ll-J rh'J~U'lVl'l'l mrVl~'lr Lr;)tJL'fl~'l~mrLil-J1-ifCffitJu1utl 1848 "l!'l'J~Luufihj~'ll-J'lTm'fl'l'l!'W~L~'flth-.:~L~r;)"lJ'lr;) hl ~ '12-l'lrtlu r;)l"J1'fl'l ~uLLr;)'W'tJ'fl'l"l!'l'J 'i:l-J 'i:r1~ LLr;~l"l')'la..J~'l L~iil"lltl'l"lf'l')~ Luun~tl mrl"l'Ju r1a..~mrLL ~i • "llt~'lt~"ll'fl'l~'l~'W'l~~~"a..~1u~~uuuff
~'ll"l1'1l-J Ll-J L1Vl'1L~"l!'l'J~~~l-Jii'Yi~ul"l~~13J~r;]'fl"lf'l'Jr;l'l-.:~"l!'l~ ~~n~'l'W'tl'fl'l'l!'l'J~ LU'W~ ... '
mh'J~'l'l~ 'l~'ll"l1'1l-JLl-J 'Lruu "l!'l'J~ LU'WVJ'l LfJ'fl'tltJ'ltJ~'WLLr;)'WLL~~Lt:.JmL~i~'l~'W'll"l1~ r;f hl1~ .. '
~ ~ r;l 'l'WLL~ ~U'1'J'l 1Lt:.Jtl LL ~ i~'l ~'W'l;s~~'ll-J 1 'W~')'W"lJ'fl'l"lf'l')~~~l-J Lr;)tJl'i''J 1u ~'fl'l mnL~ r;)'I1~L ~'W~'l
34'J:nr'l'J11ru ~ru,~~-.:~1!f, "u.u'Ji'J2-IU~r;)Ufl'flmLt-i'l"l!'l~'i:l-J'i:1," 'J'11~'1ra..~um~~'l~l'lf
l"ltl.!o/a..J~mJ~'l~l'lf a..~~'17jVlm~m~u-.:~1~3J 20, 2(La..J'l!t'ltJ'W-31~u'ltJ'W 2523): 91.
'vZ '(OZ9Z 'g~~Lie!liU.!tll~LillA.t.L~Ii _, ... ... .f~~Liel~~~rul!l ~n1l!!L@Aa~1B1~1el1~L~U~~LUMI!l1 :h.M.lA.1t-lu) (f1.,(t~~LL-Iil!!ULI'ULBI'1.[J11"1.Bf.Jil_ttf.3
~11t-~)r1l!lt-~~~11~\;!~~~lel1 t-B[;S1.!:LUt-~11111"1.1l~I11.!:LU : ~1'1.1}11~~ '~1'1.@~ Ll~~sc ~ '
~ . ~B~~ f1.~lA.LU.H:IrT.Uf1.~lA.t-BI6.L~mur..rauml!lt-rT.BI6. U~1~~11~~~1'1.Lt-t-~11t-B~l!llil!4 ~Uii~~Uf1.U.f1.11.U11 '='P=" I /1 ~ '='P' 1'1 A ~ ,.. A II D II=" ~ ,.. I I I I 1'1
.!: LU ~ ~l'~t-~.!:LU f1.~lA.f1.~11 ~~11.!:111 llLUUYJ ~f. I!! Lf1.~Lielf1.B~Bii~~~111'1..U.U B 1 ll~1 ~LUI'1.U 1 L ~ r.H1. W " "
~U~.!:LU~~11ra~LialA.~Lis1.11 la~LratA.~ f1.1l£1t-.!:1t-~~U~.!:LUrT.rT.~.!:~}Il~111l!lt-~Lf1.tffl~.!:LUf1.~B~Is1.1 ~
latJ~LU~ UJt Y1.1Jf.111 BlJLIIo f1._!t~f1.1}11~ ~t1.U.LU.~.!:I1t-Bil.~Bt1.1J1 11 LtJI!l M.L Ll~ ~tJ~L~~LU ,.
sc ~ ~~(Jt1 t-LraB~f1.I}I1~~!J11
U.L.!:UB1~~~~L~LfbfU~M._ttL!;'~tklf1.L!A.t-~ ~~11"1.~ l!ll111~rT.~Lf1.Lg~.!:I1B~Bf1.~11"1.U.LU.~.!:I1t-Bil.~Bf1.1J1 ' '
11LtJI!!M.LLI~~tJ.!:L~B~1 L)'J>Is1.lJ_!1.t1.1J1 (uewJn48S '8 qo8er) f1.1111Bttl1 ~ rT.Bl!!L~(: 669 ~ Uf1.~1'1.~
~f1.1}11~t:!.!:LU~LI1.!:.!:U~I'Ul!lt-~~t (A91U!>f 8V'J) ~~11"1.~ l!ll111~rT.~LM.Lg~J:I1 ~f1.1}11~~1'1.~flif,~111LtJI!l "
t-L~~~~11 L~U~.!:LU~t B~ LU!,111 B~~ls1.~t-Bil.laLrT.Il11'1. laLI11s1.(jUt-LlA.f1.ll1.!:~g~fmLtJI!l ~L .!:1111 tJLU.
t-Bil.UlM. 1~.!:11~~11 Lti.~Liel t-LtA.fU~L~I1LtJI!l~ ~ ll~1 f1.1JI1lJ~~@~ lf1.U.UU~Liel _141 ~f.l!l~~1U1111 lJLU.I1tJ~~ ~
t-~ Ln 1 L~nt;:~LU1 11tJ.!:J:Lun L raLI11s1.t-~~ ~(:1'1.1Jf.111 B~Ln.~~~11 11L~ ~ra~1~t Ln, L~M.f!t-~1!! u11ra 1!41
f1t ~~t1.111 ~L~~11 lllJ,It! LUf.111 @[email protected].~t-B[;S11"1.1J1 11tJ~~Lf1. 1 L~f1.t! 969 ~ un ~ f1.1JI1Lt1.t-~~~-£_ Ll1
LfUfU~~tl.~~~laLLILUf.111@~~1s1.~fJ11~1Jt1.1}11~t:!t1.~ ~Lt1.L~Ia~11"1.l11~ 669 ~ 'lel'l!l ~11t-1 ~
LU&~1S~&"~t-S~t-S&~~~&LU ~ "' ...
• ~f1.1}11~t:!lJL U.11~Ut1. ~ tl.~~ \;!1 U ~tl.l'~~ ~ LU.ti.L~ @~ tJis1. tM.l!.~l!l1.!: L U~ ~ lalJ!f-t1.lJ~(:L~B~.!:1f1111L.!:l!l t-~Ul.!:U " ' Ill b b Ill Ill b
n~1m~ ura11 t-f111 l!.~ m.!:n~~l!.~ t-1!! t-E~11 ~u t-L rm ~~ 11(: t-E ~ ll9~~11 LM. 1 L~nt:n t n,et~~LL t1.Lf1.L~tJ 1 ' " '
t1.1J1 Ll111 ~t'-~Jt't~M.Ia~1 ~f. I!! tJLU.~ ~11 11~~ r-cvLU.t-L~Is1.~.!:~ I!! @~~11 t'-j.~ Ia ~U1 11L lJI!l t'-J: U ~11.!:LUM.[J1t}t-~ I I 1'1 I
f1.1JW~1 ~LU.t1.jJ111tJ.!:.!:LUt-l!.~f1t L~t-L~~.!:1111 tJLU.Lis1.fULL B~ t}f1.,(t~~LLM.t~l!.(:~rT.lA.~.!:U ~t:l 11~~r-c ' ,. ' b
11 ~ u t'-@ll.(J~ IlL !all..!: LUI'1. Wt1.1}11~ ~t-@ff._f~ ~ Llel ~~.!: 11@ ~ ~M.~ tA.~(:t'-~.!:111111 L.!: I!!(;-~
t1.111 ~@~ ~ U ,VU~t-~~ t 11LiaLraM.I1LlJI!l t-~11tJ.!:U~t1.l'~ ~ tJL !fot-@11. ,.
~
LU t-tJrT.I1!ot'-l!..!: I!! U I1L 11.!: LU~ ~11 ~.!:.!:tJ.!:U }laW 16..!:LUt1.1J t-l!.[}B~ 1 fl..!: ~.!:LUM.IJ1 LI1B~ ~Ia~.!: -£_ Ltl.ti.]>U.t! ~ '
n.~I1Bia~ t Ltl. 1 L~t1.t;S~LU1 t-BIT.l!.t!ls1. 1M.@~ t-LlA. LllL~~~LU1 ~ls1.1'UtJ1.trT.~~11 tJilt} 1_fl!.rT.I'UtJ1f.rT.
Sl' b ~
Ll!l.!:LU~~11 t-BI11.!:[email protected]~IaL~LlA.I1LiaLilM..!:LU U L~tl. ~ 11~1 11L.!:l!l t-~t-l!.ll.t-tJil9 f1.L.!:U.!:U l1 1"5 fF" 0 0 /'& ':=' I
~£
32
'"l'Wmru1m~~h'W[;h-:!1L~~;'W ~m~~h~'J'"l~-:l~'tl~'WLLI'l'Wl'i1-:~1 LL~~~'t!u~~'Wm~~-:~u1'W~'WL1'1UL~ ~mffi~U~aJ1'"l1nt;l'tl'WLVIU'tl'll'tl-:!rl~tiU'W~-:~~u~~"l!1mVI'W1LLU'WaJ1~-:!~'W~1'WL'Wbn'l~iJ'WI'11b'W1
' ~
'll ru~ b~U'J rl'W"l!1'JYl ~uti 'WIn~ aJVIU-:1 1~ un~ bb~~u ~~n1 ~ t;l'WLU 'W;a ~ ~~r?i-:~f~u1~ • dJ d.9
tlljtjij;'WL'WU1898 ~flU1~.rnu1~m~U1'll'tl-:l b'tliJ~'l~ mn't!~LI'l (Emilio Aguinaldo) ~U1rl'W~ 1~ ~ r1'J1 a,~~ 1 fli '1! LLri"ll1'J~~~a,~ 'll'lu m~u'flaJfu~VJfir1'J1aJ L~'tl~'tl u~~u~~ L~ ru"l!1'J 'la,~ h Ll'lu-in"ll'J'W
1 'iX"l!1'J 'la,~ 'l~l'i'tl ~ 1'Wn1~'liU1U;aVIfi~ ~'ll'tl-:1 ~VIfl'fl LaJ1m LLl'i ~'tl-:~~a,~ L VI~'J~-:1 L ti'tl-:~'"l1n~VIf3'fl LaJ 1m
~1aJ1Hl~1bU'W'WLUU1Ut:Jni1t;l~rlU"l!1'JLaJh1~ bb~~1~i'Ja,~~-:~'W1aJi'JaJrl'WL'W;]'tlt;ln~-:~u1VJ~ (Bates "
Agreement) rlU~~l'i1'WLLvl-:liJ'W!'11L'W1LL~~an~ L 'WU 1899 LLl'in~'tl-:l~aJLVI~'JLd'tl~VIf~'tlLaJ1mu!'l q tl.. dl
~ ' rl~'tl-:!rl~uti'WlJ.~~1L1'"l LL~~1-if'fl1'W1'"lUnrJ~'tl-:!LaJhLVIil'tl'Wb~aJ f?i'-:!LLl'itl1901 '"l'Wm~~-:~rl~uU'W~
1~fUL'tlm1"l! bd'tltl 1946 'tlU1-:~hn(;]1aJ'tlLaJ~mnLL~1'1-:!L'iXLi~'W~1hJ1~LU'W'WLUU1mu~u'W~1~'W1 'll'tl-:~u~~"l!1"ll'WLVI24'tl'W'tlU1-:~~Lu'W hiLLVI~nbb"l!-:~n'"lm~'fl-:~f'I1~'W1;a~~.,a,~ u~'tlu1~u~~"l!1"l!'W~1Lil'W
"' Qq ~- ~~ v ~ "l!'J (;] (;]13J'Jt1VI1-:I LL~~(;]'laJ~fin~~aJ 1'1-:1 bl'laJ'll'tl-:I~'Jn b '111
Ld'tl'tlLaJ~n'Wn~aJLL~naJ1~i1'WI'11L'W1L'WL~'tl'W~~'ftll1r1aJ36 r1.~.1899 ~u~1"l!1'J LaJL~~
n1~Unr1~'tl-:!t;l'Wb'tl-:!LL~:;~f;J.J'W1~'JU(;]'Wb'tl-:!L'W~1'Wn!JV13J1U i-:~r1aJ 'tl-:~f'fm~ f3u1~ ll1'ft1 ~~uu
n1~~n'f!'1 m~Ph m~fJt;1~1VIm~a,~LL~~m~~1ru"l!ul'i1-:~VI1n'"l1n"l!1'JYl~utl'W~ m~uunr?i'J'll'tl-:~ "' ' n~ aJ"l!1'J 'la,~'l~il ~VIf~'flLaJlm 1~LLumi:h.tr.i-:~wrl'lt1M~ '"l'Wm~~-:~u~~fi1'W1fiu~VI'l'fll'l'flf ~~ L'J~'tf . ~ "
(Theodore Roosevelt) fi-:~'W1t.l 'l~L~UaJ 'lm~fl'l vi'vh1 (William Howard Taft} aJ1LU'W;r1VI~'J-:I
1VIqj Ld'tl~~lfL~'W'tlLr1Nm~fn'fl'1rl'J1aJ~-:~uu~~r.ri')~~Luuu1uYl~utl'Wi f3u1~~-:~C4a,~~'WL'"l i1q.JV11"l!1'J 1aJ'lm1r1~ 'l~ur.r!'l~-:~r.r-:~VI.rl'l 'laJ'l~'W (n1VI'W1'1L~VI~Ln1:1~ iaJu'Nm 1~(;]1u1 1111 ~1L'W1 LL~:I'11L'J1 d~'W~'W~L'WL"1J(;]"1J'tl-:lr.i-:~VI~I'1LaJL~LL~~um~niq.Jq.J1U1Vl~ f3~1l1'tlLaJ~ri'W11Xum~n iq.Jq.J1L'WU 1904) l'i'tlaJ1~'W~ 1 i1tJ'W1U'W f'1.~. 1903 '"l'tlfn iuu1'J Ll'l~~ (George W. Davis)
"' ' 1~fu LL~-:~ r?i-:~ LU'W~U~V11~Unf'1~'tl-:I~'WLLI'l'WLaJ b ~-:~~u~~~un1~ru1u~-:~ f'1naJ~'flilf1'Wtl'WL~u-
'tlLaJ~m Ll'1~~1~fl-:~n'tl-:!~~'tlLaJ~rl'WL'fh1u1'W~'WLLI'l'W"1l1'JLaJL~ ~m~~'l~'J'"l~'Wbbl'l'W ~-:~;]'tln1VI'WI'1
LLN-:I'l'W n'l~L~Uil111LL~~m~unf'1~'tl-:! fl'flL'iXLnl'lm~LU~U'WbbU~-:!LI'lU'tlLaJ1n'WL'Wi1'WI'11L'W1 ~-:!LLL'l .... I Sl I !,I
~~4'-:~VI~ I'lL 'Wi1'WI'11 L 'W1 LLL'l-:~ r?i-:~,r'JVIu'l Le.i'l Lu'Wr?i'J LL VJuVf'tl-:~(i'WLL~~t '!X~n.,~r.r 1'1 Lnu111111 'WfJ'WVI~'W "'
"l!'l'J LaJL~r.l1u 1 o LUL"l! LU'Wu~~~T~Jntl1'WL'J~1'11'W ~hi~1aJ1~t1roi1u1~~'tl-:~Yi1-:~1'WL~flu1~ L'WU
36L . Q L u1s . acar, Neglected Dimensions in the Development of Muslim
Mindanao and The Continuin9 Stru9gle of The Mora Pepple for Self-Determination, 4-7.
'lOP-06£ 'Z !!ILL! t-fl~11:-~~11:-LJf!:-L,C(Jtlt~1~1AW~LfULij, '?1.1~1 ~NA.LE
~ I ~
M.1J-trt1 B~Lr1..13~ M.lJI:-L~ LM.~Liel B~ 11._!1.::~11 Lol'l.~~ IT. 1JM.i:!f1~~1!.1JM.~Ut:l ,ltJ~tf~1 1t1 ~L!T.L~M.~ 1» ~ 1:-~ ~11
~:-~ ~rtk1.t-1tJM.[}f1~~B~!T.LWB1» t::~uLk1. ,¥tM.~t-BJT.n.~,m\€ BUk1., ra~~f1~B~Ln.L~n~t-~n.ytrt1 g ' ,.
~Ln.~~»tBJT.~~ ~~~Llf~1ft1~L!T.LJ:k1.~_!t n_!t~B 17G6~ ~nt (uozano 'llanue~) nB!T.U1 ~B11 ~B11nLrt ,. llLM.Il~1 L ttt-~M.i:!f1~ ~1:-BJT.t-B 1M.~ 1:-B~ ~ Uf1B~ 1 !T.L~UB1 1:-B~ U ll~1~LU 1:-L .~k1.:::~ LrtB .~
Lrtn.n.~Tit-~ (luawaaJBV JaluadJeo 941) LU~rt1B 1'9 I ,.. 'ell ,. ,.
t-BfT.t-B~~Uf1~LUJtlt~BLmm13n.V:1rtBil~LUM.IJ1L~Il.,!l-ftk1.t~!J1~M.f}f1~~1e11A.1:::~f11l.lJW~11e11A.1:::~f1 '
M.IJ1L)g.1n.L~:::~f1~LUil.~rtBil,ltJ~Ll'1.1L~M.~ULrt:::~11~1 ~1 B!t t-B~t-~M.L~~b3~~ l'1.1Jl1t1Bt-BJT.t-U~Uf1 ,. ~LUJtltllLLf~BU~::~11rtL~f11l.L~f1UIJ~Ltt1L~M.~ULrt M.lJ~Il~1L~~m~ j3M.f}fb~~t-BJT.rtL~~~LM.~Lie1
LJ:k1.~,.t1M.IJ1»t B~ll._!tll.~rtBil~LUI!.£,ltJ~:::~11n\€~rt~M. l!t1f11 OOG' ~ ;:~l;!fULM.L['M.tm~rtBilll.lJ~Itk1.
1:-1't!:-Bf;!1~LU~LM.L~:::~~rtBill'1.L~~~Il~1 G !11tL~~ ~~Lrt::fUl'1.L~~~n.yLfbfUj3L\:1-,ltJ~ 9 ~6 ~ ~?1.~:::~11 ,. '
t-BU1B~t-L[lB~LUM.U1L~Il~1~~rt~~~tfll~,ltJ;:?t!T.LB1n~U~BrtL~~Jiot::~11rtBl'1.:::~f1t:;:~f1L~~~1~LU ' ,.
Jio t M.Bt1 ~M.t-~~k1.L)g.M.IJ1 .fB~1n.M. 1.fL~ ~~n.~ 1:-~fv1. 111lLl'1.1:-~l'tlJ-t rt1 B £ ~6 ~ ~n, t LrtB~ ,.
Ll~~~l'1.LJt!B~t-~L~»L L\:1-rtUn.~UIJBtk1.1lL~rt~
Lrag~~M.LJt!B~IlL~LrJ.k1.~,.t1~~~nt ?1.~ 00£ llL~l'1.~~Uj3Lil.LJT.mn. £ ~6 ~ untn~~!J11:-B~~t-!~ ?1.~
llB~Uk1.\'ULrt:::~f11:-~~mn.~:::~11U~1 t-(!lk1. llLl!'tl:-1't~~ll~1~~ 906~ UM.t~1L~~_ct~~~1m~~fv1.~LJT.1lr ,. ' '
t-B~f1ru~ 1tn.!1n.~~ ~1 u~11 t-~ ~ n.yra~,ttJ ~:-~~ t-B~t-~raLrtULrtt-L[lB~1 rt1 WL!T.:::~ f1t-Brr.~ ~~ra ~1 IU ~~ LU t 1'1 " 1'1
~ ,ltJ~LUtrt1B~~k1.~::nl!'tLBH1~LrtL~ftWM.~~M.n.mm~~~.!H;::~~11t1~Ll!'tL~~11t-~ L~UilJ:t~?t~giLB!!
~M.lJt rt1 B~Lk1.1A.B~ ~ 11rtBili:-BJtl ~ ~11 ~~ 1 1:-BU:::ru~U ~n, 1J B~~LU~ i;lltL~t-~ t-B~t-~1WUI!.t-~ ft~ rtL~~ ~~1 M.LJt!B~n.~~,ttJ~rtL~~ ~~Lrt:::fU?tL~~~ ~1rt1 ~Ll!tt-B~~Uf1~Lk1.1A.Jlot LUtrt1B~~k1.~
~1~1:::LU1~k1.!11:-L~fT.~~~B~~LU~~1~LUUL~,ltJ~M.~1:::~t-~ ~L~Ut-~LfUfU13 '
rtLI1l~gf1~~!1~~1~1n.L~~~:::L~M.1 ~gf11:-LIA.~t:ll:ft~Lmm13rtLI11~~~1:-L[lB Brt~1L~~»LilL~k1.
t-1t~ Ll~::: ~TIM.L ~ ~ b3t-BJT. ~~ llL~M.lJ:::~f1 M.~le11A. 1 :::~f11!.1JM.~U H B J:>!!lt L» leliA. 1 :::~f1 1:-L ~ U L ~giLBL )g. 1 ,. '
Lt"~LUrt~n.~~ ~~~~~11l.L~f1M.L~~~»~~Il~1 M.1Jtrt1Bt-BfT.LfT.U~LB~~n,IJ11tBil~li.:::~11LfUfUJL\:1-
rtBil G !1rtL~~ ~~Lrt:::mn.L~~~ ~1~1n.tnf11~!1?1.1A.11LJ:>,~Lutrt,B~Lk1.1A.t-Bu ~1~1nL,ttJ ' '
ULk1.t-L~~~UilTIBIT. 0 A
t-~~L BM.ft\b1 1t1 rt~U M.IA.11 t-B~~Uf1LUtrt1B~Lk1.1A.UiJ~~1 1t1 ~LlJ.:::LM.~m~1 t-~~~LUtrt1 B~~k1.~:::~11
~1 rt1 r,Ll!'tt-L~k1.::~Jn~rt1rtLr,~ »t L\:1-~!1Ln.Lm m 13~n.~u~1 u ra~Lu t-1trtr,~ rm \ n.m1 t-B~~ Uf1~Lu "
rar,,\tl ~~~1 1:-B~LUM.U 1 L~~LU LUtrt1 B~~k1.~1l.n.11 rtL~ ~Liel t-LIA.Il.ll.::~t-~f111nll~f1ULU~,ltJ~ 906 ~
££
34
' ~
LL~ (;)'l Pl'l'l'-~ ~ u 11ili'fl L~ 'W'fl'il'fl'ltr'lVIU'l~ ~~'-~'fl~hlu'fltJ L Yl'flfnM'li)'VlfiY-~~'il'fl'l (;l'W 1 uuiL 'l ruihm 1 tj
t;l'tl'-l'l1utl1927 f3~11'l'tlL'-!inu~'l(;ln~'l'tl'tln'V'l~~~'l'I!Uqj~L'l.Jii'l'tl'W (The Bacon Bill) ~'lrl'lVf'W(;) 1 ~4"'lVI.r (;) t'-~ t~iJ~VJfitln m'fl'l (;l'WL'fl'l 11'ltJ1~m~Pl'l'l.JI"J'-~ L(;)tJ{;lN'iJ'fl'lf~u'l~'fl L'-linu LLt;~ Ln'l!'fl'W
~'l'-~'l~mrmY'l~'fl.:j~1~~'lL~Iil 1u~~(;)Ld'flf~u'l~'flL'-!lnu(;ln~.:j1~L'flm'l'l!nuVl~tlilu~(;)tJ1~~'l'-~
Lmdiu(;)'l L u1 LL~~VI~ Lm~1~ Li'l Hnu~'lfi'l~ruf~Vl~tltlutf ~'ltJ ~.:ji11~ fhu.:j~'ll"l'l'l'-l~'fl.:jm~ ~ ' ~
'iJ'fl.:j'lf'l'l'-~ ~ ~'-~1 uL 'il (;lilt) n t;~'fl1tl ~il 'l'lf'l'l t'-~ t~ 1~tl ~~'W'l'-~'W LtJ'l.J'ltJ'i!'fl.:j'fl L'-~ inu!S'fl.:ji1H'fltl'l.:jl-J'ln . .. ~ ~
LL(;] n~ 'l ~'f).:jtJ'fll-lf'l.J.if'fln'lVI'W(;) ~.:j mh'l 'll'u1~~'lm~~ (;)~'W 11il'il'fl'lf~'l.J'l~'tl L'-llrl'WI"lf'l'll''WLi~luL~ij'tl'W
m~, (;)'Jl'W'l'W~~ dj (;) L 'l~'l1 ~nu~'lfi'l~ruf3Vl~tltlull 'WL 'l~'l (;]'fl'-l'l ~
(;]'fl'-l'l1utl 1934 tl~~fi'l'W'lfiu~h~ L'l~'iLLvi.:j'V'lal"l L(;) L'-!Lfil~(;l 1~fuL~'fln~.:j Lilu
tl~~fi'l'W'lfl'l.J~'il'fl.:j'flL'-Jlm 1~iJm~uvJu'i:tJ'l.J'ltJm~tlnl"11'fl.:j(;l'WL'fl.:j'iJ'fl.:jfl~tltluMinl"lf.:jVfii'l LL~~ .. ~ '
1~i'll-l~'l'W'l'-!1u1VJ~.:j LL'-11"1 '!]~ LL'tlli'l (Tyding Me Ouffei Act) rl'lVI'W(;)VJiil~1~Vl~tltlutfLU'WL'tln11'll
11'ltJ1u 10 tJ b(;)tJ1~1'1'lLilum~tNf~fi:i':i'l-l~qjn'lVI'W(;)pjLL'l.J'l.Jn'lnlnl"lffi'lU:i'~L'VlM~'l.J'l.J~'lfi'l:i'ruf~
~.:jtJ :i'~fi'l'W'lfl'l.J ~iJti'l'W'llil1 umrolV!'l 1f~u'l~ n~'l.:j iJti'lU'llil '-~ 1 n n~'l f~u'l~ VJ'fl.:j ~'W38 101 ~ L ~u 1~~ 1 ~
1utl 1935 tl:i'~'ll'l'lf'W1~m:i'~'ll'u~~umnlnPJ1'fl.:j~~'l.J'tl'l.J~'lfi'l1ruf~ iJmn~'tln~.:jtJ:i'~fi'l'W'lfiu~
LL~~'W'ltJ'-1'1\fL'tl~ LL'tl~ Ln'll'tl'W L~Lilutl~~fi'l'W'lfi'l.J~Pl'WLL:i'n'lf'fl.:j~'lfi'l1ruf~YJ~tltlutf Vfi.:jfil'ln
~'lli'l~'l'-!L~nfilf.:j~~'tl'lLL~'l YJ~tJtluim~fuLt:ln~'llt1U'l.:j~l-J\j1nJLd'tl.ru~ 4 m·n!J'lPll-1 rut 1946 ~
n'l1Unli'l~'fl.:jVl~tltlutf'iJ'tl.:j~VIf3'flL'-11n'liJvi.:j~'l'Wm~~VJ.J'W'l~'lum~tln1"11'tl'l m1
~ - ..J ..J., .. "' ~ ~ ·~ !'"I ...ol ."f ...1.. 0 .. ..., ...
l"ln'l~t'lLL~~LPI~'Ii3nlil ri'l'WV113'l.J'l~t1L'-!:i'n'WLLn L'!l L'-1 L(;) L'WLffi.:juqjVI'l'Vl(;)'W'Vl'ln'W L~'fl.:j'iJ'fl.:jn'l~L'il1'-l'l
~.:j L '!l (;]~ (;l~'lVInn'-11 um1~iiu"n L'W'l m1u'lu~u3'l'W'Ift).:j'lf'l'll"ll~ lil ~.:jv'h 1~Ln(;)tJ~vi'fl Lii'fl.:j1u
" ' Pl'l'l'-1~ n LL~~vi PI'WPJ ~'il'tl'l'll'l'l ~ t11 u~uLL~ul'l'l L~'-l'!lt1'llJI'WYJ\)n L'tl'l LUffi'l.Jiil'ln'l!'l'l 1"11-~ L~tJuYJ~tltlutf
~.:jlij l.:j1 LL~ 'l LU'W'll1'lYl ~ tltl ul ~ 'l u nuJuL t).:j ~ 'lJ L ;lt).:jlij 'l nu Ltl'l.J'l tl'iltl'ltl~ ~u~v'h nu 1 ~ LLfi'll'n~.:j
VJU ~'l~1'l.:jPJ'l'll-lhl'V'l'fl11ii LL~~m~Vl'l.Jn1~LYJ'fl'W(;]'fl'll'l'l L'-1 L1 L~il'flum~\lntm'lu L(;)tJ'VJ'l.:j~'fl'-1
""" 'U'VI'VI 3
if'lJ~' l:~h'l un'lrl'l~~tJ-:JYl~tltlul Ln ~~u~1 d:luL'J~'l'W'l'W~-:J LLI?i~ LtluLL~~~~f~ tJ L~1'n1tln r11tl-:J~'WL~Yltl n~un~1u Lii'WifqJ~'l bftJf-:J~'l~'W~-:Jil~,uu~ l:~u~"Jl'l'J 1:~ b1L'W111r1L~ ~ tJ-:JYl ~tlilul J-:J f"l-:Jtl'Wfmf1 oo.J'Wfi11~ Yltl'ltJ'l~tlniltJ-:Jfn'li'l1 oo.J'Wfi11~~tl-:J ~nu 1 ~~u LtitJ-:J hl~1 ~ • ~~u t!u~1Lilun~~,,~~u{~.Yhm11?itJ«L~tJLtJntrn1!truVl1-:J1oo.Jun11~ l:~u~~Vl'l'W~'l'W'l~~L~~ ~'W~tl1 ~tl-:Jf~ LL~~L~tlrl'J1~tl~1tl~~tl-:J1oo.J'Wfi~~tl-!lln'WLtl-:J~n~'Jtl tfl'WL~LLfl n~~~~n~'W~1L'W1
' ' ... ~'l11L'W11J'lr11'W ,,~,~ LL~~~~ LL~~~n1~ ~n1~ ~-:Jm1ritJ~'J~tJ-:Ji1'1J~'Lilutlnn!Jm1ru.Yhn~~u
~1'W1'W tl1~Vi~'l1tl.l'l~-:J~1L~"J~tl-:JUqJ~1b~Ln~~~~ trn1!tru~~tl-:JUqJ~1fll'J1~i~LLU-:JLL~~e.J~ ..l~ ., ... .l'
m~VlUVl b~m~~'W
fll'J'l~i~ LLU-:J~tJ-:J"ll'l'J l:~tnJ~~~Luuil'lJ~'~'umni1tJ-:J m1tlnr~1t1-:J LM1!t~n~ LL~~
1oo.J'WD11~ m1«1u1ui1u~'lLt.!'ltl'l'"lntl~'lLUt.!n'l1vh~'ltJVlfYlmmn11~"ll'l~LL~d~'J~fiiUtflt.!~'JtJ • I ..Ia~ ' _. ::_ .., • - J .. ,., "' ' .!' ' "
-:J'l~~tl-:Ju1~LVlfiiVl2-Jtl~ tJnVl-:JtJ-:JVl'l~'lf.J"ll'Jin~tl-:JLYltl'W~~~~'JtJn'W n'l11ntl\1LL~~n'l11ntlln'l'W~'l
~'ln~'lL~!?JtJi1-:J1L~LLri
tl """ ... .. .ool-. 'i:m 1 'i'VI VI'U ~ n 1 'iCI 'il fl 'i'il ~VI (;I 1.1
n'l1ntJf'l1tJ-:J~~uLiluilqJ~1~LLm~1~mn~tJ-:Jf~u.,~ 1u"J!'J-:J~~~f~tJLl-l1-mtlnr~1tl-:J
1tllil n11~-:J L~T~ 1 ~n~ 2-J f"l'W~t!u titl fill ~'W'l P~1-~ j;f Vl'l-:J !ntl'WL ~iltl~tl-:JU1~ L Vl fiiYl ~tlilulL ;r,'ttl fil1tltl
..l... 'I "' • I ~ "' • _:;., ov ..J 'I ..l... 'I ..l r11tl-:JVl~'WVl1-:Jintl'W bln~tl-:Ju1~LVlfll b~ Pl'WL~~'l'Wl~n~111tl-!lVl'l-:J b'Wn'l1r11tltlfll1tl-:JVl~'W b'W~n!~Vl
Pl'WWeJ-:J~'WL~~~tlYl'Jn~~~~LL~~"ll'WLth!Ji'l-:J1 J-:Jhl~'WLP!tl vl11~L~mWtltiLL~~mh'J~'lYl'Jnf"lT~L~tl'W ' I I .oqj 0 .cit.
'J'l~'l LLtJ-:JVlVl'ln'W
'lu1~~~1-:J P~.fll. 1903-1939 U11n!J~1il~tl'Y'WYlL;r'l~'ltl1~~~ru 1.4 ~'l'Wfll'W ilm1
'l- J' ct. "'"C:.t .a:rA ~ .:ill
~-!l'VJ'W 'W~'W~'lL'W'l~'ln~u n~m1~Vl'l-:Jm1m1!tmLL~~m1r11nLYl~~'W ~m1~-!l'VJ'WVl-:J~1n"ll'l'J~'W
LL~~"ll1'JI"l1-~ j;f~1n~'W Pl'WL~~~~L~ L;J'l~1vl1n'W1'W~tl~~tl-:J"ll1'J~~~~~-:J~-:J~'W~1'Wtl~L~~ vl11 ~
35
36
" Ln~l"l'l'UJU'l~'llla.J'l.:lfi'WLL~:ilm~~~uriu;iu~:'lll~'l'I'V'i'lnri~gH~m.!LL~:'V'i'lm.J~~a.J 1 l"l.fil. 1912
~ . Ln~ l"l'd'la.J LLPJn,;J 1..:~1 uLL,;~ ~:~ 'l'W t~u~'ll'l'd ta.J h~~~a.J LL~:"ll'l'd~ud~'fl..:~~u1 ~'fl..:~ul)u~P~'la.J
' ' " n{]'llla.J'ltJ 1 'WL 11 P~i1'W~'l L 'W'l L "Iiu nnilm14' ~M1Vl ~'lfi11ru:V!"l!'l'l La.J L1LL~ :"l!'l'l~'WL~'fl'l ~'fl..:~ul)u~
PJ'la.J tu l"l.fll. 1919 mffi'l..:~~'l~'WLL~'WL'flm'l"l!1l'fl..:~Yl~utlutfLuu1l'fl'l~'lfi11ru"l!u ~'l'W'l"'l1l'fl'lfJu'l~ " ' '
n'lu1~n{]'llla.J'ltJil"ll'l'li"IT~L~tJ'W~'la.J11muuL~11l'fl'IVJ~uii..:~ 24 Llfnm:f 1Jru:VII"lui11"Iil"l1~L~tJuil " L~tl'l 1 o LlfnPJ'l:f tJnL~'Wa.J~~a.Jiu~..:~'lll1'flc4'unl"l1'fl'l "l!'l'la.J~~a.J~'l'WLmlihJ~'la.J'l1blfm~'l
Ill qJ 'lJ q Q.l
m1a.J~VJ~tu~~'W1l'fl'IU11Yi1.J1~1~~L~tJ L ti'fl..:~"'l'ln"l!'l'l ta.J t1~~~a.Jhi L4h 1"'l';jfim1ul)~ ~..:~'1'111 ~
L~tJ Lmt~u LL~: hi~'la.J11blfn~nna.J~VJt1 u~ ~uL m Ht!K"
n ~'l'W'lt.n.h·:"J!'lm ~1'W':l'W'!.l~:"l!'lm R~Lilt.! ~1t.!'dt.!'!.l~:;"l!1n1 RL11Lilt.!
~t.!~1Lt.!1 "l!'l'J 'U-J'i:~ " ~ta.n "1i"ll1'd hl t~ ... ~'fltJ~~ nltl~~
1903 327,741 250,000 76 77,741 24
1913 518,698 324,816 63 193,882 37
1918 723,655 358,968 50 364,687 50
1939 2,244,421 755,189 34 1,489,232 66
1948 2,943,324 933,101 32 2,010,223 68
1960 5,686,027 1,321,060 23 4,364,967 77
1970 7,963,932 1,669,708 21 6,294,224 79
1975 9,146,995 1,789,911 20 7,348,084 80
1980 10,905,243 2,504,332 23 8,400,911 77 ... m.n : Philippines, National Economic and Development Authority (1980) Gowing
( 1977, 1979) ; Abbahil ( 1983)
1 Cheman W. K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand (Singapore : Oxford University Press, 1990), 24.
21bid., 25.
37
' ~
'"l"lnl?l"l~"l-:J 1 LL~~-:JL~Lih .. d"l'fil?l~"lL~~tl~'el-:JU~~"l!"lmta..~t~lPi'-:JLLI'ltJ 1903-1918 iJ ' ~ '
'fi 1?1~1 L ~~m'l ~~N ~~Vf'tlu1 ~L~u~1 1 u"Jlr:J-:Jil "ll"l'd ta.J t:ru-:Ji'Ju :r~"ll"l nnL~~ LiluL ~"l~'el-:JVi~u~r:Ju 1 Vlqj'el~ IJ' I I I
lPl-:JLLI'IU 1918 'eil?l~"lU~~"l!"ln~L~~tJJ3-a..~Lvhriu~"l'W'd'W1h~"ll"lmVl311"1i"ll"l'd ta..~t:r LL~~u:r~"ll"lm ta..~t:r I I I II
L~~tl~ ~~-:J'Vln"JJru~ 1 uil 1980 ~"l'W'l'WU~:;"l!"lmVihJ1"ll"ll"l'l ta..~ t:rL~a.J~'W'"l'WiJ~"l'W'd'Wa.J"lnn~"l"ll"l'd • ta..~ t~ LL~ ~-:J 1 ~ L~'W~"l"ll"l'l ta..~ t~~ ~U'VlU"l'Vl'-n nmniluu :r~"l!"l nm~ a..~ 1 V1qja..~1 Lil'W~'Wn~a..~u'eltJ
n"l~'el'rltl'rl LL~ ~n.flVIa.J"ltl iJ ~'d 1 a..~i a.J~'Wfinu ~'WLL~'W"l!"l'd a.J ~ ~ a.J "l!"l'da.J~ ~a.J L ~'W~"l Lil'W dJ • •
n"lnLU-:J ~'WLL~'W'elU"l-:ltJ nn!JVIa..l"ltl b~tln~a.J"l!"l'l ~ 1-~ L~ti'W 1 'W~~utlutf L ~ 'elVI"l CJt'lU:i'~ btl"l!ULLI'l L oWti-:J
~ L~tl'd ~'d'W"ll"l'd'el La.J1-n'WLL~:;"l!"l'dYl~utlutf a.J'el-:l L ~'W~"l'rl'l n L~"l L~ LLrlU'1JVI"lU:i'~"l!"lmVI'W"lLLU'W1'W ~ '
l?l'el'WL VIU'fl~'fl-:J Lm~ ~ n..r-:J"ll"l'l ta..~ t:rLLt'l~n~ a.J"l!'WL~"l~'W1 1 u31u~"l L 'W"l'"l ~ 1~fuu~~ tu"l!U'"l"l n rl'd"la.J
rl"l'lVIU"l'Vl"l.:! L 'Vl~ b 'W b~Ua.J"ln~u LLt'l~ 1 -if'Vlf'rltJ"lmn~~a.J"l!"l ~1 U31'W~"l L 'W"lel'fl~"l Lil'W'Vlf'rlu~a..~u~~'el-:J ~
"l!"l ~'fiuLi:JuCJt'lU1~ LtJ"l!U~'el.:J ~ t'l.:I'VJ'W"ll"l'l'fl La.J 1-riu 'W'el n'"l"l nilmr~ :r'elu r1 :i''el-:J~'el.:J"ll"l'd r-11'~ L~tJ'W'"l ~
Vi 11 ~31'W~"l L u1il rl'l"la.JLnM ~riua..~~U~1 Lvhriuv'i"l 1 ~"l!"l'd ta..~ t:ril ~'d"la..~ia..~~ufiriuu 1-Lr:Jru~u1 ~
LU'W~ 1-~ L~ti'W ur~mr~ ~VI') tl"l!"l'd ~ 1-~ L~ti'WL ~'flar'W~"lU qJVI"l rl'd"la.Ji ~ LLU-:l:i'~VI~').:j ~1-~ L~ti'WLLt'l:;
"ll"l'd ta..~tr'"l~L~fumrmii.~
n"l1'el'rltl'rl~'fl.:J"l!"l'dl'l"l.:~"ll"l~ L"liu "ll"l'd'flLa..~1-riu1utl 1909 L~L~a.J~'WL~'fli'JmrCJ~I?I ., """ J' '1 s- , "" %. • I s- A. .J
~1?1~1VIn11a.JVIt'lnLn~~'W b~LLn n"l~CJ~I?IrlUlJ~1~ tl"l-:l'rl"l:i"'l LLt'l~a.J~Yl1"l'd 'IN'd'W~I?I~1VIm1a.J'el'W1
Vl~-:l'"l"ln~YJ~utlutfl.~fuL'fln1"l"l!LL~'d ~1?1~1VIn11a.J~~"l~'1JL~LLri vl'el'W,-:l n~'dtl ~11?11~ n"lLL~ LVIrl'fl'ILLi mrur~a..J\1 U\l~\lil'fl~1ui1'"l,U'W n"l1CJ~I?I~W!hL~'eln"l1~-:l'el'flnnt'l"ltJLil'WLPI1MJfl'"lVI~n
~
~mi.:~tfhnrum~~.:!'fl'flnU\ILL~~-:J1~L~'Wtl\ln11~(;J,f'W"lLMMln'"l1'W31'WmL'W13
3lbid., 26.
38
e.J~e.J~111 ~-wYiwn~tl~n (Le:~n1111f) LD'ElfL"li'Wffl'El.:J~u~L'V'l1~tJ~n~.:~V!~~n'li'El.:Jilu~n1LU1 "
.... 1,403,896 40.3 ~~Yln'd
.... 0
58,516 1.7 'W11111~
f.l1'1'Vi1~1 49,392 1.4
iutl~~(;l 37,302 1.1
u1-w~il~1 64,384 1.9
mm-l 60,594 1.7
.... 27,458 0.8 n~'df.l
e..~~1aj' 10,843 0.3
..I 'El'W1 39,244 1.1
1'1~ 1,751,629 50.3
..I .... .. 'Vl~1 : 'fl1'1L'W Muls1m Separatism, The Moros of Southern Ph1hpp1nes and The Malaya of
Southern Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press): Cheman (1990), 26.
e.J~e.J~I11 ~'WVlL'V'l1::tl~n (Lllnmf) LtJtJfLent.u;1'1ltJ.:J~'WVlL'Vi1~tJ~n~.:~V!~~n'lltJ.:Jilu~nLu1 " ...
727,274 '!11'1 21.4
;!1'1 L'V'l(;l 744,410 21.4 ...
n~'df.l 117,529 3.4
"' "' t:Jnn1(;1V!'d 80,686 2.3
"' 32,906 e..~n 0.9
e..~~1aj' 10,843 0.3
~'d~ 1,733,648 49.7 ..l ... 'Vl~1 : tl1'1L'W Mulsim Separatism, The Moros of Southern Philippines and The Malaya of
Southern Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press): Cheman (1990), 26.
39
- 1ol~rh (~t1~~1f) m1~..:Jt1t1n o/on11~..:Jt1t1n~t1-!1~1~ n11t.l~~
IV
337,203,250 43.3 10.7 ~~..-.11')
n~';Jtm~~iutl~1~ 144,680,000 18.6 4.6
1.2J 143,190,500 18.4 4.5
LL1L~'\.l~ 131,670,000 16.9 4.2 . ..
22,702,840 2.9 0.7 t1U1
1')~ 779,446,590 100.0 24.7
Y\~1 : -6'1-1LU Mulsim Separatism, The Moros of Southern Philippines and The Malaya of
Southern Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press): Cheman (1990), 27.
~'ln~'l11\l~ 2-4 LL~~\IL'IXL~Utl'l 50 LU'flfL~U~~'fl\lt.l~t.i~!;ILU l"l.fll. 1977 L~!;lijU~'lLU'l
iin11~\lt1t1nti..:J 25 Ltlt1fL~u~~t1-!11ol~ri'l1')~n'l1~\lt1t1n~t1\l~~tlilulf ...
;J'fli-1Ln!;ILUn11~\lt1t1n~t1\IL'll!;liJU~'lLU'lU t.~~ihhn'l1~-!lt1t1nLL~~VIf..-.mnuntJLU . ~
U1~LVIfll4l'ln1'ltl\l'lUVJLL~\IL~tJ AFRIM t1-!llPln1VJf..-.tJ'ln1Lijt1-!l~'lL')'l:nt'IXL~U~'lLMMln~~t1..:Ji1U
~'lLU'liin'l1n1~~UL~tJrl')'l~h~ijt11~'\.l~'l..:J~'l~ ~tJ'lt!Ltl~e!~L~ti');J'fl..:JLUn11t.~~!;l n11~-!IVIU~'l..:J ... "U "U 't
~.,~ LLNiii\IL~tue!~..'lVJU tl1~n'fluriul"t')1~aTui"I..:JVJ'l..:Jn'l1Lijt1-3 ri'l~1..'lLL~~ri'lt-if'"htJ1um1t.~~!;l~'l .J " •
~')UtJ~n1~VIU~ULUn11rl'l'\.lU~n11~j;J.JU'lLfll11=tln~ Li:IUn11L~~n11LLU..'lLLtln1~'\.ltl'l..'ln11~~VIjf
~~ULL~~t.~~tlr~ LtJ~U~tl\II"IUn~~ L'l-lqj
"111') L~ L1hiiimrLtl~tJULLtl~-11~ L~tl L~tl\l~'ln~1n..-. LL')~~'fl~vh 1'\X~.,')~'l\1"11'1~1-if ... .
~'l') L~ tnilun~ ~LLN\I'luiutll~!Jil ~tl1~n'flun'l~'l') f11'1~ L~tJU'\.li..'l 1. ,..~ L ;r.,~'lfl..'l'YJU 1u HLL~~
tu~')ULUU~')UL'I-lqj ~cu~~fjuunfl'l..'l'fJ!;l~'l'\.lm1~LuLijt1\l~'lL')'l ~~Lmu l"l'ln'ltJ'lU L~tl L~ tr
LUULLN\I'lU~'fl\l~'l')UJLnlLViu\IL~nu'fltJ fJ!;l~'l'l-lmr~1ui1u~'lLU'lLUumr~..:Jt1'fln LL~mrt.~~!;l~U~'l
i1L~Lflut.~~t.!~!;IL~tlU~Lnrl!l'ltiLUVl'fl\I~U 'fl!;l~'l'l-lnn~hiii~')UL~tJ');J'fl-1nU1~~ur'ltJL~'llt1..:J •
41
'll'fl'l(;h~"Jl'l~ n'"lmnm'l~~'fl'll'lU u1-m,~'l'l1 ~"l!'l'JYlihlih.!I;{Lu'WL~'l'll'fl'l'"l~LtJi'fur~'J'l~L~'flii'flL'W m~~~'"l'ln~'l'l"l!'l~ L ti'fl'l'"l'l n ttJJfu LL~'l~'l t '"l t um~~t!u~~'W'Vl'l'ln'l~Uj'fl'l'"l'lnf~u'l~ ~'J~ hJtl.:J m ~il
' ' I il .::.1 0 .-.1 t.l
1"1 'l'"l'l'l LLN'l'l'W'Vlln'l'fln !'l'JU
LLlY ~~ nn~~'lU'll'el'lf~U'l~ L~U'J nun~~~ ~'Vlft 'W~~'W'll'fl'l"Jl'l'J t~ h hi ~~'l'lU~~ LU"ll'll
~1nt!n L ii'fl'l'"l'ln"ll'l'J t~ t~Lu 'WL~ 'l'll'fl'l~~uejuL~n ri'J'l2A'l~'JUL 'W~'WLL!'l'WL~hn~u LU'W'll'fl'l
"11 'l 'Jrl1-~ L~U'WL uvH~uilui;{LL~~ejtl~~n'elUn'l~"l!'l'J~'l'l"l!'l~~'fl~U~ L;r'l~'l L!'lU L'UYi'l~'f.lU'l'l~'ln'l~ .. ' ~
~~'lLVI~L;]'l~'l1'W~'WLL!'l'WL~h ~'lLL~ rl.fil. 1950-1959 'll'el'l"l!'l'Jri1-~L~U'WYl~uilui vh1~vi'f.l~h
"Jl 'l'J t~ t~Yiu riu r~ 'J 1 ~ u1 n ~ 'lU'l n ~'"l ~ LL 'II 'li uriut!nfi~n'"l~il ri'J'l~ ~ri'J'l~~~~~nm~ 'l'"l'l n ~"l!'f.l'W . ~ .. LL~~~"l!'lU'l ~'J'f.lU'l'l L"ll'W "l!'l'JU~~~'l t~ hnnr~nr~'l~ L!'1Uu11i''Vl'Vl'lm~u~~~'l~~~ LU'Wn'l~'f.ltl1u
~ . .. 'Vl~ L~4j ~ 'fl 'l'J L~ L~ U~ ~"Jl'fl'l LLI"IUU'l~ ~'W~ ~un~'fl'l 1 ~i:Jm~'f.l~'1J'lln 1 ~"l!'l'J ~'l'l"Jl'l ~ L ;]'l~'l~'l'VJ'WVh
n'l~U~~~.:JLtJi' LLlY~ 'l"l!'l'J t~ t~'"l~'fl~1 un~ ~f~u~~ u~ ;r 'ln"l!n'l~t'l' 'J'W1 ~qj'"l~LtJi'fu~ 1i'l L!'lU ~ '
In N'"l 'l n"l!'l'Jrl1-~ L~U'W ~~n'"lUr.i'l~'lN'f.l~LtJi'LL~~iJeJ~rl'l h'"l'lnLLN'l'l'W'll'el'l"l!'l'J L~ t~V!hJttJ\'fum~
~n'l!t'l t!u~'lm~'ll'll'lm~~mi'lileJ~~'flm~Lu~uuLLU~'lLU'W'f.lU'l'l~'ln LL~~m~~mi'lLU'Wri'J'l~~~
Luu~~~fuu~~"ll'l"ll'W tl'lm'YlYi'l~L~'flm~~~Ltluil~n LL~~u~~n'flufi~n'"lm~A'' ~'l~'lmh'J'll'f.l'l • ' ....
Giang 'Vl'J'l
"' 'I ~ .. 'i'. s ... ..J ... 'I 'i' ... ..J ~ .. ... ' 't ... . . . L11"l~t'I\JU~'\t'l.h'IU"'n'll1'l ~ ~1'11\J'II!llJ'Vl"l~Lffi\J ~\JLNLffiU't'I\J!l..:J'II1'll"l1~L~tJU~!.J1..:J 't U.J~
't'l'lnL111~~..:Jthuu~~Lnl\Jll'l'l1~tlU~1tl'II~..:JU't't't'ltJ~~..:JL'II1 U~~U11't'ltJ~..:JLUUL"l't~~fl
u~~'l.nf;ln1 '111'l 'U.J'L'lLiN~1UJjjl'l'l1~~ l'l'l1~;i~..:J~tl'l'II~..:J'U.I'L1 ~~l'l'l1~j;]1tJLYh,!u '111'l 'U.J'i:'t
~-!~ ' ~1' ~-'... 0 ... ..J ... 6 ~'l.!tltln'l1 250,000 l'lU ~~'t'ltl't'l ~lJL't'I~~1..:J1\J'Vl1 U~~Uf'l'l1~l1JUN'VlU1\J ...
m ~'f.lYi UV'l'll'f.l'l"l!'l'J r~1~ L~U'W~il~'l n~'Wri'fl 1 ~ Ln ~ rl'J'l ~i"' LLU\I~~~~'l\1 rl'W~fl\lfil'l~'W'l Lij un 1 ~'l.J n ln ~ ~'W'"l'WLU 'W~'l L ~ tJJ'llfl\1 ri'J 1~i"' uti \l'"l'W~.:Ju '"l'1U'W v'i 11 ~"l!'l'J t~ t1hii.~fu eJ~ u~~ LU"ll'W1 'WU'l\1 Lifl\l'f!U 'l'lVI~ n L~U\Ihl1~ u~~1'W'lln.!~~"l!'l'J ~ t~ttJJ ~'f.l~nU~'Vlfi'fl'ln.!'lUI"l~'f.lU .. .. In ~'e)"' L 'J~ 'l 'Vl'l\1 f3U'l~ ni.;}YiU'lU'l~U n l'l'W~rl'J'l~ LU'W'f.l~'ll'fl\l"l!'l'J t~ t~ 1 ~~;'W 'elU'l\IUflU~\I~"l!'l'J t~t~i.tJ\'fut!'lu~nN L"llu iJtr~~'lm~~'"l~LtJi'fu.:Juu~~~~cw1um~~~~\ltl'W'W LL~~tN~uu1u~u~'ll'f.l\l "l!'l'J t~t~ LU'W~'W LL~m~hl1tJi'L~n1u~~'J~'l~fun1m.J~uuLLU~\I'll'f.l\l"l!'l'J t~t~ L!'lm'Yl~'l~~~'WLL~~
6 Cheman W. K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 125.
42
1:::tJtJth:::LV.cU"lJ'tl\l,~"ll'W 'fl'WL~tl'lrltJrl'J1~LU'WL~1"lJ'tl\l rl'd1~n~'dn11LLVl'W~LL~:::n11rl1'tltJ~1~1n
V.'dn~t~1"ll"ll1'd~gq~~Luugq1LVI1?1L~Lii~m1f;]'tl~1'W • •
tl ... ... ..... ... 0
1~011~ft~~Ln~~OtJ1~tJtJ~Y1 ' ...
"ll1'dL~h~hu1vr'1)Vl1\l.n1r1L~"ll'tl\lYl~tJiluiu\lu'tl~fu~'dVI~1L~1 (Datu) .Yhtlu'Vl\l~
'tl'tlnnnvr~1tl ~u1VI11 ~~v.1nM-1 LL~:::~~'Vlmftl1:::"JJ1"ll'W ~1~~\lLV1i1't1u~iJv.1:::~ru~~:::~'tl\ll?l'tltJ LLVl'W ~\lt'l1~11t11Nn11"1!1'd L~L1L'Wn~~1~m:::vhm1f;]1\l1L~ vh 1~f3tJ1~n~1\lrltJ"JJ1'd ~L1L~iJ
... ... ' !Pl'd1~LnM~Lvh 1~'!!n ~u1 1:~ 'i:nu'W"ll'Wi'W~\liJm1~tJVl'tl~l'11 LLVI'W\lV11\lt'l1m~'tl ~ ~\l'l!uf3tJ1~VJ
~:::il~1~\l L ih.!rl'd1~~11"1 n l"lJ't)..:j ~U1 L~ L1LL~:::V.tJ1tJ'l~~~:::1 ~ ~U1L~fu e.J~tl1::: Ltl"llU~1nl'11 LL VI'W\l ·~ ~ ~
L~'tl~:::t~ Ln~r~'d1~i'd~i1'tl Lii~~'W '!!u~1 LU'WtJVln~fi~nltJ LLuuvrtl..:J LLf;]n~~ 1:~ L1~~'tl\lmnLtJ\l LLtJn
~'WLL~uri~ ~~ 11~t~fu rl'd1~ dj'Wn11~~1 n ~tlnr~1'tl\l ~::: L ~u1~~ 1ti~'tl~ 'd'WVIll\l"ll'tl\lU ruvr11 u ~ ~
... ~'WLL~'W"ll'tl\l"ll1'd 1:~ L1 ~\lU'W~U1n~~~\liJtJVJtJ1Vl'tlU1\l~1n 1 'WL Vll?lmm11'11-11
7
~ . .
... LL~::: rl 'd 1~ gq 1 ~11rl ttl ~1\l~Vl flY!~ f;] 'tl~ij 1?1U1:::"ll1"JJ'W L~ "lJ ru::: L~tl'd rl'W'll1 'd~'WLi1 'tl\lVi1 n11~ht'l ~1\l
~~~'WflV11\ln11X!I?lrltJL"lJI?lL'tlL~tll?l:::rJ'W'tl'tlnL~tl\lL~'Wrl1-gqf?!fl!mn'li~ 14 n!JVI~1t1Vl'tl\l~'W"lJ'tl\l'll1'd
'i:~ 'i:1 ~1~1nr'hi-:~gq'tl'W"lJ'tl\lfJ1'tl1'W vr~ntlljUii1uvr~'ll1'd 'i:~ 'i:nilum~oo.J'W1L'W~"lJ'tl\ln!)1:::Li:luu ' J'
~1nV1~~ 8 YI'W~1'W "lJ'tl\l~:::uu~1 ~ ti'tl~1 LU'W~U1L'WV11\lfll1t'l'W1~t'l~1~ LtntltJLt'lii'tl'WLU'W~'d LLVl'W
".!"! ... "ll'tl\l'r41:::e.! Lu'WL~1
m~ij~tl"lJ'tl\l~1i1~nu1 '111L1J'tlf (Dr. Mamitna Saber) LLt'l!n\ltl\lrl'd1~~~~'Wfi~:::VI~1\l
"ll1'd 'i:~ hnu ~u1'111'd 'i:~ 'i:~iJ~1'W1'WLL~'d~'W'tl~nur~'d1~P~fYln19 m~ij~uVi11 ~Y1nu~1 ~u1 'i:~ 'i:ntlu
~tlnr~~'tl\l~iJ'fl1u1~ LVIU'tl'll1'd 1:~ h 1u~1'Wrl'd1~ Fi~ LL~:::~ 1?1"/jVJm riTJumrunr~~TJ\l"lJTJ\lt'l LU'W"ll1'd
7 Thomas M. Mckenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels (London : University of
California Press, 1998), 53.
8 m~tlntlljUii"lJTJ\ln~~~1nijumL'W1 ~!ln!JLL~:::fll1t'l'W1 (Law and Religion) ~'d'W
n~~"n~ LU'Wn!Jtl~:::L'I"'cU~ Lrli\l '"'f~n 1uij?J~I?l 9
Alunan C. Giang, "Modernizing The Muslims," in The Muslim Filipions
(Manila: Solidaridad publishing House, 1977), 280.
43
'U-J'i:'lih~uu~~r;\1u~~'l1~'k)~iJre'hu1"'ll-11n~~rnLL~~-wu~'tli"l1~'W1~~~1lJ "li1'lm~fub'ihl-11~1"i11U
LL~ ~ Lt:Ju LL 'Y'l il"l1~'W1~~~1l-l 'i:rnu 'l-if1h~ 'i:u"llthn'l m'l~1 LU'WLf'li'fl'~;J'fl"ii'fl'l ~un f'l'j''fl-:J
u'Vlu1'Vl"ii'fl'~ ~u11un~l-lr;t1'~11ui'lf'll-l 'i:l-1 h ...
~U1L'Wi'lf'll-lbl-lb'lU'l~n'tlu~hu"llu-n'u~'l 3 n~l-1 ~'tl nril-IU'l~L'Y'lru (Traditional ' ' ...
Elites) nril-I'Vl1'1 'i:~n (Secular Elites) LL~~nril-I'Vl1'1i"l1~'W1 (Religious Elites) ~-:JiJU'Vl1J1'Vli'T'Iu ' ' ... '
~'l11'Vl1-:~u'l~L'Y'lril LU'W'Y'l'ln"lluonu~-:~1~mi ~~r;\1u rn1~ ~n~~1u~~u~fJ~ ~-:JiJti'Vlfi'Y'l~
l?l'fl=il~{;l "ll1'l 'i:l-1 h~'fl~1 Lilu~iJf'l'l1l-1~1l-11nr~ Ll"l~~~U'Vl'flrnnul-11 m'liJre'l1'W1"'lL 'W"IJl-l"li'W~~~l-ll-11
"'l1nth4'u 3 U'l~m'l U'l~m'lLLm ~~r;\1ULL~~m~Lil'W~'lbb'Vl'W"ii'fl-:ln!Jfi'l'llJLUUlJJl1UL'Wi'lf'llJ
U'l~n1'j'~~'tl-:l LU'W~U1'Vl1'11'(;J.I'Wfi'j''j'l,J~r;\'tl~hu'tl1'W1"'l"ii'tl-:l"li1'lr;\1-:~"li1~ U'l~n1'l~rnvhu mrufu~'l ~ '
' ' ... 1~L;hnum'l~'tl-:~Ylfh.Jtlu~rnuHn!J~l-11U f'l'l1l-1~'1~-:~ v111~~1l-11'ltlL~fum'lL~'tln~-:~1~rnu~1u
e4'u1'Vl1-:lb~n LU'W'Y'l'ln~iJm'l~n~1LL~~iJ'l1UL~~-:~1.ui'lf'llJ L"llu 't!nn!J~l-11U LL'Y'l'VlU I II' I II'
~i"l'lm 't!n~'lii"'l ~-:il-11"'~1nl-1~1~'Vlm~uvi-:~1.uu'l~L'Vli"lbb~~r;t1-:~1h~L'Vll"l L;J'fliJm'l'l'll-l~'lnu~u ~u1
'Vl1-:~ 'i:~ niJ f'l'l1l-l il-l~ufi~ ~ nu"ll1'lu 1u 'i:rn u~-:~'Y'l1'fl1 ~u nu ilm'j'"Jl'lu m~'tl ~1unn~lJ1u LL~~ L~l-1 J' '1. - - ... 'I II.., Clilo tl' 0 .Jq.J ..::al 1 ~ -=1
1J'Vl1J1'Vll-11n"iiu ~U"J1l-l"li~~~l-l LL~~lJmNrn~1VJ'W ~~nu~l-!1"lin ~'W1'VllJ"li'tlL~u-:~ L"li'W \f'l l-11j'fl1'l
(Nur Misuari) ~u~~ 1J1~ 'tl11JU1n'l (Abdul Baki Abubakar) ll1~21~ ll1-n'u (Hatimil Hasan)
LU'W~'W
e4''l11'Vl1-:1&"!1~'W1 LU'W~'l11'Vl1'1i"l1~'W1L'W~L~i1 L-ri'W ~lJ1lJ (Imam) f'I1~U (Khatib)
LL~~n~~ (Bilal) f'll~'fl'Wi"l1~'W1 (Uiama) LL~~i"'lq) (Hajji) ~u1n~lJ~ii-:~m"'lLU'W~l-11=Dn~~nu
nrilJL~'WL 'l~1 L~mnu ~U1'Vl1'11h~L'Y'lrilbb~~lru1'Vl1-:l 'i:~niJu'Vlu1'Vl~1~n 1 Lilu~u1t 'W'l:::~uVf'fl-:~~u II '1.1 .,..J ID"' 'IJ
' ... L 'Vl l"l1J1~ LL~~4'-:~~1'rn ~VJL~fu L~'tln ~-:!'"l~LiJ'W~'\J1'Vl1'1U'l~ L 'Y'ltU ~'l'W~U1'Vl1-:! 'i:~ n"'l:::LU'W~'W;U~'tl'l
LL~ rn-:~1. ~ L ~uti 1 ~U1'Vl1'1U'l~ L 'Y'l ruiJ~'Vlfl'Y'l ~ 1. 'Wn1 n~'tln ~-:I bb~"'l:::iJ L~U-:1 ~In ~1'Wi1L~f1J~'Vlfl'V4~"'l1n .df .J.... 0 1"' I Sl !;' ,J 1<1 0 ~
'Y'l 'l'lf'l n 1 'lLlJ'tl'I'Vl 'l~1J1~ f'l'l1J !OJ l-1 LL~ :::m~urn 'l ~ 'l'I~'W 1 bb~ 'l ri'l'W~'W1'Vl1-:l ~~ n~1l-11'ltl'l'll-1"1Jl-l"li'W
~~~l-11tjtu'l:::~uvf'tl-:~~u 10
1° Cheman W. K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 117-119.
44
1J'Vl1J1'Vla!~u(?'l
n~W~'l'tlth'I~U1'Vl1'1'!.h:L'I"lru1'W~1L'W1 L(?'l'tl enf (Lanao Del Sur) ila!l>'l~(?'ILU'WP1'WtJn~1'1 ., ., ., " ~1L'ilun"'lm~~r;i1-:~1 f'lll>'l'tl'WP111>'l'W1 t1~1~ ~l>'l(;l1"1! (Ustaz) LU'W1Jf'lf'l~~1~f!JL'Wa!!>'l~(?'l ~n~-:~u-:~iJ
h:~ ~U'WI>'l'tl'WP11~'W1~~1~1~tlfl(?'l111'M'1~~1U 111'M'1 b"l!U'l'W f'l'l1~~1~n l"lJ'tJ'I LN b~U'W~'tl'WP111>'l'W1 ., " •~;~
" " ~'tl Luufiu 31'W"11'tl'1"111'l t~ t~ 1 um~fnM1 LL~ :ti1U'Vl'tl (?') m~l>'l'tl'WP111>'l'W1tll>'l~1~ ~'l~~-:~i.J~:L YlruLL~:
f'l'l1~ L ~'tl 1!Al1Jf~h'W111'M"l'tl'l~fu LL~:~"111~'W1 m~~'tl'WP111>'l'W1tJ'I LU'Wi f!J~ nMru"11'tl'l"1!1'll-J l>'l~~ "
Luum (;] bb~:t)'oo.Jun~~~"11'tl'l"111'l ~ t~ tN ~u'WI>'l'tl'WP111>'l'W1n'tl~'l bb~:(?'l bb~ t(?'lu f'l~l>'l'tl'WP111>'l'W1 bb~ :~il1 " " ., ' "
Yl'tl'ltl'W 1J1'1LLlA-:~1~f1Jf'l'l1~"Ihum~'tl~1'Wmn~'W"'l1nf~1J1~~1>'l~~i.J~:L'VlP1r;i1-:~1 'W'tln"'l1nilil d.9 •
'fl'l f'f n n ~'tl J:J l>'l~ J:JI>'l1'W~:~~1'1 P111>'l'W1 LL~ :i-:~ f'l~ tj (;JrJi.J~:I>'l-:~ f'fL ~'tl f'l'l1~ LU'Wn~~~"111 ~"11'tl'l"1!1'l q
~l>'l~~~~'tl~1P11~'W1LL~:m~~'fl-:~'WI>'l1~1~rJLLUn"'l1nnu1~ 'tl-:~rfn~"Ji'lu~-:~LI>'l1-~~(;1~1Un"11'tl'ltll>'l~1~ . . 'fl'lf'fn~LLm~'I~'WL'Wi~1J'l'ln'l (Zamboanga) f'I.Pl. 1924 Fl'tl MAP (l>'l~1f'l~l-JI>'l~~LLlA'IYl~i.Jtlu~)
1~~~1'1LN~U'W~'tl'WP11~'W11u4'-:~wr(?'l~'W f'I.Pl. 1936 1~~-:~l>'l~1f'l~i-:~f'l~tll>'l~1~ (Kamilol) L~'tl l>'lu1J~'ium~~n'M"l "'l1mru1.~iJ'tl-:~rfmr;i1-:~1 Ln(?'l~'W~n~~1u'tl-:~rfm
~ L~'flfiu (Emerson) ~~ m~n L~U'lrl1JI>'l m'W111Yl"11'tl'l ~il1i1 f'l'l1~ L ~'W~ 1 Ln (?'l"'l1n"1!1'lf'l1-l>'l L~U'W ~-. 1::"1 ..1"1 "o . I • I 'i' ,. J' "" ..I ' ..,.,.. ll ~ UU'Wrl L "!I 'el'l'W1"'ln'l~un f'lffi'l LL~'l-:1~1 J:J~u~:; LU"li'W"'l1n"1!1'li"l'Wb~'el'l n'l~'Vl"ll1'l(;l1'1"1!1(;1tl (?') f'l~'tl'l
l111~~f!JL~U'f11'W1"'lLU ~~L;J1~1,!'W"'l:~tJn;-:~l111~Ln(?'lf'l'l1~Ln~U(?'li'ILL~:'Vl~f'l'l1~rwLLN ~'l'W "li'Wn~~i.!'tlt~ ~'tl-:~m~ 1 ii"ll1'lYl~i.JiJum1u1Jti'tl P11~u1 1"11-l>'l !?l~ oo.J'W1~ Pl'Wf'l ~ f'l'l1~ L ;J11 "'l LL~:Yl ~ ~ nn~
~ iJ r;i'tl'l"l'l m "111 ~il1"111'l t~ t~ hiil'f11'W1"'l~n r;i'tl1.i.J~'tl'l'tl~111U 1~m~i.Jn f'l~'tl'l"ll'fl'lf31J1~Yl~i.Jtlu~ " ' 'W'fln"'l1nilu-:~hi1.~fum~~LL~1'WLT'fl'ILM'I!t3n"'lLL~:i-:~f'I~L~LVhLViu~n1J"ll1'lf'l1-l>'lL~ti'W~~i.Jtlu~
f'I.Pl. 1938 ~f'lr;i1'WLL~:(?'l1~hi1~f1J'tl~r!J1(;11~l11ww1~'tlti1-:~Lu'W'Vl1'1m~ LL'W'l
" " 'WLU1J1U"lltNf31J1~~~i.Jtlu~u'W~'tl'ln1~1~~~r;i1'WLL~:m~LU'WL~tl'l~f1Jf'WLU1J1ULVhuu f'I.Pl.
197 4 f~1J1f'li.J~:n1'W1fi1J~~1fn'tl~Yltl1tl1~1~~il1"111'l t~t~1~nM(?lrl1Jf~1J1~ iJJ:J~i.J~:tu"l!u "" " d.9
LL~:'f11'W1"'l r;i'tlLi.J L~'tl dj'W~'l LL'Vl'W"'l1 nYf'tl'l ~'W ~ 'l'WeJU1'Vl1'1 t~ n hi1~f1Jf'l'l1~LtJ'l1'1 L"'l"'l1n"ll1'l " " ' '
1"11-l>'l (;JYJ ~i.Jtlu~L vl11(?'lun LLr;i"'l: LU'W~I>'la! Mf1J L~'tln~-:~ L Yi'tlll n f'l~'tl'IYl'tl'ltl'W ~'l'W~U1'Vl1'1 P111>'l'W1il " .. f'l'l1~~1 ~ n I~'W~1J~ (?')Yl1U bL~:n ~ ~"111'l 1"11-l>'l (;JYJ~i.Jtlu~~'el'l eJU1'Vl1'1 P111>'l'W1~1~1tl'ln"'l'W ~1~~'1
1111" 1 q "
~1uL~~1 hH:l-:~1ul11 'tl1~Yliiil~1rl(?'l hiil'f11'W1"'l1um~i.Jnf'l~'fl'l hlLuu~i.J~1~rl'W1LU'WLLr;iL~m
45
~ ~
f?i'l LL VIUV11..:! 1' 00-!Ufi~~~ LL~~1~'1c1ffun1~~ OO-JU1LlXn1'l'VIU1 ~..:JUU~..:Jvl 1blX Lii ~n1~~U~U(;]'fl~ .. '
Lvh~~m1'V'l 11
~'Jum~tlnrl~'tl..:J"ll'tl..:J~tJ1L~h1u'l1'"l,UU ~1~hiiltht.~1'"lUnr1~'tl..:J "li1'J~L~~'lu1m1J
hiLihb'"l'VIU1~bU~:::U1JL'VI~ mntl~UULLU~..:J{;]1..:J1 bU1~"liU~~~~vh1lXLn~"li'fl..:J~1..:JLL~:::tl1LU~
rl'J1~LL~nLLUn ~..:J'VI~~~Li1u~'JU'VIil..:~~tl1LU~Uqj'V11Vl1..:!n1~~'el..:J~:::~u"ll1~ 'tl1'"lmh'lLc1f~1'tl..:!fln1~
LL t-i..:~ ~ M l11'V'l il r1'l1~~ 1 Luur;l'tl~ ~tl ~~~ 11'u~ 1'VIfU"li1'J t~ 'i:~ 1tl LL~ 'l m~~Vl1..:Jm~d..:~m:::~u 1lX
L tl~uuLLU~..:J"ll1'l 'i:~ 'i:~ 1tl~~ ~ LL t-i..:~"l!1 ~~~tlilu~ L ~'tlm~~'l~ LUu'VIil..:~ L~m Lrlumm~~v'i1~i ~ S, 1 1 SJ t.r I
LLU..:Jrl1J'V'l~~m~~"11'fl..:J"ll1'l 'i:~ h'fl~1-.:~~uL~..:J Lil'fl..:J'"l1n~1i..:~ ii'flu..:~~u n!JVI~1u'Vi..:~'V1~1u'Vi..:~tl'l..:~Yi1~
"ll1'l 'i:~ 'i:~tl~:::'V'l~~tlfi~ Luunnmru"t1"11'fl..:JfJ~'fhu
nn b~UvT'lLU LL~:::m~Vl1..:Ji..:J rl~"11'tl..:J"ll1'l b~ b~U'tl~rl1Jfii1~U1~~~1~ "lluiu~1..:J~L~ 1-rl~tl1~..:JLUU"ll1'lb~b~~'lu1m1)'"l:::LL~~..:Jrl'l1~Lr11rrlr;l'tl~1~~ih"11'fl..:JL"111L~~'tl ~5m~"1l'el..:J"ll1'lL~b~
~
tJn~~1-.:~'i:~unnmru"t1"11'tl..:Jfii1~U1 ~1~Ltluetntl1~~"11'fl..:J"ll1'lL~'i:~ T'l~n..:~mn~'fl..:J mT~mi'lcJf'lu ~ '
Luumru..:~u'flnn..:~im~ru~"11'fl..:~~uL'fl..:~cJf'lufil1~u1"11'fl..:JL"111 'tl:::'ll'uVifiiVl1..:J"11'fl..:J"ll1'lL~hnum~L~'fl~u1
~..:~Lmnnu1~'fl'tln
.I .... I ., ..., .I ... u'i:m1'iflff12J ft'l12JU.91n911.:1911Uflf1ffU1 'l6\!Ufi"i'i2Ju'i~L 'nW
U~~LVlfilfJ~tltlu~iJ"Jl1'l~~~~U~~~1nJ 3-4 ~1Ur1U 12 LL~'lU.:JiJ"l!\.lL~h(;]1'11 ~m'l~ ~ '
rl\.lLL~'li1'1~'tlU~~ 12 "11'tl'IU~~"ll1mVl'I'VI~~ tn'IL~un1c1f~1LU\.l"ll\.ln~~U'tlUb\.l~1U'lUU~~"ll1muu • Lm:::iJUvl1LU1 n'ILdJ~1~1l'Ui1'flfii1~U1~~~1~iJtJ~:::~1nJ 5 % u.PicJf'lUt1'VIfi'Yi~"11'tl'lfii1~U1t1~~1~~'1
v'i 1blX"ll1'l 'i:~ LT~~~ ~ il rl'l1~ LL~ n (;]1'1 1 uc1f1u1' OO-Jun~~'"l1 ntl1:::"J11 n~'ll'tl'IUT::: L 'VI fl!fJ~tltlu~.:~'ll'u
"'"' ' ..I ' .I .I ..I o "' "'" !'I .,j.,. ... '-l~m~tru:::LLIJiniJI1~'-l1nf'l1~'1..!1tl'l..!tl~'IM'I1Uu1!':n11 u1!':n1n'I~1Pl[\lfltlLu'l..!f'I1~'1..!1Vl'-ltJVl
tJ1Vlm~u(;lPJ'l1'-IL~tJLL~::mn]5u1iLntluVJn~1u iltii1~tJuLfimnu~ffif'I1~1Jlf i~Pl'-lf'I1~1Jlf '-~'1-llffi f'I1~1Jlf ..,~.., i1~1~t1'1..!~~ t 'l..!:::l'lu~'l tu LL~:: t 'l..!:::l'lutln~t 'l..!i'31Jlu:::411''1..! i1 ~1~tl'l..!
11 Ibid., 124.
12 iuL"llrl ,~m'l'IP'f, ~~~~UU'W~,· 1u L'tlL,UT1UU (1987): 171.
46
' ... Lnmriut~nilLL~::t~n~u1 t'l~LL~'l'fl1"'l"'l::L1unVi'~1 'WilLLU'li'il'l11'1 ~1'fl'V'lt]~m~l-ILI"''ll'fl-:J
~.:lt!'WI"\1 ~'W1~\l LU'W~l-11"11'a.:lr3' lij,J'\Jn~~l-1 Lrhn.JVJn ~1'W LL'W'l'Vl1.:lU{j~VJn~ti1.:l 1 uir) rn
u~~~1i'W~'l'WLLI1iih!mh~ry'Vl1\li"'1~'W1 ~'el~'W'Vl1\!LL'tA.:lir)rn~L~LI.'Vl~nenaJL;J1LU1'Wn'"lm~lJ"ll'tl\lfl'W
1'W"!Jl-l"l!'W~~~aJ m~Lfl~~'WL~'l~'"l~LU~tJ'WLLU~.:li.:lflaJ"ll~.:l'V'I'lnL"ll1~~'tlu.:l~u1~L~'tl 1~1l{jtm~~ra n.n~aJ1tJ"ll'el.:l"l!1'l 111 1\1"1!1 ~Hi'tl~ 1Vf 1'Vl1tii"'1~'W1"ll~.:l L "ll'l d~'W'tlU1\l~.:l i.:l flaJaJ~~aJ'"l~~~nPI'tliJhu 6J • ..
L~ aJ~ fl'l1aJ LiluL 'tl nll1'V'I fl'l1aJ d~lu~u~~.:l~'WL~tJ'l nu 1u~~u~:::"l!1n~~t!u ti'tl1"11~'W1'"l:::U:r1n!J L~'Wil?l;u ~.:lLiluL~[;J1~"ll1'ltaJt~muuu'tl~rn~ral?lL'l~1~1rnuL'tl.:lhi1"1iflu~~uilu~ LL11iL1lufluL~'tl
. ~1m~tl'lrl'U"l!1'll-1~1'.j1'Wl-11L~L,tl 14
"ll'WUn:i'~l-ILUtJaJu~~L'V'Iru"llra.:l"l!1'lLl-IL~iJfl'l12-li2-.I~'Wn1nwnl?lnui"'1~'W1~~~1t~aJ1n
'W'tl n'"l1 neu.:l iJ fl'l1l-1~1Un 1 'W'Vl1\ltJ lij,J'\JU~a.J~\1 m n~'"l:::e.J~2-.In~2-.ln~unun~aJ"l!'W~UUtirai"'1~'W1 .. . ... .., .. .J I 6o' .J i." i." u.~:::lJ'JiijJ'Wfi1~lJ'fl'W'VlLL!Jlnl?l'l.:l'"l1nl?l'W l?l\l'Vl l?l~. 'el'lN ~'Vln11"11~U l?lfi~1'l~tu 'l~1
... vh UJ"JJ1')~ t'l~l-1~-:J~')-:J U ~'Utl~'Ufi~1l-J'll'fl-:J IJI'ULfl'Ufi Lf'IH U~::UJtJ'fll-1 Ll.!~tJ'ULL1J~-:J ufi1. 'li~-:J
w!~1n1~L'lfl1~::LIJLl.!~tJ'ULl.! l.!~::m~~~~-:J tl~'Ufinl-ILL~::LL'U'ln1~~1N'tJI1l~::!Jf'fl-:JLfl'ULl.!
1111l-Jw.luVtvn-:Jf'11t'l'U1 ufl::l.!~::m~t'l'fl-:J f'11t'l'U1,rui11'llm~1nl-J~Mtfd:lu~i'i1'1t'l11-:J LL!Jll-J1
~1n'V'l:::~LU'UL~1LI'1tJIJIN l-J~MtJUJtl1~~~::Ll.!~tJ'ULL11~-:JUfi1.'liL~ ~1'1Yltl1tl1l-J~~::Ll.!~tJ'U
ul.! fl-:J~ 1tJu 1'1 LU'fl'UL ~'fl ~1~1'fl f'l ')1l-J~l-J 1tl'll'fl-:J f'11 ~'U1 t1 tl'l 1il f'l') 1l-J ~ 1'1 (Utl LL 1-i-:J f'11 t'l'U1)
'flth-:Jl-J~u,J LSl'fl Lfl'UL 'llu~,l-J"ll~flfll-J~-:J Lfl'U1l-J'II'U~1'll-J ,j') nuu U'U~'U1J'Uf'I-:J Ufl::~1l-J11Cl .. ' ,:{ .,J ... ... ... ..I ~l'
L~'ULI"i'U'"lll'ltl1nVt~:nfll-Jnflunu'l~Ufinl-J'fl'U1 Ll"' •••
.lcvCif 0 .... .J..J Sl ... .. i.r I
'W~fi'"l1fi'Wtl.:l2-.1~1~~~1flqJ'VlLntl'l"ll~.:lnum~L2-J~.:lm~unfil~~.:l~~1tiU~:::n1~ ll?lLLn
1.b:::m~~~rt.:l ll~l?lm1'V'I1'W2-I'l~~'"i2-1~~2-l P1'l12-li2-I~'Wfi~:::~~'l.:l2-l~ii2-.lt!uLilufltJ1l-l ".;] . . i2-.l~ufiu~~~'"l~U~.:~~ut1J~L.ri.u~2-.lnftl'~fJ~'fi1'W~1 ·~~fi2-IVJfifl'WLlliuuL~~~ui3~ui1.:lL~m
13 Ut1'W1Cl l.J'W'W1fl, ·utuu1um~unfl~t~.:~"llt~.:~f3u1~ i. 'VltJ!1i'tl"l!1'll'VltJ~~ii2-11'W4'.:l~r3'1?l
"l!1mLI?l'Wil1fl1~ ('V'I.I"'. 2475-2516)." .:l1uij4'u,'ri1~-:~n~nr2-1~1ij'Vlmiu~1~u~ 26, 2534, 32.
14 Peter G. Gowing and Robert D. McAmis eds., The Muslim Pilipinos: their
History. Society and Contemporary Problems (Manila : Solidaridad Publishing House,
1974), 289.
47
nu" ~uih1u~..,~nm~~~un~1 "'el~~~.w~ ~'el r1'n~u~~~nu1~'"l~'eltH'l~riut~m1a.JmJ.:mum~'el .. . .. "ll1~1ulu~'el-:J "t'~~~~,n~" ~uLU'WLL-w'lf1~~LuuL'eln1l1Yl~reJ-:Ju~~"ll1"ll1~l-J~~~
u~~m~~~'el-:J m1~Lvi1LVJu~nu~'el-:J~'!11!tu '"l1nm1~L~'el~~~~'!11!tubii~~~f?l1~Yl~~ 1 1.1 I I f I
.I r ":'l .., c!l "I~ "I 'i' ..,..., .s 1 ..,. .s .... ""' c!l .... u ~~~\! rl~'el-:J'I'l~~e.J bu'Wb '"l1 b Yl'il b"ll"ll'l 1?1 bub~ n'W"ll'l~~U~b 'l~I..,'W\1 n'el'W'Vl'"l~tl-:J'l'W'I'l'l'l1 mt1 b Yl'el'l'l1Jn'IJ .. Yl~~b~1 'il~J'W1a.i~1~'WMu'"l~Ln~~~1ur1~'elur1f'l1~nm~ U'il~ilr1tJ1mvi1LViu~ri'WL'W~'VlfiLL~~ • tl1'W1'"lL 'W ~~'W~~ LU'W~'el-:J ~1n'"l1n'Yi~~~ LU'WL~ 1 Ld'il~~~~1~'tl11•'hn~1'l LL~~ni~UD~f?l'W~'tl-:J
vJI'Wf'\1~ ~~ b~ er~l! ~ ~'l~~-:Jn1~r;i'e)~ rl'IJ ern ~~~1U ~ tl'il LU'Wbb'W'l'Vl1\IL'Wn1~Un~f?]'W~n~'lU bb~'l .. .. dJ
m~u51iir;J'il'fl1'W1'"l~hJLuun~~~L~reJ~1~-:J~~'"'~1mJ1~il'"''l1~L~~'il1l1r11?11~~~~mnu~~~~~ I '
.d. .. "1 .0::. .41:111... 0
'"l\1 Lu'W~-:J'Vl'l'l\1 m::'Vl1
.J d! .,J, u~~m~'Vl~~~ m~e.J~~e.J~1'W'Vl1\l t~ mb~~'Vl1\ln~~~ f?l1~rl'l1~ L"ll'el'Vl'l11"11~'W1 bb~~
'tl1tu14'm'"l~~'il-:J ~~~-:J'e!Url'lu riri"W1u15 .. ..
~ 1 n~~ 1 ~ tlJ ~-:J n~ 1'l~'el-:J 1"11~'W1~~ ~ ~~ U'el~vh 1 ~"ll1'l~ ~ ~~1a.1~ 1'"l~ LU'W'I'l ~ L;j'el-:J'el~
1uu~~L'Vlf'IL~nf?l1~'"l~ilr1'l1~~~ne.Jn~u~'"l~U'el-:Jrl'W U'el~"Ji'lUL..,~'il~-:JriuLL~~ri'W ~ru~L~mri'W'"l~ .. .. . i:J rl'l1 ~~ ~~'Wfi~1a.J~'t!nnu ~'t!utl'el 1"11~'W1~'W LL~'"l~LU'W'I'l ~ Lii'il'l'el~L 'WU~~L 'Vlf'\ L~U'l rl'Wrl 1?11~ iJ
~~n~l'l~~~ 1"11~'W1~~~~~ Pl'il~'lLLU~.,_,1'el~'lrl1.,_,'W~~~~~n'~~~~vi1L~Ln~r1'l1~~~~~~'1L'W ·~ . .
" ~ 1'Wn1uJl1Yl LL~~'4 1?1 f?l1'11Jl1Yl~'el..:~~ 111!i'ULL~~~'~ '"'~ ~..:~tru:a~~~~~..:~1a.Jun L~n'fl1u1'"lf~ tlreJ1~~~
'fl1-w1'"lf~Lu'W~'~~1Luu L'l'l~~~v~~t~~~~~~ml1L'il1u'Vlucy~LL~~nnmnuti~~~~~~H'u-:J~u1~
'e!U1'1 LU'W'"l'1..:~ LU'W4'..:~ L~'e!L ~ Ln~rJ'l1~~~\!~ru1um~'il~i'l~ri'WL'W~'Irl~~..:~;u ~'l'W~Iu~nMru:: ~'il-:J 1"11 ~'W1t1 ~~ ~~ u~::.r (;J,i'Wn~~~ ~..:~ n~ 1'l ri'ilL ~ Ln ~11 tlJ"'11 um~un '"'~'il'l"ll1'l~~ ~~ d:lureJu1..:~
~1nL'I'l~1~
... ritJ L~Liil'ltrm~tru~l..l'li'I..!Ur;1 mnvltJmm~uvn .. ·l'l(;J.J'I..In1nJ (Cultural Assimilation) 'ljm'l..l
ul'ldt.ltll-Jru LL~::l!u ~tl L 1lVn ::1 'l..li'l'l'W~ LU'I..I~'l'lltl-.1 ~'l L tl-.1 L vh,r'W ~..:! tl-.1 'WH'l1..:1 t '"11' (;J.J'I..Ifi11l-J
~'I..IL(;1tJ~t1~1n11t'll..l1f'1l-ILnM(;1rilJI"11t'1'1..11~'1..1LUW:J~T1tJ!JitJI"11t'l'l..l1'11tJ..:!~'I..ILLfl::Ltluilit.~'W yj..:~m::~1 trm~tru::L'lludritJL~Ln(;)ilqJV11'Vl1..:JmniltJ..:~ mnJnf'11tJ..:J LL~::m1t'111..:Jf'1'l1l..l
(Ll.JM'"IUU 2520) : 79.
48
L ti'El~ '"l 1 n l"l'J 1 dJ LL(;l n l1i'l~'Vl 1~ fl1 1 ~ t.l 1 J':;VI ~ 'l~"l! 'l'J Ld..J 'lnv~ :;"1! 'l'J r11'~ L~tl t.l "1! 1 'J Ld..J LJ'~~
mntJ dJt.l"l!t.ln ~d..JU'Eltl"ll'El~lh:;L 'Vl fl1 vl'l1 'IX rl'J'ld..J'V'ltl'ltl'ld..J 1!111 n (;l'ld..J 1 t.ln'l J'LUt.l~'Jt.lVI~~"ll'EJ~fJ~uilt.!~ " '
hluJ':;~11 l"l'J 'ld..J ~,., L~'"l L'V'lJ''l:;~'l.Wn 1 t.ll"l'J'ld..J LUt.ld..J~~d..J'Elr.h~~n~~"ll'El~"ll'l'J Ld..J LJ'ii't.!L'El~ ~1i1n m'ld..J q
LtltJ~~~d..J 17 1~mi l"l'J'ld..Jfil~'VlmLL~:;VI~nuljU~ 'r.JL1ld..l mJ'rW'r.Jd..ld..l:;'\f LL~::LL tJ'J A L1l ~'El~ L1l'lt~~~'ld..J "1J \.!11 fi J'J'd..J L ll tl dJ u J':; L 'V'l run LU \,! ~ 'l J'::~ 'l ~ 'lJ "1J 'El~ fl1 'l ~ \,! 'l ~ ~ ~ 'l dJ "]j 'l 'J Ld..J LJ'~ 'J t.ld..J 'l n
'" ' 'Vl n11 ~~~ ~'l ~'Elt.lLL~:;VIuTVJYlt.l ~'l t.l(;l'ld..JVI~ n"ll'El~ fil'l ~t.l 1~~ ~ 'ld..J LL~:: LUt.!Lr11'El~ tJ n~tJ(;l t.!L -if 1 H n11
~ ~
Vi11 'IX Ln !11 ij n 1 J'tJ'Eld..J ~11ii'11 ~'El LUt.l'El~ ::d..J'l (U lama) reitJ1~ LLri ~tJ'l'Vl'l~ fil'l ~t.l 1~ ij m'ld..J ¥r1'J'ld..J . ~ ~
' ' " ~'l d..J'lJ'n1 t.ln'l J'UJ'::m fl1 fil'l~t.l 1 LL~ ::i~ ~'Elt.ln!JVId..l'ltJ1 t.!1d..J"llt.l~~~d..J LL1ltJ ~'J 1u~t.ld..J 1
" ' fil'l~t.l'l~~~'ld..J1~~'l'"l:;ij ~ L-if'l1'"l~n~~"llt.l'l !111 Vlt.l 'Elrh~ii'EltJ fiij LL t.l'J A !11 LntJ'J n11 m'ld..J
~
16 tltJt.l'lCl 11\.lt.l'l r1, t.l LtJ11'ltln'lJ'U n r1J''El~"ll'El~~~11'l~ 1 'Vltll1i'El"l!'l'J 1 'Vltld..J~~d..JL t.!9'~VIr3' !11
q
"l!'lt1LLL1lt.lfl'lr1L~ ('V'l.fil. 2475-2516), 34-35.
17 tiL(;l'Elf r.i m'J~~. 'ld..ILJ'LL~:;LL"lln : ~'lt.l::"ll'El~"ll'l'Jd..J~~d..J1tJVJ~utltJ~LL~::1'VltJ, LLu~
LL1ltJ uru'YlJ' rel'Elt.l~'l (nt~L'Vl'V'l"1 : ~~Ufi'lnd..l~~d..J'Vl'El~. 2518), 32.
IN' MI'U.!:L.gL.!l311UL.It, 11UBtfl~,, 11.!:.!:YM.tf!11J;;~,, LM.!13Liell"LL~t'UA.t'L~U~,, 11L!Jl!l::L.!:M., N1,,~1ti1L!Jl!l~U, A ... l"lj f"' I A J'l 1 l'fi A ~
~ ~ B~ j3M.f1fb~~I11J L.Jr, 111J.!:.!: LU n.~ t'B~I1.!:.!:YM.tf!1 ~Lkl.fU J:ll1!13::.!:fbj3M.f1fb~~'_fi'U.!:LYL !13
11L.!:l!lt-!13t'~,m~,m~n.I.:P;;~~I1L~!13~n~,,
M.~rLI:P!!rL~,m~ L~l1,f11Bflf1V11111JL!T.UL.ki.M.~t'~ 11~!13rtt'Bitt'B.!:l!l Ufb.!:LU ~t fll. LI~BM.B~ 111JM.Bt!kl., ~ ~
fl,V~ B~fbt'l!lrL_tCt'LflB~ ~~;;~~L.Bf1t rL_ttleliA., ;;.!:fbt'Bitt'B~, ~M.n.t:p 11~ !13 ~If-U!~~ ;;~,, 11~!13rt!JL.U.B~, I II I I
fl L ~~ ~.!:L u;;J:fb;; ~,, 11L ~ !13 ~n,~,m~ If-~f1t L~B~~ 11L ~ !13 ~n,~,,n,~ru IJ ,f. 11M. t~ B f1t U L.ki.I1L ~ 1J ~~ M.~,,
n.~ t'B!l3~LU;;.!:fb11L~!l3~M.~,m~jf.~f1tL~B~lJIJ~,mL~!l3~fll.l1kl.fiUJI-t.!:LU~f1tULkl.~~n.~,m~ U.!:,, I
.!:L.U;;.!:fb .!:L.U::.!:fb £ ~ttrLB~,~fl~~ti1L.!:l!lt'!l3t'~,m~,m~11,f11Bflt'CL~!l3~fll.l1kl.fiUn.IJ~ I
• • f1t B~kl.~t ru~n.~;;~,, jU lell"L~l"L1..~l"LI1~ IJ!13a~I1BU;;.!:fbll.!: L.I1L!13
11~!13rt!JLU.L ~111J ~BM.~M.~f1t Bf_kl.t'CL ~ !13~M.~,m~n.IJ, ~~ M.~,m~ L~~'\..l"L~~ ~;;~.!:LU L ~n._v M~M.~,
11L!Jl!1!:!11L~!l3~fll.l1kl.fiUU_tt ~BI1L~!l3~M.~,m~n.IJ,t'9l"L_ttt'~,,n,~,m~L.~B~t'B~I1~!13rt!JL.U.t'L.~kl.;;.!: ...
n. U~ 11~ t',Ct.!:LU11-f~ti1L~!l3~fll.l1ki.UUL Jt L ~n.~, 11L!Jl!l !:Sfbt 1J ~11~ !13 rt t'B~t;;n.lel ~n. ~ I
11L~!l3!13~L~ B.!:kl. ~
11L~!13~M.~,m~ t'Bitt'?kl.rLIJ~M.IJ,j3M.f1fb~~leliA., ::.!:fbrLIJ,;;b~M.B~ 11 ~ !13 rtn.~,m~ ~ ~ BM. ~
(WBISI 18 JBO IWBiBS snJeO) 11L~!l3!13~L~B.!:k1.11L~!l3BM.~,m~ ~ ... ...
... 11!!t13ft
M.U.ttiL.I11l!I.L ~.tLU~ tJ3_t,tJ3;:~m [email protected].!111 U i;M.IJ1 11Lt.t.l::~11 M.Ll!U @1 1:-L~ tl3tt LflLflM.
~~rti,M.!\~ULI!I.LJ( ~~~~11!!tl3rtM.f;p.tt.l\t:;rtl,;:l!.L~l!1_g.~~M.~1... ~LJI.@;[email protected] " I
J!t-@::.tM.@~f1!\~~N LU.fU~t:;t-.tV.t-,.lljt::L~1~~::.tM. M.!\L~Ut-G ·: · M.U.tttr.t-tt11~@t:;.tLUf1!11@fl I 'I I
rtl.~ Lt-~~@tt~b3ftt.LU.M.IJ11:-,.llM.t.l::~~,tt!!b3ftC.LIJ.L~i:'L~::l!J~ttL~tJ3~LM.tJ3LieiM.@tJ3L~U~l!l.ttL~ ' " '
~~rtl,[l.~ M.IJ1::~11 l!1 ~LUM.IJ1M.,Ct rtl, @;_l!l.::ttttgi:'~~ L-R.U11:-lL~.tLUI:-@)tJM.t.lUV.tt~b3ftt.LIJ. L~
ttLll~Ll!l.fUJJM.!J1t.L~Ut-~fU~L~~Ll!l.fUJJ L~ULI!Ji:'@t!1f}i:'~ rtt,@;_l!I.M.U.U!.1l!.IJ::M.L;'M.\[email protected],p I I I IS 1'1
.tLUi:'@)tll1~b3ftC.LU.L~~Ll!l.fUJJI11JI:-Lf3G::~M.t.lLI!I.fUJJM.IJ1f}Ll!l.fUJJL~~~M.~1;:l!. ttL~tJ3~LM.tJ3Liel ' "
t-)!l11 fU ~ L ~U 131!1.111J ~GM.~l!1 ~I:'@ )tl::: l!.M.t.l U V.tt~b3 ftt.LIJ.i:'@ll.~L ,ttl!I.M.IJ1M.~ l!1_ctl!I.L ~ rt:::.t M.
:::~11 jt:::L~1 ~~;:,tM.i:'@ll.M.lJW~1M.~t-t:l!I.M.~M.IJ1 ttLC.t.l_!1.!.~(1t-G;_t.l1M.IJ1 tt~b3ftM.U.tttr. L ,C. 0 I
:::L.t M. 1f}i:'~ rt1, G;_l!I.U ~~G_)3M.I}[l.~~lel V. 1:::-t fl.M.U. ~ tt~b3ftM.IJ.tt tr.L.j;tU1 1:-.t L~tL U i:'@)tll:-,.lltt~tJ3ftC.LU. " "
L~~Ll!l.fUJJ~11~ .)3M.I}[l.~~leiV.1::t[l.M.\M.t.l::~~11tt~tJ3ftt.LU.Lttl!l.flig:I111:'13LY~fU~L~Ll!l.fUJJ··.
L~IJL~UJtlt (lnrelt'J q!PV J8S88) m~LI1 11~LB .fLU.~ Ut'B~ 'I I
111JW~, M.U.I1Uol"L ~ M.l!l uti.UV!LI1!1311~ki.L~~gfbBJrrLIJ, 11L~!l3 ~LM.!13Liel t'BitfU~ L~::.!:L!l3 t'~ M.U.I1aot'Bit I 0
6v
50
"' LL~'"JnLvhnuLtl'Wn11~~L~n'flTW19n'lrunf"lffi\I~'WL'tl\l'll'el\l"li1'"J'GJL1L~f.JVI~(;)~'W mLWn1'"J'GJL1hlu'fJ~
fum1n~L4hriu'll1~~~tlil'W~
Vf1.i Ln1:::i1'W(;)1 L 'W1~"11~"li'Wn~~ t~ L1'fl1 M£J'tlth.i~L'"Jru4'-.:m1'(;)Jl1f01L~ n~ ~'fl~~1~ '".1 q q cu q
ulL'"Jn.!VI~ Ln'l:::"l!~ LL~:::U1;~'W 1'"J~..r\l~n~~f"ll~ L~tl'W'tl1~tl'tl~~i""JtJ ~'WLL(;)'WVI~ Lm:::i'J'W(;)1L'W1 ~ "' "' u1'W'Il1 ~ (;) ~'tl nu~1 L~ L ~u LL~9 :::~'Vl:::L~n'WLL~nm~ dj'W'tltl~11f"ln (;)'l]'"J1\I m1~ (;) l9l'tl1:::VI~1-:~ f"l'W 1 'W •
~'WLL(;)'W~\Inrl1'"J~-:Jfi'"J'WLVInjuuii'tlfl11~'W1~~~1~ ~'ll'WUfi11~tl1:::L'WcU~\I~ULrt'fl-:!91nfl11~'W1 LLUU L~ tl'"J n'W LL~ :::~U L n'fl\191 ntl1:::~ fl11~ ~f~'tl'Wtl'W~1;'W~\I~VI~ Ln 1:::1 'W~VI1~~'Vl1LLtl;~ f"l~ .. . Li:J'WL'll~~(;)~'tl'Vl1\IL;'tl"li1~~'W~L~mn'W~n~'"Jtl ~\IVi1'l~~fOl'"J1~f01~1tlf01~\ln'WLL~:::1nM(;)n'W~1n J' • 'I "'. I 'i' 'i' 'i' 'I ' "" 'I tJ-=1 " "'~ "' 'll'W 'Vl1 ~VI1J1:::"111"li'W~(;)tJL'tl'W1:::"111'"J ~~ ~1 ~'WVI~Lm:::~'IJ(;)1L'W1'Vl1-:J~'tl'W ~~~fOl'"J1~f01~1tlf01~-:JnU"li1'"J ..
... ' ~ ~1fJ ~1 n n~ 1 '1. 'W~~tltl'W~ ~'"Jtln'W~ n 1'"J~l1\l n11 'l-ifll1'ft1Yl'tl\lti'W '1. 'Wm ~tl1:::~11''W~'"Jtl
"111'"J 'GJ t1~ f"l'"J1a.J~nr.~n~'WnU"li1'"J~~1fJ~"li1U1'1XLL~:::u'tlfL ilm ~1nn~1"111'"Jf"ll~ L~tJ'W
'l'W~~tltl'W~ L-wn:::'W'tln91nfl11~'W1LL~:::1'~?J.J'Wfin~9:::LL~n~1\ln'WLL~'"J VI~Lm:::i'J'W(;)1L'W1U-:J'tlu .. .. ~1-:!Ln~9'ln~:::u~1~\1Ltl'W~'Wun~1-:!n11tlnf011'tl\l'tlU1\1~1n~n~'"Jtl n11~(;)~'fl"ll'"JULVI£-i'tl~-:Jn'WLL~:::
ri'W'll'tl-:J"li1'"J~~'lVJnVi11.~~1un~1 Vi1'l~f"'l'"J1~f~na\l~n'l'W~~'l9u1n~'tlm1Ltl~u'WLLtl~\l LL~fl U1~9:::L~'Wtl1ti1)Jn~'l~ tl1:::n'tJUnUf"'l'"J1~Li:J'W~~~~LVIij'fl'Wn'Wn~\liJf"l'l1~i~nLij'Wn~~"li'WL~tl'"J . .. . n'W Lrl'tli'WUU1P!'tl1VIfu VIT'fl "i'WUU1PIL~n~~~~· (World Muslim League) ~1'~CJtl1:::~\ll"l L ~'tl~-.1 mf~:J~tl1::: tu"l!U'll'tl\1 ~'l!uei'tl fl11~'W1~~~1~~'"J t~ n Vi1 '1. ~ f"l'"J1~i~~'Wfi'Vl1\l ~1'W~ ~ 19'll'tl\l
~~~~L~L1L'Wi'J'W(;)1L'W1nU~~~~~~1'J LL~:::U'tlfLiltJ'"JLLU'WLL~'W~-:!~'W~n 19
'fl 19 fl ttlL~ ~ 1 n11~V1~ Ln1:::111 fOl '1.~ 'll'tl-:1~ ~tliJ 'W~~~ll1'W.1Ji'J fl11flPJfl.n~; (;) nu
tl1::: L 'VI fl1~1 L~ L~tl LU'WI:J~ '1. m~fu~'Vlfi'W~91n~1 L~ L~tl~\1~ fl11fl'W1 LL~:::.r I?J.J'Wfi11~ L~tlr;) ri'W U1\lf"lf-:J
n1nf"l ~'tl'WL VI'"J ~· 1\11 '1. 'W~1 L~ L~uti~ I:J~ n 1:::'Vlun1::: L Vi'fl'W~· 'tl"li1'"J t~bPi '"Jtl 'W'tln91 n~ 'VI f-w u1 n 1fin~"ll1~'ll'fl\IVI~ Lm:::i'J'W(;)1 L 'W'l~f"l'"J1~~ (;)~~~1J1nl~1n LL~:::u\11.~1.~'111~1 'l-ift 'Wn11
~I?J.J'W1Lvl1~f"l'"J1 n1~~f3U1~~UUfl~'WL~"li1'"Jf"l1~L~!!J'W'tl'Wtl'W~1U\ILn1:::i1'W(;)1L'W1LU'Wn11L~ f"l'"J1~"11 '"Jtl L Vl~'tl LL~:::~ I?J.J'W1VI~ Lm:::~~ 'tl\1 ~ 1U\I n\1 ~ntJ!l1'W'll'tl\l"li'W~'WLij'tl\l ~'"Ju L(;)tJ'Vl1\l ~ 1'W ..
.... Q .til I <Q oiiQo Cit..... tr
~:::'"J'W'tl'tlnL'tltl\ILVI'W'tl'll'tl-:!VI3JLn1:::~'W(;)1L'W1U1L'"Jn.! 1!1n'"J L(;)'tl 'W'fl1fi (Surigao del Norte) LL~:::
19 Joanna Moore, Discovering The Philippine (Singapore : Me Graw-Hill Far
Eastern Pulbisheres Ltd., 1971), 67-109.
51
"Ji~'rl'J b~'fl "Jjf (Surigao del Sur) bb~::: "l!'ll-l1f (Samar) iJ~'lUL~IOl'ln'Vl~~mnnh·::;u-wm1n'lt?J~ ~'l~ry1~mi 'Vl'fl.:j~'l b~'W LJt:::~'J 'Vl'fl.:jbb~.:j bb~:::~.:jn::;~
4'.:j'VIt)~ b'flf:J8Jl'l'W b~'fl 'W'flfn (Agusan del Norte) bb~::: b'flf:J"l!'l'W b~'fl "!!f (Agusan del
Sur) e.t~e.t~LJI~~'l~'\JL~'Lui 13Y~n 'VI'J'lU bb~:::tl~'l ~'J'WU'1b'JW~~l-JLJI'fl'Wn~'l.:jilm~tl~ntl'l;l-lbb~:::
t'l'lf!j (Sago)
4'.:j'VIt)~~'lb'J'l b~'fl 'W'flfn (Davao del Norte) bb~::: ~'lb'J'l b~'fl "!!f (Davao del Sur) iJ ' ~ ~
n 'l n ~ 'l ::;tl ~ m..l 'l'Wl-J\1~ 'l bb~ :::l-J ::;~ 1'1'JU'1b'J W8Jl'lU ~ .:j 'W'fln~Gl'l nU~.:j L -if~ ~.:j.:j'l'W'Il 'll-J'l eJ~ LJ!b 'W
fJLJit'l'l'VIm~l-l m~e.t~LJtb~'fl~.:j'fl'flniOl'lm;:j'fl.:j~'lb'J'l b;:j'fl.:jl-J'l~LJI'l (Malita) 'Vl'l.:jLJt'fl'WL~bb~::;b;:j'fl.:jl-J'l~
(Mati) il bb'VI~.:jth'W~'W'fl~1n~th'Jl-l'l 'i:u (Mayo Bay) bb~:::n'll-J:::ti-ul0l'ln1JL·ll'l1vl'fl'l ttl
4'.:j'VIt) ~ Pl'l LJt'lU'l LLJt bb~:::Pl'l LJt'lU'l LLJtL~ d~I'Wbb'VI~.:jtl~n-if'l'J'li'fl.:j Lm::;iju~'l b'W'l bb~::;~.:jil ~ .J ~ ~
l-l~1'l'J '!l'lLJt'l~ -i!'l'J ~:~~ ern bb~:::~utl::;~~ L~UIOl:::tl~n-i!'l'J'VlU'1b'JW'Il'liOl'ln m.lu'lij'W~'l b'W'lvi'Jl-J~.:j ~~
~~bil'fl.:j~'J'WL'VIqjbij-wen1'l~t'l~l-l ~'l'We.t~e.t~LJtiOl'lnth 'l~Lbri 'VI'l1u ~~.:jbb~:::m.:j13Y
~'l'W~'lb'W'l b~'fl 'W'flfn (Lanao del Norte) bb~:::~'lb'W'l b~'flf "!!f (Lanao del Sur) iJ
~'Wfl ~l-l t'll-llJ~Wbb~:::'fl'ln'lM Lu-w fJ LJt t'l'l'VIn ~~l-lt uLil'fl.:j L'fl~~ n-uLL~::: Lil'fl.:j ~'ll-l1~1. um~vh LN.:j'l'W
' ' ."! ... ... .. -- ..J. ... :1 tl •• 1 _, -- .., .., --~u 8J!Ll-J'WLJILL~:::L'VI~nn~1 'C'f'l'WU~L'lW8J!1UI'!.:j'Vl::;L~ ~nn'lLL-n u'l'W l,J::;~~'l'l m e.tn n~'lU Lb~::;
e.t~LJt.ritu"VliOl'lnU'l tl~:::en'lm~'l'Wl-l'ln~Gl:::Li~I'Wl-lt'l~l-l iJm~t'\1'WL~'flbL~:::vhLPli'fl.:jL-if'Vl'fl.:jL'VI~'fl.:j'VI~'lU • "llil~ L ti'fl.:j~Gl'lni.J ~WJ L '!I'lL vJl-J1nv'h 1. '!Xtl'tl LL~:::l-l:::~1'11 Li0l'1ry L~u LLJtL~~ tl~n-if'l'l LL~:::i11 1~~ U'1L'lW"ll'lU~.:j~~1U LLPlU1 ~'l'VIfuu'1LnPlL'WVl'fl.:j~'W 'Vl'l.:jLJI'fl'WL~vhm~tl~:::l-J.:j Vi1'W1Ln~'fl ~'l'W L~'fll-l'fl'Wvl (Del Monte) Vi1'li~uu::;~~LL~:::tN.:j'l'W~uti:::~~Vi1~1UL~LL~:::~.:jLU'W~'Wilh'fl'fln
4'.:j'VIt)~oil-JU'l.:jn'l L~'il 'W'flfn (Zamboanga Del Norte) bL~:::il-lU'l.:jn'l L~'il 11f
(Zamboanga Del Sur) i.l1J L'!l1LvhL~::1h 'l3Y'VI'W1LL U'W tl~nl-l:::~1'l'l LL~::U1'W'flU'ln'l'V11.:jLJt'fl'W
L 'VIil'fl u1 Ln.:jn'l.:jLU'WLL'VI~.:jeJ~LJt~ L~mm~:::Lu~'tln 13Y
u'1L'lWLm::u1~~'WVi'lt'l'l'Wt.J'l.:j 'VI~Lm::11~ Lm::LIOl 1~ LJI1~-LJI'l~LL~::~L'fl~ (Siasi) il.r:JL'tt'l
1vJVi11.'iX~'WfJ~l-lt'll-llJ~W ~LJI1~-LJI'l~ tl~ne.t~ 'laYVI~'lU"JIU~ L"li'W VJL1U'W l-l::lJ'J.:jLL~::«l-l ~'l'W~LIOl t~iJvh IOl'fl~c;.'fl'!J'fl.:j'VIl-lm1:: u~::en1"ll'Wl-Jt'\~l-J1.-w'tl~LJILPlmtl-wh~t'\~~ UIOliOluuLtlu"l!'l'l'W1 "l!1'dtl~::l-J.:j .:jl-J "' . .
20 Ibid., 70-73.
53
'il~u1~u'il'el-:J'ell~1riu iJ.;JreJe.~m!Vl 1'\Xrh<rVl i:IOl~~~ V1ll~~r.run~eJri'ilm"llru1m~~ nufllu~hl1-ri~~~~ '-! 1 tJ AI q
~ ' lOll n.;JreJ ~ n ~-:~ 'il uui1~~~~'ell~1m l ~u~'.lu.Yh~uniJreJ-:~"lll'.l 1:~ l:~ll~~lfili~Yl ~'elil1u110l'il'el-:~~~ ~~u
~ ~ '
1 u~~u~LL1n"l!1'.l 1:~ I:~V1 L~ij'elul0l~uu~1 um~4'V1m~fil~-:~i1 ltl'el-:JIOl1n~~~ti'ilL~1m 1~ ~ ~
~
UD~~~~'Ubi:JU1UhlL.;]1LlVl1nLl"ll\l'ilU1\IL.;J~-:~'.lV1 LL~~~\I~\Ifil~1~~~UU'Ui-'ilL~1nu ~'U~V\~\1 ~'l:n
Vl~1~'ell~1rl'UL~'el~1iJfll'.l1~~~LU'U~IOl~~\IL~1~'Ubt:JU1Un1~fil'.lUfil~~'ULLVl'Ub~hbV1U~~\I LL~~L~~\1 • 'Uit:J';j~L~U~ l:m-:jfVl vivlVi (William Howard Taft) ~1Lflu.;J1~~'.l\ll~ql L~'ilvivlViL~'U'ilbfilNnl~
~m~1fil'.l1~~\!Ufl1U1ULL~~~~LUUU1u~~UU'Ui ~'iiU1~~\IL~~~'U110lifru~1"l!1'.l~~~~Jl1fll1~ bV\U d.9 ., •
4'V1~-:~4'-:~~rJV\b~b~~'U (The Moro Province)
e.J~IOl1nn1~LU~U'ULLU~\I'Ubt:JU1Ul'Un1n4f1fll'.lUfil~bV\U~NiJe.J~~'iln1~~~~\14'-:l~rJV1 • 1:~1:~ IOl1niqJ'lJ1~~utlui (Philippine Bill) 1-u fil.PI. 1902 LL'Ll-:~Lflu 5 4'-:~~-JV\ ~'il oi'~u'.l-:~m ~I LUI
bi"l~1U1 b~ V\1L'.l1 LL~~ "l!~ L~'ilt:JnL~n4f'el~n~\IU1Vl~ (Bate) LL~~'\li~::UUni~Unfil~'il\ILLUU
{-:~~rJV\LL~::rel1Lll'el~1b-ii' vh1'\X'fl1'U110l'il'il\leJthb~b~~Vl~\l 1-u-Ju~ 1 iJt'I'UIU'U fil.PI. 1903 iJUIUYl~ ~ .
L~mu1fV1 ':Vl (General Leonard Wood) LU'U~~1fi"l!n1~fil'ULL~mL~::H'~::uuVl~1runfilffi\l ~
r;i-:~LL~ fil.PI. 1901 if-:~~~~ ~noi'u (Panglima Hasan) LL~::Yl'.lnL~~'il~rlUVl~1~
'elL~1nu1u1~ fil.fll. 1902 L'UV11L'.l1 m~~'el~'il'il\l"ll1'1U1mu LU'U~1L~l9J~~n~"l!1'.lb~l:~mh'1~1
"lll'.l'il L~1riu~ 1Ylu1u1~ Lu~uuPI1~u~'iJ'el-:~u~::"ll1"lluLL~::u~V\Vl1~ ilm~~'il~ nuVl~~~'il L~1riu 'II
'il'el\IV11~r;iufJ~ (Datu Tungul) LL~::~~~1un~~~ (Ganduli) LL~::~~~~'U~1'U1rl'U (Tanagan) e.J~ ~
n1~~'il~vl11'\Xvi-:~~~~~'ULL~::"l!1'.l ~b~L~u:tl~ fil.PI. 1903 m~~'il~'il'il\l"l!l'.l i:~l:~v11LU'U~'elLUIOl'U
m~vf-:~u-:~~~~ eniumu21
n1~10l~110l~LU'U~ULLUU~rl-:~'il'el\ln1~~'il~1'U ~~\IIOlln~-:~{-:~~-JV\b~b~LL~'.l "lll'.lb~h .. ~1'U'.l'U~uwumu1um~~'elflu fil.fll. 1905 Vl'l~fJ,U (Datu Usap) i'.l~nu~~'il'UPI'l~'U'leliOl~
~~~V\1~ (Hajji Masdali) 1~ri'elm~IOl~110l~IOlum::vf-:~ ~fil ~n'el~ (Hugh Scott) u~1uu~'l~bV1U
21 Cheman W.K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 47.
54
lwL~'el'W'rl~Mfl'lFil-1 Fl.l"l. 1905 ~~~Yl'l~'l (Pala) n~1Jl-!1U.:!Ln'l~L'"l 'l~~~.:J'"l'lnVI'WLU
ori'e1-wr;i'd~1J'e1fLilt!'lL~~tln~'e1.:~ Jihad (t'l.:JFI~'ll-!l"l'lt'l'W'l) nut'l~fJ'e1Ll-!1m'"l'Wm~'*.:~~'l~Yl1~1 t.Jn
tl'lmmL[;]"l!'l'lLl-IL~u.:~F~.:~~I?i'elLU "l!'l'lLl-lh~n'lt!Ltln~'l 600 FI'W 1-w~t'l~'W'ltl'rl~LL'Vlt'lLFI'el:f L'e1"1! u~t'l ~ .
(Tasker H. Bliss) L~Yltl'ltl'll-lt'lf'l.:~FI'l'll-lt'l.:J1J~'WL~'e1Ln~FI'l'll-l LU'W'ii'W~~.:~'ii-wL~mn-w'l~t!L ~m~ ~n'MIL~'e1~-:!Lt'l1l-!m~~'e1-:!~'WL'WYJ~tlti'Wtf '"l'Wn-:1 FI.PI. 1909 ~~~~1"1!n'l~r.r-:~~1'~FI'WL~l-l ~'el tii'el'l.f'W
~
L'"l Yl'tlt'l~-:1 (John J. Pershing) L~l-!'ltlfutll.:~;)-wLL~'W~"l!'l'l ~'l~m~Ll'el~L~ijFI'l'll-lt'l.:J1JLn~;'W '"l'lnm~Yltl'lml-1 L'"l~'"l'lL~iJ m~tl~ ~'tl11fi"111'l Ll-1 'l~ ~.:~tl~~t'lue.~~~~L;'"lVi'l1~Ln~FI'l'll-lt'l.:~u~'l!1-w
Fl. I"!. 191323 '"l'Wm~'*.:!~UnFI~'el.:Jr.r-:~~1'~FI'WL~a.l LL~N ~1J1J~'l Fl'lLYl'WL!n'el:f ( Frank W
~
Carpenter) ri1~'W~'WLL11J'ltl Fl'd'll-1 d:I'W"l!'l ~YJ~tltl-wtf tl~~n'tlunutl~~fi'l'W'lfl1J~~ ~ 'l~1 fl'W~'W
(Woodrow Wilson) 1.~~-:J'W'll-!L'W'rl~~~~"l!UqJ~t'l'lfi'l~ru~i'el~ 240 L'Wn!J~l-l'ltl'll'el.:IL'"l'Wtf
(Jones) Ld'tlL~'tl'W~.:J~'lFil-1 fl!.l"l. 1916 fJt'lfl'l'll'tl.:JYl~tltl-wll~.fl'l.:~ti.:~n!J~l-l'ltlfll'l1Jfll-li'i'W~'lL'W'l ~ ~
11~ 1 'Wn1~~'ll-lr;i'ln-wn1Ll1Jii' n1~tlnfll~'tl.:~~~u'e1m~Ll'ln-w "li'l.:~il"111'l Ll-1 'l~ti'e1-wri1~.:~~.:~ ~'ll-!Vf.:~
t'l~l?i'l'Wn ~~l-11~~ nnl-1~ 2 'll'tl.:!'~~~t'l~~~~"l!t'll-lilliL'WL~'tl'Wl-ln~'lFil-J FI.PI. 1915 'II ."' q ti cu
L'W fl!.PI. 1917 "l!'l'lLl-!L~L~ri'tln'l~'"l~'l'"l~~'W~nFif.:~L~'tl~'l~1J'lU'W (Sayan) tl5Lt'lfi~ '"l::;!'W'tl11fiLL~::hi'fl'!1C1J'llnL ~"l!'l'd Ll-1 Lrb~Ll'WL 'WLN L~Ll'W'll'tl.:Jfj1J'l~~'ll-!vY.:~hi'fl'\1'lJ'llnL ~ L~'lWW'l~ "ll'l'l'tlLl-11-n'W~'l~'l'"l~-w~ 1-w~~~~~~u'lu-wu~~Yl'ln'll'tl.:JL'll'lL~Llirl~n1-wm~'"l~'l'"l~LL~~vJ~LlLL'rli.-w L-n~n ~'lL'W'l FI.PI. 1920 LU'W~'Wl-l'lmr~"1!1'lFI1t'l~L~Ll'WL~tlnFI~'e1.:~;)-wLL~'W~LnL~::~'ll-l~'l'W1'"lH~
~'l'Wn~~~~nl~l-IU~'l LL~::1.~t'lf'l~FI'l'll-ln~~'WL'WL1'tl~"ll'tl~n!J~l-11LlLL~~;r'tlu~~ul?i1~1 ~'ll-!vY~ .... _,.. ..J "' 0 "' If 0 'I 'I "' 0 ~ ~ ..: J' .J ...
t'lfl'l'rl'Vl'l~ LPI1"M"3n'"l LL~~¥"1~ FI2J'Vl~'tltln'l'lt'ln~ Fl'l'll-1 L2J'rl'tl b'"l b ~ LLn"l!'l'l bl-1 b~Ll~'ll'W ¥'I 'l'W1Jn'ln.! ~
Pl'lln11J'l Lin ~~~'eil-IU~ (Datu Am bang) 1.~~'d1J~'ll-!U~~"1!1"1!'WLL~::L:nC1J"l!'l'W~'l~Vl~~~~Ll[;]'e1~n1J
fli'W'W'tl n P!'lt'l'W'l"l!'l'l'tl L2-11rl'WLL~::"l!'l'lf011t'l L~tl'WYJ~UU'Wtf
'tl'l'"lmh'l L~~'l"l!'l'l ~ L~ 1.a.J ~'f)~ n'l~L i'lhl-ln1J"l!'l'd F11t'l ~ LLI?i"l!'l'd'tl Ll-11-n-wfiij n'fl~'Vl~'l~
LL~::'tl'l1n~iJtl~~~'Vlflfl'l'rl n~'l'"l'Wm L ~~~ l?i'l'W'lJ~l-l'l~~ n~l-.!Ll'fll-1 L ~'W~ 'lJ'lJ'l'tl~fl'lt!L~mrun Flffi~ "ll'fl.:Jt'l~fj'tlLl-11-m (The Carpenter Agreement) L~'W~~~ 'li'l~L'l~'l~t'l~fj'tlLl-11-mL-if'll-.l'lUnFI~'fl~
22 Ibid., 49.
23 Ibid., 50.
55
ij Uf?l1 b U1 bb~ ~"JI\jiJn1:i''"l ~ 1'"1 ~'"11n"li1'J b~ L:i'~L2J ~'il'ln1:i':i''J~ Lon 1 rl'U"l!1'J'il L~1-rl'ULL~::"l!1'J r11'~ b~UU
YJ~uilu~
r~'J1~Y'lmm~lum:i'vl'ilffi'l"ll'il'l~ih"li1'J ~L:i'Lnlfl~Lnf?l~u'lu r~.fll. 1926 ~n1r~'il..:~Lm~ .. "1l'il'I~'VIf~~u~1muuVinH~1illJm~..:~~1'"11n~ih L~L:i'L~'ilU1924 ~1 "L~L:i'~'il'lm:i':a~m1Y'l'"l1n Yl~uilull.u;JuLLI?lUL~L:i'" ~'JUn{)'VI~1U"ll'tl'I~'VIfj'ilL~1m L:i'LUff?l LUI"I'ilU (Robert Bacon) 1~
L~u'tll~ijumLU1bb~~"JI\l 'il~ll1UL~n'l"ll1~'tlL~1nu v'hl~ f?l1~'Vl1~~ (Datu Tahil) L~"ll'il¥'tl..:~t~~f?l
n1b-~~u~..:~1'J~~'~~'Vl~"tun1:i'l"l:i''tlUI"I:i''tl'l'fl11fi~'Ju t?i'il~1 'lun 1927 lfl1~'Vl1~~~n L'"l~~tlflu
'Vl'V111"1l'il'lf3U1~ ~~f?lf?l1~f?ll~~ni'I'VI1111'J 30-40 f'l'U ~'J'Uf?l1~'Vl1~~ U'il~~1UU24
"ll1'J t~t1L~V'lu1u1~ vi'fl1'tl'l L~'tl tm~fu:a~1:: LLvi~'VIfti'ilL~1-mn~u~'il..:~m11~ilm:i' dJl
1'J~;)ULLI?lUL-if1rPl'ltniU ~ll1f'l'tl'ILn:i'~"ll'tl'I~'VIf3'ilL~1mL~~1Ui1'1Y'l1:::i'1"llU'lJ~ Tydings Me
Duffie Independence 1u l"l.fil. 1934 L~'tl~11'1U:i'~"ll1fiULf?lULuYl~utlu~LL~::~1~1:i'tll"l:i''tl'U
f'l:i''tl'IL~'tlU1'1'&'l~\j:i'nf "ll1'lL~L1~~1LUTU1Lf?lU Lt:lij ij~'tl'U (Ami Milan) LL~:: ~~11"11~'1
(Dimakaling) d~lu~'tl1"ll1'J~L1 200 f'IU LrPl~'l~'tlLU'"If?l'VI~1Uh'l Lf?lU~'tl1'V11'1fii1~U1~'1LUU'Ifju1~ tluuui1n!J'VI~1U~t:l'IL~fun11U'tl~fu'"l1n'Vl1'1fii1~U1~'JUL~'tl'1'"11nd~u~uLLI?lu"ll'il'l"ll1'J~~~~
f'l.P!. 1935 U1ni'U'tl'l (Bagabong) ~'tl1~1:i'1LU1bb~::"ll1'JL~L1~n~1U'JU 119 f'IU L~~'l'"lf?l'VI~1U
~uu1'V12JLt1u..:~u:i'~n1U1fiu~bbfJNf'l~U t~L'J~ (Frankin Roosevelt) L~'tl'Vl11U~'I'tlU1f'lf?l"ll'tl'l"lJ~
"llU"ll1'l2-J~~~n1u1~m11Jnf'l1'il'l"ll'tl'lf'll~Lmuu25
f'l.fll. 1946 u1~L'VlP~~~uwll~fuL'tln11"llt:lth..:~~~\11ruLL~~n~~ ~ t1n1'J~'tl~Lilu~'Ju
'VI~'I"ll'fl'IU1~L 'Vl fll~ ~utlul 'flth..:~ 11n [;]1~"ll1'l t~ 'ln'fl L'J~1 L ~'fl'"l~t?i'tlt\' LL~~"llt:J bbun ~'J Luu~~1~~n .. ... ...
f'lf'l ~..:~~ul1P~u~"ll'tl'l"ll1'J~'&'l~~L~L1Lf?lll t1~mL~ll1 tf~t:l'tlULf?l (Aiaoya Alonto) n~1'J~1 " ... "ll1'J
L~L1~t:l'ln11~11'1U1U"ll'il'IL"111 LLvlY'l'lnL"ll1'"1~vi1'tlf.h'IL1L~'tlnniLL'"IU1U"ll'tl'IL"111tln~t:lf'l LY'l11~ .·~ ..
• I " ~ ·~ " •'I "'" ..I _:. ..J " 26 ~'kJLL'"Iu1~~'U1U"llt:l'IL"111 L~ Lf?l'tl~ L'U~'il Lffi'IULUULP!nU1!Jn:i'ni'VlLL~ULPI11 ... "
241bid., 52.
25 Ibid., 53.
26 Melvin Mednick, "Some Problems of Mora History and Political
Organization," in The Muslim Fillipinos (Manila: Solidaridad Publiging House, 1974), 25.
56
IDl'lnil"lu:::'l!'e:l'l~~'U~'fli"11~'W1~~~12-l;r1'l~uMu1~~1 m:t~on1'J La.Jh "~n~u!?l'€1~" \1 q "' 'll
Lt?lu1-i{'€!11fi L~'e:lfm~n L'e:lnim~W'l!'e:l'l'rl'Jn L 'll1 hJ1"liLi'fl'l~t?lun~ L Yl:t1:::d:Ju1uL~'e:lfm~1rJ'J'la.J d:Ju
~~:t:::LL~:::L 'fl n~n't;'WVl1'lU:t:::~l"l'l~l1lf 1"1'l~'W1 1'oo.Jun:t:ta.J l11~'€lt?11Dl'W-n'l~~ufi'll'e:l'lon1'J La.JL:t~'liJ •
rl'J12-JL~U'J<if'el'lL'W'U1-L'JruVI~bn1:::Yl1'll11'fl'WL~~'JUrl'W L"li'W VI~Lm:::~'Wt?11L'W1 ~~ LL~:::U1~'l1'U -n'l'J
La.J t:tiJ ~Vlfi~u-n'e:lun:t:ta.J~YlU1U'la.J 1?1'€1~ L ~'elL ~~~'WLLt?l'Wn~u ~Ua.J1 .. 1u"Ji'J'l r~.l"l. 1898-1946 ~VIfj'f1La.J1-munr~:t'e:l'l IDl1nutuu1uu~t?l'fl11fiLL~:::1J..:J~u1~
'e:lUL Uri'J12-lMUvl1L ~iJ e..~~ n:t:::YIU~'e:lm:t~nl L~u'tl1U11Dl'll'e:l'l ~lhvt'fl'l~'W ~'!Yl1'l ~1uf~u1~~V1f~ 'll cuok1 Ill 6J ct.9
' ' '€! La.J1n1a.J'e:l.:J~1u{jffi'm~.:Jmh'J Lilunu!J Vl1-'flLL;i.:Jn~1'J VJ1Vl1UVJIDl:::~'e:l'lU:t'l'UU:t'la.J 1 u'l!ru:::V1
on1'J La.J b1Dl:::a.J'fl'l~1 n1 :tn:t:::Vi 1'll'e:l.:Jl1l'W "d~un1:t~'e:l~ L~'fl'rJM.n'lYlVI1-'fl ~'lNH~'~ L'e:ln:t1-n"n'e:l'll1l'W" "'
~ n't;'ru::: L "li 'W~~'l ~ 1 b ilu!?l '€12-J 'l LL~ ~ 11Dl::: LU~ U'W j 1'1.\::: d~ ur.t.:JVI1' t?lVIll'l'll'e:l'lU :t::: b Yll"lYl ~UU'W~Lb~ 'J n t.f I I I
l1l 'la.J ~'~~'W~'~ Liluu:t::: L~uV1th~u 11Dl~1m:tun r~:t'fl.:JLu~uLLt?l'WVJ Lilun~a.J La.J hVI~'liDl1 nV1YJ~utlu~ • 1~fw'flnnonLL~'J fju'l~ 1~ ~ 1U.:Jtl.:J"ll1'J La.JL:tU1.:JVI1-'flhl ~'~~1n~1'J'l!'fl.:J'W'l~'U L~a.J "11111:1
' ~
(Dr. Najceb M. Saleeby) V1~1 " ... m:tu{ilUrl'J12-l~~u1VIa.ir!'J:t~~1'l;'W2-l1Lt?lU~1'W~U1Yl1.:J
u 1::: L Yl ru LL~::: tr~ N ~~'I 'lVI '~'~ i.:J r~a.J 2-J ~ ~ 2-J Lt?lm'UYl 1::: .. : • "ll1'J'fl La.J "1nu~ ri'J12-l n 1 nil uL~ 1'll'e:l'l u 1'W'll'fl.:J"ll1'Ja.J~~a.J~ 1 Lilum:tVf1Vl'lu 1?1 'fl'fl1U'l1Dl •
'll'tl.:J ~VIfj'€1 La.J 1n 1 ~'~ Liluif 'lJVI'l~iJ rJ'J1a.JiueK 'e:l'Wa.J1n~u~n L Yl 11:::m:tL ~ a.J~U'li'€1-:J~ 'l'W'J'W"ll'l'J
'tl La.J lnu 1 u~uLLt?lu La.J tm~ :::r~'J12-l LLl1ln !?l1.:JYI1.:J ~1u1' oo.Jun:t:ta.J Vi11 ~m:tr~ :t'e:lu r~:t'€1'1 ~uLLt?lu ta.J h
'll'tl.:JYIVI1:t'e:l La.Jlnu1~n'€!1 ~ Ln (?1 r~'J12-li (?1 LLU.:JYI1'~f oo.Jun:t:ta.Ja.J~~a.J LL~:::'tl La.Jlnu27
• n1:tLrl~'tl'WLWlL~'tl~'tl«~VIfj'tlL2-l1mLnt?l~'WLt?lUL~ruLLN~.:JLIDliDl'ln"ll1'J~~~2-l~'JUrl'W
1umnn~LL~:::unr~:t'tl.:J,a.Jonu~~~a.JLm1tjiDl1nm:t~~uLLt?lUL2-Jt:t1~:t'Ja.JL;J'lnu~'ln1:trufjYJ~Utlu~ "ll1'J La.J 'L1~n utl.:J LLUniDl1n'll1'JPJ1~ L~uuYl~uilu~ "ll1'J La.J L:tYlU1U12-l~~1.:J~1un 1um:tu~ t?l.:J~Vlfi
r~'J 12-l L uu~~ ~2-l"llru:::~ Lil'tl.:JVI~'J.:Ja.Ju~1YlU1U12-l~IDl::::t'Ja.J"ll1 ~Yl ~uilull ~ dj uVIll'~ L~u'J 1a.J iJ ri'J'la.J LLl11 n !?l1.:J:t:::VI~1.:J r~1~ L~U'WLL~::: La.J 'i::t~ n !?l'tlLU
n1'iLL'l.i'ILL!In~'ULLt;l'U
1 u r~.l"l. 1935 ~a.JU:t1nnmmtl-:mun~uLLt?luLd'tl~U'l La.J L:ta.J~~a.JU:t:::U12-l'W 'i:uu1u d..l .. •
m:t:t'Ja.JVI~ m1~~~~a.JYl1'1.n11ilL~ L<if1nu~1n'l:trufj ur;iu.:J1a.i1~ Lnt?l'€1'~ f'fm!?l1.:~1 'flU'l.:JIDll.:~r.t.:J PJ. fll.
1968 t?11l1l'"'l1l'tln a.J:::l11::: ~a.J1~:t'Ja.Jrh~.:J"ll1'Ja.J~~a.Juu~uPJuL~'e:lu:t:::mfli~M.n'lYl'll'tl'~"ll'l'J ta.Jh 4't?1 .. '11 •
27 Melvin Mednick, Some Problems of Mora History and Political Organization, 26.
57
!,1 11 I I
l'i\l"llU'J'Wn 1 ~~'WLL~::~\I'"l VI,~ 1£J11.Ju\l ~ ~ i?l1'WLL ~\l"ll11JT\f L Yi'flU'WU'W~1'"l:; hJ~~u nurh~'fl\1~.~~~ . ~
~ 'dtlrl'W 1 'Wfj"ll1U1lf ~'d'W'Vl1\l nu t'jU1~~ ~tltl'W~~ ~£Jn1'fl\I~'Vlfi mu'fl ~'WLLVI'W"ll11J1,r.?8
~\I~~:;Yi''el'W1 ~ L ~'W 1 'Wm~i?l 'el~"ll'el\l"ll1'd 1~ 1~n L ~'f) 1 tn~~1~\l'tl1'W1'"l LL~::L~'elU'el\1 n'W ~
... m~~'d~L-if1nut'jU1~~~tltl'W~ 'W'fln'"l1nilm~f11V~,1'\1~1'Wt:J~ti~::1£J"ll'W1'W'Vlf'Vimm1l1f11~"1l'fl\l
' ...
~ ~ tltl'W~~bl n~ 1n V~ LL~ :;n V~n'W m~L ~~~'W"ll'fl\1 n.n~:;Li:J£Ju~1'Wmrunf"l~'fl\l m~LL 'ii\li'Wnu ~'fl'Vi£J'Vi ~ ~ ~
"ll1'df11~ L~£J'WL~'el~~'W LL~:;m~LL 'Vlm LL"ll\l"ll'fl\lf'"i1J1~ 1 'Wn~n'"lYl'el\1 ~'W"ll'el\1 ~~~~ fl'd1~1~ n bl n flVI rl'W tJS .. q \J tJ
L'l~'el Vl'"l'Wfl'd1~i.2-i L -if11'"l~::,~1\l"ll1'd 1~ 1~LL~:;"l!1'd f11~ L~£J'W~tlijilli\11'W1 'W~'WLLl'l'W 1~ 1~v'i11 ~~hun ... ...
'il'fl\1 f"l'd1~ LU'W~ ~ ~ ~ ~'d~ l'i'd~'W~ n f"lf\1
L,(;j01~runJ:;uV~:;,r (Jabidah Massacre)
L,L'lm~run l:;uV~::,.fLti'WL,L'lm~nr,ri\I~U1Ltl~f"l'J1~~\ILf1~£JV~~:;,~1\If~u1~~~tltJ'W~ .. ak1 q " a
' ' ... nun~~1~1~ mi1'd~'flLii'flL~'fl'Wil'W1f1~ f"l.flt. 1968 n'tl\l;r'Vi'il'fl\l~~tltl'W~il'Lf"lN01~~uV1'"l:;4'V~l'i\l • ,t.!'d £J~u~ LfliM i.tltliju~m~~t'j"l!1U1lf tl~:; L'Yl fit~ 1 L~ L~£1 1V~£J ~VI L~'fln'"l1 n"ll1'd~~~~1tj 1 'W"li'd\1
I ~ ~ I
~::,~1\lm~'tln"l!1'd~~~~ hl'Vi'fl 1 '"lVJm~r.l1£J LU£1 L~£J\1~1;r1 LL~::~'fl\1 mm~uih'W LLI?i L 9'1WW1VJ n'fl\l;r'Vi
~~tltl'W~n~utlijL~n1'WL'l'fl'WLL~n LLI?i1l1£J,~\In'fl~'1J1L'l1~n~uu1'WL~ 1-w~:;,~1\lm~u1"ll1'J~~~~ ... ...
L,fhili.ti~\I'Yl,1~Yl~tlti'W~n~uu\l L-if11~m~~~~~~ v'h 1 ~"ll1'd~~~~ L~tJ"tjL'lLn'flu~\1,~"' tJn L~'W • • • ' ...
'W1tl~U'W mlg;i1 (Jibin Arula) 'W1£J~U'WtJnU\IVJ'ii1LL~:;il"ll1'Jtl~:;~\l"li'J£J"tjL91H ,~\l'"l1m!'WL'il1
L~U1~'fl\1~1'dr;i'\lng;l1'JLU1J'flnLg;l11~~~1~1"lln1~4'~~Lil£J1'W ~'fl'Wm1'W (Justiniano Montano)
'Yl ~1U'"l'Wm::vY\I LU'W'ii1'd 1 ,qjvY'dti~:;L 'Yl fl1 t'3~111 LL~:;'Vl,1~L~ L-if1 i.tl~'flU~'J'W t:J~m~~'flU~'d'W U11 nn ~ 1 el1£J'Yl,1~~ m::vi1m~~\1,1~,~hlil fl'd1~ ~VI "ll1'd 1~ h~\1 L~'W'ii1J'd'W G~'"l1 n 011"1J ~~~ ~ ,r ~ u VI LL~:; L~'W'Yl1\l ~1ti~:;Yl'd\l~ww Tvh L il£Ju ~1 ~1m '1.7\1 ~\I LU'Wvi 1 L U£JU'il'tl\ltl~:;n1'W1fiu ~~ ~W'W~1'Wn~~~ti~:;Vf'd\lii \f~ i11j'fl1~il~'fl~~'d£J i?l'tl~1L'i11L~LU'Wtl~:;n1'WLL'W'JWW1ti~V~tl~'flmL~\I
58
.. 'i' 'i' .- c1 .-d. , "" • 1 29 "J!1(;) ~~ ~~ (Mora National Liberation Front) L'Vfl?Jn1~W'k)::U!n::'Vf~'le.J~(;)'tln1~L~'tl'l 2 u~::m~
' ~ ~
u~::mnL~n "l!1'l 'L~ 'L~ 'LmnV1f~u1~u~::n1-w1fiu~~1fn'tl~1a.l!nLL~ Lm1, 1~1-wm~~..:~'Vf1~'Vfa.l r1f..:~u d.9 " ..
• 1 .,J 'i' 'i' ~ • 'I .,J., .1 .. .., .- ~ ' .I ... I "" LL~::u~::mn'l~'tl'l "l!1'l ~~ ~~ ~~~'tl ~"i'Vl~~'lJ1~"il'tl'lu~::n1'W1fi'lJ!n~1m'tl~ ~~EJ'tl~u~::-wu~::'W'tl~!n'lE.l
nnllm~'Vf1L~EJ'IL~'tln~..:~1-wL~'tl'W~'l~"~~mu-w R.l"l. 1970 ~1Elf.JU1~~'1l'u~tt-w1~~ ~ '
~~ r1~el1EJUEJ~f~u1~ ~'ln'tl'lrl1~'1 ~~1'1~'Vlfi~~ L ~'tl'Vf1 L~m !n1~"l!1~U1!n1 LU'W!n1l?J~ (Datu ' ' ~
Salipada Pendatum) ~u 1Vl'tl'ln'W"l!1'l3-J~~~~'~~'~~~R~1-w-w1~ el1w.!f1-w ~'ln'tl..:~n 1~..:1 j;J'tl~h-w ~ ~
~~~R~el1EJf-.iU1~ LLj;Jtii!nU~::~..:~rfLii'WLViEJ..:~u~::LEJ"ll'W1'Wm~L~'tln~..:~Lvh1!-w L~~1::"l!1~U1!n1i1L"li .. ~ . " ~
3-J~~ ~il~ 1'W1tiiU n R~'tl'l (;)'WL'tl'l (;11~ n!J'Vf~ 1u~ ~ ~ 1~~ 1 n~'WL vh1!-w bbj;J\a.Ju~::~u e.~~~1 L~, L~~1::
Lb ~~'Vlfl~~ LL~:;~1'W1"i L~'W"il'tl'l el1EJf~'lJ1~ 30
" ' ~ mn~'tln~..:~ R.l"l. 1970 ~u1i'WL'Vfa.l"il'tl'l"l!1'l~~~~1~13-~ilu'Vl'lJ1'V1~1n~-w L"li'W 'tl~'ll'-w
\I q q \1
n~..:~ (Dr. Alunan Giang) 1~dj-w~u1"il'lJ'l'Wn1~3-J~~~n1'l'VfU1 (The Moslem Progress ~
Movement) j;J'tl~1'Wm~1-if~1'W1"i'Vf1L~EJ'ILL~::u!)L~nmn~'tln~..:~1-w R.l"l. 1970 LL~tii::v11Lil-wm~
'tl~LVJm~'tl..:~ihiL~n1uri(;)1~ LLj;JriLii'W~'lJ'kJ1W~'W(;)~1EJ~LL~!n..:~1~f~u1~L~'W~1 ~u1'L~'L~t-w1'Vfa.l
LU~ u-w LU"i1 n-i·uLfi1 iil'tl ~u1i-w 1 'V!a.l LU'W~'l n~'l~'WLLN LL~:: 1a.Jfu~-wu-w"il'tl'lf-.iu1~ LL~::i-w'Vf~..:~1 ~ ,_. \1 q q eLi
L'Vf!?Jm~ru~1il~ {Manili Massacre)
... '"% • .J -A J' ., .dl -- .J ~ )' fi~t'WL'Vf(;)fi1~t'W~'I'Vf1~'Vf~'V1Ln!n"il'W ~'WL!n'tl'W~fi'W1E.l'W l"l.PI. 1971 L~'tl"l!1'l ~~ ~~ . .. .
' " ' u~::'-l1t'W 65 R'W ~..:~ilvi..:~~"l!1E.l ~'Vft\j'l bb~::L~ntJfi!-11(;)fi~~~L!nE.l~~1n1 (llagas) ~'I LU'W'tl'lrfm
R1~~1Jni'I'Vf1~ L'W'Vf~ih'W'-l1U~~'I'tl~'V11'1 (;)'tl'WL 'V!U'tl"il'tl'l LR {;)1'1J1 L(;) LL~::~~u!n~ n'Vf~1EJ bb vi..:~ LL~:: 'tl'll"ln~'tl'l~~~~~'tl~1 'lJ1~1Q!n1 (Barracudas) 'Vf1-'tl L~f(;)v11 (Black shirt) L~1!!n'1!n1m~'W"i1n
29 ~,r~ Lnm~ n1fu "m~LLnUCkJ'Vf1L~I:~1-w~,ruu~::n1'W1fiu~~1fn'tl~" 'l1~~1~
~n~~l"l1~(;)f '-l'Vf1'3'Vlm~EJ~~U1m 25, 1 i1tJ'W1EJ'W-~'lfll~mEJ'W 2545) : 164; Cesar Adib
Majul, The Contemporary Muslim Movement in The Philippines (Berkeley: Mizan press,
1855), 22.
' 31 .... .... "' Ld'fl'IL~tl'Jn'W, 95.
59
'el (;)~ m nJ ~'el.:J"1!1'd 'i:~ h~ ~ ~ ~~ rJf 'el.:J mnLtl n C?i 'd'fl'el nr.nn n1~i.J n f'l ~'fl.:J~'el.:JU~:; L 'V1 PI • • ' " ' ~~i.JuuiL~~i.J~1n!JC?i'.:JLL[;] f'l.Pl. 1935 r.nnm~Vi~\J1 t~tn~~~~i.J~:;u1~u'i:mnu~'el.:Jfju1~
' " ~'VIfj'el b~~mVi1 tX~'d~ bn1:;'V11-:J1l1 f'lbrJI b ;r1 rlU~1fi1~rufj~~i.Jtlul bb[;]nu.:J hli.J m~r.r (;) C?i.:J~.:J rf m~ .c5l 1 I .olll;it, CV IV !.1 ....::. J' .J CV .-.::to .c:to I
'VI~'el bb 'W'd~'d ~'eltl'l.:J'"l N'"l.:J f'l'd1~~ (;) Lbti.:J bn (;l~'W'"l1 n n'l~'Vl~'VI~j~ L~m1~'d~ (;l'Wbb(;l'WbbtlU'VI~ Ln'l:;'V11-:J
1l 1 f'lL,;r~.:J Lf'l tiU n f'l ~'el.:J ~ 'dtl~:;uu ~ ~ [;] 1'Wb ;r 1 bU~'d~ nufjU1~~~:;u~1 bb~ :;i.J'fl 1'W1'"lU nf'l~'el.:J ' " '
i.J~:;L'Vl P11 'VIl-l ~'el~1 .. ~~i.Jtlul" LL~:;~.:J L~~~1tXf'l~~ L~uu~'du(;]1-:J1 'fl~mH;J1 1i.Jf?i.:Jtiuj1u'"luLn(;l
~ ·~ ~
m~[;]'eltrluyjuVi~.:JL~~ L'liu Lf'lr;J1U1 Lr;J ~uLilu'fl;J1'd'PitJ1~'el.:Ji:lu(;l1L'W1 ~ ~ ~
.c:...l' I I IV tr'.d.J <;'~!I m~Ln(;l~'W~'fl.:Jn~~m.:J1Lu"111'd t~t~ Lilu'Jr;JQU~:;~.:Jf'l'VI'W.:J'Vl'll1'd b~ b~(;l~.:Jm~f'l'd1~
Lilu:S~~:;1 u~uLL(;l'W~'fl.:J(;l'WL'fl.:J~nf'lf.:J n~~"111'd t~ 1:~~~1~'\Ji.J~.:J[;J'e) tu~
n~3J MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement) It 11 I I
I I CV .::!1 .c5l CV .::1
n~~ MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement) n'flr;J.:J~'WL~m'W'Vl 1 ~~'ft1l1f'l~ ., '
f'l.Pl. 1968 L(;ltl(;l1~~(;lr;J'fln ~1r;J'li~ (Datu Udtog Matalam) m~~:;mP!C?i.:J~U'd'Wn'l~L~'el~~m1~ -- .....J .. "' - - ~ . ..t 0 ~'fl.:J2-j~~~~'1(;1U~:;~.:Jf'l'Vl'"l:;L~tlnffi.:J'fl~m1~L'W~'W(;l1L'W1LL~:;1~ ~U'd'Wn'l~'W'll'dt1Ylu~f'l'd1~'V1N'"l1
~~.:J2-j~fi~~Lf'lti(;]~«L~'elL~11l1~LL~:;~~~1l1~LU'fltlr;J (;11~~(;lr;J'fln ~1r;J1i~b~~.:J~1U~:;mP!
L '"l r;JU1 ~~ ru1i.J u.:J ~ \J 12-J ~ ~ ~ LL~ :;~ 'VIU~:;"1!1"1!1 ~~.:J~U'd'Wn 1~L ~~~ M:;n1~~~-:J i:JU(;l1 L u11 'WL~~u
~.:J'VI1f'l~ l"l.Pl. 1968 (;11~~(;lr;J'fln ~1r;J1i~1~n~1'd~.:Jm~~'d~rhi.:J~~.:J"1!1'dL~Ln1u~uf'lu1u ' .,
~u'dum~ M IM LL~:;~.:J'"l(;l'VI~1tlbUu.:J~~[;]1uLL'IA.:J"111u1tf LYl'eluuuu~1"111'd t~ t~~.:J'VI~(;l1u~fii.Juul • '"l:;1l-lu~~«~unu~u~'l2-J~~~~'dunu1ufj'll1u1tf Lilum~LL~(;l.:J~~'d'W'V11-:Jnuu'i:uu1tl~'fl.:Jfju1~ ~ fii.J1Jul~ rh i.:J ~tl n ~'el.:J ~'Vl fi L 'VI;j~ ~'WLL(;l'W'JI1U1'VI1 'W~ ru:;t!u~'dtl bb(;] (;11 (;l'fl (;) r;J~n ~1 (;11i~ b~
~ . tl'fl~LL~(;]'flfjU1~ 1uL~'el'Wfl'W'd1f'l~ filA 1972 m~Lf'l~~'Wb'VI'd~~.:Jn~~"1!1'd ~t~t!'u u1m1~(;1 if'll!u
32 Cheman W.K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 75-76.
60
(Rashid Lucman) LU'W~nLL~~~4'!?1~1'fl11fiL~nwu1':l"l!'W"l!1':l t~t~ 1-w rl.fil. 19691~mmm1~ 1 Sl I !J' I
Y1~1L~ Ltnu ~':lumn~fln~'l rl.fil. 1970 ~u1tut~a.J1~(~·~i:luvn.JTV1~1n;u L!?luY11a.Jfu~uuu~fl'l
f~u1 ~ L ~;!flu~ Lrlu 1-if nu ~u1tuLrh
n~3J MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) • ' .::.x ' , 'i' 'i''i'..J" n~~ MNLF nfl[;]'I~'WL'W rl.fll. 1969 L!?!Unf'l~Lm':l"l!'W ~'W'Vl1'1~~n"l!1':l~~~~'Vl[;]fl'ln1~ • • Lb£1 nflfl n~1~1n n~~ ~u1"l!'Wi'W~'I~i114':11~ LU'W~u1t 'W~~uunuLijfl\133
Lbr;l L~~ ~u1n~~ 1~ L oif1i':l~ q " " \.1 " q
nl.lfl'll"i'n1~U~!?!U~fl£JU\1~1L~h (The Bangsa Moro Liberation Organisation) 1l1£JL~n1~
ifJUr;1~n~fl'l~~r;l1'We11fW trf'l ~1=fi!?l imru (Sultan Harun AI Rashid Lucman) L!?lui:l
fi!1~[;]~1~1~U btl~. ':11£1. bbfl1.11.11 (Professor M.Y. Abba) LU'Wb~~1fim~i:lnfl'I'Vl~1~~!?l'fl11fi~'l djunfl'lrl1i'l'l1mu~~~1~ (Ansar El Islam) r;ltl~1~~1=fi nfl'll"i'm~u~!?IU~flUU\1~1 t~t~ '111 L!?l£1
., \1~ iienm1- (Nur Misuasri) 1~ bL£Jn~':lflfln~1LU'WbflnL'Vl fll4' !?!~'! U.'W':li':l~U~!?lU~flmL'IA'I"ll1~L~ t~
MNLF bb~~i:lnfl'lrl1i'l~!?l'fl11fi ~flnfl'l..r~u~~"l!1"l!'WL~h (The Moro People's Army) ~U1~fl'l
MNLF 'W1UtJ~ iienm1- ~um~~n~1~1nrlru~f~fll1~[;]f ~~1~'VlmiuYJ~uilu~ Ln!?!L'Wrl~flurlfJ
"l!1':l t~t~~1~tlJ"l!'W Lbn'WU1~~1~tlJ~n~fl'lrl'W ~fl e11=fi~ "l!1~~~14 (Hashim Salam at) ~1~1n ' .,
141fl1.114f':IY1iit1'Vlfi~~1'W~1n';ju!?l1b'W1 Lb~~trU!?lf'l rlflff'lfl'WL~ (Abdul Colonto) ~~UL~fl~1£J~1n . ~
~~r;l1utu~1Lu134
Ll41\l~~'I'Vl1'1n1n;Jfl'l~fl\l MNLF u~~nflU~':!Urlru~m~~mm~1'1~1'W':l'W 20 rl'W i:l ' .., '
U1~fi1'WLU'W~u1Y11~fum~L~fln~'l~1nn~~~':lU.Vl'W1~~uVffl'ICi'W ~~1=finr1ru~m1~mm~1'11~fu " n11LLr;l'l~'l~1nU1~fi1'W L~~1~n11~fl'lrlru~n~~~m1n~1'1 LU'W~~u1'm1 m1u1'~11fl'll"i'm
" u~~~14''1~1'!?1 'Wfln~1nilrii:J~l.b£J\11'W'Vl1..:!~1'Wn11Ujfl'l ~t.i':IU'I1'W~1'WU1~"ll1i3J..-iufi ~tbuth':lnffi'l
33 n11L~3J~'W~fl'ln~3J MNLF 3J1~1n~U':l'Wn11L~~'W~fl'l MIM LL~~~hLU'Wm1r;lfl Lrlfl'l~i'l~1n~f~u1~ 1-ifrhi'lUUU'I~UL ~ M I M ~fl'l~f'l1£J ~':I r;lfl~1 b oif1i':l3JnUfl'll"f m~u~!?!
' " U~flU1J'I~1L3Jh ~'Wn1~..r'l LLUn~':lflfln3J14'!?l~\lbb'W':li':l~U~!?!U~flmL'IA'I"ll1~L~L~ u!ju~'I1'Wbb£Jn
~':lflfln~1 Ltl'WLfl n L'Vl fll LL~~n~1u Ltl'W~':l LL'Vl'W~fl'I~U':l'Wn11L~fl Lflm1"l!~fl'l"l!1':l t~ hn~3J~'W1 1-w
L':l~1r;Jfl3J1
34 Cheman W.K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 180.
61
f'l1~~~f!,;] f!ru::m-1~mm~'N elJl1
l ~ l ~ f'I1~'HWJ,;] flll1,..:J'WJ,;]
BMA L~~1ljn11 f!ru::n11~n114'~"'rJ,;]
- iht.J!Ji1..:JU1::L'Vlf'l
- il1t.JUnMfN - il1t.Jn11L~U
· - ihmflu1fim1 - il1t.Jn11~nM'l
- iJ1t.Jt'l~mvm~::mnL'Yi'VltJ '
nf.l~~Vi4'~~rj,;] n.n.n11~m:n
·'~.t.J nf.l~m~~'YiU'Vl
. ~ I nf.l~n1~~L'Vlf'ltJ1~Ufl1
n.n.L'Vlf'ltJ1~
I . ~ . 1'1ru::n11~n1~~111u (Barno)
LLU'JUtNrlU Barrio
n~'-1 MNLF 1;)ful"l'J1'-!"li'Jm~~'fl~UU~'W'W1011nll1U'W'flm.h::L'Ylfll 1ud'fl\ln1~4'l?l~1 c!l t.-51 .J 0 ..... cv - ~ cv .j .J ~
'fl11fi LLfi:: Ll"l ~'fl\IL "1i'fl'W1 L 'Vi'fl'Yl1~\ll"l ~1'-!nU~lU1fi 'fln'Yl\1 LU'Wf?l'J LL 'Yl'W 1 um~f?l'fl~ L 'Vi'fl 'lJ f11l?l (Jihad)
62
U'Eln~1ni1 n~~ MNLF t'!l'l~11tlLU~UULLU~,m'l1~1'lJ~'lLUUn'l1U1:;"l!~lnn~~ L~'El~Un~'El~L~f~ q ~ q u
' ~
'U'l ~ L .;u~ bJJ b)J'l'Vi1bu~ L .W'El!n'El'U t'!IU'El~"ll'l'J L~ h 1 Ui3U~'l L U'l LL(;] rl'J'l~~ 1 L~~ niJ L fiu~1:;u:;~u1
L Vi 11:;u1:;fi'lU'lfl'lJ~~~fn'Elt'!l1 ~iJm1~~u1:;"J11~ ~1 ui3U~'l L U'l ( rl'J'l~ Lrl~'ElUL 'VI'J~hU'El'l1fi(;]'l~1 "ll'El~n~~ MNLF ,!u1~~~~~n"li'lu'ltfLL~:;u1:;L'Vlfl1~u1 t~u~m1fi~:;,J.,~u~~~1!~LL~:;i3u~'lLU'l n'l1"llU~~ LL~:;m1~'tlt'!l'l:rv'h L~'tlth~mn~'lU'ln ,r'J'V1ihn~~u1 l1"1fm1 rmn~ 'l'J'VI'l~'l LL ~nrohu 1 ~
' ~ t.l 'iJ
' ' ~ "ll 'l'J1j ~Vl~U"ll'El'U vh L ~'El'l1fiiJhJ L fiu~Yi'tl ~U'U'l~ r1f~iJ n11t1 'l'El'l1fi~ 'l~'lnn'l1~ n~'El'lJ"ll'lU~'l n
cl1uf3u1~ 1u~1Un'El~'VJU"ll'El~n~~ MNLF 'tl~LUlUn'l1U1'~1r1~~~'El~'lLUU~~Qnn{)'VI~'lU~t'!l~'l~ ~ ·~
~nvi~LUUn'l1UljUii"ll'tl~"li'l'J~t'!l~~Vl~U1ULUU'l~"ll'tl~~t'!l~1~)
n~3J BMLO (The Bangsa Mora Liberation Organization) ~
n~~ BMLO (The Bangsa Mora Liberation Organization) 4'~~~1u rl.fll. 1978
t~u 11=B~ ~r12!u (Rashid Lucman) Lilun11~n'l1U1''VI11t'!l~t'!l~ t'!l~'l=Bn"ll'tl~n~~~~~~n"l!~"l!U 1u " 1 " q
' ~
L1'fl~ULU'lJ'lULL~:;~uu1:;~'lru"lJ'rNn~~iJm1U1:;1~~Lfi1~L~'ElU~:;r1f~ 'VI~nn'l1Unr11'tl~LoDfl11~ .... ·- ~~""'.!"~~..I ~~ ~~ ....... 'tlt'!l~'l~ n'l1n1:;'Vl'lb)Jll'l~"ll'El~"ll'l'J ~~ ~1tl'ElLuU'VIU'l'Vl"ll'tl~"ll'l'J ~~ ~1VJnr1U "ll'l'J ~~ ~1VJnr1U~rl'J'l~1'lJ
eJ~"l!'Elut;J'El;J'tlu~~uhJii;J'ElunL~u1~1
n~~ BMLO ilu'VIU'l'Vl'VI~~;r'El~nn~~'Vl1-'Lu~ ~u1'l~n~~ ~ t~iJrJ'J'l~ LL~nn~h~nu ~~ • • U'l~:f<mnunun~~"li'l~'l21~ (Salamat Hashis Footion) n!l~rh~~'l!nru~t'!l~'m (Ansar El-lslam)
LL~:; 'tl~r1m~t'!l~~LL~~YJ~tltlu~ (MAP 'VIr'tl Muslim Association of the Philippines)
...~ I - Ylvhmnl1:::"!11"ll'W
n.n.Lf'irrtJ"fi~LLfi:::~-:~m.J
tJ-:~I'ln1LLfi:::uDmim1
63
mi:J.J MILF (More Islamic Liberation Front) • mh.J MILF (Mora Islamic Liberation Front) ri'fl~'lL'W '"l.'"'. 1977 L~!l enan~ "ll'1'C1:::JJ'C?l •
n 'C1 '1-.:J"ll!l'l LL 'W'J i'J ~u'C1 C?lu~m.J LL ~'l"ll'1 ~t~ l:r~'W~~ LiJt.J LL'C1 :::L~'W!l ~'J L!l'l LU'WUJ':::n'1'W"ll!l'l LL 'W'J i'J~ u'C1 C?lu~!lmL~'l"Jl'1 ~LLYI'W LLr;J~tJJ':::"Jl~hlt.J'fl~fu uu LU'Wrl'J'1~-n (?) LLtJ'l~ LnC?l~'WJ1'1t.J1 'W mJ'~"Jl'1'C1:::JJ (?) •
LL~ C?l'l~ C?\U'WL 'Wn'"IJ'LU'Wl-J~~~ LL ~'lUJ':::"ll'1"1l'WU'l~'1 t~hLL'C1:::u·~ L~nn~~~1fr1'D~ 1'1:::1''W'fl!ln~ LU'W
"ll'1'J t~L:r~ii r1'J'1~~!l~l'lur;i!l ~U'1LL'C1:::1'1J':::n'C1 n~~ M 1 LF H1fumJ'~U'lJ~'W'W"'l'1ntlJ':::LYJ'"'n~~ llJ ~ Cl q q
I n!l..:Hi1~..:J t '"IT
- ~vhmJ'uT:::fi1'W
- r1ru:::mJ'~mm1J'~'W - flru:::nn~mr'Vl'-115'
- L~'W1fimr - flru:::nn~mr U'll'Cl
- flru:::mnm1t~1t.Jr;i1-.:Jl.h:::rM - flru:::mnm1r nP!
- flru:::mn.m1t~1t.JP11'Cl'W1-;aMnlJ
- flru:::mrl-lmTmt~!l'Cl1nL~:::fllJ'W1fllJ
64
th::nTW
- l"lru:::n112-Jn'l1tit'l~12-J
- Lt'l'W1fin'l1
- l"lru:::n112-Jn'l1n11L~'W
- n~2-Jt-~~n •
- l"ln.!:::n112-Jn'l1L'VII'I1J1~
- l"lru:::nn2-Jn'l1 tl'l!t'l
- l"lru:::nn2-Jm1m1tlnflffi-:J
nfi~'!l~A'n•n..Jn~ Moro "MlB nfi~ Moro . ~ . ... I
n~~t:Hif'fnnJfi~ Mora ritJvi-:~l:~u 1.~f'f (Mike) LYltJilil-:~nuflltJaJihu~LJIL-if'1LL'YlmLL"ll'l ... I I
"J1~"11'WUJL1 mrunfil1tl'l"11tl'ln~~~'Wtl~n'Ufltru::nr1aJn'1m~'1'1 ~'ILU'WL~Tl.n~.hf1~.:~~~"11tl'ltl'lf'fn1 I ...
l"lru::n1ffimm~'1\1Pltl vi'lLL'Yl'W~Jl'1~'1tl~L'W'l'11::tl~::fllf.:~ ~'l'Wfllru::n11aJm14'.:~"'t3'~aJ'1"1'1nm1~~ .... 1 Ocvcv I ..,..fq ~...~.,""' .J fV L~tlnL'W1::"''l'1\ln'1ru1!:"J13-lU1::"1'1"1'1"''l~ mru1::"J13-ln~aJ"'::"'~"11'WU~::f011'1 LY4'flf;l~~'WL"'Lnmnum1
... Vl'1\1'1'WLL~::m 1'J'1\I LLeJ'W'!ltl'l n~aJ 1"1 ru::n 113-l mruru'11LU'WLLn'Wn~'1'1 mr4' ~vi 'I 'I '1'1..!~ LPIM~Ph'l1
65
I;" I I 11'
mtOi nt'l1'l L~~1n11(;j'~ LL'W'l1'la.JU~ (;JU~'flmL ~~"ll1~La.J '11 ~ffin~3-JY!iJ~'f!L~un~h~1 ~'W
a.J1,r'W n LU'Wn11(;]'fl~'il'fl~"ll1'l La.l h2-Jfl~a.J L~'fln11LLU~ LLUn~'WLL(;l'W1 ~LU'W1'J~M~ LL(;]'flth~hnma.J
LL'W'l'Vl1~Lb~~~fln11'il'fl~Lb(;]~~'fl~Plm'fl1tOiLL!nn(;]1~rl'WLU ni'l1'l~'fl m:ia.J MIM iJmn!Pl~'fl'WL~'lL(;JU • . ... . m1tJnm{fi(;]1~1 Yla.l1L~L;lu ~'l'Wn~a.J MNLF iJm1{(;l{;j'~n'fl~l1~tl1~"ll1"ll'WLa.JL~~LU'Wn'fl~n1i~
~(;l'fl1'Jfi~ffia.Jru m~a.J BMLO LU'Wn11n1~vhnit~1(;1 ;~ti'fl~1Lilu~ih~"l!1'l ~L1Vlni"I'W m~a.J MILF l , •ta:: "' 1
i1 l"l'l1a.J~'fli lnU (;]'f)~U1 L(;JU LLfl(;l~,(;JU'W1'Wmnii'W~fl~1a.JLb ~~tl1~"ll1"ll'WU~fl1 La.J L1 tllj Lflfia.J1fl"l~fl
~n~1''W'fl'fln L(;JUL~m1fluufl~'WtOi1nt11~LVlfii2-Jfl~a.J~i"lunu
... . ... L~~nmnum1L~'fln{;j'~1'WL;;;'fl'W~nfll~muu !PIA 1971 ~~L~Ini(;JLLU~uu1~i1~1'W'l'W~
1 .. 1 "' t.l
'fl~U~~~fl'fl~thm~a.J~'W~~ 50,000 I"I'W Ld'flmn~'fln~~~'Wfl(;l~~~1t.l1t0in11Un!Pl1'fl~1'W~'WLL(;l'W •
La.J L1bU~ U'WtOi 1 n"ll1'l La.l L1LU'W"ll1'l l"llfl L~f.J'W vh 1 ,X Ln (;] n11~'lf.J 1 ,x~~fl'fl~ tl1uU~'Vl:;n'WLU'WI"If~ M1'l
Ld'fl Ln (;] Ltlu'li1'l~u.Yh 1 ,x"ll1'l2-Jfl~a.J~'l t~nflu1t0i 1'la.J~~ L~'fl~m1L~un~'fl~m~l'11qj t~1(;1 tu1'u~ 21
riumuu '"'· fll. 1972 reiuLii'WI"I'l1a.J~mma.J'il'fl~1'Ju1~~tOi~tl~(;l'fl1(fi~'ln La.JL1 l-11 1~Ln(;lfl~1"111a.J mJ~ LLf.Jn~'WLL(;l'W35
35 Cheman W.K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southem Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 76.
66
1977 'i:,;,u~U1U'rl~{~':l1 u1~1b~U (Brigadier-General Tevduffo Bautists) nuu1U'VlVI11UPI
'W1U~'W 5 fll'W bb~~1~~u~u~n 27 fll'W ~-:!'VlVI11L-ifLU'Wif'fl-fl'1-:~bb~~th~u1~ n~~ MNLF 'fl£h\lVIUn q
~ v v
~1VIfUcJ'Vl'Vl1-:!'VlVI1dn~1':l~1bU'WcJfU~~"ll'flULVI~n11cUfllf-:JU ~'fl 'fl~~1'W "J!1~ (Usman Sali) cJ " 'll q q 'll
' u-:~~Un11fll'WVItWll'fl-:Jn~~ MNLF t~m'fl'rl1~U1~fi1'W'W1flU~~1fn'fl~L'IXriTir':l1rfti-:~ 200,000
q
n1'iri'tln'lu1J1.11~ " c;i'-:~LLI1i fll.Pl. 1970 LUU~u~1 n~~fllUV!tl~~1':l"l!1':lL~'l1iu1mJ 1~Ln,;,m1u~'Vl~nu
• q q
1~VI~1-:JflU1~nun~~l1i'fl ~1'W"J!1':l L~ Ld'fl~U'flU1 mnn~ bb'W':li':l~tl~ ,;,tlil'flu~~d1l1'rl bb,._,-:1 b~ b1 'elu
1~Lbri n~~'fl-:!Plnd~~d111Yl Bangsa Moro (BMLO) bb'W':li':l~U~~tlil'flU~MJl1Ylbb,._,-:!"ll1~b~b1 " ~~~~ (MNLF) "ll1':1L~L1~~~~ n~~ MILF Lb~~'fl-:!Pln1tlfl~Lb,._,-:!L~b1 (MORO) U'fln~1nilu-:~~
n11Lbunc;i'':l'fl'fln~1~1nn~~ MNLF LL~~n~~ MILF djun~~U'flU~n Vl1-'flmcULVI~n11cU~~1~1~ q q q q
(Marawi) L~'flrl'W~ 24 !?J~1fll~ 1972 bU'Wn11~~1~~L~'fl~~~hi1'\Xilm:i"'hn~m1UUtl'flbL~~tllj~
~1~flt1~'W1~~~1~ Vl~\l~1n"ll1':l 'U.J b1~n{u 1~Lfl~fll':l1~l'JLLN~'W1~VI~1-:J"J!1':l 'U.J b1bb~~"ll1':l fll1~ b~U'W Ltl'WU1~"hL~~'fl~1 L~~'W11~nJ"ll'fl-:Jn11Unflld'fl-:J~'WL'El-:!~~1~'lJ"ll'fl-:!"ll1':lb~L1 n~'Eln11ilf'l1~bU'W
" "ll'El-:!~'WL'El-:1 n11ifLNL1uu if1~UUn11Mn'ft1LU'W"ll'fl-:!~'WL'El-:! n~~~~~~iffll':l1~Lif~LL;i-:~~'WLL~~iJ • q
" n'El'lrh~-:~u'EJ-:~nu~uL'fl\l ilm1L~'Elnc;l-:~'Vln1~~un1u1u~uLL~u t~um1~1Lilumn'fl-:~"ll'fl-:~tl1~"ll1"ll'W • "ll1':lb2-lL1
" " " ~-:!U'Wn1111i'fl~~~"llU1Uc;i'':l~1mJ'ElULfiu-:~1~uu~U'fl~rlUfll':l1~i,;,LLlf-:JLL~~"ll'W1{;1"1J'fl-:!
fll':l1~ tULLN LL~~fll')1~"Jhu L Vl~'fl~-:~ nuLL~~nu"ll'El-:~~u'fl-:~"Jl1') t~ t1n L ~ ~ Ltlub-:~1~1~ c;]')
67
n'l~vl'a~ L~'afm~n~h.!LL!?1'W"ll'a~"Jl1'l h/L~l-l~~l-IL~~l-I~'WL'Wrl1~J;)fll(;l'l~t~ 20 vh t~iJ ~ .
" e.J£'ln1~'Vl'Uvl1~1 ~1l-11~(l~~tJ1~~~v.
n1~vl'a XL ~'a fnM1 ~'WLL!?1'W"ll'a~"Jl1'l Ll-1 hl-l~~l-!Vl1L ~~'VIf'8i'a Ll-11-m Lfl!?1rl'l1l-l L~ti'VI1tl \l • dJI
LL£'l~~'fN L~u'"h 1-ifr.i1tll-!1n L!?1tl L'U'Y'n~rh 1-ifr.i1U'V11~m~'Vl'VI1~ 1um~VI1~~r~nl-!nu"ll1'l Ll-1 'i:t m~~ ~'VIf~'fl Ll-11n11 ejjrjfim n "liuL~tl'lnu~ LU'W ~'an 'a~ n1~~~'l'WL 'VIqj l-11"11n"ll1'l~ ~tJtlwf~'l!u ~'a
M1~'W1 r~1~ J;! tJ ~~n'flunu~'VIf~'a Ll-1 1miJu Lti'U1ti~"'~L tm~tJtlutftJn r~~'a~ Vl'WL 'fl~ ~'VIf~'fl Ll-1 1m
" " " 1~'l1~i'Wiil'a'Wiil12-l'WLUU1muu 2 i'Wiil'fl'W ~'fl i'WLLm"'~Ltm~tJt!utfVI1m~tJnr~~'a~Vl'WL'fl~LLv1L'ih " " '
nl-l'fl~1u4'nm'Y'l'flLl-11m ~~LLvl riA 1903-1936 iuVI~'fl~ "'~Ltm~tJt!utftJnr~ffi~Vl'WL'a~L'WlULLUU
~1fi1truf~1.utl 1946
'V11~ ~1'W"ll1'l Ll-1 h~~~l-lvl1L~ el1ti~'VIfl'fl Ll-11n1 LL£'l~f~U1£'l~~tJtlutf ~'fl~~tlJ L~tl
rl1~~rl'WLL£'l~'fl11fiLULU'W~'Wl-11n ~~L"liu~ehu MNLF ~1l-111(1U~Lrl~~iju F.5 "ll'fl~n'fl~~'Y'l
'fl1mfllfjih.JilutfVln'VIrl~~1 LL£'l~1~i~'VI11'Vl'VI1t~1uf3u1£'lLU~~ 2,500-3,000 r~u LL~"'~'W'Vlnu ~1u'lur~'l1l-l L~U'VI1U"ll'fl~ el1u LL u'l~'ll-1 LLv1n Luu~ L'ih 1 "~~1 r~~ 1~fur~'l1l-l L~U'VI1u ~'lu L "liunu
-• ""' ~ -·· ........ 1J'7:m1'7'VItl'il.:t n1'7nUn LL U'l fl l'l'iltlfi13J ... n1~~u~ LL 'W'l ~ !?1~~£'l1l-I'VI~~~~r~~1l-l L£'lnr~f~~~'fl~ ~~iJe.J£'lvl'fl~Vl~1Un"ll'fl~'l!1'l Ll-1 'i:~
LL£'l ~~ 11-.3 F~'l1l-l L il-l LL ~-.31. 'WF~'l1l-l d~u'l!1 ~Ll-1 'i:t Lvhnu L~1l-1~11-.3~ l'l!ur~ ~ LL£'l~~m~ru~"ll'fl-.3'll1'l Ll-1 h
vl1L~Ln~n~l-lt11u1"1~'W'VI£'l1un~l-l m~L411l-11"1l'fl~"ll1~l-l~~l-l mViL"liu l-11L~L,u LL~~~Lilu V111.~ • • • "ll1'l L2-l tt1~fu fl'l12-l"li'lu L 'VI~'fl ~'l!u~~u1. um~v1'fl~ L ~'fl~~~ll1'Y'l LL~~F~'l1l-I!J~fittl-l~"'~ 1~tJn r~:r'fl-.3 Vl'WL'fl-.3 L'li'W~'l'flth-.3n11Lrl~'fl'WL'VI'l LLU-.3 LLtln~'WLL!?1'W"ll'fl-.3"1l1'l Ll-1 L~'VIU~~'fl~l-I'Yf Straits Times n~1'l~1
... '111'UJ1 LfH ~ll VfflUUfl'\t'Wn1~~fl1~fl L~flflfl'l ~')1).Jn !PI ~'W~t1f3u1 flfl~UU'W~ L ~tl~ ~ m~ Lffinre'l~'l "111m~ (Sabah) ~u~utl1969 ).J1LflL~tJ4'~m~'tln~~P~n~).Jnfl'IL~~tmm b.J'i:~tu
iiU(;l'1L'U'1 LL~~'l!~ n2-li..:J'1Df'll'lt1Lll~'flL'U~'1Utn11l m~~utlu ~m'~LU(;liJ'fl tlunfl tlut;itJ~ tnmf'lmu u~~iluti..:J~n~'ltJ37 •..
68
" U'ilnr.nnil Wl~3-J~Iwrrh e:l'1t'U (Datu Mustapha Harun) 3-J'l.l3-lW?i~·fJ"ll1'J.J1tf 1~f'J.J
'"''l1a..J"li 'lt~ L 'VI~'il'"l1n n~a..J1h::: L 'Vlfl!~~f'l1a..J t~t~ L1-t~ n ~'il--1 1 ~"li'lt~ L 'VI~'fl'"l1n '"''l1a..J L~'fl~~TVIU1~'l.l'fl..:J • "l!1'la..J~~a..JLLf'l:::f~a..J~~a..J1um:ru'il..:JrlU'"l1ne!un'"':r'il..:J~ij1"Jia..J~~a..J~hJ~u1'"l~U'il..:J"l!1'lba..Jb:rb'Vh~
q ojq Ill q
'"''J:i' U'J.J~1 d:Jum:r~'i!Mln:i'U bb'l.J'J.J'VI~--1 n:rruu:r:::L 'Vlfl!~ blJtl~ b.;r13-J1"li'lt!~U'J.J~UUn1:i'b'"'~'ilU1 'VI'l 1 u ~ ~ .
m:rLLli..:J LLt~ n ~uLL~U'l.l'il~"l!1'l ta..J t:ra..J~~a..J1 ufl ~utlui a..J1'"l1n'"''l1a..J Ltlu~u'il~ nu'l.l'il~~~f'l1a..J LLf'l::: • .;J'ilu~~'J.J'l.l'il~~a..JJlf~:r'il1U m:i"'JJ'lm'VI~'il'"l1n~bi:Jm~a..J~U1U '"'.fl!. 1971 Ld'il'"'ru:::fJ3-lUl111-a..J1L~tl3-J YJ~utluiLLf'l:::~ ~f'lt~n'J.J~tn"l!1'l ta..J t:rt~t~"ll'lm'VI~'il ~u~1u'lu'VIll~~1U~'ilf'lf'l1f LLri"ll1'l ta..J t:r~ Ltlu
~a..J1:nn 1mJ'l.l'il~n~a..JLLU'lna..JUf'l~Uil'ilmL~~"l!1~ba..J t:r MNLF 111t~1~e!u1 u:r ij"llm1- LLf'l:::m:rtJn .. 'II "111 "
,r~t'u LL'l.J'l.Jn'il~ t'"l:r1ua..J1 Lf'l L;lt~ "ll'lt~ 1ut'U'll'il~ L~UVJU "li'lu1uL~'il~m1n LLf'l:::~unnu~u1 38
n 1 :r"Ji'JtJ L 'VI~'il'"l1 nn'il~'VlU:i''Ja..J rlU'l.l'il~"l!1'J~~f'l13-J 'VI1-'ila..Jf'IU~ Lbf'l :::'J.J1,;'Vl1 UU:r::: L'Vl fl! . ~
" ' ' 3-J~~a..J b~Un1:i'LL'"ln~1U1Ut'U'll'il~"l!:::n1!11 (zakat) 'VI1-'il'Vl1U m:r~u'J.J~~uihtlu~~V]~n~'il~l1113-J
' '" nn'VI3-J1ULLf'l:::LUUn1:i'U~~'l.J~'il"l!1'J3-J~~3-J'Vln'"'uVi~'il-11~'Vl1U~'ile!Vl~U:i'U1uu13-J'l.l'il~~~f'l13-J m:r dJ .. .. ..
~U'J.J~~u1ut'U'l.J'il~"l!:::ml1!U~il~n'VIf'l1tlt'ULL'l.J'J.J 1~LLri u:r:::L11'Vl'il1'VI1:i' L"IIU m:r'J.J1'"l1'"'.;]1'J fJ"ll~f'l ' X r ""'
"C"ll1l'J LLf'l:::'il\.11
n 1 :i'L.;] 13-J1 L~m.;J'il~'ll'il~U:r:::L 'Vl fl!a..J~~a..J ~1~1 vh 1 ~'il~ rfn :rn~a..JU:r::: L 'Vl fl!a..J~ ~3-.J ~3-.JiJ'l.J'Vl • • • 'l.J1'Vl1 un1:r"fjt~1U1a..J'"l::: LLn1'lltr 'lJ'VI13-J~~ a..J1 u~ ~uiJ utf t~m'il"fj1:::n~·a..J o .I.e. (The
Organization of Islamic Conference) ~~Ltlun~a..Jfm~n~~:i'J11"fj LLf'l:::~'Vl~'ll'il~"ll1~ 'l.J'Vl'l.J1'Vl'l.l'il~
o .1.c. 'VI~~ L'VII1Jm:rru~~'VI1:r'VI~LLf'l:::m:r~'il~un1'"' 1~'l.l'il~YJ~utlui:r:::'VI~1~n'il~n1~~'l.l'il~3-J~~3-J
n'l.Jn'il~~"fj~~uiJul t~u~e.Yu1'fl~ffn:ra..J~~a..J 'l~~a..J1:nn i1n"lln1:r:r:::~'J.J~-1 'il1'"l1:ru .. tl .. .. 'll
a..J'VI1';j'Vlm~mLf'l:::un~:rn'"l~Ltlu3-J~~a..J1~4'~1~ilm:ru:r:::,a..J1u1'u~ 15 n:rn{)1'"'a..J '"'.fl!. 1971 1u " ...
m:rtJ:r:::"l!a..J'"'f~iliJ'flfim:r'J.J~3-J'VI1';j'Vlm~tJ~f'l~"lli:r U:i':::L'Vlfl!~th.J~ LLf'l:::L'iln~M:i'1"ll'Vll1l'l.l'il~U:r:::L'Vlfl! . ~
" ~ Luu L .;J1u:r:::,a..J ~'lu '"l1nuu1~ilm:rn~1'l'VI1fl'l.J1f'lfl~utlullu~'VIu:r:::"ll1"ll1~~1 Ltlu~~h~1~ " L~.h~u~ U'iln'"l1nULf'l'l.l1fln1:i''il~rln1:i' O.I.C. u~1~~~'"l~'VI3-J1UbL~~~'"''l13-JLUU~'l~~'il~mum:rru
37 Cheman W.K., Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand, 139.
38 Ibid., 140.
69
m~~1~1,:mh~uf~Ln~;'W LL~!: O.I.C. ihJ~L~flU1~YJ~tJuu6tJnil'fl~~l9lLL~:::VlfY-IOO'W"ll'fl~ •1~~~~~'fl~1~~~~~s • •
~tl~~~l"lL'Wn1~~'W~LL'W~~~t)~~1~~ri'tlL~Ln~l"1~1~i~LLU~~:::VI~1~•1~1"1l~L~tJ'Wnu ' "
•1~~~~~ri~'fl ~:::V1~1~•1~ U-1 t~nu•1~r1l~ L~tJuiJtl~:::L~uvhl1~u 1-,~mn~1'ti~~'tl~ el1£Jil'ti'P~ur1~ • 'fl~1~h~Ji'fln'W~:::VI~1~1"1l~L~tJ'W~~Lil'W•'Wn~~1VIqjnu•un~~u'fluL~L~ _,1nm~~nM1"1!1~t~t~
LL~:::•1~1"11~L~tl'WL'W ~1L'W1 L~'tl 11f (Lanao de Sur) LL~::: ~1L'W1 L~'tl 'W'flffi (Lanao de Norte) I Sl tl I
vh1~Vl111J~1 "tl!jmmV!u;iu ~'tl m~tl!jL~fi" m~~1~~-,i1~1~L~'W~1"l!1~1"11~L~tJ'WL~m'U~tJ-,::: ' "'
tJ!jL~fi·1~~~~~ LL~:::'tll"1~"1l'tl~·1~1"11~L~U'WVJiJIJI'tl•1~~~~~L'WYJ~tJiJu6uhi1"JitJ~1n!Jn1~ru1V13J
LLIJI Lij 'WI"l~ 1 a.J Ln ~ tJ ~-n~~ l9l nvt'tl~~1 t~u 19l~'tl~ ~~ LL~Ji ~~u~ LU'WLL~:::~~tJ~~VIfl'fl La.Jlmtln l"l~'fl~ LL~:::u~l"l~'fl~-,un1:::vT~~~tr-,,u-u t~mn~-,1nm~~:::L~mL~:::I"1~1a.J~1L~tJ~"ll'tl~'VJn1 el1t1 l:'l~u~~ iJn1~~nM1U~r1~1'~~119l1l1'W"ll'fl~·1~ L~L~~1LU'W "~VI~11U" "'tlnr;l'l.J'\1" ·,r~"llLa.!£1" LL~:: "LU'W
t,~~~~" 1u~•'fl'W (Luzon) LL~:::VI~Lm:::~•1m ~1~1 "L~t~· iii"1~1~VI~1UL'WVl1~13-i~~1Lil'WLLVI~~
"1l'fl~~~13JL~'tlff~40 1"1~1l-l~n~13-i~"1l'tl~•un~a.JL'VIqj~i:l~Ji'tl•un~a.J U'tltJLuYJ~tltluiL"liuiltl'u l:'l~u wn~ Ln Wil1 n 1"1~1~i ~ LLU ~ 1:::VI~ 1~"l!'Wa.J~~~ LL~:::"l!'W"l!1~~13-i1"lia.J~~~~ ~ 1Ji'tln'Wl-l1 LU'WL~~1'W1'W • • LL~:::~n~~u'VIll~Ln~-,1n'tll"l~~~"~u~Ji1~PI1~u11Ji1~1'oo.Jun11a.Jii~Ji'tlnu u1~1"1f~'tli"1~1Ji'tl"ll1~a.J~~~ • ... ... • , .J ... Ln~-,1nmm~~l"1~12-lu1Ltl'tl'W"1l'tl~"l!1~~~~a.J
m1~m~n"1l'tl~ ~~. t~l9l'fl~ tvJ ~~1w1~ LLl-i~~VI1~VltJ1~uYJ~tltlul1v1~nM1'ti'PI'WI"l~
~Ji'eln~l.l"l!1~~'Wf~Ji1~1 ~!tl1v1~1
... ~f'IUI'l~'llfl~n~~"ll1~~u{n~~~h~1 1u~~tltluif Lii~"'l1n~u1'11fl~ti1::L'Ylf'l'"1::1h::mf'l
l'l"l1~ Li]uLflnmfl u 1-i~"111~t~u'b.i ~1il~n~l'l'l1~ Uj;Jn~ 1~'11fl~nq~"ll1~~u{ ul!t)1 d]u
utm.J1tJ'IIfl~f:u1t~niJI1~ LL~~f'IUI'l~l'l"l1~~n'llfl~f'lu1un~~,1~~u{~h~1 t"tJL1lfl1::
nq~~U1 LoDU nq~"ll1"l~U LLfl::n~~"ll1"l"Ji'l~~ijL~L~Uf'l~fltJIJI1~ULtJU1tJ'IIfl~f3U1flLfltJulY U~Ufltl Ju~fli1oDfl~tl1~Ln(;t~U1::~t)1~ULtJU1tlflUI'l"l1~~n~u~"'ll~'llfl~~1"l~~tltluifl.u ~fl~Lflnl11flU,.,~"ll1~41 •••
39 Ibid., 42.
40 Thomas M. Mckenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels (London : University of
California Press, 1998), 44. ' 41
ih~J~'flf~ m'd~~. t~t1LL~:::LL"1ln : :1u:::"1l'tl~"l!1~3-J~~a.J1u~~tlth.o~tfLL~:::1'Ylti, 28.
70
m ~~ L~Un"1!1'dlJ~ ~ lJ~ 1 blJ h ~..:J LU'Wrl1~il m1lJ,..,lJ1uhJ~ LL~:; LL~ ~..:J 1 'IX L ~'W~1"1!1'd •
lJ~~lJil~1u:;~1~'flu ~'fllJ1mn~un"1!1'dlJ~~lJYl~uuui~1tlJtnL~~..:J~..:Jr1'd1lJ~~nL,..,uu~mmlJ q d.i q cu
~'d'Wrl'd1lJ~~L~'W~'fl..:J r1u~'du1 my1 uYl~uuuiL~'W~1Yi'dn tlJ tntlur1u t~ L~~1 'Vl~u P1 n1'd~1'd ilulJ
ifn~~U1,_.,~1Url'W d~'W'Vl1~LL~:;LU'Wb"'l~~~~ "1!1'd~~~lJYJ~utluli.~L~Un~'fl..:J1'iX"llun~lJL,_.,nJ1'W
YJ~utluiL~unYi'dnl?lu~1lJ~~lJ,..,1-'flYl~uuuilJ~~lJ LL~:;1u~:;,..,~1..:J r1.P1. 1950-1959 "111'dlJ~~lJ • • •
YJ~utlull2JYitJ1"'l~\Jn L~un~1 tlJ t~ 'tl:;~un1~~"'l :;L~unr'l1~1 tlJt~~'tlWW1"1!1'd~~~lJ~'fl..:J~:;~..:J ' 42
tlU1'1lJ1n ...
m~~'fl~~:;,..,~1..:JlJ~~lJ LL~:;r11'~ L~uu~n~1lJlJ1n~u1un1r11~~tJ..:JYl~uuui r'l1~1 .. . . ... '
blJb~ \jn1J1n~UlJ11•n\~un"1!1'd~~~lJL,_.,i:J'fl'WL~lJ LL~r1~1'dU"1!1'd~~~lJL'WYl~utluiLu~uuvhV1
lJ1U'tllJfun1~\jn ~un~1 blJ b~~'JU rl'd1lJ L~lJ 1 "'l LL~:;Ju 1 "'l LYi~1:;n1~~'fl~~:;,_.,~1..:J~~~lJrllJ r11'~ L~U'W
"1!1'dlJ~~lJ1 uYJ~tltluiu~:;mf'll LD~ Le.~u~1Yi'dnl?luLtluu..:J"1!1 ~ t~ ,..,1-'fl"111 ~tlJ t~ hJ1-riu..:J"lnYl~uuui • ,..,'1tl"111~Yl~uuui
r1'd1lJ ~~ n LL~:;'fi Pl'Wrl ~~'fl..:J"l!'Wn~ lJ 1 ,_.,n i~iJ ~'fl"l!'Wn~ lJU'tlUlJ~~lJ LL~:;"l!un~lJU'flU 1 'W CU q ok1 q q q
~~utlui~il~'fl"l!un~lJ1,..,qj~-:~~u'Vl'fl~lJ1,..,~1u.ft''dtJ1!Jrl'W uu~1dju~u~~1r1~1~'1Ju1:;m~,..,~..:J ~'fl r1'd1lJYiU1U1lJ~"'l:;e.J~lJ n~lJ n~'W'Vl1'1 mni:JtJ-:1 LL~ :;~ OO-J'Wfi~1lJ LL 'W'd i'dlJU~ ~U~'flU LL 'LA..:J"1!1 ~blJ b~
~-:~ LU ue.~~~u LtitJ-:~lJ1"'l1 nn1~~"1!un~lJUtlUlJ~~lJiJ rl'd1lJ~1un 1 'WP11~'W1~~~1lJtlU1..:J L~lJ~ • • ... ~lJ'd'Wn1~,_.,1tlLL'W'di'dlJ~1..:J1 L,_.,~1U vh1'iX"111'd~~~lJ~tl~1'W~'VlflYi~rl'd1lJ~~~1..:J1 L-ri'W ~'Vlfi
'tl1n.nilrllJ ~'Vlfirl'fllJihil~t;] LU'W~'W ~'ILU'WYi~-:lliJnf011lJ~~lJm~ru'Vl1'1P11~'W1~'fl..:J~~~1lJ1'Wijl?l LL~:;I"l'd1lJ d~u'fl~~'tl..:J~~~lJ"fl n l"l'W m~~"li1'd tlJ t~ ·hJu'fllJfu~1l?l'WLtJ-:~ LU'W"111'JYl~uuu~-:~iJ L ,..,I?J e.~~
,_.,~1uu~:;m ~ "'l1 n ~'tl'l~1'd'Vl1'1u~:;~P11~ l?lf LL~:;I"l'd1lJ ~'fl.:! mntlu~M:;~ilm~~un~tl'llJ1 t~u
l?l~'tl~ "'l'WLn~~lJ'd'Wn1~~'tl'1"1!1~blJb~~"'l:;~'fl~L~tlfil'd1lJLU'W"lilJ"l!'WlJ~~lJ ;'W'tlUrllJ~:;u:;L'd~1iJ tJ q q "
fil'd1lJ Luu1u1~,..,ffi 12-1 nlJ~-:1 d'flu 1 ~ 1 'W'Vl1-:~mni:ltJ-:~ ~'JU~"'l:;il eJU1~'fl'l"1!1'd tlJ tntlur:Jil fil'd1lJ L 4JlJ .. ..
_, .... ., ...: 1J 'l:m1'1VIft1 ~ fl1'1'ilYUI'VUJ1tl Cl 'U ~1 'U
doll
n1~'flYiUYi u 1 u ~u ~1'W~'tl~ L ~'fl,..,iJJiun1m'd1 ~~ 1'1'Vl1..:J'Vl,..,1~LL~:;m~u~:;m P1 L ~ !?1 I ... I
,..,'d-:~'iX1lJLuu~'du~1~'lJV1v'h 1'1Xu~:;"111"llu~'tl-:~Vi-:~V1tJ~,..,~1mL'LA-:~ L"liu 1uL~tl'WI?J~1fillJ filA 1977
"'~'~n1~!.11l?ln~~lJmilJ'W1UYi~{l?l'd1lJ~~l?l1 ~1'W'd'Wn~1 13,000 fil'W "li1'd ~t~lJ~~lJ~'fl..:J'flYiUYi . .. . 42 ~~\IL~ur:lrl'W, 24.
71
m'::'"l1ULtl'eJ~(;]1'-J~~1'11 mru~'VI'VI1~1.Jlju'1im~m1V1~1'1L'WLL'VI~'-li'-IU'Nn1 iJf1'W'el'ViUV'l'el'eln11.J
' ' " ~1'W'l'W 3,ooo ro1u LL~::vhm::u1~~1u~n1.J~::'-!1ru 7,ooo ro1u m~reJV'lUV'lVlLnVJ~'WLL~VJ-:~1'\XLi~uii-:~
' " n 1 ~1.Jlju'1i n1 ~'VI1'1'VI'VI11Vl1.J ~1u1.J ~1'-l'elU1'1l'WLL~'I 'W'el n'"l1 num11-ifn1~'1'VIV11~YJ ~ 1.Juu~1.J~1U
' ' " 1.J~1'-1"11U'l'Wm~~1'~1 "1l'el'l"ll1'l L'-1 L~'-~~~'-~iJ~~VILnVJ~'W ih 11.J~m:i'~'el~huf~u1~ 1u~::u::m'lLL~:: . ~ ~
~fl1V'lLfllmln'"l'VIlV1 L'VI:i''-ILV'l~::1.J~::"ll1"li'W1a-im'"l1.J~::nreJu'fl1;!V'l1~(;]1'-!1.Jn~ ~-:t~1U'I1'W"11'fl'lflu1~~ ~ I I ~
n~1'l~1!?i''ILL~b1'-1~1Un'W'elU1'1'VI,rn L'W f1.fll. 1973 d:lu~'W'-11 ~~VILnVJ~'WVh 1'1X"ll1'l'-l~~~~'el'ln1~ ~ .
'elV'lUV'lU1U~'W~-:t1.J~::'-11t"W 500,000-1,000,000 f1'W ~'l'W~11i!J:i'~L~tlirj(;]iJ1.J~::'-11t"W 30,000-
50,000 f1'W ~'l'W"ll1'l~L:i'2-J~~'-~~iJ1~il~'l'WL'W"11U'l'Wn1:i'~1'11 ~'l'WL'V1'1)Liju~'VI~'I L~n f1'W"ll~1 iJ
~1'W'l'W'-11nn~1 1 oo.ooo f1'W Vi·Mu11.JreJ~fl"li1U1VI~3
t1'i:m1'i;li fl'l1~l~~1.1fl'i~VI'l1-:~t1'i~L 'VI PI
n1~r;i'fl( L ~'elfn'li1~'WLLVJ'W"11'fl'l"ll1'l L'-1 L~2-J~~ ~ n~::'VIun~:: L VJ'elur;i 'el f1'l1'-li~~ufi
~::wi 1'111 1:: L 'VI f!ILVJ U~ n1~ LeD n 1 ~'I'VI'VI1:i'1.J nu1.J ~1'-1 iJ ~ ~ n ~::'VIU r;i 'el f1'l1 ~ i '-! ~'Wfi nu1.J ~:: L 'VI fll I I t.f I
L fi'el'WU1'W'flU 1'1 L-rl'W '-11 L~ L~U ~-:~iJU1'Wtb~ V1 r;i'f!nU'VIa-i Lm::'i:'-1 h'-l~~'-lfl1f1L~~'JU Lil'fl'l'"l1n ~ .
' " " 'VI'VI1:i'Yl ii1.Jilu~Vi~-:~1.111.J1::~1n1:i'~n'"l::~'l\lfh'W1uil 1"1l'fl'1'-~1 L~ L~u'fltl L~'-~'el v'i11 'IX Ln VJif ru'VI1
~ ~
f1'l1'-!1.J~'f!VJJiU"1J'el'I1.J~::"ll1"li'W'-11L~L~U~'JU L"1i'Wm'ru~Lffi~1L~L~U L"ll~e'.l1 U11 (The Saleha ~
Jl I I I I
Baru) \)n~1.1.J1u"1lru::ViLL~'W'fl~'W'flni1-:~"lf1U1~V'l~'fl'-l~VJU~1:i' 44 f1'W LijreJrjuVI 23 "J~1f1'-l f1.fll.
1979 U\lf1'1Clm~u\ln'W~1Li:lum~n:i'::v'i1"1l'fl\1Lf1~~::'VI~1'1el1u"11u'Jum~ MNLF 'VIffi'VI'VI1~~tltlu~~ " 1.J~::~1n1~'fl~U1L'Jt"W,j''W
-· ... ., ., 0 .., u'i~n1'i'VIVI1 n1'i'VI1'VI1!1'il11.11'"1'i,SU1ft
n11~flU1~ LeDn1~'1'VI'VI11L -if11.J~1U1111'-l~'-11~n"11U'l'Wn1~~1'11 vl1L '!XfjU1~~'el'l L~:n C\J nu f1'l1'-li'W'l1U'flU1'1 r;i'f) L ll'fl\1 LL~::iu~'W'-11n~'W'"l'Wn~ 1U LU'Wmm~::'VIUn1::LVJ'fl'W~'fl f1'l1'-l
Juf1\l"il'el'I1.J~::L 'VI fll LL~::l1'W::"il'fl'l ~U'1'VI1~~ ~'fl\1 L~U\1 r;)'fl L~ ~U1fl1V'll.l.~::f1'l1'-IU1 L~'fl ii'fl"11'fl'lfjU1~ rlU'W1'W111 ~:: L 'VI fll UClJV11~'l1'-!La-iMUfl1U 1 u1.J~::L 'VIfll'el1'"lvl1L ,X LnVJ f1'l1'-!"JI::-3' nru n~1ULU'Wf1'l1~
'l (;] n n-:~ 'l ~ ~ 1 LU'W~ 'WLLVJ'W~'!J(;]11U r;i'f);l'l (;] LL~::'VI fV'l OO'W m ffi'1'VI1U~ 11111'"1 f~U1 ~ LVJ u m 1~'el ~ "ll'fl\1 ~ ~
"11U'l'Wm~r;i1-:~1 n~1mtlu~-:~~11'-ln~1\IL~'el\I~'W ~-:~1.aJLi:Ju~~~r;i'f!el1u1VJL~u ,um::vT-:~iJm1(;]n
43 'l~~'l11t"W !?iruerJ::VI-:Jl!f, LL'W'l1<m1.J~VJ1.J~'flmL~'I"lf1~~h. 103. ; Rodney Tasker,
"Moros meets relief bill", Far Eastern Economic Review (4 November 1977): 24-25.
72
' " ~'lVI~ ~ U'l LL(;] n dlwL Vim L ~ l'l'W1~~ ruV!hJ iff'IL~~ 1-'l"ll'fl'l ~ 1 tl f~1J 1ml1J ~ 1tl"ll1J'J'Wn1~LL1..l'l LLtl n ~'W
LL~'W~ Ln ~ mnLI'l n LLtlnYl1'1 LL'W'Jrl'J1~~ ~~'l~'fl'IVITV11'1 LLm "lib ~~~b~tl L~'J
'il~,r'We.J ~ m~Yl1J~ Ln ~~'WVl1b ~ el1t1f~1J1~ LL~~n~~ "111J'J'Wn1~LL1J..:J LLtln ~'WLL~'W~~~'fl'l
~1U'I~'Irl'J1~~1L~~LL~~rl'J1~~~LVI~'J~1~f1J~1brl~~'fl~~1Mi.Je.J~~1nm~m~VI1b'W'fl'W1rll'l m~ "
" " " ri 'flb ~ Ln ~~'I rl~1~VI~'fl m~~ ~1~~1!-ui:J e.J~ (;]'fldjj";j 1'1 LL~~'Vl f'VlU~'W"ll'fl'IU~~"ll1"ll'W~'Ib 'W~~tl::i'WLL~::
~::tl::tii'J'flth'l hth'l
U '1JVI1 b~ b~l.J~~~l11 rlb~"ll'fl'IYJ~tJtJ-u~i:J~1 LVII?J~1nn1~\)nU~rl~'fl'I~~'W rl'J1~ LLI'ln
" 1'1,1'1'Yl1'1~1'WPI1~'W1 .roo..J-wnn~ tl~::L'Vlru ~::uuel'u1 ~n~'I~Jl1'VlJli1P~1~1'1fLL~:: " "
'Vlf'Vlt11mn~~"ll1~ ~..:Ji:fth::~PI1~1'lfm~(;]'fl«t5-wm'J'W1'W m~~~::~'fl'l(;]'fl~n(;]'fl1tl'VI~'flm~~ " "
~ ::\) n ~'J~ dj 'W"ll'W"ll1 ~YJ ~UU'W~'I d:J-uu '!JVI1b 'WLL{;j~ ~~ rl~ ~ tl~ ~'fl'l'fl1 ~tl rl'J1~i'J~~'fl~ 1 n'VI~1tl
~ 1tl~~ ::ri'flL ~ Ln ~i'W~Jl1'Vl Vl~'fl n~1tiLU'W~'I rl~1~~1'1 Le.l1~'Wfl~'Wm.J"ll1 ~ • •
-·-·- I>~ / ' - 0 -. - • - _ \___[ BASILAN / (] . - .. - . - . _,·
0 SULU ~ ~
0::;5""'~ o 0 ./· D \.. ~ ~
c:Pc I~ f. ......... · oO · c 1--1 ,/
~ ~ ,/ ./)0 \) /
CJ~ ,,\.. ~· s v,........
TAWI·TAWI
\)
2545), 145.
73
MINDANAO SEA
"0
:::t
r
"0
"0
2.
m
..a UVI'VI 4
f~U1~~ ~tJth..!{t~YlU'lm~ LLm "IIU n I'VI1 t~ h~~~Wl'lrlb~"if'fl-:J~~tJtlulf'flth-:J{;]'f) ~ ·~ q
' ' ... LU'fl-:J VJnf~u1~Ylmm~VI"'l~~~1-:JL'flnll1Yl~'W.rnu1utJ~~LVlPI LLI?i"IIU'J'Wm~l?i'fl~huf,JU1~"II'fl-:J"ll1'J
~t~~'fl-:Jm~LLunmrunl"l~'fl-:JLi:Ju~M~n~ubt~Lih~13:iuVlu1Vl~1n~u L~ij'Bumm~u~1~nr1f-:J I I I il
vru-:J"II'fl-:J"ll1'J t~ t~L ~'flm~m.J-:J LLUn~'WLL~uVI1l-l"'lU~'W f~u1~ 1~ mll "IItfruvr1 t~ t~~~~~ 1u~tJ LLUU ~ ~ q ~
{;]1-:J1 ~-:J~'fl-:Jn'l~tl'tlrl~'tl-:J~~'W n1~L-ifrh~-:JVl'VI11LL~~~'JUn1~b"'l~"'l1 ~'J~~-:Jn1~U~~~1'W-:J1'W"if'B-:J
f~u1~rlU'fl-:Jrln1~L~n~~~~LL~~n~~~~~~ll1U'WtlnU~~LVlPI l?l~'tl~"'l'W"IIU'J'Wn1~~~~~ll1t1L'W d q q q q
... ... ...
tJ~~LVlP~ Lvr(;Jm~rul?i1-:J1 "'~~~-:JuL~uu~'fluvr1'B~'flL'J~11~tJ~'YJ~'W~1~mru ~'W'fl~nutJljmm"II'fl-:J
ehuf,JU1~LU'W~1~'1J
I I tl I
~uv'h n'W ~,:j Ln~"'l1nn1~'flYlt1Yl"if'fl-:J"ll1'J 1"11-~ b~ti'WVl1u ~-:JCi'W .J1'W'tl~b 'Wbn1~i3'W~1 L 'W1~1 b~UI?l~'fl ~
mvib"llu
~arutJ~~fi1'W1flU~~1~'fl'W LL~n1en1en (RAMON MAGSAYSAY l"l.PI. 1953-1957)
' '"' f~u1~L~n1'VI'W~'WbtiU1tln1~U1-'VI1~U~~LVlPILYl'tl~rj'~~ll1YlLL~~~rj'~~m~"II'tl-:JU~:::en1"1!'WLU'WYl~-:J
b ~'fl"Il'<r ~u '!J'VI1 rl'J1~ Ll-l!!J ~fi~~~ 1 ugq-:J 1"1~ "ifn.!~ b~ti'Jn'Wn I:J I'J-:l 1 ~,:j ~n ~ PI~Lnm~JJiJ"II'tl-:J~'l'Mn~ 1 L'W
31'W~Yl ~ Lij'tl-:J"II'fl-:Ju~::: LVI PIL ~iJ l"l'J1~ L~~'tlll1 r1 tJ~~fi1'W1fiu ~~1~'B'W LL~n 1 en1 eniJu tuu1t1~1 ~'!J
L~mnuC~'B-:J~~'W~'fl-:JU~~m~ tJ~~mnL~n fii'Bm~r.r~~~~~~'WL~'fl1~~1"Mn~1~3:i~'B~m~mL~~~
.Yh~1vr1n'W tJ~~m~~~'fl-:J fii'flm~r.r~m~C~a-:J~'WL~'fl (Credit) L~'fl1~mMI?l~mi.~riu~1u'til?l~1 .. ~'Bmdu~1 m~~~1-:Jrl'W'WL~'B1~tJ~~en1enu1uenuuVli.~furJ'J1~~~~'Jn m~1~~1mn'M1L~mnu U'lJ'VI1Yl1-:Jm~mMI?l~
1 LYlu~ 4'uVlfl"lr1~. l"l'fl~iJ'Ji1~j;JLL~~~,I?lm1~Vl1-:JLMM~n"'l gq-:JrJ~ 1utJ~~LVlPI~~tJtlu!!,
(nl-:JLVlYi'1: L'tlL~ti'W~LI?lf, 2515), 318.
74
75
-• .... .... ..... ....... ... " u'1~n1'1'VIVI'U./l n1'1''Ul~'1'1'VI ~'ULLft~'UfUl~'11./liPI'U L 'il./l
I I I 11 I
bi"1Nn11~~~11Vl~'W~.:!i3'3-l~'Wlw 1"1.1"1. 1951 i3-a.JL'W~.:!VI<j'~Jl11"1LrJi'~'fl.:!YJ~hJilu~ri'el'W ~ .c:Y.J., 2<0:::11 o r ..,t.,J
Jl11"l'el'W11"l'el'VI"J!3-JU'Nn1 Ll"ll?l1U1 L!?l ~1L'l1 LL~:; rel11J"li1'W 3-Jn11~11'l'"ll"l'l13-l'fl~3-l~3-l\Jdn.l~'el.:I'Yi'W'VI 1 I S... I i.l
V],:;~~~11L~ttri'el'W LL~'lilm1~m~n'VI1.:1~"!11m1Lnmnu'VIf'Yimndnnllmu1u~uV1'!!u1 n111Jn
"" ... " - .... J' ..J 0 tl ... ' "' LUnVIn11-:ltn'I'Yi.:l n1;ruru'Yi'W'VI'VI1n11L'Yi1:; ~mL~:;~d1-:lt:l'W'WVI'W'V11'!1:;VI'l1-:I'VI1-:IVI~'l.:ILL~:;Jl1U b'W ... ... ' '
ill"la.JU'W el1U'VIV111LU'W~~1Lil'WmrL'Yi11:;~13-J11t:l1.J1LI"l1'el.:~~nm~ Ll"l1'fl.:!'Vl'WLLd.:! L-ri'W LL'VI1nL!?I'flf ... '
~ 1a.J11t:l ~1 Lilun11Pi'fl i.tli.tll L~'ell"l'l1a.J~.:~u~~~'fl.:~ti1:;"!11"!1'W m1~1 Lil'Wm1ma.J Ll"lN md i.tll tJ 1-w ...
'flUM1r1LtiV1~:;iu
~a.J1;nl"luVIii.:~i.~fu~~u~~~1nl1:;a.J1ru 6-1 o um!?l1f'VI1'e111'l 37 -B2.5 i.i ilr1a.J L ~!?I
Vlii-:~1 il~u~ 1 o.ooo H il~a.J1;n~'el.:~ill"la.Jtl1:;a.J1ru 270 1"11'e1Urlf'l 1uL~!?I~'el~mf'imLPI~:;I"l1'fltJ l"lf'ltl~nu1'WI"l'W~:; 175 1?1111-:l'l1 'i:~mLu:;1-l11'1XVJnl"lf'liS'eluvhm1tl~nern~'l'WI"lf'l Vl1'eltl~ni.~
U'W~'W vhi.i 'Vi1'W1 !?113-J~'l'W~~'W~i.~ftJLLU-:1 t~uilm11'1X~1LL'W:;111mm~1
1"1.1"1. 1953 Vlti'ltJ~(;J,J'W1n11Ltli'~~M1~~'WLU'Will"la.J~11-:~!?I'WL'el.:!'VI1-:!Ln1d1u~1L'W1
Vi11 ,X Ln ~ l"l'l13-JJ'WI"l.:!U~'fl ~Ji U 1 'Wn11'Vi13-l1VI1 n'WLL~:;~1N;j'Yi 1 ui.:~ 1"13-l L 'Yi11:;tld:;"!I1"!1'WiJ~~'WLU'W r' I I I S,.
nna.J~'VIfi"ll'fl-:1 !?I'WL'fl-:1 L U'fl-:!'"11nf3u1~~ ~~n 1 ,X~ 1VIfu ~V1hJ il'"lui.tll eJ~ LuuVIti 1Vi'flL'"I ~.:~'!!u
u 11~ 1~ a.J1~ n"ll'el.:~ill"la.J ~tllfu~ ~u~ ~~ 11"ll'fl.:~ 'i:r1 N m 1~ (;J,J'W1 LM'Iijn'"l"li'WU'VI~'fl.:~tl1:;n1'W1fiu ~
LLa.J n i. "l!L "11 ~1a.J'l1t:lU'W'fl~U'WI"l'l'la.J~'la.J'l1t:l"ll'el.:l !?I'WL 'fl.:! i.tll LU'W'flth.:~ ~ ~.:~ ~1"!l.r '1!~~1 "~~u~1V1fu ~ ~hliJ" Vi'l1'1Xf3U1~U1:;~ul"l'l'l3-J~1L1'"1
n!)VIa.J'lm~u'lnum1~'e11"11'el.:~~~u'VI'l.:lm1m'li!?lnr.:~~uH1.u 1"1.1"1. 1954 L1un~'l Agriculturl Tenancy Act LU'Wn!)V13-l1tt~11XI"l'l13-J~a.JM'el.:ILLri~~'e11"11'el.:I~~'W11X~u'"l1nm11!~1~
... ..J... ... J' ..l- ... "' ' ."l ... ... 0 ' "' ...
'"I 'l n'W'lU'VI'WL'"I 'l'tl'fl-:1 'VI ~'W ~ 'lU n'l1"l!'fl'VI ~'WeJ'W LVI fll 'tl'el-:1 L'fl n"!I'Wa.J'l Lu 'W~'fl-:1 1~ LL~ 'l'"11VI'W 'lU b VI . ·~ ~
Ln'li!?l1n ~~~ il~ ~uLu'W~'el.:~ !?I'WL 'fl.:~ tli''lu~fin 1 ~t.J'fluon 11:;'"h~ ~u~:;u :;m'l ~.:~, :;"li'l u LLnu '1JVI1'VI 1.:~ If I 1.1 I
Ll"l ~'liln'"~ LL~:;i.:~ 1"13-J i.tll LLPiLI"lN m 1ilni.~tl~:;~u l"l'l'la.J~1 L1'"1 L U'el-:!'"11nm ~ L~'W~'e1V1~utli''lu L~u~ ~
L Vi ~'l:;.:!UU1:;a.J'ln.!LLt.J'W~'WiJhJ L fltt.:I'Yi'fl~'"!:;~1 L ilum1 L~
2 ~tNL~mnu. 324.
76
tl"i~n1"iv1tt'ti..:J n1"i~"n1"iL-;'ti..:Jihn;'tiLL~~tFI"i..:Jn1"i~1..:J 1
m~~1Lilum~1'W~tl~~'WL~tlL~mnumnm~rn~ (Agricultural Credit) L~tl-rl'JmVI~tl Ln'rtln ~n ~ 1 mc:lfu FI'J1lJ~~~'Jn 1 'Wnl~rlUlJ L~'WL ~tl m~~N'YI'W L ~tl eJ~ eJ~ In 1 'W~~'W"lltl~ l?l'WLtl~ LL~~iJ
~ . LLVI~~L~'WrJ"llU1U~~~~~UVI~U1'W (Barrio Level) ~'J'Wfi'W1F11~'WU'YI (Rural Bank) 'fi1'W'JUFI'J1lJ
~ ~~'J n LLri Ln1!trn~m 1 uVftl~ ~u eJ~tl Fl ~tl~~~uil~'Yiin L~ur.nnn'W1 FI1~"1!'WU'YI LL{;j"JI1'JU1ue4iln1~ ~ ~ ~ .,
~n1!1'1UtlUhJilulJL'Y'I~1~iliul?ltl'WlJ1nLL~~hJLi1L"l LLt;iil1h~LU"JIU~1VIfULn1!t!nmnL~~f'itl~1~1U
U tl U 1 'W"l!'WU'YI~~ 1lJ1 ~tl ~ ~{;jtl"lJtl rl L~'W LPJ ~ ~ ~'J n n ~1 n1 ~"lltl rlliil1 nfi'W1 Fl1nn1!tln~ 1 'WLljtl~ ~'WL ~tl ~ ~
~~~UVI~U1'WLU'W~ilUlJrl'WlJ1n~~~ itltl ~'WL~tl~VInn-J (Credit Union) ~~~lJ10Dn~tl~liil~
'YI~LuuuL~u'"h~lJ1=BnF1u~~ 1 LUL"1! m~lJmrurn1ffi~1ul?'i1LLVIt.!~Fiu~~ 1 tJ LU'W'YJ'W"lltl'I~VInnu ' .,
~'WL~tl LLU~ Lflutl~~Lrl'YiehntltllJ'Yif'Y'Iu ~tlmuuffiu~~ 6 t;itltl ~'W'YI'Wm'J~L~"l1m~u'"h~u • • ., ., ~lJ1=Bn ~~LLt;i 50-1 oo LtlL"1! 'firn~1~tlmuu1tlu~~ 8 LU'WL~ue.hntl~~~13
" " ~tl ~ ~~FI1 un1~t1t1 n n~VIlJ1U 1 ~ LU'W 1.tl~n1lJ'W tuu1 m!ulJ Fl Fl ~-Duu1"lJtl~'Y'I~~FI LL~~Y'i'fl ' " " Pl1~ 'J'W 1 Vlqj d~luL~1"lJtl'IVJ~'W tl~~fi1'W1fiu ~ LLlJ n 1. "1!L "1!L~ rn~1U'1J'1J~1 ~L~1VIiliii~ ~tln LUU L~'WrJ"1!1'J
I tl" I i.t
11"111'J'W1hJLnuffiu~~ 8 t;itltl LL~~~1rl~~1'W'J'WVl~'WUFIFI~~tln1~lJ~'YiflLl~tlUtl~rl'Wn1~ntJ1'W~tl • I 1.1 I I 1
V1 ~'W LL~~~~ f11~ Ln1!tlnn ~tJililliiliuitJYl'Y'I1'YI~~VI~1~ L~1VIU1VlVl~'WrlU"1!1'J H "1!1'J'W1 vh 1 ~"111'J'W1
fntl ~~fi1'W1fiu~ LLlJn 1. "1!L "11 LU'WtlU1~lJ1n
Fl.f1. 1955 tl~~fi1'W1flU~LLlJnL"lfL"lfLPJ"lJU1ULF1Nn1~tl~~"1!1~'1LFifi~'lf 1u~tlmN~ ~
., ~\IVIU'JU NRRRA (The National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration)4 t~uilliil~ • 'i ~VIlJ1U~Iiil ~"lJU1U~'W~ L 'Y'I1~U~ n 1 'W~~'W~1fi1 1tl.l~ n1~~ 1 L il'W~1'W"1f 'JU L Vl~tl'YI1~n1~L~'WLLrl Ln1!tl?l~n~LL~~vitlPl1~1UUtlU'fl~1'WFI'J1lJfuCj~"1!tlU"lltl~f~u1~L1un~1 ACCFA (Agricultural
" Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration) ~'J'Wn1~1n~1~4'~~\l~lJ1FilJLn'l!tl?l~n~1u
lU~VIn~ni L"'iun~1 FOCOMAS (Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association) 1utl
' 3 .... ... ... L~tl\IL~mnu, 342.
4 ~~1 ~tl'Wflll m~tlljttJ~~'W"ll'fl~~~tltlu6, 1u m~tliJt'tl~~u. ruNfOI ~u~tl'~~. u~~ru1fim~ (nt~L'YI'Y'I"1: LL'Y'Iifl'Yim, 2519), 146.
77
~ ~ ~ ~
1957 iJ~l-.11~nVJ'IVIl-.ll?l 271,000 J'1tJ tJ!ll?lL~t.lfl~'l~hJL~!l'WiJr;n.,nm.! f"l.Pl. 1957 dj'WL~'WVJ'I~'W 'IJ q
126,4 79,878,920 LUL"l! Vl1'fluJ'~l-.11ru 632,399,394.65 1J1'Vl5
L'W~~tJUJ'~ii1'W1fl1J~l-.11fn'fl~~-.:~uihu~~'WL~!lmnm~~J' f"l.Pl. 1971 f'ii1J1~ q ~~ ~
~ ~ ' uJ>~m P1Lf"lJ''In1J'~(;J.J'W1111f"lL~ L'W ll 1973 Ll?ltJ-F'WLLm(;]-.:~f"lru~mJ'l-.ln1J'~m~1uryVI1r;i1-.:~11foll!l
~1 CNI (The Commission on Nation Integration) L~m:i1ww1~cl'IL~1l-.IL~nmn1'V'l'Vl1'1 ' ~
LP1J''l1'iifl'"l ~'I f"ll-.1 '"l1tJfiJ'J'l-J LL~ ~f"l')1l-J~'Wf"l'I'Vl1'1n1J'L~!l'I~'W d.9
~ ~ '
mJ>~I?l(;]-.:~ Lf"lJ''ImJ'r;i1-.:~1 f"l. Pl. 1975 L-rl'W Lf"lJ''In1J'-rl'JmVI~!lYl'W~f"l'J1l-.l~'Wf"l'I'Vl1'1
LM'l1'iifl'"l ~'lf"ll-.1 LL~~f"l'J1l-.IJ'Wf"l'I'Vl1'1n1J'L~!l'IJ11tJL~~!l SPDA (Southern Philippine d.9
Development Authority) LL~~L'Wn~1-.:~ll 1975 UJ'!::ii1'W1fl1J~l-.11fn'fl~L~'W!l~'"l~Uf1JLf"lN~¥1-.:~
mJ>u n f"lJ'!l'll11 f"lL~"ll'fl'IYl~uil'WiL~tJ1 VI~ Ll?ltJ'"l~L 'IXilmJ>u n f"lJ'!l'l LU'W~~J'~'"l1nf'ii1J1~ n~1-.:~ L ~'fl d.9
' ~
LU'Wmn m1 '"ln J'~1J')'Wn1nL'W'Ji'Jl-.IU~ l?lU~'fltJ LLvi-.:~"111 ~tl-.1 LJ' (M N LF) L'Yi'flm '!Xil mJ>ri'fl m'Wl-.11 n~'W
LLr;iL(?)tJ f"l')1l-J LU'W'"l1'1 LL~')UJ'~ii1'W1fl1J ~l-.11fn'fl~m~ m~vh n1J'!lth'ILI?l L~tJ L ti!l'l'"l1 nfJ1J1~ 1~
'"l1-.:~1'"l~-.:~1~~1l-.11 J'blVi11 'IX'V'l'J n Ll-.1 LJ'tJ!ll-.1~1'W'WL~ LL~ :::(;] l?l"ll11?l'"l1 n n~l-.ll-.1~ ~l-.1 r;i1-.:~"1!1 ~~1 LX f"l'J1l-.l q q
uJ>:::ii1'W1fi1J ~l-.11fn'fl~'V'lmml-.l L'fl1L'"l"lf1') Ll-.1 tm1 f"l1m 'WLm:::iJ'WI?l1 L'W1 Ll?ltJL 'IX'fl ~~ ~
~1J'1"1fmJ'~-.:~VI1' 1?1 tf01~11J1 t~ 'W1tJ!lf"l~!lf"l l-.11 ~1~l-J ~1J''I~1LLww-.:~~mn~uJ'~ii1'W1fi1J~L~mn1J q
' ~ ' n'"lnJ'J'l-.l~~~l-.1 LL~~l-.11~J'n1ra'W1 ~n L-rl'W U'WtJ!ll-.IL'IXil~ LVIi1~'WVll-J~tl~1 ~1'W')tJf"l')1l-J~~I?l')n 1'1X
LLfl"lf1'Jl-.l~ ~l-.11 'Wn1J'L~'W'Vl1-.:~1u Ll-.1 n n~ Lill?l L!lm~1 '1X"lf1'Jl-.l~~l-.l L i1 ~n'111L 'W LN L~tJ'W'W1tJ¥!ltJ'VlV11J' q •
~ ' ' L~mn'WL~~I?l(;]'lfi'W1f"l1J'~1VIf1J"lf1'Jl-.l~~l-.l ~!l Amanah Bank LL~!::LLbl~'ln1J'rWLnmn1JLf"lNn1J' •
I J,l I "'
Vl'"l~~(;J.J'W'll11f"l1~VI~1tJLf"lNmJ'~')tJn'W J>'mVi-.:~'"l~J'')1JJ'')l-.ln!JVIl-.11mnmn1J~~~l-.l 'W'fln'"l1n~
n1J'Uf1JUJ''I~1ii1J'b'WULnf"l f"l')1l-JLU'W!JULL~~~J11'V'l~'lf"ll-J"ll!l'l"lf1') Ll-JLJ'J11f"lL~J':::VI~1'1 fil. Pl. 1975-• 'II 'II
1977 Ll?ltJvll-.1 L~'W'I1JUJ'~l-.11 ru'"l1n mni'ul-.l~VIf'ii'fl Ll-.11-m LL~~ii'W1 f"l1J' t~ n LLr;iLf"lN n1J'~ LLnL"ll • 'II d.9
~ ' u bUVI1J11 f"lL~U J'~~1J!lU MJ'f"l L -rl'WL~tJ 'J n1J n1 J' 1·i!J'~1J1Ji1VI~'J'IL VI ruu n fil J'!l'l LLbl1J~ L i1'fl'l'"l1 n
~ q ~
5 John H. Adkins, "Philippines 1972: We'll Wait and See," in Asian Survey XIII, 1
(February, 1973): 141.
6 ml-.11JJ'~l-.l'J~~1'Jn~1'~ ~1t!nt.~1tJnf'iil-.l'W~l "~m'WmJ>ru~1~ru"ll'fl'IL~n: ~m'WmJ>ru d.9 ~
'llre1~1.JS'~LVlM'f11JU'1t.lLL~~1t.lL'f1L;~," 1 1'1~'1f'i1'-l 2511-31 nt.l'1f'i1'-l 2512, 32. (~'-1~~~) q
78
L'fln1~~'W1 ri'flfl'Yl~L~!lt?1¥!l'W"'l'lnmnJ~u m~~t.Jnrh1~ ·ih~'l"llm~hl'fl'l"'li.Jlj~vl'W'l~vi~'fl
LJ~:::"ll'l"ll'Wi.J~:::nm.Jm~Y>l1~ l?n~LJ n ~ LflN m~~ I?J.J'W'l~'l"ll:::.r n.ru7
LJ~:::n'l'W'lfiu ~~'lfn'fl~1~9 t?1Vl'l tm.:J m~~'l'l1 L~mnu"ll'l'J t~h Lt?1t.J1 ~fim~~'l'l1 I il I I I
~'lL~ n '6'i'l'J~'l LL~'J L ~'flLLm "JJU qjVI'ln1 ~ Lll t?1 mmlJ'l LLt.J n ~'WLLt?1'W~'W ~'l LlJ'WL~t.J'l'Ch'WVI'W'l~n ~'fl"ll'l'J
t~h~~~~ LL~~'lt.J~~~~L~'W~'ln1~Vl'l~'lfl~'l~LU'Wn1~~'fl~~'lLL~fl1~i?lPl(;)'J~~M~ 16 LL~:::nm~ ' ' ~
m nul1 "llif qJ Vl'l ~'J t.J m ~ 1-if rl'l~'li'lVI'l n -ihLJ nui.J n~ C~:~ 1 'W~ ~ t.J LJ ~:::n'l'W 1fiu ~
~1fn!J~ ~'lLL~ fl.Pl. 1968 LV!(;)m~rufl'J'l~~'W'J'lt.J1utfl(;)'ltnt(;)8 f~u'l~~'fl~h'W"ll'l'Jt~t~ LL~:::1u ' ' ~
fl. Pl. 1970 Lllt?1n'l~L"'l~~tt?1t.J"ll'l'Jfl1~ L~t.J'W~t?1'fl'l'JnrlU"ll'l'J t~h~nm'l~f1t'1m'l-ih~Vi'l1~Lnt?1 ' il I il I
~ i/ CV ~ I Q/ !.1 Q/ I i/CVQ
fl'J'l~~'WLL~'l LL~:::L~t.JVI'lt.J~'ln fl'J'l~ LL(;)nLLt.J n t?1'l'W"ll'W"ll'W "ll'ln~~ LL~n"JJ t?1 LLt.J'l n'W~:::VI'J'l'l eJ [;1-:J t:l'W~'l'W q q qJ ci9
J;' I I !I I
"ll'l'J fl1~ i?l rlU"ll'Wi'W~'l n'6'i~~~!l'l"Jl t?1 LLrJ'l~:::VI~'l'l"ll'l'J~~~~vl'J Li.Jrl'U"ll'Wi'W~'l"Jl'l'J fl1~ L~t.J'W n'6'i~~ 1lJ q q ClJ q
"' ~'l~it?1LLrJ'lrl'Wil'lt.J1un~~"ll'Wi'W~'l m~~'fl ~hu1udj'fl'l L~n1 Vl'l'l(;)'fl'W1~"1l'fl'l Lfl(;)'l'IJ'l L(;) mn~!ln il I I !J
l?i'.:JVl'fl'l tl'W~'l"ll'l'J~~~~hl1~fu L~'fln i?l.:J~:::~u9-:JVI~ t?1 m~ri'fl';j'W'l Plm~~"JJ'fl'l~~'lm (llaga) LL~::: '
m~-i'lVI'l~VI~L'W~'l'W~ (The Manili Massacre) "'l'Wm:::vi''lLllt?1n1~~m 1u fl.Pl. 1971 Vl~'lLVI(;) " " '
~'lf~u'l~LU'W~~'l~'l'lL~'l~'Wfl 1u~~t?1~'W~ 21 numt.J'W 1972 LJ~:::n'l'W'lfiu~~'lfn!l~L~ ~ qJ q q
"' LJ~:::m Pln.n'f1t.~m~~n Vl~'l"'l'lm!uf~u'l~~~LJtlu~nVI'l~'lfl~'l~nu~~~~ll'lfl1~ fl. Pl. 1973-
~ ~ '
7 W.K.Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and The
Malays of Southern Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990), 90.
8 Thomas M. McKenna, "Muslim Separatism and the Bangsamoro Rebellion" in
Muslim Rulers and Rebels (London: California University Press, 1998), 149-151.
9 'J~~'l'J~~ru i?lru"Yl:::VI'li, "LL 'W'Ji'J~i.J~ t?1i.J'6'i!lmLvi'l"ll'l ~L~ L~," 'J'l~~'l~~'WMt.J Pl'l~ (;)f
flru:::~'WMt.JPl'l~(;)f ~VI'l';ji'lm~m~t.J'lLmJ 20, 2 (L~M'lt.J'W-iit:l'W'lt.J'W 2523): 91. '
79
1'WL'lJ(;]~~~~ Lti'el~'"l1n~1Ub~h~~~~~~'Vlfl'V'1~~1'W110lL~t.l'll'el~~1U~~'IJ1~hJ1~ vh11Xm~d'I.JtJ~fP1~ q q cu d.9
~ ' ~1 L Uu!1ireJ hJ m~!1ireJ~ r-1~~ 1 'VIqj~::'V1~1~ nreJ~V1Yifl~utlui n'I.Jn'el~Vl'V'I'll'el~'li'IJ'Jt.~m~ M N LF Y1i:'"l 1:~
·~ Lij'el~'VI~'J~'ll'el~'~~ ~ 'Vl'VI1 ~YJ ~Uu'WiL -if1LU ~ 1 (?] (;] ~:; L 'J'W~t.!'VI1 n'el~ rh~~ LL~ :;Y] ~~'ll'el~~~~~ LLI1i ~'el~
~~ q
' '~
tl'elU'el'elnLULi1reJ~'"l1n~n,~b'"l~~ n'el~rl1~~'ll'el~ MNLF b'"l~~Yl~~n'el~'Vl'VI1~LL~::~t.l1~Ut.l vh~1U ' ~
L~t.l'Vl1~r-1~t.l1r-1~ LL'VI~~~~n1~~U1N n'el~VJ'V'Ifl~Utlt.~i(;]'el'I.Jb~~'Jtlnl~~~~ml~LL~::Lr-11-'el~Ut.!Yl~ q
~:: Lu (?] L oif11uu~1'1JU~1~ 'Vl'VI1~~reJu~tlu1'VIqjvh~1mijreJ~ ~11 1XLn(?lfP1'J1~ L~u'V11u~1n nreJ~ n1~~
MNLF tlnU'IJL1XtlreJm-if1'1.h ~
el1u~~'IJ1~ LLtl~~mnw~1"LI'IJ'Jt.lm~ M NLF 1~~'1JfP1'J1~"ll'Jm'VI~reJ~hum~!inreJr.h~
~'IJ1 '"l1n~~"l!1'1J1t.fLL~::1um1::u~nreJ (Pongkor) 1n~~j LU~:: b(?]Uii'Vl'VI1~~1L~L~muu~n ~'Ju
L~t.!LL~::'el11fiL~~'I.Jm~~u'IJ~~t.l'"l1nu~::L'Vlf'I~Luu m~!lnm1DLL~::m~~'IJLi~ (r-1.f'l. 1969-1970)
ii'W1U'Vl'VI111::~'1JU~~'I.Jm~1mJn~1L1'"lLULL~'JU1::~1ru 100 r-1\.l "Jl'J~L~'elt.~fit.~'J1r-1~ 1972 iJm~ ~ ~
'li'W~~'el11fiVlt.l~,ru'"l1 n"l!1'1J1'lf~1 ti~ br-1 (;]1'1J1 b(;] LU'Wr-1~~ LL~n 'W'eln'"l1nU~j'IJ1~Yl~utlu~~ u~::vr 'J~
L1'el~ m~1J n'el11fi'"l1n~1 L~ L~U~1~U'IJ~~t.l~~"l!1'1J1'lf LLI1i~~'IJ1~~1 L~ L~U LL~:;~U1~j"l!1'1J1t.f ~'el ~
(?11~el1U ~~ (;]Trh ul) L~fioif'eln~1'J'V11 'VI~~'"l1nUt.l~~'IJ1~U~::n1'W1fl'IJ~~1fnreJg'lL~~(?l(;]1~ r-1'J1~ I II I 1
Lr-1~'elt.!L 'VI'J ~'J'W~~'IJ1~~1 L~ L~u ~'el~ m1~nrnu1L'"l ~U1"1!1'1J1'V1Lrj L ilreJ~'"l1n LUt.~~Y11~~'1J r-1'J1~U'IJ
~'el'"l1nn,;(;]lu1Yl"lf'el~LL~~U1::L'Vlf'l"l!1'el~'tl11LUU LL~::U1::n1'W1fl'IJ~rl(?l(?l1YlLL~~~Luu q
~
~~'IJ1~Yl~utlu~~~1~11tl~n(?lnt.~n1~~-w'IJ~~u'"l1n.n1uureJn1~ ~~Hfn1~~'Vl'VI1~ I ~ I ~
U11'1JU11~'el£h~L~~Y1 Vl~n1~~'V'I~LL~::m'JnU'Vlnliru"YlY1l1u~,ru Vi'~'Vl'N'I.Jn 'Vl1~mmf'ILL~::'Vl1~ q q
~ ~ ' u1 n111'1J'llutUYl'WVltl~ 41 LL~~Lt.!Ln1::24'W(?l1L'W1'Vl1~(;]'tlt.!1~LL~::'Vl1~(;]:;rj'utJ'tlnL'll(;] bfP1(;]1'1J1 b(;]
en~'IJ'J~m 1!~ b(?ltJL'UYI1::~tj~L~oDn1~~'el1~1~,rM'"l1nYI~L1'tl'W~'l'WL'VIblJ~LUt.l''ll1'lr-1~~L~uu~1~ "' ~'1Jm11Jnu1::~1ru~tJ~n~~1~mYI(;]u~1~'1J~1~~'1J LL~::LoD!J'Vln'3fim~un~tJ~11X"ll1'll-J~~~n~'IJ1'"l
~1'lhm''IJ11Xri'IJ~1u~~'IJ1~ 10
m1~ ~~'IJ1~U 1::fi1t.l1fl'IJ ~~1 fnreJ ~ ~ 1 L Uuu i:u'IJ 1UU11'1JU~1~'li'IJ'Jt.lmnLtl~ LLun ~u ~ ~ '
LL(?l'WU'WfP11(?1~1U1'"l::L~1'"l~t.l~~L~ LLI1ig'l~fP1~1~~1Lil'W~1tl~1X1tJL~~'"lt.ltl~ r-1.f'l.1977 Lij'tl'Vl'VI1~
u1::m filL 1X L 'II(;] L'"l t~ LUt.!L 'II (;]'Vf'l~1X1~'VI~~'"l1 n m1'-11 (;]n11~'Vl'VI1m~~t.l1UY1~4' (;]'J1'1J ~~ (;11 'Vl'VI1~ q ..
1~m1~~1~Lt.!L'll(;]eD2-J'IJ'l~m U1:;"l!1m41'W'l'Wn~1 13,000 r-1\.l ~'el~'el'V'IU'V'In~::'"l1ULU'eltl(;]1~~ .. I I !I' I II
11i1~1 41t.!'l'W~'el'V'IUYI'"l1n'VI~ Lnt:;'Vl1~ L~VlLfi2-J~t.l~'elU1 U LLg'l(?l~ L1XL~t.l~1~j'IJ1~ L~U~::~'I.Jr-1'J1~
80
" ' ~'1L~'"l1umnd1uq.J~1 ~n~-:jf~U'1~U-:jU~~~uuq.J~1'Vl'1-:jLM~;jil'"l~.nnn~1YlLU'W'fl~ L!?1t.JL'U'Yi1~
' " ' 'flU'1-:jU-:j ~'fl-:jfu!l'1~~~'1 L~'WL~m 1?1 ej'fl'Yit.J'Yi 1urhu'Vrn (;\'1-:j1 Yihlm'"ltl~~n'flum~'Yi 1~ r~n~tln ~ fi 1?1
'II 'II
btl 'Wb~'WU ~~~'1 ruwn-:j ~'1'WL ~1-u q.j !?1'fl~ ~'1f(;\'fl L~'fl'W L ~'tlr.f !?1~'1U'"lr.ft.J~'1 ~ qJ LLri ~'fl'Yit.J'Yi L "llu oif1'J
tl~~~1ru 450 !?lu(;\'fl~'W Ltlu~u
'W'fl n'"l 1 ntln1 ~ 1-n' n1i-:j'Vl~'1~tl~1utl~1~ LtluL 'J~'1'W'1ui1 e.~~ m~'Vlu (;\'fll"l'J'1~i~Yrufinu ' ' "
tl~~L'Vlfll L~'fluihu L"llu tl~~L 'Vl fl\~'1 L~ L~u ~-:jiJ'e11ru1 L"ll~u1u'l11~ (?)(;\'flnu~~.JLm~iiu!?1'1 L u'1ll'11"11~ 'IJ
I I i.l "
L U'fl-:j'"l'1 n'Vl~'1~ihJtlutfvl~-:j 1tltl~~~'1 m~u1L 'J ru!l'11"11~a! n'"l ~~'J-:j ihu'1'WU'1"il'fl-:j tl ~~ L 'Vl fll~ 1 L~ L~ t.J'fl ~
L~~'el ri'fl1 ,X Ln!?1Uq.)~'11"l'J'1~hitl~'tl(?)Jlt.J"il'fl-:jU~~"1!'1"1l'W ~'1 L~ b~t.J~'Jt.J L"li'W nnll~Li'fl~') b~ b~t.J~t) " ' L"l!~f1'1 u1~ (The Saleha Baru) tln~1tl"llru~LL~'W'e!U'W'fln"1!'1t.J~-:j"J!'1U'11 'Yi~'tl~m!?1u~'1~ 44 l"l'W
.. 'Ill IU 'Ill
I I I I I II I
Lij'fl~uYi 23 ~~,~"~~ 1979 fl-:jl"l-:jLtluYitlmeiu-:jfiu~'1L1-'flYitlnu-:juuLtlutJij'fl"ll'fl-:j'Vl~'1~:W~tliJu~Yi q 'II
tl~~~,m~t1~1uu1L'Jru!l11"11~ ~r'fl"ll'fl-:j~~1:nnn~~ LL'W'J:b~tl~!?1tl~t1u mA-:j"lf1~L~ h 11
m~t-ifn1i-:j'Vl~1~U~'1UU~'1~~~'1:nn"llu'Jum~(;\1-:j1 1~ri'fl1'iXLn!?11"l'J'1~L~'fl!?1~'fl'WLLri
tl~~"11'1"11'W~'J 1tl~'Ju LL~~.Yh 1 '1Xel1t.J~'1'W"ll'fl-:jf~u'1~~'1fn'fl~1.nLuu;J'fl t '"l~ ~fju'1~ tl~~n'flunufju'1~ I I Sl I
~ '1 fn 'fl ~!If 'f]-:j Le.~:n q.) riu l"l'J '1 ~1'W'J'1t.J'flU'1-:j Pi 'f) L U'fl-:j LL~ ~eKUeD'fl'W~'1 nu-:j~'W'"l'1 ntl~~ L 'Vl fl\ n ~~~~~~Vi
L ~'WtJ '1 n'1 ~ 1 en n '1 i-:jU~1UU1'1~ Lti'W~-:j~12J tln llf'fl-:j U1~fi'1'W'1fiu ~~'1fn'fl~ ~'f]-:j LLril "ll'flU')-:j 1-u j;}'J'W 'II
..1 .J ' ,:_ • I • I "" ..,. ' ..,. .J -~ " L'W'fl-:j'"l'1n'Ci-:je.J~n~~'VlU~'tll"l'J'1~~'WI"l-:j"lJ'fl-:ju~~L'Vlfi!LL~~~'1'W~"il'fl-:ju:i'~fi'1'W'1fi1J(?)'flt.J'1-:j~~nb~t.J-:j~ L!?1
" ~-:jt!uf3u1~ 11X~'1Lil'W~'1~:i'm:i'(;\'1-:j1 L"llu 1un~'1-:jU 1975 iJ~~'1:nn"liU'J'Wm:i'(;\'1-:j1
niuL;r'1~'1i'J~riuel1uf3u1~~'1n L'Yi:i''1~mrin"1l'J'W1'iX"1l'1'J~~~~'J'1-:j'fl'1(fi (Policy of Attraction)
" " ' n1 :i'n iu 1'"l1 ur1f-:juih~~u ~u-:j f'1um:i''J'1-:j'fl'1(n~1-'fl 12-Jn'"l~tl~~iltl:i'~'W'fl~ riufju'1~ L U'fl-:j'"l'1 n L ~I?J
~~'1t.JU'"lr.fu L"llu LU'WLYi1'1~LL'W'Jh~~~~~n~~Pi'1-:j1 "ll'1!?1rl'1i-:j~,j'u~uu'"l'1n!l'1t.J'Wtm ~1-'flm:i'um " " " "
1 ,X Ln 1?1 n'11bb~n LLU n n'WL 'fl-:j 1 'Wel'1t.J~~~~ ~'Jt.J n'W
n'11L'"l~'"l'11~ Ln!?1iJ~uLti'W1~t.l~1 1u"Jl'J-:j~.Yhm:i'~:i'U LL(;\flLU'WL~mtJ'Vln~fi~rt-:j"lJ'fl-:j ' "
U1~fi'1'W'1fiu~~'1fn'tl~L~'flLLtlU'l-J~'1e.~~m~'VlUPi'flfjU1~d]u~'J'W1~qj ~n~-:jm~1-ifn~tJ'VlnVJn
tl1~n1:i' 1 uti'u~'"l ~12-J tllju~ ~,~;r t1 L1-un~'fl-:j"lJ'fl-:j"ll'1'J t~ h~-:j Ltlun'1:i' 1-if ~~'fl-:jnuiuL:n-:j'VJ'"J-:j m:i'
Lijt)-:j 1 ,X Lti'WU:i'~ Lt.J"ll'W1 'Wtl'W~'"l ~ L ~nu'J f-:j 1 'IX~'WLL!?1'W~'tl'WLI1f~'q (?)~ ~'Jt.J'Vlffit.J'1 m~'1 rl'1'fl~1~'fl'1 ~
81
~nur;i'el h.J LLYJ'W~~:;1M m11 1X LU'W'B1 ru1 L "1l ~n;s~J>:;~n1~;J'B~nn~-.:J LV'ln:;ll1tJ'fl~U~'eltJh.Jn'V1~1tJ~-.:J " r1':n~uJ'1itJ'Bth-.:J~uL:n-.:J mrumJ>r;i'el~'Bci1-.:J'VI'!!nY11-.:Jfl1r11~ 1uLmui~uNm "1!~ ~1L'W1 Lr11n1111 t~n
~ ~~
LL~:;ij'Wc;11b'W1 Ln'Bnfi~ MNLF ~nn'Bci1u~tn'Wn1J'nJLU'WJ''el-.l ~ibnfi~~'el 'WJ' ij"l!m11JlL-ihh~ q \I 'll q 'U 'U
UJ':;1~ riu f~~u~n1~ 1 mJ>m:;YJ J''N n 1 J>r;i 1-.:JUJ':;L Y1 fil"ll'B-.:J'B-.:J r1 mm1J'U J>:;1~ n~~uJ>:; L Y1 fi!;s ~ ~1~ 1 u
~1u:;~~-.:Jm~nmJ'ru J>:;'VI~1-.:J.ru~ 21-25 ij'lu1uu 197 4 ~n~-.:Jri'd~1~~Lu'flf uJ>:;LYJfii~1L~L:nu 12
~J' n1J'B11 nfi1'dUJ'1fl!fur;i'el~uJ>:;1~~1
" ... 1ut.mJ'lJ'fl..:Jf"lru:::mn.Jm~mn~'!Jtl..:J MNLF u~:::1uu'UJ'!J'fl..:JU:t:::"l!1"l!'W'll1'J 1:~1:~~1
~1'Wf"l'W -if1~L~1'!J'flUt'l1Mf"l'J1~~'W;ivitln1~U:i'!:".Q~f~~'WV11~1m~n~:::'Vl~'J..:!n1~vi1..:JU:i'!:L'Vll"l
'!J'fl..:Jn~~U:i'!:L'Vll"ltlt'l~1~LLfi!:~'I'J'fl'WvitlL'fln'fl..:Jf"ft1~fi'fllf~'VlNL~V1V11U~1ru1rJllu~!PlU~:::'Vl1'W
l"l'J1~~1L~~1um~u~:::".Q~I"lf..:~d~'Jt.J m:t4'1P1u~:::".Q~I"lf..:~d'!!u'i1LU'WL~(;Jn1nll"~1~C\JL~[;Jmnu~~-:~1u'l:fin n'fl~1LU'Wm~
~~u1n11t'l11-:~t'l:t:tf"l1u'l:~m:r~,u-u ~1~fu~t'l~~f"l'W~~..:J~'fl..:J~1m~u:i':::".Q~f"lf..:~dd:lum:t Li~r1fu~hJi:lrjueJIPl~fi11PlL~tl~:::iht1t'lfi1~1u~n:i':::LLt'ln11~1Ntl~'!Jtl'1~~1ffl'll1~ L'U'Wfn:i'1
u:t:::'tiu~'W'fl1~fiu1~u'fl'W11"1V1 m:ttl:i':::".Q~mi'..:~dn'fl'l1 LU'W~ LL 'Vl'W'lJ'fl..:Ju:t:::'ll1m~~-:~1u~'lJ'fl'~ Lfin ~1'fl1um..:~n~unu
I I II S.. I I I
tl~:::'ll1n:i''!J'fl..:JL~n~il-:~1u~ri1~'~~'fl..:~m:i'tl:i':::".Q~I"lf..:~il~'Jt.JI"l'J1~L;i'fliru LLfi:::~1~ru~f'l~~Vi ..J I I ctl ~~CVCII 0 CV ..r
Qnn~Pl'!Jtlt.J1..:J(;ItJL'Wtl..:J m~u:i':::".Q~I"lN'Wt.J..:J~Pl'J1~f'l11"lC\J~1n'!Ju
tl:i':::'ll1'll'W'll1'JU..:J'll1 ~h~1~1'WFl'WL'Wi1'WIPl1L'W1 u1~~u 'llfi LLfi!:U1fi:::iu '!!udjunt'i~ '"' '
'VI~-.:J~1n1J'nfi1'lUnfl!fmJ'B-.:J \fJ' n1J'B11 ~uJ':;1~1Jl~~~J'ru1if'!J'V11"1l'fl-.:J~~~~1u
Yl~utJu~ LLJ;ln mN~1~!; 1urh'l ri1u n~ mm1u t 'W"ll'el\JUJ'!;bl'l fl!YI~utJu~-.:J Luuf:ij'elfiu1~nu 'elci1-.:J <1.9
hn (;)1 ~~UJ'!;"4~ L~il~ &iLL~ c;)-.:J rl'l1~ n-.:J'd~ L ~ r;i'el ~ tn'Wn1J'ru1 'Wfl1rl Ltli'"lJ'el-.:JYI~utJu~ LL~:;~un~t'l-.l
' 12 cS q Clio "
fi!n~LV'l~Lc;)~ ~'W Lela Gardner, "Roots of The Bangsa Mora Revolution," in
Solidarity 4 ( 1983), 41-42.; ~'!!~ Lflt.JJ'&in1fu, "n1J'LLrlU'!J'V11 t~ h 1 'W~~t.JUJ'!;fi1'W1fi11~~1f
nt'l~." 'd1J'~1J'tlnb'J'fi!1~c;)f ~'VI1';jYJt.J1~t.Jfli~u1m 25, 1 (ij'l'W1t.J'W-V'l~fl!~muu 2545): 168.
13 ~,r~ Lnm·&inifu, n1nLnif~'VI11~1~tu~a:ruu~:;n1'knfiu~a.nfnt:~~. 168-169.
82
' ~
1 1XfJU 1 rl~ ~tluui'VI~ ~a.J1 {;l~nl~ 1~1 V]ij eJrl1 '\X Ln ~ m ~~'I'VI1~~~~a.J ~'Ja.Jvi'lvl1rl1U'Vlf'rlU~'WLLrl:;
fll1 ~u~ mu'il'el'l'rl'J n L "1!1 ~tl~:;,a.J'i!'el~'el'l1 1XfJU1rl~~tluuiLLnifqJ'V11'Vl1'1mn:W'fl'~ t~u~u~';jfi
~1'Wni~L '"l~'"l1rl1J~U1a.J~~a.J L~m'tl'rl1:;'e!U1'1~'1rl1J~ LL 'Vl'W'il'el'l MN LF L~'elb 1Xu~~rl eJrl'elU1'1U ~fi~~a.J 1 u 1lJ 'I 'II 'I q
n1'el1J"1J'el'l'elfiUL{;]U LL ~'1"!!1 ~ LLrl :;1JH"l.Ul1Yl LL ~'I ~'WLL~'W'il'el'IYJ~tltJui .. eJ rl n 1~tl~:;,a.J i:Ja.J ~1 1Xtl~:;n1'W'W1fl1J ~a.J 1 fn'fl ~U'ela.J1 ,X~ LL 'Vl'WU ~:; L 'Vl fll~ ~~a.J L i1a.11
{;]~'J'"l ~'ellJ~ tl1'Wn1 ~nr~ LU'W'"l ~'11 '1..!111 R1rfl'il'el'l~~tluuiLLrl :;rff'el'l hH1'fl~1 LU'WnlnL 'Vlm LL "ll'l n'"l m ~
1l1U1U'i!'el'lti~:;L'Vlfll m~tl~:;n1'W1fi1J~a.J1fn'fl~U'WU'ela.JnLYl~1:;Ln~'l~1'"l:;m:;'Vlu~'eln1~U1L<ih~1~'W ~
'"11 n (;l:;tJU'el'el n nrl1'1 LLrl:;eJ rltl~:; Lu"l!u~huLL~'1'11'W 1 uti~:;L 'Vl fll"ll1~ ~m~Li:lu 'VI~'I'"l1 m1uLrl'il1fim~
tJ'II"fm~m~tl~:;1a.Jn~a.Jti~:;L'Vlfll;a~rl1a.J (OIC) 1~~'I'VIU'I~'fln'ltl~:;n1u1fiu~ a.11fn'fl~ ~uuu~1 .'1 ., ..I - ~tl% ..... ""' ".Of ' %. .. 14 Lu 1'VIa.J1U'iltl'l fil ru.:; ~ LL 'Vl'W'Vl L~'W'Vl1'1 ~ ~'I Ln {;] n1~ru.m Yltl LL~'J'I'V11'VI'W'Vl1'1 LLn u qj'VI1'e!U 1'1 ~'W{;l
' " LLrl:; n ~:;-iu R'J1 a.J ~ a.1 ~ ufi~ u~ ~:;'VI~ 1'1 tl ~:; L 'Vl fll~ ~ ~ a.J riutl ~:; L 'Vl fll~~ tltlull. 'IX LL t.iuLL ~uu'I~'W 'if ru.:;
~
L~U'Jrl'W'W1'1~La.Jrl~1 a.11fn'fl~ 1l~~mtl~:;n1'W1fi1J~a.J1fntJ~ 1~r.r~~'!Rru.:;m~a.Jm~u~n'Vl1~ni
1 'Wll1 R1rfl'il'el'IYl~tlilui L ~'el'"l :;u1~'W~1l1Yia.J1~tl~:;"ll1"ll'W vh t '!Xtl~:;"ll1"ll'Wil fil'J1a.J'VItJ'I~1~'W~1l1Yl '"~:;Ln~~u1u~~~ LLrl:;tl~:;n1'W1fi1J~a.J1fn'fl~1~1-DR'l1a.J~a.J~ufi~u~riu~u1ti~:;L'Vlflla.J~~a.Jtun~a.J
'I " q q
' " 'el1L~U'W LfitJ•JJtJULLrlL'i!Uqj'VI1'VI1'flhJn~tJ1U1a.J~1rl~Uqj'VI1hJt'\X~nrl1a.Jl'WLL~'Ia.J1n~u ..,J..,.tl ... .... ~ ov .... - ' .?I
n1 ~'Vla.J ~:;"!!1 n1L~tl ~~'el'W 'el~tJ~ rl1ltJ LLrl:;L~tJ"ll'J {;]'eJU1'1a.J1 na.J1t1a.J1 Lu'WL 'Jrl1'W1'W
'"l'Wnrl1 tJ LU'W~'I fil~1a.J nrl1'1 Lijtl'I~:;'VI~1'1n~a.Ja.J~~a.J riuf~1J1rl 1 'W~~ ~nil fil'd1a.J~U1U1a.J~'"l:;L'"l ~'"11 q q d.i q
~.:~u ~n 'l:~utl~:;n1U1fi1J~a.J1fntJ~L~~.:~ ~ LL'Vl'WLi1i'Ja.J L'"l~'"l1n1J ~ LL'Vl'W MNLF ~ L:WtJ'I L'"l~~:;\f .. .. ' " " ti~:;L'Vlfll"ll1~~tl1~LUtJ ~:;'VI~1'1tJ'WVl 18-29 a.Jn~1fila.J 1975 L'Wni~L'"l~'"l1filf'IU~LL'Vl'W'iltl.:! MNLF
" L~'W'el'iltl~'lf3~M:; L 'V13-Jtl~:;ntJ1J ~'dtJ~'W~1 L '1..!1 1J1~~'W 11~ LLrl :;tl1rl:;tJU L~ui:Jf,;i1J1rl LLrl:;ntJ.:!vi'rl
"lltl'l {;l'W L tl'l hJ~UrllJ~ ~UU'Wi '"11 n-iJ tl L~'Wtl ~.:In~ 1'd ~ LL 'Vl'W'iltl'lf,;i1J1 rla.J1 fntJ~ hi tl1'"ltJ'ela.Jf1J L~
" 'VI~'I'"l1nuu13-lu1ULrl'il1fim~tJ'I'fl'lri"m~mru~:;"lla.Jn~a.Jti~:;L'Vlfll~~rl1a.JL~~'~'"~~'VIa.J1u • • n.:~tl~:;n1'W 1fi1J ~a.11fntJi'l LL ~.:~ L 1X'Vl~11J~1i:J R'd1a.JU'W~~'"l:;4' ~ L 1Xi:Jm~L~~~1~'W1 'V13-J L~ui:Jtl~:;u~u
~~1~'kJ L~LLri rfl'el'lm~t1Xilm~r.r~m~tlnRffi'l{;l'WLtl.:IL'W111R Lrfl"lltJ.:~Yl~tltlui ~'el ~'W~1L'W1 u1~~u 11~ tl1rl:;tJ'u f31J1rlYJ~tlilui'"l:;rff'el'IVi~1~ru.1~1Lilum~(;l1a.Ji'el~n~~ri'elu'VIu1~~:;~u~uu~u~
' 14 ... .... ov
b1'fl'lb~tJ"Jn'W, 170.
83
ll 11 I .oC:lrt. .J UVJ hJril\1 LL~ Ln VJt"l\1 r1~1~ ~ n-n'lfi"'l1~ru1~hJLLVJ'WVl'U~~Yl1J~~'fl\l~t"l~~ Ll"ltJI"l~'fl'UI"l~'fl\1 VJ'WLLVJ'WVI
~t"l~~ LrltJ~'fl rl~'fl\ln'fl'Wn'l~bl'fl'Wrfl'J"l..'fl\1~ m'J~~~iltJ~'fl L~1-m LL~:;qj~u 1 'WU1944
f~'U1~~1 fn'flt"ll?l'fl'U11fl Lt"l n~'fl Lt"l'W'fl ~\I mi 1'J~"'l:;'U~~, 1 'W'J1 ~:;m ~11 ~:;~~ Yl~'fl~ n'W~ n~\l~~'il'fl\1~11~:;~~~\J1ii'WV11L'W1 ~\I~V111~:;~~~dj'el\I{~'U'J\In'l bd'fl1''W~ 1 mn{)11"1~ 1975 ~\1 n~~ MNLF hJi.~fuL:ncy1'iXL~1i'J~11~:;~~~'JtJ ~\I~'Wn~~ MNLF ~\lhJu'f:l~fu~~"l..'fl\1~11~::~~
~\lmh'J
r1'J1~~~ L ~~'J 1 um~L "'l~"'l1~::~~1\l f~u1~11~::n1'W1fl'U~~1fn'flt"l nun~~ MNLF 1 'WU ~ .
1975 ~'W 'W1tJ'fl1~~ ~1~n (Adam Malik) f~~ul?l1<J1m~m::VI~'J\In1~~1\111~:;LVIfil"l..'fl\I~'WtVJUL~tJ ~
... ~'W~tMtJ'WJ..:!~1n1~L"l~1~~'tl..:!L"l~~~~1'WL~'tl'W.Jndli"I).J f'l.f'l. 1975 ~~~~1..:!~LL'Vl'W
'll'fl..:!f31J1~Yl~1lilul nun~ ).J~~..:!'Il'tl..:! 3-l~~).JVJ~uuul~ LTt.Jn ~'J L'tl..:!~1 LL 'W'J~U1U~ ~U~'tltl
LL~..:!'l!1~L).JL~ (MNLF) "l~U1f'I'J1).Jrl1'J~U1).J1~n11LLrll'lltlqj~1~..:!~).J~ L~1L~t.JL"l~'V1111J f'I'J1).J"'T..:!~ 11"l'J1).J~t.J1tl1).JU1:W ~1 L1"1 f'I'J1).Jg\').j L ~~'J r1f..:~UL il'fl..:!).J1"l1n f'I'J1).J~~uiu~'tl'W 'll'tl..:!U'lJ~1 LL~fh'W~~,:j n L ;j'tl..:!l.J1"i1 nm ~LTt.Jn1'fl..:~~L:W L ~l.J1~~l.J'Il'tl..:! n~).J nU!J~U1 L~tl'W1tl \Jf il'l!'fl11- m ~uuuu~u~~m f'l~'tl~1fi1~ru~~1"l~~..:~f3fi~1~LLt.Jn~'J'tl'tlnl.l1 L1P1t.Ji1f3u1~ LL~:::n'tl..:~~~'ll'fl..:l(;l'WL'tl..:! LU'WL~'tl'WL'IlL um~L"l~"i1,!'W L~1 L~'t1~11:1.li1f!m~ 1~t.J'fl).Jfu1~ ... 15
I " I
LLU\1 LLtJn~'WLLV1'WVl'fl1 L"'l::'\X ~~11?1~1 ~\IU'W~'WtVJUL~tJ~\IhJ L'i~'W~'Junumn1un~'fl\l"l..'fl\l MNLF Vl
" "'l:: LLtJ n ril'J Liluflii t"l ~::"'l1nfl ~11uu~ ti'1iiu tVJuL ~ut"l'l!ut"l~um ~L1u n~'fl'lunhJil m"J ~:J~'fl:: h 1.11
l?l'flunu~t"l~~"li1'J'fl1b"'l1::~1~ • ~'J'Wn'l~b"'l~"'l1 L'W1''W~ 12 Yl~'l!tll1rl~ 1976 f~'U1~~~11U'W~LL~:;n~~ MNLF i.~~\1
~LLVI'WL~1i'J~11~::~~~nl'liif'lrii'u1J~ th::LVIfli"J~n 1u~1u::~i'lml?lm~cl m~11~::~~fj~ul?l1~1 m m ~::VI ~'J\1 m ~~ 1'111 ~::LVI fll'ilifl\1 n ~ ~11~:;L VI filii t"l~ 1~ ~11~:;"!1~ LLt"l ~\I l"l'J1~ LilulA'J\IL uu tuu1u • • 'ilifl'lfl'U1~Yl ~11tlu~~ n VJ~~ t"l ~ ~ ~\I LU'W"li'Wn~ ~i.! ifltJ LL~ ::il~ ~ L1un~ifl\IL '1Xfj'U1~~~11tlu~~~ V1
~1Lilun1~VI1\IVI~1~~ifl~t"l~~LL~:;1'1Xn'fluVI~1~iflifln"'l1n~uLLVJ'W~t"l~~-nuV1 ~tr\l"'l1nmru~:;"ll~~ • • • ns-\l~t"lri!u, ~~ L~,nfim~rJ'WL~l-i"l..'fl\l'fl\ll"lm~m~11~:;"l!~n~~11~::LVIfll~t"l~1~ 'W1tJifl1~1VJ m1~
"' ~ " " 'lJ
84
1tJLihrwvHh.Jtl-w~ 1::~~1-:~1'-w~ 17-24 ~-:J~'lrllJ 1976 m3-l!"l'lL"fiCJJ"ll'el-:J1h::n'l'W'lfiu~3-l'lfnreJ~
r~n.~::~-:~bn(;lm1tu1~L~'W'Vl'l-:Jh.Ju-:~4'-:~~1'~i3-lu'Nm L'"~ t~ ~'lb'W'l bb~::tr~mu1 L(;l 1'Wl'lr!L~"llreJ-:~
vHh.Jtlu~ ~1.m~ mh:d1 ~mum1tu1ui1u~'lb'W'lbu~tJ'Wbbu~-:~hJ'"~'lm~3-lbdreJr~f-:~~br~m~u'Vl'l-:~ ~ . ~ ~
3-J'l LureJ-wYJ~utlu~r~f-:~LLm1utl 1972 r~f-:~il ( 1976) ftiu'l~Yl~utl-w~r~':lur~3-J~mum1n.~1rrt~ 1u ~ q
1'-w~ 22 ~-:J~'lrllJ 1976 r~n.~::~~-:Jbn(;ln'l1tu1~b'ihriuu1::n'l'W'lfl1J~3-l'lfnreJ~~vl'lbUtJU3-J'l~'lmrJ-:~ ~ ~ ~
'"~ 1 n n 11~u 'Vl'W 1 r~ f-:~ t!uu1::n'l'W 1 fiu ~ 3-J 1 fnreJ ~ b ~'W~ ':lutiu m 1btl ~ m tb'"l1'"l'l r~ f-:~ 1 m.J riu n~ 3-J
M N LF LL~ :;(;ln~-:~ 1 ~'W'l-:1~ LlJ~ ~'l 3-l'l fnreJ ~ L~'W'Vl'l-:1 LULU~'WU1::L 'Vl fll~ dJtJ'eltl'l-:~ Lti'W'Vl'l-:1 m11 'W'W'llJ
~
e.J~n'l1LU'el'Wvl'l1 ~'Vi-:~~reJ-:~1.l1:: L 'Vl fll Lrl ~ rl':l'llJ~ 3-J..rufi'Vl'l-:J m1'Vl (;1 LL~::~-:J'W'l3-J1'Wr~':l'l3-J "'
~
(;1 n ~-:Ji'JlJ ri'W'Vl 'l-:1 ~ 'l'W1' ~ij,~'!Jfi113-l LL~::~'l'WLM~jfi'"l ~ m.J-:~u-:~4' ~ L ~i.j n'l1U1::"!J3-l L'"l1'"l'l1::~~ 'l-:1
f~u'l~Yl~uilu~riun~lJ MNLF ~n~-:~'Vl~LU~ U1::L'Vlfll~bUtJ m1u1::"1J3-lL'"l1'-l'lr~f-:~t~~nr.r~~u1::~~'l-:~1'u~ 1s-23 fiu'J'lrllJ 1976 ~m::'Vl1':l-:Jm1
~h..:J1.l1::L'Vlfll~ LUtJ ~ LL'Vl'W"llreJ'lfsu'l~Yl~utlu~ ~reJ 'W'ltJrl'l LlJ t~ 3-l'lnu t1 1.l~~m::'Vl1':l'ln~'l t~lJ ' ' ~
~'J'W~LL'Vl'W"ll~'ln~lJ MNLF ~~ 'W'ltl\f1 211~11- L'WVi~~n'l1L'"l1'-l'lLfi~U11~~'l~'W~fl'lfi1::~~'l'l'Vi'l
ehtJ fjU'l ~ riu el'ltJn~lJ LlJ L1 (~1'fl~ el1tJf_su1~ ~tJn~'l el'ltJfiU!J) t~tJi'j1J1::L 'Vl fll~ LUtJ Ltluj;j'':ln~'l-:1
L'Wn'l1Lmim~tJ n~'l3-J'l1t1(;lfi~'l~~~U'lri'W.ft''JPW'l'J Ld~1''W~ 23 fi'W'J'lrllJ 1976 (;1'13-J;r'el(;lfi~'l'Vl~LU~
i'illJin~.:svi~ttli (Tripoli)
oif~(;ln~'l'Vl"iLu~ Li1-woif'fl(;lfi~'l1::~~'l'l~'lfi'l1tuf.SYJ~utl-w~ LL~:;n~lJ MNLF i'mriu
~3-l'l=Dnr~n.~::m13-J'lfim11'W'Vl'l'l fll'l~'W'l~ el'ltJ'"l1nu1:: L 'Vl fl!~ LUtJ "l!'l~ ~m1LUtJ b"l!L'Wri~ u~:; L"l!lJ'l b~tl L~reJmn~'l~'l1-'flriuf.su'l~YJ~uilu~-wLlreJ..:J"ll~-:~~m-wm1w~~~3-l'Vl'l'~(;l~u1~"ll~'~YJ~uDu~ n11
Llil11il'lil~-w~Ul~'~'Vl"itu~ 1uru~ 15-23 fiu':l'lP13-l 1976u1::n'lu1u~u1::"ll3-l ~1. m~ tiu~~ en1~13-l q q
(Dr.Aii Abdussalam Treki) fs~u(;l1-m4..:JfSL~~~1n'-lm1Pi'l'lU1::L'Vlfll~'lfi'l1rufj~ LUtJ Ltlun11
L'"l1'-l'l1::~~'l'l el'ltJfSU'l~"ll~'l~'lfi'l1rufsYJ~uDu~ U'l t~t~ Pl'lLlJ t~ u1 LU 11 (Carmela Barbero)
U~~m::'Vl1':l'ln~'lL~3-l riu~LL'Vl'W"ll~'l MNLF 'W'ltl\f1 i1~m1 ~':l'Wmn;hi'JlJ"llreJ'lj;j''JLL'Vl'Wf\ltu::m1
3-l'lfim1~el'lt~L~Lbfl ~'ln'l1rufs~Li:lt~ iJ ~1. m~ tiu~~ en1~1lJ fs3-J-u(;l1"ll~'~fjL~'el~1n'"lPi'l'l 1.l1::L'Vlfll "ll'l~'l~ tiu~~~'l LreJ~vh~ (Salah Abdulla EI-Fadl) LreJntifl111'l"JI'Vl(;l'-l'ln1'l"llmtu'l4'm
q v
85
tJ~~"I11fiu11?lt./i:"l!a-~1L~tJ ~'el 'el~~~tp) m1-a-~ ~1~ (Ahmed Karim Gai) L~'ll'lfim~~'JLU'll'el-:J'el-:Jflm~
m ~tJ ~~"~~a-~~~~ 1a-1 LL~~'"' ru~~ LL 'Vl'W~'I n L~'ll'lfim~~'J LU'll'el-:J m~tJ~~"I!a-~ ~ ~ q
n1~u~~"!Ja-1il mn~~~'l L~'el ~ni11?l~La-~ 1?11-LL~~ri'J'Ia-J dh 1~ ltp)tJLIA'fu ri'J'Ia-J L~'W"I!'flu ~-:J
1 . rh~'Wtp) ltX~u~.n'lr~ 1~'ll'el-:Jv:l ~tJtluldjum..!r.Jun'l~un r~~'el-:J~~~~~'el~tnu1~ rel'I'W 'l~'flfiULI?ltl LL~~CJ'W'J n ~'WLLtp)'WL .Yh nu~~ tltlul ( ~'Ja-1 ~ 'J rl'W 'll 'el-:J ~'W LLtp)'W 1 'W ~ 1n1 ~ru f.J~ ~ tJtlul)
2. ~u~tJnr~~'el-:JI?l'WL'el-:J~h~fu"ll'lr.Ja-~~~a-~1ul?l'fl'W1~'ll'fl-:J~~tJtlul mJ-:nuu 14 ~u~ q
1cA'mi U'lon~u. "~~~. 1?11~-l?l'lt ena-JU'J-:Jn1 Ltp)'fl "11, ena-JU'J-:Jn1 Ltp)'fl 'W'flfn, lr11?111J1ll?lL~U'el, a-11n~'W ~~ ~
tp)1L'W1, "~~~l?l'I'W ntp)~fl?l, ~1L'W1L~U'el, ~1L'W1 Ltp)'fl "l!, tpl1L'J1 Ltp)'fl "ll, tr~mu1tl?l1~. u1~~.ru LL~~ ~ , tJ 'll
I !I' !I I I ell 11,1 .::II ... .., I .dl c!l ..::::!1£11 I j.l
La-l'el-:J LL~ ~~\JU'I'WVJn La-l'el-:J'Vll?l-:J'elfJ'W'el n L ~'W'el'Y'l'W'Vl'Vl n~'I'Ja-11 LL~'J
3. f3u1~Yl~tJtlulu-:Jr~-:Jil'el1u1~~a-~1J~ru1um~rh~utp)utuu1ul?l1-:Ju~~L'VlP~LL~~
u ltJU1tJ'V11'1n11'V1~1~ ltp)tJn'l~~'l!u~~'W'll'el-:J LL'Wr.JifJa-~u~ tp)U~'flmL vi-:J"ll'l ~ta-~ h ~ 'J'W~Ur.Jum~ ' "'
tJ n rl1'el'l ~ ~ ~~il~'Vlfi'flt.h..:~ L~a-~Vi1 um~~'l P!'l~'ll'el'll?l'WL 'a 'I ltp)tJ 1-n'n!J~a-l'ltl~~~'la-J (Islamic Sharia 's
laws) nuil ~ LL 'Vl'W'll'el'll?l'WL;J'ILUtr.Ja-J1'Wm~fi~11CW11 'WP\1~VJm~~1J
4. Lr.t 1W\J 1~tJn rl1'el-:J l?l'WL'el-:J 1 'WI?l'fl'W1~'ll'el'lv:l~tJtluliJ~'V1~1 un1~ri'el ~-:J lN L1uu
':3'Vltl1~tl LL~~a-!~'liJ'Vlm~tJ LL~~tJ~~~1'W'I1'Wrl1J~U'Jm1'WIA'1'Wn1~~m~1'll'el-:Jf:j dS
5. "ll1'J~~~a-!il1~1J1Jn1~U1'~1~ lULLUULL~~~Cl'IU'W'll'el'I~'JL'el-:J ~..:~ia-~~u1fnu1~1J1J m~u1'~1~~'J'Wn~1..:1
6. fi 'I'W1~n1~tJn r~~'el'll?l'WL'fl-:J1 un11r.r tp)~~uu LP!~1!1'3n~ LL~~m~L~'W'll'el'll?l'WL'el'l~
ia-~~u1fnu1~1JU'll'el-:~f3 0
" .1 .J "~.lc~""-c~c~ 'I"' 7. '"l'I'W'J'W~LL'Vl'W'll'el'IL'lll?lunr!1'el'll?l'WL'el'I'Vl~~L'll1 bua-l~'Vlfia-1 L~tl-:J b'W~j1J1~
8. n114' tp) ~-:~ n'el-:Jn'I~'IU'el-:1 rl'WI?l'WL t1-:~Yi Lfll~u1 'WI?l'el'W 1~'ll'el'l~~tJtlul 9. n!J~a-~1ufu1'el-:~1~"ll1'J~~~a-~1cA'tJnr~1'fl'll?l'WL'fl'~
1 o. f3u1~ ~'a 'I mJ..:~ e.~~n1 h~1m1u11A''ll'fl-:J'Vlf'Y'lu1nndn1[;J LLri L'lll?lunr~~'el'll?l'WL'el-:J "' 11. 4' tp)j;j'-:J r~ru~m1a-Jn11CJ~a-J~1nf3U1~n~1-:J'll'el'lv:l~tJtlulLL~~ifJ LL'Vl'W'll'el-:Jn~a-~ LL'W'J
i'Ja-~U~tp)U~'elmLvl-:~"ll1~La-~L1 L~'fl~n1!1'1~1u~~L~u~ LLrlU'lJ~'ILL~~Vi'lma-~;J'ell?ln~-:~
12. n11~~tp)U-:J~~~ntJ~~n1fll~uVi~~'l'"l1nn1~~'1'W1a-~1u;J'ell?ln~-:~'V11-LtJ~
86
;J'fl[;]n~-:~i'Ja.J1umn/Olt/Ol1~fJ,;]U-:J I I I i;'
1 . ih t 'mj'ntta.J ~vhnm;J'fl-:~ riu mLJJ mtrununvhn (;]~'\..! 1 '\.,![;]'f)'\..! 1~"ll!l'!Ylfhltlui
2. tJ~,;jtJ~m.rwn L'YlMmtL~'fl-:~~-:~~a.J,;]~ilr1'J1a.Jia.J~ufiriuL~[;]mtrw1u[;]'fl't..!1~"ll'fl'~ •
t,l I t,l I I
3. 1 ~~'fl'YiUYi~'~'"a.J ,;]VJ~~Vi-:~VItiu 1 't..![;]'fl't..! 1~"ll'fl-:!Yl~tltlui n ~ua.J 1'fl~1 't..!Vl~'t..!"ll'fl-:1 [;1'\..!L 'fl-:1
4. 1~~~ntJt~n't..!r1'J1a.JU~'fl(;]JiULLri"n1'Ja.J~~a.Jb't..!n1J'brl~!l't..!l~'J'Y11'1n1tL~'fl'l •
n 1 ttJ t~"lla.J t~'"~ 1\1 r1 bW~ n tta.J n 1 te.J ~ a.J/Ol1 n ~'J LL 'Yl'\..!"ll'fl'l ftJU1 ~ LL~ ~~'J LL 'Yl't..!"ll'fl-:1 n f'i 3-J LL 't..!'Ji'Ja.JU~ (;] '4 u •
tJ~!l u LL ~\1"111 ~La.! tt~'J't..!;r'fl [;] n~..:~ L~m riumtri'fl ~-:~ mttJn !Plt'fl-:1 [;]'t..!L'fl-:1 .fl'1-:~1 umt~-:J'\..!13-J~ nt'la.J~ •
\1~1 t~'"~1\lf~U1~nun~a.J MNLF ...
~~\110l1n L~'t..!i qj qj 1 1.1.~ 'J/Ol~~ 'fl'lrot (;]~\I L "lJ(;]Unrlt'fl'l~~t~ LL~~f~U1~ ~!l-:Jrot (;] 1 ~i'Jn1t
L~'fl n~-:~~'\..![;]13-J;r'fl[;]n~-:~~-:~~a.J,;] ;r'fl[;]n~-:~d,~ile.J~U'U/Ol1nr3'u~1~~-:~u1a.J rot (;l'Y'i11 't..!L~'fl'I'Yl~LtJ~
L~!lr3''t..!~ 23 fiU'J1rla.J 1976 ~1'\..!'J'\..! 3 'YlU'U ~'fl 111M1'fl1tUr1 111M1tl'ln~~ LL~!:111M1e.Jf-:~LPI~ ... '
fl'J1a.J L vJ1 L VlUa.J n'\..!~'1'"3-J (;l'fl~1 '\..!tJ1'\..!110l"ll'fl\l n!J'"a.l1U 16
!l110l mh'J L~~1~1t~~1 ~ qj"ll'fl\l;r'fl [;]n~-:~ Pl'fl 1 ~'VJ ml1U~fJ (;] u-:~-nuVI LL~ ~f~u1~~~tJuui ... .
~ !l\1 ~ 1 L Uun 1 t 1 ~-n1 'Ja.J ~ ~a.J iltJ1'\..!110ltJ n flt'fl'l [;]1a.Ji't..![;]'fl't..!vh..:J1 ~'fl 1 ~ilftJU1~VJ'fl'l tiutJn !Plt'fl\1 • u
L(;JU ~'J LL 'Yl'\..!"ll'fl\1~~ ~ 3-J LL~~il n'fl\lfh~-:~u'fl\1 n'\..![;1'\..!L 'fl\1 [9113-J;r'fl [;]n~\I'Yl~Ltl~ f~U1~Yl~tltlui~'fl'lrot,;] ' ...
L[911Ua.JLLm"llf~fi~~a.l\fqj L~'fl1~iJmro..:~~u1;{[911a.J;r'fl[;]n~\IU ~'J't..! MNLF L;r1110l~1fjfitta.l\fqj
'Yluu LLm "ll/Ol~~'fl'~~~tJti..:~mt1 ~~ 1'\..!1"'ltJnrJt'fl\I(;]'\..!L'fl\l LLri~~~a.Jt u 13 rot..:~wr(;l111fl1~ ~1ufju1~ ...
YJ ~tluiL ;r 11 "'l~1 ~'fl\1 rot(;] n1 ~~\I U1~"n 1~ ~ [911~'ti'U[;]'fl'\..!"ll'fl\l f~ fi113-J\fqj
tJt~fi1U1fiU~a.J1fn'fl~1.U fl'J1a.J Li]ut!nn!J~a.l1U 1-n, ,;j'fi'fl't..!"ll'fl\l;r'fl[;]n~-:~1 ~ dju
tJt~ LU"n'\..!L(;JU L~'\..!'fl 1 ~il n11~\ltJ ~~"1113-J &i (;]1lJ'lJ'YlU ry ~1 uf~fittlJ\f'lJ"ll'fl\l~~tJtlu~\1 rh~'\..!(;1~1
rh"'l::il n 1 t 1 ~t) 1'\..!1/0lUn flt'fl\1 (;1'\..!L 'fl\1 LLri L "11 (;] 1,;] L "lll?l'"ti\1/0l~~'fl\IL~fu fl'J1a.J L1A't..!"n'fl'UIOl1ntJt~"n1"n'\..! 1 '\..! ...
"llrw~t!uL~Uri'flu ~~Ju';jfimt~..:JtJt~"n1~~ LL~~f~u1~ 1 ~ilmt~-:~tJt~"n1a.J~"ll!l\IUt~"n1"n't..!1u 13 ' ... ...
rot..:~~rj'(;l n~a.J MNLF ~'fl~1u1ur3'uVJ17 LlJM1U't..! 1977 -n..:~iltJt~fi1'\..!1fl'lJ~a.J1fn'fl~ nf'i1'J~1n11~'1
16 W.K.Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and The
Malays of Southern Thailand, 183-186.
87
I I " 11 o c::l cv ~ q1 "17
~1~1HlL~13 . .J1n1VI'WI?!Lnti'Jn'lJL~'fl'I'W 1?1
~fin1 ~~NU ~::"ll1~ ~f~U1~ L~'fl~ 1 e.J ~ n1 ~~'IU ~::"ll1~ ~"'l::rll?l {(, 1'W;] 'fl L1-tJ n~'fl'ln1 ~1.] n d.9
l"l~'fl'IWI'WL'fl'l~'fl'l MNLF LY-l~1::Li:Ju~'Vl~1Url'W~~1L'WU1-L'Jru 13 r.r'IVItJI?l iJ"Jl1'J~~~~m~tJ'flUL~tl'l 5 q ..
r.r-:~VItJI?ILVht!u ~n 8 r.r'IVItJI?ILU'W~'W~'flU"Jl1'JI"l1-~L~tJ'W ~..:JiJ~1'W'J'W~1nn~1"1l1'J~~~~n'l~'fl'IL'Vh~'J 18
.. q
~1-w MNLF LLU'I~1m~~'lll~::"ll1~~hJ1~~:;u1rrlu;]'flW~n~-:~'Vl1-tll~ LL~::~I?l~1f~u1~ q d.9
" 1l~::n1'W1fiu~~1fn'fl~m::.Yhm~hltut..:Jt~ ~..:J'!!u n~~ MNLF ~..:Jhifu~e..~~~'fl..:Jm~~'~ll~::"ll1~~ q ..
LL~ :;n tru1tJ L1-tJ n1'fl'l~~ ~ ll1Y-l Wl1~ L~~ L Y-l~1::tl'fl~1f~U1 ~YJ~tJuu~(bJiJ L"'l WI'W1~"'l::tJ£j'jjij m~;J'fl
W~n~'I'Vl1tll~
... L11~~..:J"l(;l~1tl1::~tmuru~'l.hLPI~11l.m11~(;lc;l~il.J~"l1fnuf3u1t'l~~tJtlui Lr;Jm~'V'l'l::
~ti1..:J~..:Jtl1::fi1U1fitJ~l.J1fn~~ L~~l"lf..:J~~..:JI"fn11m1tl1::"l!l.Jn~l.Jtl1::L'VIP!t1~t'l1l.J1-ifl"l'l1l.J ' . 'V'ltntnl.JLn~Ln~tJ l.J1fn~~~~mLmNm1ru11 T31J1t'l~~tltlui'V'l~~l.J~"l::1~YJn~th..:JtJn L t)'um1LLtJn i'l Ltluf3!i ~ 1:: 1 u•Jl'l..:J 1::tJ:: L 'l t'l1,!UL111?i~~ L ~~t)~ 1 m'V'l LLt'l::tl1::'ll1"l!'Ufi1 ~m1 ~U'I.J~'t'ULLU'l'VI1..:J'!I~..:JL11 L11fi"l11tu1rl1;)~111nt'l..:J'Vl1-LtJ~d:Ju,r;JLU~tJ'ULLUt'l..:J~~1~'1JLLI?i L if~~"l1nn11'VI1tl Pl,rn,.,i..:J'!I~..:Jtl1::fi1U1fi'I.J ~mfn~ ~ LLt'l !:Tl'I.J'lt'l L '!11 vh 1 ~'li~..:Jrl'l..:J iu~m'V'l
nu~..:JI"l113.Jnt)'1..:J~u ... 19
I I I !I I Cll "'c;' .. l.q .... "' dl ..:II cv ..::.. il ,q "=*
n11b"'l1"'l1'Vl'Vl1 blJ~ ~ 1~ 11fl Win~'! n'WI?l'JtJ L1'fl'IVI~1tJ L1'il'l LL~::tJ'I'Vl-\11"11-:J'fl nVI~1tJ L~'fl'l
1~W~n~..:J1'J~n'Wb'fl'l ~..:Jiuilu1W~"li1~3-J~~~"'l::hib;h11l~'lb~m;J'flW~n~-:~~W~n~-:~1~Lb~'J 1~mi ~'fl'l r'i 1VI'WI?IL ~~'W~ll11"1L~~'fl..:JYJ ~lltlu~buum.i'JtJ n 111ln 1"11'fl'l~~ 1::~'flUll1tJ t~'fl1'W1"'l'flfill1W~u LL~:: ..
17 mm U1::ll1m, "b~b~: UqjVI1VIUn'fln~'fl'l~1fn'fl~." ilW~tJ~11~ll1 2,21 (b~M-1tJ'W
2520): 34.
18 "li1'J~b13-J~~~iJ 5 r.r'IVItJI?ll~bbrl L~1L'W1 Ll?l'fl 'J!{ ~1n~'WI?l1b'W1, U1~tr'W, 1\i· WI1~-WI1~
1l1::"111m'!!u~'flfi!1~'W1~~~1~1'flu~:; 80-95 ~'J'W~n 8 4'-:~VItJI?IL~LLri 1?11b'J1 bl?l'fl enf ~1L'W1 Ll?l'fl .. I
88
~ ~
e.J'W'Jn~hJLL~'Wn'UrlfhJtlu~ LL~~~'WLL~'W~'J'WUL~LLri4'"lV!rJ~t?h"l1 :i''J~ 13 4'"lV!rJ~ :i''J~l1"lf~u1~
rlih.Jtlu~ u..'l fN iJti1u1'"l~~\!:rru1 um:rrhV!u~u tt~u1u r;l1..'Ji..l:r~ L 'Vl PILL~ ~u tuu1tJ'Vl1"lm:r'VlVI1:r t~u
m:r~u'U~'t'W'!l'fl..'JLL'W'Ji'J~Q6JI1~b~b:r ~~'fl~'"l'W'fl..'lrlm:ri..lnr1:r'fl..'l~'WL'fl..'l'!l'fl..'l6JI1'J~~~~iJ~'Vlfi'flt.l1"l ' ~
L~~V11.um:rl'i"lPI1~'!l'fl..'l~'WL'fl..'lb~tlHn!JVI~1tl;a~~1~ (Islamic Shari a's laws) 1 II II I I
4f'fl~n~..'lVJVi"lA'1"lnuHu"lilL~~n~..'lnu1.~Lr;)~'!l1~Li..luuu..'liJ~nVI~1tJ~'fl"l ;)'fl ~'fl..:t
:r~uu n'l :r~ n~1~..'l n 1Vf'W~ 1. ~f~'Vl1..'l ~'fl'WLrJf '!l'fl"lfl ~i..lil u~iJt 'fl m fl4' !'1 ~..'l bd\1 b~tl'Wfl'Vltl1~ t1 LL~ ~ ~Vf1fl'Vltl1~ tl'!l'fl..'l ~'WL'fl..'l d-'fl..'l :ri.J LL'U'U LL~~t'l Cl1U'W'Vl1..'ln'l:i''U1-Vf1:i''!l'fl"lfii b~ b:i' L~'fl..'ltl1'W1'"l'!l'fl\l'fl\l rl
v ~
n 1 :ri..l n r1 :r'fl"l ~'WL 'fl"l 'l um:r4' !'l:r~uu LM~~n'"l LL~~m:rrJ~"l d-'fl"l~ 1'W'J'W~ LL 'Vl'W"ll'fl..:t'fl"l rfm:ri..ln rJ:r'fl..:t
' ' " ~'WL 'fl..'JVJ'"l ~ L ;r 1 LU ij ~'VI fiiJ L~ tl..'l 'l uf~'U1~ n ~1\1 L1-'fl"l m :r4' ~ l'i"l n'fl..'l n 1 ~..'JU'fl..'l n'W~'WL 'fl..'l LL~ ~rl'J1 ~
i~~ufi'Vl1"lm:r'V1Vf1:rnun'tl..'l'ti~rl~i..ltlu~ L~'fl"ltl1'W1'"l"ll'fl"lt'lJl1VJ'fl"l~'WLL~~~Jl1ehuu1-Vf1:r~'"l~ LU'WV!U'Jtl..'l1'W~ 1 ,r ClJ'!l'fl..'JVIU'Jtl m:ri..l n rld'fl..'l ~'WL 'fl..'J L~'fl"l4f'fl ~ n~..'l L~ m nu'Vlf~tJ1nd~..'ld~~~1'fl~ Jl1tJLrJf n 1:i'rl'J'U rl~"ll'fl..'l f"'U1~ n~1..'l LLr;l U..'J ilL~ n 1Vf'W~ LU'fl fL "JI'Wl1l~'"l ~LLU..'l 'l ~ LLri"li1'J~ f;'l~ ~ 'l 'WVf,.) .. dJ .. qJ
' " ... Ln1 ~iJ'W~ 'l L 'W 1 L 'W~ 'J'WVJ A' 1..'l n 'l :i'~ n ~..'JUiJ 4f 'fl LL~ ~ 1'"1 ~ rJf 'fl..'l nd~VJ1n'W L ~ Lt'l ~'"l~'W L 'WL~'tl'WiJ'W1 rl~ 'i' 0 :::. "' ..J - 20 b~tl'"l~'Vl1n1:r~..'l'W1~r1Nt'l!'l'Vl1tJ'Vln:r..'l~'W~1 • •
"' ~ ' l1..:tVI~ ~ LL~~'fl~tl~ ~~.fitlt'l\1 r1:i''l~n~'Uti'W~1'WL~~ ~~'fl ~'"l'W L ~VI~ ni.J:r~n'Wr1'J'l~U~'fl ~.fit! LLri"ll1'J
~t'l~~L'Wnl:i'Lrl~'fl'WLVI'J'Vl'l\lnl:i'Lij'fl..'l m:r~ui..l~Vf11-'fln'WLL~~d-'fl..:t~'W1 'flU1..'lL~~~ 4f'fl~~"lA'1"ln'W ~ "' ."'1 al ..J. 1 "' al r , ·~ "' ov ..J b'J '"l ~ Lu'W 'Vl1..'l 'fl'fl n'Vl'l\1 L~tl'J'Vlu :r~n1'W1n'U ~~1:rn'flt'l'"l~ L~ 'WLL..'l b!'l nu'"l ~~tl1tl'l~'Vln'Vl1\I'Vl'"l~~"' • rl'J 1 ~~..'l 'l Vlqj '!l'fl..'l f3~fl:r~i..l n r1 :i''fl..'l ~'WL 'fl..'l~'"l~4' ~~..'l;'W 'l Vf,.) ( f~:a~ :r~il'W!'l'l L 'W'l) ~ e.J'W'JnL m ~u LL!'l'W t i.l Ln'flu r1 i"lV~ii..:t"ll'fl..'JVI,.) Lm ~rl~i..lilutf1
v
" ... 1-'.l' 1-'..J<IIIilll.t Clli ..I..,.,_ .4~ il I
'!l 'fl'!l !'1 LLtl..'l L'U'fl\1 (;J'W'Vl Ln !'l'!l'WLU'Wn'l:i'~ rl'J'll-.1 L:i''fl..'l :i'~'flt'l:i'~"ll\ll-.1 rl'J1l-J (;J'fl..'Jn'l:i'rl'W~~'fltl'l..'l
n'W e:ht~i.J:r~n'l'W'lfi'U~~'lfn'flfl~'fl\ln'l:i'L~iJmrunrJffi\I(;J'WL'fl"lL"ii'WL~mnu4'"lVI1'!'l~'W1 'lurJ~h.Jtlu~
LLr;iLL'W'Ji'Jl-JU~!'JU~'flmL'\.l..'J"ll'l~bl-.lb:i' (nfi~ MNLF) rJi''tl..'ln'l:i'~t'l:i'~'flU'l..'lLLVl'"ll..'l L~'fl~'"l~~(;J.J'W'lJlil • v
Jl'l rl'!l'fl..'l (;J'W'flU'l\1 L~l-.1~ n'l:i'LLflUClJVI'l rl..'l'"l~ t,.)iJ'Vl'l"l'J ~'flU'l\li'W~
flti.J LL~'l L~'fl-w'"l'l:i't;l..!'lrl'J1l-JrJi''tl..'ln1:i'el1tJf~u1~ LL~~'!l'U'J'Wn'l:i' MNLF LL~'J el'lt~f~ u1 ~ u..'l 1,.) L~l-.1 'l'"l~'"l ~ 'l ~t'lm'l~ LLri4'"lVI1' ~111 r1 'lrJI L ~:r'l~L vhnui..l:r~n'l'W'lfiu~l-.l'lfn'flt'l t'l ru L~t~m:r
v "'
' 21 ..., .... ov
~1'El.:J ~VltJ'mu, 33-34.
89
l"l'"JUI"l~'V11'lfl1f011~ ~'ILth.I~'W(;l~1tJI?i'flf~u1~ bb~~hJmlL!Ol~1Lri'fl1'lX~M~bb~'"Jn~.·~ MNLF !Ol~hJ q ~
., ' ' ri 'f) f01'"J1~1· 'W'"J1tl ~ mi..:~u..:~hl ~'fl'lnl ~~ n I b~tJ'VIfYim mVI'fl ~m ~~unubb~~~1tl HI!Ol1n mnnwn,.;VI ~0~ q ~
Lr1i'~1nn~1fl11"l~'W1 nuni'".l~1n~~ MNLF !Ol~~'W~1iJ'fl1'W110lbb~'lnUfjU1~ ~'"J'Wn~~ MNLF 1'lX
LVI[;Je.i~~1Yi'".lm~1L2-J~'fl'lm~1~tl~~n1'W1fiu~a..nfn'fl~tlnf01~'fl'l L'Yin~1-if'fl1'W110lLn'W~f!UL~(;l ~n
~..:~llf'fl..:~n1~U1fl1,.;~i,r1110l1n'VIfrimn~'fl'~fl11"1L~~1~1?J.J'W1fl11"1L~~1nn~1~10l~1~nufju1~ LL~~
~'fl..:~n1~~~1?i'flnuf~u1~~~~1~Lti'fl..:~!Ol1n1r1le.~~tl~~'Lmn1~1nn~1 " f"1'"J1~~~ L VI~'"J 1umn!Ol~!Ol1~..:~u ~n (;j'..:~ LLI?i L~'fl'WL~'I!nuu f"1. fll. 1977 fju1~~1fn'fl~n
~~btl~ uuvhVI LU'WLL ;i..:~ n~1'".l 'L~uuuuuu LtJU1tJ~!Ol~ LLm ~i1 qJVI1 r1i''".lu (;l'WL'fl'l ~'fl~1 LU'WU qJVI1fl1tJ ' "
1 'WU~~L 'VI fl1 LL~~tJ{j L~ nnldbL 'VIm LL'1!'1U~~L'VIfi1Vl~1~ nldb!Ol~!Ol1~'1U ~n!Ol~Lfl~;'WLr1i'fiiJn1~4' ~n1~
tl~~,~~'Wfl1tJ1'W~~tltluiLL~~~'fl..:JL2-JiJ~LL'VI'W~1tJ~~~1~~1:h~c1i''"Ju ~'ILU'Wm~~~~1'WL1'fl'WL~ Vlin1um1tl1~"IJ~L!Ol~!Ol1~'1U~n~ MNLF rh'VI'W~L~~1 ~~VI~1'l~Lr1i'L!Ol~!Ol1~'1U~n!Ol~iJm~~m~~'l
" ' ~'fl'lel1t.Jf01'fltl~bb~ L2-J1~i1m11?i'fli\'nu;u1u 13 4''1VIrJ~fl11"11~ ~'fl~1t.Jf~U1~LL~~el1u~dju ~'ILU'W ~ ~ ~
., " e.l1u ~ ~ 1"11'fl'l LL 'W'"Ji'"J~tl~ ~tl~ 'flU LL '1.4..:~'1!1 ~L~L~ M N LF Vli'l!Ol1nn1~L!Ol110l1~'1U ~n f"1f'IULL~ '"J
tl1~n1'W1flU~~1fn'fl~Lc1i'1~j'jm~'fl'flnL~tl'l~'ltl1~'1!1~~1'WL~'fl'WL~'I!ntl'W f01.fll. 1977 L~'flL'lXm~
... ...; .. tl... ... J 1" 'tl '1 1 !<'! s-ci ~\.111"1~ LL~::L~'fl'W ~ 'fln!Ol'Wtl'l 21 L~'l!ntl'W 1977 L'Yi'fl VIL'"J~1LLn 1~'111'11\.l ~'WLLtlUfl11"1 (;1 ~~filn'l!t1
bb~ ~'VIU'VI'"J'W;rtl LVi!Ol!Oll..:JI?i1'11 rit~u(;j' ~~'W 110l Yi~'fl~rlU 1 m'flm~ ~hu~ LUtJLc1i'~!Ol11t1.!1;rtl L~'Wtll?i1'11
~!Ol~L~'Wtll?it~flU1~~~tltlutf ~'l~U1~n1'W1flU~~1fn'fl~n1~vi1J'W ~~Vl'fl'W1m~nLL~~'1!1'"J~~tJti'Wtf 1r1lf~'~l"l'".l1~10ll..:~110l vi'fltl1~'1!1"li'W~tl~fl1tJ1~'fl1'W110ltln1"11t~'l L Yiu..:~1~ 'L~u~fjU1~ 12-J ~1~1~tl LLn
i1 '1J'VI11 ~'J ~~..:~1.r11 !Ol1nvhV1~ LL ;i..:~n~1'".l~'fl..:~~..:~~t~..:~ el1uvh 'l ~~ mum1ru~..:~ Ll"l~u ~~u~ n Ldt~ el1u
fSU1~L1~tl{ju~mm'".l1~~1'1~~1:ftn MNLF L~tl~1'1~1LU'Wtl{j~m~~'fl..:!!?l1~'"J!Ol b~'flfn'l!n
n!JVI~1um~tln~
22 W.K.Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and The
Malays of Southern Thailand, 147-148.
90
1-w r~.PL 1980 L'J-l~nn~:::VI~'J-:~m~[;]1-:~'ll~:::LVIPI"ll'fl-:J~~h.Jih.J~1.h:::LVIPI~1 -if'fl[;lmN~ V11'lu~L1lu'l~6J-J::: LL[;]n~~ MNLF n~u '\)l~(?l[;]'f)~L~'fl~Mfi1'V'I 'l1?1un1VI'WI?l1'1XiJm~u~:::"ll~l:ll?lu'fll?l
q Ill q q
n~~u~:::mPI~I:l~~ Vl1l'fl The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) 23
L-if1
~1~-:JU ~:::LVI P\~~UU'W~L ~'fl ~'fl.:! n1~VI~11JI:l Cl1'Wn1~nJLL~:::L '\X ri'J1~"Jl'JtJ LVI~'fl"l!1'J L~ L~ d-'fl-:~ n1~ fn~1Pi'n~P~1 ~VIfi"ll'fl-:J"l!1'J~I:l~~ (l:l~1~n1utl 1970) •
u~::: b VI"'~ bi:Ju Li~ L -if 1~11:lU1JI:l'W'W n 1 nr~~'fl'WL VI'J"ll'fl-:1 '[~'[~ Ll?ltl'fl1 ~tl ri'J1~ d:Ju~U'fl-:1 •
n'WL'WP\11:l'W1~1:l~1~LL~:::1JVIUCUruii"ll'fl-:J~~Jlfmre:hu1um~[;]'fl~n1ml?l~ ri.Pl. 1971 r~ru:::f~ ., Ql q qJ d.9
I 1 i.f I
~u[;l1"ll'fl-:J ~ Li:Ju~ 1 L~'flu~~uilu ~LL~ :::l:luVI u1 rill ~tl1"1! 1 'J 'L~ 'L~~-:~11 ru'VI1 VI L ~~~u 1 utiu"ll'fl-:J~ l:l ~~ ~ ~ .
" ~'J~r1-:~r~'n~"ll'Jm'VI~'fl1um~(;]'fl~ ~-:JL"'ll:l~1~n OIC 1um~[;]'fl~'fl-:Jn1ln~~[;]1-:~1 '111l~1L1lum~
l:l~1-:J ri'J1~n 1?1 ~'WL ~'flL 'IX Lii l?ln1~tl'fl~f1J u~:::LVI "'~ LUtl Li:Ju~'ll11 'Wn1~U~:::"J!~V11'lu~ L~'fl'VI1-if'fltJ ~ ~ . .
LL~:::L~'fln~~u1'\Xn~~LL'W'Ji'J~U~~U~'fltJLLvl-:!"ll1~L~hu5UiJ[;l1~-if'fl(;ln~-:~ "1!1'fl~mnumtlu~nu~:::LVIP~~iJ1JV11l1V11umnLn11ru'VI1L~L~ r~.P~. 1973 t~~l?l'VI1 . ~
L~'WVI'W LL~:::1'1X~~JiuLLriLL'W'Ji'J~"ll'fl-:J"l!1'J t~ h ~VIfi'V'I~"ll'fl-:Ju~:::LVI Pl"ll1'fl~mnuu~ L~ut~-il?l L"'l'Wrl • • " '
~'fl u~::: LVI P\'1!1'fl ~'fl1~LtitJL~VItl 1?1 n1~~-:~tJ.1,jt.!L '\X nllU~:::LVI P\~~UU'W~ t[uLtl'fl-:J"'l1nf~1l1~ • • dSI
" ' ' u~:::n1'W1fi1l~~1fn'fll:lhlu5Uiim~-if'fl[;ln~-:~VI1Lu~ U'fln"'l1nil'l!1~~m~LtimY-:~Luu'VItl-:~1u~
u~:::LVIP\ (L~LLfi ~LtitJ L'l!L'Wn~ L'l!~1L~mL~:::'l!1'fl~'fl11LtitJ) ~L~'WV11-:ILU'fl'W~~uiluClu ri.P\. 1980 • ' "
mnU'fl'W~~uilu~LYl'fl~'fl-:Jn1~VI~11J~-:JI:lmumm1"11'fl-:!~l:l~~LL~:::~-:~n'fl-:JVI'W"ll'JtJLVI~'fl~l:l~~L'W~ • • •
23 u~:::LVIP\I:l~1~n"ll'fl-:J OIC L~LLri t[~mtll:lm'W LL'fl~~L1u 1J1iL1'W u-:~n~1LVIPI L1J~'W lll
L'W 1Jn'W1 ~1L'l! r11L~~'W '1!1fLriL~~'fll:l ~LlJ~ ~uu[;] n11J'fl-:J Lri~LUtl ii\1 n1\lii'l!L'l!1~~'WL~ilL~tl ~ ~
91
3-J~~~1'Wl11"1L~'fl~(;]~'fl!?lL'J~1 LL[;]mn!OjJ'!Oj1~L!Oj!?l(?l::tfn1~nl"l'J1~~u~ih !Oj1nmncihhJm~J!Oj
~'elU"ll'el·:ln~~ OIC ~'l.J:i'::L'VlPI nnuen!?lLLU'l:i'::~~1'lf~U1~fJ~hJtlutfnun~~ MNLF . ~ . th::n1u1fiu ~~1fn'fl~ 1rJ1~11'll"l'J1~~~~ufinu 1~n~ ~~~ L!?lu1rJln mnL~n Lu~uu •
' ... ... rJi'1'W~'ll"l~LL~::rJ~'Wfi11~rlU~UU~ L~'fl~11'll"l'J1~Lcih110j~'W~tlUf.Jth~1'l~'el'lU1::L'VlPI ~m1'lrJ'l1rJi' .. L41 1~uu1::n1u1fiu ~"ll'el'l~~~ C~u L~m_r;.m~1~11'fl C~'el'l"111'J t~ h~~~~1 uYJ ~utlu~ 1 um1~ • u1::n1u1fiu~~1fn'fl~~'l'W1'l~L~~!?l1 ~1fn'fl~ ~'~dj'Wl~m1u~uu::~!?ll"lunuu1::n1u1fiu~"1l'fl'l .. .
' ... ' ~ Luu1ul"l'J1~~mm~Vi!Oj::v11~1Um1tl!?ltiu[;]1'11 m1u1::"1J~n'fl~L~~'fl L!?lu o1c Lrlurrtn~m~u
fi1~u11~e.J~ Lvh 1!?lun Lii'fl'l!Oj1nfsu1~ LL~::~1u MNLF [;]1'l~'J1!?11::LL'J'l~'~nuLL~::nu 1!?lm'Yl~1:: ehu MNLF !Oj::f'ViuL~'Ifn~"ll'fl~u1::n1u1fiu~~1fn'fl~~11~ufiu~(;]1~i'fl(;]n~'lL.yJ'fl1'tXLn!?l~'W~
' ... -111~'elU1'lLL'Vl!OjJ"l
~ 'J'WU1:: L'Vl Pl~~~~1 'Wfliil111"1 L'el L~U (;]::rJ'W'el'el n L~U~ L~'VlnU1:: L'Vl PI n1::3l' !?l1::rJ'l!l~.h'l . .. . ~1n~!Oj ::1 '\X n11~uu~~'WLL~::"li'Ju b ~~'fl~U'el'l"111'J3-j~~~1 uYJ ~utlu~ ~!Oj::1~ d]un11~::Lii !?l
... ' 'fl fiu1(;] u"ll!l~YJ ~utlu~4
;'luuu1:: L 'VlPI [;]1'~1 !Oj:: 1 '\XmJ'"li~Ju L ~~!) LL~::~uu~~urJ11umn~umiYi
u!l~~~~~1u~ih.lilutf!Oj::m::vh1rJln(;]'flL~'fl1~ru'flumi!Oj1nftiu1~u1::L'VlPifJ~utlutfLL~'J !Oj::L~u1rJl • • oi
~ 1u 1:: L 'Vl PI~~~~ iJ U'VlU1'Vl'elU 1'1 ~1 n 1 un 11~/0j::~'l L~~~ ~'Vl1'1"114' !?l n11i !?l LLU'l nu1::~~1'1"1i'Wn ~ ~ . .. . ' ' ...
1 ~n I LL~::"liun~~i.l!lu 1 ufl~utlutf mJ'Vi~~~~!Oj1nU1::L 'Vl PI~'W 1 ~l"l'J1~"li'Ju L~~'fl~1'fl~UU~'W'WU'W ak:f ~ Cl q
~'fl !?11"1 ~ 'fl'l flU LL 'W'J ~ !?l L1'el~'el~~ ::'If LL[;J 211 "lit~ n11"li 'JU L~~'el Lb~::~UU~'W'Wn11LLU'l LLUn ~'WLb!?l'W • • U1:: L 'Vl Pl~~utlutf r;).:j!Oj:: L ~u1rJi'!Oj1 nu1::L 'VlPI~1 L~ b~U LL~ ::tl'W 1!?1UL~U 1~u1::n1 PI bU'W'Vl1~n11~110j::
~U1U1~'Vln~Ci'Vl1~1'W~'W~!Oj::~11~i'W~I11~L~Ln!?l~'W1'Wliii111"1!11L~U'W . .. mn 41 1~1"1l'fl~U1:: L'Vl Pl~~~~il e.J ~ [;J!ln11[;J'fl ~"1l'fl~"ll1'J 1~ 11 vl11 '\X Ln !?l~ (;]£hiln"1l'fl~ . ..
n~ ~ L~u-i !?l~'W mn1-u n1'fl'ltl~1111~ LL~::m1unl"11'fl~ (;]'WL'fl~!Oj1nl"l'J1~ d]u~u!l~ 1::~~ 1'l"ll1'J
~~~~ L ~'flU'el~ mffi1~1U"ll~"ll'W~~~~r;i~~ Ll"lU LU'W~1 1 uu1::tWi Pl1~ (;]{ • • •
n11L~I"l'J1~"li'JUL~~'el"1l'fl'lfS3-J~~~LL~::!l'll"fn1[;]1~1L'Wn11(;]'fl~L~'eltl~:i'l11~"1l'el~"ll1r:J
1~ 11 vl1 1 'tX l"l'J1~~1~11tl'Yl1~ n11'Vl~11 m1un 1"11'el~ LL~::m1LI"l~'el'W 1 ~'J LLU'l LLUn ~'WLL!?l'Will"l'J1~
L4f~LL~~~'W LL~::~1~11tln1::vl1(;]'fl1u1~LL~'fl~I11UL~n11Unl"11'el~"1l'fl'lflU1~fJ~utJutffim~ n11
24 uru"Y11 ttl'fl'W~1. 1~L1LL~::LL"1ln: ~1'W::"1l'el~"ll1'J~~~~1ufl~utlu6LL~::1'Vlu (nNL'Vl~"1:
dJI • Cl
~~ilfi1mJ~~lJVlreJ~. 2518). 48.
11~ ~~~1111 tl!l.t-B)J.~n.,ptl~ ~rl.U[1~ ~ I
leliA. ,;:~f1Jtl'L nB~ t-liA.::lu, ~lr1.t-Bu;. Lt-l~~w t-~1!11lni'M !'-;:~,, ~nJJr1.!'-111311ltl!1 c-~ntt ,~ t c-~ ~,, B~, lJ I
r1.~11l~ ~~leliA. ,;:~[1fl.,V~ iA.~lU 1:-l!A.Jrl.!'-11 1311ltl!J ~ U, ~~ln.~£ i:'BIJ;.I1lllWM.I1ltl!J ~,, 11~Mmi'M ~;: ~,,
11~1:-13 b~~.j;t~lel, l:'liA.~~U~lUUlbll1llr1.fU !J.I:-BIJ;.rl.l.,~Ul~l.,~;:l.,~M., ~tl!J~lyt, b~, 1.,~~1':1 n.~;:~f1ft\ I I
~~,, 11~~ft~£n._v~IA.~lunlJtlJrl.!'-111311l(,l!Jflw~wlle,JtlUllr1.mJJ.Jt,,~nuf1~~~~.,n.~£ "
~1111 e,L,u.c-Bu;.t-B m~ t-B~l!J u [1~lU blrl.l~fl.£ 11Bil
~lU~~tt-l~U~lfl.~£B~n~~Ui:'~,,t-l~~@~, rl.,VIltJtll1~~~1eliA.,::[email protected]~n.,tt~
~ lUfl.£,1£1\~~1111 tlU.n.~U,!b11 ~u t-Bu;.»B~~l un bL,~1111~ l!l.t-!s't ,, llB ~ [1~ ~[111t~ e,n ,, 11 ~ u c-Bu;. »B ~
G6
"" 1J'VI'VI 5
' ~
m1~m~n~'rl-:!Uqjvnt~'h~~~~1'Wl1filL~"1l'rl-lYlfhJtlu£ 1?1-lLLl'l r1.P1. 1900-1980 LU'W
n 11~ m~nu '!J'VI'l t~ t1~ ~~~~ Ln f?l~'Wl'ltJL u'VI~ m1~'Vl'l-l 11l'rl'W 1~"11'5-llJ 1~ L'Vl P~Yl~lJtlu£ 1~ mi Lm~ i4uf111L'W'l Ln1~1!~ m1~1J'l~~u LLg'l~Lm~~'W11J'iL'lru1n~L~tl-l Lf?lmuu"Ii'l-lb'lg'l'l~~'VIfj'rlL~'im L-if1~11Jnfil1'5-ll'l'rl'"l'ln~L1Ju'"lu1~f1JL'rln11"l!LU'WlJ1~L'VlPI~'lfi11rufjYJ~lJtlu£ n-l r~A 1980 m1
~"ll'l'l t~ 'i:1~~ ~~ Ln 1?1'11 '!J'VI'l~utl'u~'l'"l'ln~'l L 'VI(;J'Vfg'l'ltJlJ1~m1 L~?~uil., ~?~1J1~~-l rf'VI~ n ~'rlm1~"ll'l'l t~ t1~ ~ ~ ~ hJ ~'5-l m11'l~ L -i11 LU'W~'lu'VItl-l"1l'5-llJ1~L 'Vl P~Yl~lJtlu£ Lii'rl-l'"l'lnlJ1~m1LLm m1ti'rl •
' ~ ' rl1'5-lVl~'W1~ Lnf?lm1(;j'5~1'Wrl1J~1Jnr~1'5-:!f:J19i'-:! LLl'l rl.fll. 1900-1939 Ltl'W1~ti~L'lg'l1VJ"Jl'l'lrl'i~ L~ti'W
~ ~ I I
1'l~vi-:J'!!ng'l-l'Vl'W[;j'l-l"ll'l~'rl~tl~ L -if'l~'l!?l-l tiu ~~u 1 uLm~i4'Wf111 L 'W1~1nVI ~ 1?1 -.111 lXm~~ t~ L1~~~~iJ .. u q .. ..
rl'l'l~'VI'l'lf?ln~'l~'l'"l~Cln LLU-:J~~u Lf?ltlf?l'"l'lnl11111-l~ 1 LL~f?l-:J~'l'W'l'WlJ1~"ll'l~ LU'W"ll'l'l t~ L1Lbg'l~hJ ~ ~
1-ri"ll1'l'i:~h1ui1uf111L'W11u r~.fll. 1903-1980 tuu'Vl~ 3
'"l'ln~ti~ r~.fll. 1903 ~1'W'l'WlJ1~"ll1n1"ll1'l~L1 ilth~~'lruLU'W~'rltJg'l~ 76 "1l'fl-l~1'W'l'W
lJ1~"ll~n~'fl-lLm~i4uf111L'W1 ~'lu~1u'lulJ1~"ll1mili4t"li"ll1'lL~'i:1 ~1?1Luu~'5t1g'l~ 24 tu r~.fll. 1913
~'l'W'l'WlJ1~"l!'ln1"l!'l'l ~L1g'lf?lg'l-:JLtl'W~'fltJg'l~ 63 ~'l'W~'l'W'l'WlJ1~"ll'ln1~i41"li"ll'l'l t~h ~f?ILU'W~'rltJg'l~
37 tu r~.fll. 1918lJ1~"l!1n1"l!1'l~L1 ~f?ILtluffiug'l~ so ~'l'W~1u'lulJ1~"l!1m~i11"li"ll1'lL~L1 ~f?ILtlu
...... t.l' f,l .cl ..J ..::. J' A Q CV I .c..J ~ ~ Cl 111"11 1-l !1l'WLL~ 1?1-lCl-l n11'5~ti~'Vl L ~ ~"1l'W"1l'fl-l"ll'l'l r11~ L!11 ti'WLLg'l ~un g'l-l'Vl'W!111-l"ll'l 11l'Vl L "111 •
~~ t 'W'VI~ Lm~i4'Wf111L'W'l '"luvh 1lX"ll1'l 'i:~ L~-l Ltl'WL~1"1l'fl-l~u~ng'l'ltJ Ltlu"l!un~~U'rltJ11J1 u~~f?l ~ . .
' ~
1J1~m1VI~'rl-l ~u1 'i:~ 'i:1vi-l~1ulJ1~L~ril 'Vll-l Lg'ln LLg'l~P\~~u~ hl~'fl-ln11g'lf111J'Vl1J1'Vl
LLg'l ~~ n I L~tl~ 'l'W'l'"ln111Jn rl1'fl-lg'l-:J LU'WLl~'WL Yiu-l ej'fufu Lti1J'ltl bb~~~f~1J'lg'l"1J'rJ-llJ1~fi'l'W'lfl1J ~ ~·~ ~ ~ ~
~ 1 fn'rl ~ 1~ ~ u1u1~~'"l~ r~-l ii 'l'W'l'"l"1l'rl-l ejih H [;j 'fl11J L ~'fl Li:lu!?l'l LL 'Vl'W'"l'l m1'fl-l ~un m~ ~'luejt! 1 ~ ~
'Vl'l-l Lg'l n 1~1~fur~'l1~H'l1-l L'"l'"l'ln"ll'l'l r~'i~ L~uuYJ ~lJtlu~ !1lg'l'fl f?l'"l'Weju'l'Vl'l-l P~'l~'W'lU-l CJn~'fl-l~'l ~ ~
mn'"lu ~~'VI~-l hlil-l'l'W-.11LLg'l~L~Ltlu~lJn1Cl'W'l lJ1~m1~~~~ rl'l'l~i~n~'lfj1J'lg'l1~u'fl~1lX ...
"Jl'l'l L~ L1~~~~il b~tll'l~'Vl'l-l Pl'l~'W1'flU1-l LYitl-l~'fl '"l'W-.11 L~"Jl1'l L~ L1~~~~ Ltl'WL~~'fl'W"Jl'WeD'W~'rl-l • •
93
94
L~'el~~~111ViLL~:~'l12-IU~'elr;)JitJ u~:;m~~~ ~111Vi'Vl1-l11i1fll1~1nfVI~r;)l?]'elfiuu~:L'VlfllL~'el'Wth'W ...
L-ri'W u~:L'Vlflll-11L~L~tl ~-l;ju~:"ll1m~'l'W1~n.)uu~'elfll1~'W1~~~1m-ri'WL~mn'W 'W'elnr.nn9:UU~'el
fll1~'W1L~tl'lfl'WLL~'lU-l;j~'l12-1~~1tJ~~-lnU"ll1'll-1~1tJ1'W~1'W~oW11n1 111MI'il'el-lVl'il-l~'W~L-il1.'W~In ... " ' u~:r.ht)''W 91nL~~ne.~~vi-l~u~:mni111X"ll1'lL2-IL~l-1~~2-ILnr;)m~i?l'el~1'W'"l'WU11u~n'Wi?l'ilg\'fiuehu
.. Cl ti 'U
f~U1~ '1'111'1X;j ~~'WU1r;) L~U~l-lln1tl LL~:'ilYitJViU1tl~'WLU'W~1'W'l'Wl-11n '"l1nm~~1tlf.JU1~ 1-ifrjfi
u ~1uu ~12-1 iJt11~1n1 ~ 1~'il'il-lYl~uii'W~-lu-l ~-l Lu'WiJ '1J~1~u-l ~-l LLm 'it hJ1~'"l'Wm:~-liJ'"l,u'W " n-lLL2!~1'"l:;jm1L'"l~'"l1tJ~m~I?J'ilg\'~1'flm~vh~-l~~2-!Lnr;);'Wrlln12-l Lr;)tJL~Vi1:~3JtJ . ...
U ~:fi1'W1flU ~2-11fn'il~nhi Ll~'We-1~~1 L1'"l L rt'el-l91nf~U1~YJ~UU'W~flU'i!U'l'Wn'l~LL'W'li'll-IU~ (;)
u~'eltJLL"lA-l"li1~Ll-IL~;j,r;)u~:~-lf'f~i?l1.:~n'W ~-l~1uf~u1~Yimm2-!unu'il-lfnM~'ilfiu1~nu1'W~'WLLr;)'W
L~tl'l fl'W 1 tJ LL~ :;u~:fi1'W1fiU ~2-11fn'fl~ ~'el\1 m ~ 1 ,X;j n 1~U n ~~'il\1 ln'WL 'il-l L ~iJ'il'WflU4'-l~t)' r;)~'W'il'il-l
Yl~uti'W~r;)tJhJir;)flU~~nm~un~~'il\1 'ilru:~~1ULL'W'li'll-IU~r;)U~'eluLL'iA-l"li1~Ll-lh~'il-ln'l~LL1i-l
LLtlfi ~'WLL(;)'WL ~'il~~ ~111Vi'ilth\l LL Vl91'1 L Vi~1:'"l:; 1~ ~ f;J,J'W11Ji1111 ~'it 'el-l ln'W'ilth-l L~l-1~ ~:;,!'Wn'l~ " ' L'"l~91'Vln~f-li?l1-l~1tJI?J1\Irl;jL~Ine.J~VlLLinni?l1-l ~-lu.:~hi~12-11~tllnfi~-ln'W1~ LL~'"l:;;j~u~:~1'Wn1~ . . ..
L'"l~'"l1LL~:'I'11;J'il~nn~.:~ 'il1ViL-ri'W 'il'lf'fm~~~l-IL~n (OIC) 4'(;)1,X;jm~L'"l~'"l1;J'il~nn~.:~L~mnuL'illn
n1~un~~'il.:~nu.:~·bJLu'We-~~~1L1'"l U'VlU1'Vl'il'il.:~'il.:~f'fm~l-1~~2-IL~n~LL~r;).:~l?l'ilu~:n1'W1fiu~l-11fn'il~ • ' ' "' L~il'il'Wm~uu1'1Xulj~~n12-!;r'il1Jln~.:~ ~.:~VIu~:n1'W1fiu~l-11fn'il~,:m:vhi?l'a1uu'W'"l:~:;Vf'il'W1'1X
'i:~nLL~:;"JI1'lfl~uiJ'Wll~fuf~1L'il1;j~'l12-l'"l1.:~1'"li?l'ilu~:;"JI1"li'W~'il~L~~1'W19Un~~'il.:!L~U\11r;) m~
~ u~:;fi1'W1fiU ~2-11fn'il~ij L~'il'W1'il1 'W~ 'il ~nn~\1~~ r;)U\1 Lr;)tJVitl1tJ1'-l1'1X~.:~u~:;"JI12-I ~~.:! d:I'Wn1~~
~'l12-l;r'il~nn~.:~'Vll'i:u~1ti1'W'Vl1'~~ur;)L'l~1'il'iln1u L~'il,:;1~-nL'l~1LLm'il~m'Wm~nr,1n;J'il~nn~.:~~
~\I A' 1\1 n 'W 1 t) ~\I '"l:; Li~I'W'Vl1\l'el'il n L~m~u ~:;n1'W1fllJ ~2-11 fn'il ~ 9:; Lfi'WLL~1~ nUYi mm2-1 ~ (;) m~4' (;)~\I .... ... ._ .c ... J' ..J.. ... .J. .J ' <Q,
~~ 'il ~ ~:;2-J'Wr;) 1 L 'W1"ll.:l'"l :;n'WVi'WVl tl\1 Ln'ilU ~ N~'W\I'il'il\1~~ Lm :;YJ ~ utl'W~
.1 .J .1 "" .1 - ..,. r "" ' U m~u~:mf'ILffi\ln'l~LL~r;)\lu~:"ll12-lln LVi~1:u~:fi1'W1fiUr;)2-!1m'il~~'l.:l'l1 ~:"ll1"li'W
1 'W 13 4'-1~t)'r;)111~ 1~~\l'"l:hiU'WtJfll-l~'ll-lnULL'W'li'll-IQ"ll1~1'-l h Lr;)tJL~'W~1nfl.:~n1~-:~'il'il'ln~l-ILL'W'l
i'll-IU~r;)U~tmLL"LA-1"li1~Ll-IL~jj~1'W1'"l'"ll-:~1 'il~L~u.:~ 5 4'-:~~t)'c;J ~;j'l.l~:"ll1m~'l'W1~n.jd:I'W~~~l-l
~'l'W~n 8 4'-1Wlr;) "ll1'l~1~L~tl'WU\I;j~'VlfiYi~fl~l-11nn~1 m~~L~'il'Wn1~~-:~u~:"ll12-l~'"l1m~'il'W
~2-1111~'Wfi1uii_, L~'fl'WLl-IM'ltl'WL ~f) Lu'Wm~L m1'"l ~1u ~1-~ L~tl'W 1 tX'VlU'Vl'l'WL~'il\1 j;j1.:~1 n'il'W~ r;)~'W 1,
~'~~~:Vf'el'W~'l12-l~'il.:!n1~'il'il.:iel1tJflu1~u~:n1'W1fiu~l-11fn'il~L~il'il'W~1viu1'1X"ll1'lL2-IL~~~~l-l IJl ~:;~un 1 'W~ 1'W1'"l'il'el\11Jl'W LL~:~1nn'l~LLtlfi~'WLLr;)'WLU'W~M:; Ln r;)~'WLL~'l ~1'W1'"l m~I?J'il~'el.:l'il'il-:1
95
• I ..,j "' unflJ''fl~'fln~mtJ(;l1'W
LL 'Wt;Jit;J~D ~ (;]D ~'flU LL vi ~'ll 1 ~b~ bt(;l ~ :;~~'WL~ oJ Vl'l~ n'l ni1'fl~ 1 'Wflf~.fi~~tJ 1:;m ~ ~ (;] "' "'
~1'Wn'lJ'~~tJJ':;'ll1~~'flth~LL'~~n~1t;J b(;ltJLW~~~11u<ir!ll?ln~~Vl1''ltJ~ hJiJI?l'fl'W1(;ln~1t;J~~L1'fl~ tJ1:;'1l1~~ e4tl1~~~~1wr~wr(;lsn~1Jt;J~ m 'W1U'fl1i:Ju e1~iu ~~1~nLL'Wt;Jit;J~tJ~ (;]D~'flmbvi~'ll1 ~
"' . 'l~hn~1';1~1 n'lJ'~~tJJ':;'ll1~~hliJflt;J1~~~1tJL(;l 1 ~t;JnLJ'1~:;vl11?11~<ir'fll?ln~~~nl~V11'ltJ~'l(;lu bfl i~ fl f(;l ~ t;Jun ~ ~ 1~ 'l1~~~~ ~ 1tJ'!!n~'ll1n'lJ' bb~ (;]~~ ~u:;~'!!tJ~'W'Wbb 'Wt;Jit;J~tJ~ (;]D~'flu bb vi~'ll1 ~~ • • •
' " ' 'l1~ 1 11 '1!~1 L1'fl~ild:Ju~Vl flb(;ltJ'Jl 'fl1JnJ'J'~"ll'fl~'ll1t;J~~ ~ ~ 1 um 1V1~:; flJ''fl1J flJ''fl~ ~'Wbb(;l'Wiium L'W1
bb~:;1 ~ hJ ~1~ :;Yl~1 1ru11 'WV11~tJ1:;~ ~1~ l?lf~1'flV11~~u L(;l ~t;J'W~1'!!n"li1t;JI?h~tJJ':; b Vl ~1 url~tJ
tlut{ b 'f)~ ri n ~1';1~1 m mnu qj~1 ~'fl~.nfl~~:; hl iJV11~~:;tJ ~~~'flth~tru~ 'W'fl n~1 n~:;~1J ~~ JhumJ'
cv.J iiiV 21J' ".::!l -=' .J cv~ .cl .c:::...o::=l ff"
~ 11J (;l~Vl bflu bU'W~1 "ll'fl"ll (;] bbu~ btJ'fl~ l?l'W~~ Luum11?1 flt;J1~ b1'fl~1fii'flM:;'ll~tJJ':;n1'W1n1J (;l~nm'fl~ "' ~
~'fl~n'lJ''flth~~n~ Lb~LL'Wt;Jit;J~D~(;]D~'fltiLLvi~'ll1~b~bJ'~'fl~n'lJ'~n'flth~~;1~ ~~~'fln'lJ'UnL~n<if'fl " " l?ln~~r;h~1 btlu'l~'-~:; Lvhn1J~111'1J~1ilu~hJ~u~(;]LL~:;u~fl~J''flmnd1l"ll~'fl1tJ
" 'W'fl n~1nilm1LLtl~~~ LU'WLLn'WU1"11'fl~n~~ LL'Wt;Jit;J~D~(;]D~'fltl LLvi~'ll1~b~ 'l1 v111 ~m1 •
mJ~LLtln~'WLL(;l'WL~tJJ':;~1Jflt;J1~~1L1~ Lti'fl~~1niJm1~LLI?lnLLtlnV11~flt;J1~~(;1J':;~~1~ \fJ' ii1jm1
rimnon~ "li1~1,r(;l (Hashim Salamat) 'WJ' ii"l!'fl11 ~1~1nflJ''fl1Jflft;J~1,rru"l!u ~1Jn11~m~1~1n "' "' ~
f1ru:;f3~1~1?1f ~~1'lVlmiuYl~tJtlut{ ~t;J'W eniii~ "111~1,r(;l ~1Jm1~m~n~1n~~1~Vlmiu1u~utJ~ " ' '
LL~:; LU'W~ ~1"Dniu~~V11~ ~1~u1 ~~ ~'fl~1 LuueUJn'fl1JJ'~~1~1 n 1'11~ tJ1:;L Vl ~ iJ ~m'Wl 1~V1 L ~tl'fl "' "'
n~1 ~non~ n~1';1~1\f 1~'fl~tJ1:;1~n~~tJ1:;L Vl ~~~ ~~~1 d:Ju~1u fl'fl~iit;JU~ l9lLL~:;fl'flfftJiu b(;JtJ
" L~'W'fl ~t;J L 'fl~ LU'WDJ':;n1'WLL 'Wt;Jit;J~tJ~ (;]D~'flu LL vi~"D1 ~'l~ 'lnL Vl'W VI~ en iii~ bb~:;u1 1'11~ ri.fl'1~ l?l'W~1 LU'W "'
~ ~ ~ ~tl'fl~ ftJ'WJ'L ~ Li1 utJ 1:;n1'W n1 J'bbl?l n bbtl nvn~ flt;J1~ ~ (;lvJ 11 ~'fl~ r1 n1tJ1:;b Vl ~~~~ ~~ (;] m 1 . "' . tJJ':;"l!~ n'W~ m J'1r.i L ~'fl~1~'WV11~D J':;UtJJ':;'W'fl~ Lbi'IL~~ 1 b1~ bfl (;] f\';11~ bbl?l n bbtl n bU'Wn~ ~ 1'11~1 • •
" ' 'fl'l~b"ll'W J''fl~tJJ':;n1'W~,r~..n~1n ~'Wf\1 bl?l (Kimassankay Pundato) ~1n~111L'W1 ~~n~~~'fl~1
MNLF-Reformist Group L'Wb~(;l(;l:;~1(;ltJJ'f.l~~t;Jn1J'fl~rfmJ'tJ~(;ltJ~'flmLvi~"lf1~b~h ~t;J'Weniii~~(;l " ' " ~~n~~~'fl~1 MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front) ~n~~~~l'l1'Wli1J''W .a~n~(;l ifl,r'W (Sultan , . . Haroun AI-Rahid Lucman) n~1t;J~1\f1!l~b~~'fl~1LU'W~m·u~ L'fl'lLbl'l~~tJJ':;btJ"l!U~t;J'Wf?l'W LL~:;
" ~'fl1J ~ (;] l'l!ln1J~1u i1J"ll'fl~f31J1~YJ ~tJiJut{ J't;J~vi'~ Ltlu~Uu~iVlfifl'fl~iit;JU~ r;t ~t;Ju utJ~1 Lilu
96
r1'Yl~LLl?lnmmrnu1'W"ll'fl-m~~t~t:r~~~~ m:rul)illim:rl'i'fl~1'W~.J'U1~~1fn'fl~9-:Jdj'W1u1~mn
LLI'l nhJn'ln'lJ~~ LVI~'.lLU L~UVJn'flth'l
m :r~ ~ tJ1"1l'lJ'.l'Wn1:i'LL 'W'.li'.l~u~ (;)U~ 'flU LL '!A'l"l!1 ~t~ h'VI~1tJ r1'WL~ ~1'fl'fl nr.nn"ll'lJ'.l'W
m:r L ti'fl'l'"l1n hJ L ~'W~'.lun'lJ LL'W'.l~(;)"ll'fl'l'W:r~ Lm L'"l trn tel el1u'Vl:r:rr1r1'fl~iJ'.lil~ ~LL'iA'l~~utl'W~LL~::: "'
tl'W~~1 LL'W'.li'.l~n'fl'l~Ylu:r:::"l!1"l!'Wb'VI~ Vf1'fl NPA (New People Army) 1~~~1-:JLL'W'.li'.l~n'Un~~
MNLF LLl'in1~~1~1:i'tl:i''.l~Vf1'fl~11'l~'WniJl?l:i''V11'ln1:i'L~'fl'lL~ LYl:i'1:::"1J1(;)'fl'l~n:i''V11'ln1:i'L~'fl'l~ rl1'.l'VIU1~'"l:::~1~1:i'tlYi1'l1'W:i':::~'lJ"l!1~L~ n'lJn1:riJit?~tlu:r::;~'l~~LLl?lnl'i1'ln'WLL~~1'Vlnn~~'"l:::
• q •
l'i'fl~h'Wu:r:::n1'W1fl'lJ~~1fn'fl~ LLl'iL~~1~1:i'tl~~1'lr1'.l1~LU'W'tl'WVfii'l'fi''WL~mri'WL~ n~1'.l~'fl NPA
Ylmu1~'"l:::"ll'flr1'.l1~i'.l~~'flL'Wm:rulJ~m:rl'i'fl~1'W~.J'U1~ L(;)tJ~n~~ MNLF L~r1'.l1~"1i'.lm'VI~'fl
~1'W'fl11fi LLl'ir1'.l1~i(;)LLU'l~iJ'fl~rl~'fl NPA ~'fl'l~1 MNLF 1~iJr1'.l1~LU'Wu:r:::"J!1flULl?lmL~:::ir-:JiJ
Lr1N~11'lLL'lJ'lJ~n~'W1~n~'.ltJ ~'.l'W MNLF n~'fl'ln~~ NPA ~1i1it?~tlu:r:::~'lmJ'WLL'fl'lJLL~'l'flthL~::: . . "' ~ '
m'"lYi1~1un~~ MNLF ri1~ ~-:Ju'Wm:ri'.l~~'flri'W~'l1~~1~1:rtl.Yh1~'flti1-:JL~~V]
~'.l'Wnfi~ MILF n~~ ri'Un~~ BMLO iJ~m~tru:::'fl'W~niilu~ tJU1 MILF ~'lJ'Vl'fl(;)~1 'I 'I " 'I " ...
'"l1n"li'Wi'W~'l'V11'lu:r:::LYltWLL~:::fi11~'W1 m:rLLl?lnuun:r:::Vf~1'l 'W:i' "l!1f'l1,r(;) LLf'l:::U'W(;)1 Ll?l iJe-~~l'i'fl ~ "' .
n~~l'i1'l1 L'W~1nil'W(;)1 L'W1 LLf'l:::~1:i'1L'W1 "l!1'.l t~ t:r~i1L'"l L'fl'WL~tJ'lLU'Y11'l'fl~~mhJ:r:::LYltW"ll'fl'l t~ t:r ... '
Lu'Wt7~u'lJ~,l'W8JI1~1,r(;) LLfl:::• 1'1.!(;11 tt?~ r1'.l1~ L(;)(;) Lvi'W-n'fl'ln~~iln~'fl L~'fltJU.1 LLf'l:::t7u'flul'i'fl~ LL ~ri " "l ~ 'I " " "
'"l:::tJ'fl~LL~Yl1'fl~ri'W ~'.l'Wn~~"1J'fl'l MNLF ~-:Junr1:i''fl'l'V11'll?l'fl'WL~ L~LLri iJ'W~l1L'W1 'lJ1~~'W en~ m q "' ..
... '
vi'lu'Wm :i'LLU'l LLU n~'WLL(;)'WLU'Wr1'.l1~ ~'fl'l n11"1l'fl'l"l!1'.l Ll-.1 t:r L ~'fl~n'M'l~ m~tru:::"ll'fl'l'Vl'.l n
L "ll1'lJ'W~'W.J1'W"ll'fl'l~~~1~ ~'l ul'lu 1980 LU'W~'Wl-11n'rNrh~-:~"ll'fl'l t~ t:r~~~~1.~ utl-:~Lu'WVI~1un~~ n:r:::'"l1tJLUl?l1~L"lll?ll'i1'11 L"li'WL'WL"lll?lf'l1L'W1 L"lll?!Lr1l?l1'lJ1L(;l ~:::f'l:::~ f'l1L'W1 L(;)'fl'n LL~:::~1nil'W(;)1L'W1
LU'W~'W ... ' ...
L "lll?l~1 L'W1 n ~ l..IULU'W~'.l'WVI'W'I"ll'fl'l n'fl'I~YlU'I8JI1 t~ t:r ~~1:nn'fl-:~ ~ m:rilLU'Wr1'Wtr'.l Lri1
1.~~'lJ m:r~u'lJ~~'W'"l1 n8JI1'f.J ~m:r::; Li:lu
L "lll?l~ ::;~ :::~i1n'fl'l n1~-:1 ~ (;)'fl1'1fi~'l e.~ n~ 'W tn M (;) ri'lJ n~~ fi11~'W1 1 'Wu:r::; L 'V1 PI~~~~ n'fl'l q: CIJ q ..
'YJ'W~1'"l1nl'11-:~u:r:::L 'Vlfil
L"lll?l~1L'W1 L(;)'fl"nf ~U'I~'UU'1J"l!1L~~'lJm:rtJntr(;)'"l1nu1n~m'W
97
" " L"IJ(;l~.nn~ul?n L'W'lilrhu L'fla . .nf ( Omal) Li:Jurhun'fl~ L"'l~!ln.n'lr1Yi'W~'W iJ"l!uiu~~vn~
1"\'l~'W'lL ua . .nn~'WI11'l L'W'l'elUL urhu 1 ..
'Tl~,!uu tuu1u~ t:J~3-HJ~ 'l'Wn~lJn~u~~~~'l~"ll'l'd LlJ 'b~lJ~ ~lJ LL~~"ll'l'dr11'~ L~uu 'b111u q
n 1 ~\1 nu, m ~"'l'l n~ 'd'Wn~1~vh 1 ~~'WLLI11u~iJ f'l'd'llJ LL(;ln (;h~'fl~1 'WL'eln.n'lYl L~m nuL ~'fl f'l'd'llJarur1~ ' .. '
LL~~'elfiUL(;IU m~~~L~UVi"'l~dh 1"'1 "'11-~L"'l LL~~r;l~ 1"'lVi"'l~~oo.J'W'lLUYl¥'fllJrlU"ll'Wn~lJ1~qj vh H1aJ
~'llJ'l~~~"'l~fJ~Uqj~'l~~1~ rl'd'llJ L~lJ'elll'lrl L'W'elfiUL(;IU~~ LU'W~~~'l dj'W'e!U'l~~~ L'Wn'l~ LLrll "IJLaJ ..
1~l'WLLNlJ'ln~u
LL'W'd'vn~1um~LLm"IIi1qj~'l~"'l~U'lL~'W'el iJ 2 u~~m~ ~'el 1h~mnL~n ~~U'l~~~UU'W~
r1'd~!?1, L uuu tuu1u t:J~lJ t:J~'l'W 'L111um~\l~n.nm~~ 'l'WLM~~n"'l ~~ f'llJ LL~ ~m~L;J'fl~ L ;r, ~hunu 1 ~iJ ~ ~ I I
rl'd'llJ L~lJ'l~~lJrlU L'd~'l LL~~~ mum~nr li~U'W LUU'lUVi LL;~n¥'l'd LnuhJ u~~,1~uqj~'l~n~'llJ
"IIU'lUr;i''d"'l'W'el'l"'l LLrll "I!La-llium~ LLf;Jm"'ln~'lU d:Ju~~~~'l1 ~"ll'l'd LlJ b~lJ~~lJ L~'W~'l13J~lJm~ ~~ q
Ltluu~~~un'l~ru~~lU'~~~~uf;J'fllJ'lf'l'd~"'l~U'llJ'lVi"'l'lnw'lu~~n'elun'l~!?1'lLuuutuu'lu~'du .. 'Wtln"'l'lnUr1'd~iJm~~l11(;l'llJn'lru~~L~'Wt:J~ mru'l'WbUU'lULuunuiiLtlu~~U~1 m~
~ 111 (;l'llJ t:J~~ 11 ~ L~ui.~ ~ 'l~lU'l~u~~~u f'l'd'llJ~ 1 L1"'l 'b111u L'TlYl'l~L 'W~'l'WL'eln11Tt'l~u~ r1-:~~n~'l 4'~~.r 111111 r1 t~ L mi. rli.~111ui.aJi1m~LL 'Ylm LL "ll~"'l'ln f;J'l-:~"ll'l ~tJtl'l~ Lu 111 Lt:Ju tJU'l~ hn~m~~f~u'l~"'l~
' .. u~~~Url'd'llJ~ 'l L1'"11'Wm~!?1'l LU'W'W bUU'lU LYitl L~"ll'l'd LlJ b~tj~~lJ LU'WYl~ L~'el~~~UU'W~L~U~LI11U'W
i1L~'W'el~rlU~~U~L'd~'l r1'd'llJ"'l1-~L"'l"II'el'I~3U'l~ LL~~rl'd'llJi'llJ;jtl"'l'ln"Jl'l'dYJ~utJ'W~L'Vh,r'W LLf;Ju~ ~'W'fl'inu"l!'l'l LlJL~lJ~~lJ~'"~~~tl'I"IJmu~~f'llJ"IItJ~(;l'WL~Ltl111~u¥ U'fllJ~uuii~(;l'llJ'WLUu'lu u~n.n '4:1 ~ tl d.J tl .. n'l~"IItl~~lU'l~ ~~lif'I'Wf'l~"IItl'ILLtl(;l~ LlJL~~ Ltl ~~Lm (Atty Michael 0. Mastrua) 'Yl'lU'l'Yl"II'el'l
~ ~ f;J 'l'WlJ'l n~'W111'l L 'W'lL~u~~m filL t)'~, "~~~rt~~u~'l n!J-D' 111~1~fur~'ln L~TVJn f'l'W ~-:~,!u i.~ uri 'l'l'W
~Yl') n LlJ L~tj ~~ lJ ~ 'el'l ~')lJ rl'd'llJ.ri n~t 'W l'l'W~"Jl'l') 2-J~ ~lJ nu f')')'llJ.rin~1 'Wl'l'W~ dj'WYl~ L~'el'I"II'el'l
u~~ L'Yl f'IL ;r, H ~'dunu"2
'"' .J ..J ' " 'i' 'i' ... • I .-.~.I ~ "'" ' • I ~ ' ""' LL 'W'l r1111'el'W'Yl'l'l~ 'l~'ln blJ b~2-J~~lJ~'llJ11~u~~'Wu~~'WtllJ bl11 n"'l~"ll'lUu~nw'lf'l'l'WUlJ
~ ~ ~ 'llJ'Yl'l~ ~ 1u~~u1lJ ~t "11~-:~u~~ tu"Jlu~'d'W(;l'WL v~,,!u LLf;Ju~u~~ tu"Jluf;J'elu~~L 'Yl f'l"ll'l~'L111u~'dlJ
1 W. K. Cheman, Muslim Separatism The Moros of Southern Philippines and
The Malaya of Southern Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990), 92.
2 UL(;ltJf~ m'd~~. LlJLnL~~LL"IIn: l'~'W~"II'fl~"ll'l'ltJ~~lJ1u~~utJu~LL~~1'Ylu, LLu~'L111u
uru"fld' tl'Elk!~1 (nt'lb'YlY'I''t a;J~rilfitna.~~~a.J'Yl'El\1, 2517), 46.
98
~n~'JtJ 'l.um~~"'1::'fl~i'J~nu~'l!u~'flfl11~'W1~'WL~'flth-3H'J1-31"'1n'W~1nn~1L~~ ~-3e{l4'mibi~u
~'Jm"llunu
'Wfi L~mfl11-'J-3Pl mh'J~-3m~~n~~t~t~1~fur~'J1~"ll'Jm~~'fl"'11nl11tJ'W'flm.h::L'Ylfll • hi dj 'W ~'W'Yl1-3U 1LtJ ~ antJ"JJ'W::~ bb VI "'1 ~-3 nu rJ 'J1 ~-n 'Jtl b ~~'e)~ f~U1 ~~ ~hJilult~fU"'11 n ~~¥~ 'elL~~m"'1::L~'WL~~~u'f1tJ"'1'WUr~'J1~~~~tJ LY'ln::rJ'J1~"ll'JtJL~~'fll11tJ'W'flnhlLuu~1~::~1~qj'il'fl-3
1 I Sl I I
n1 ~brl~ 'el'W 1 ~'J bi:l'el-3"'11n Lth~~ltl n1~CPl1 b uum~'¥1-3~~ V1 bU'WlS'el-3mn;J'el-3Jl1tJ 1 'WVl'el-3tl'Wb 'rN m~ I I I t.f
CPl1Luumn~'flL1tJn~'fl-3L'fln~1"ll~1'f1L~'flmnlnr~~'el-31?1'WL'el-31'W~::~u~i1-3LVh'l!u3
" ~-3'1!umnui'tln ~~1"ll1'J ~ t~~~~~n1r~ 1m~u~~~ dh~~~tJ LL~::iJr~'J1~ LU'WL'flnl11Y'l "Iii • •
' "' bb~'J f~U1~ ~'el-3n n1~CPl1 b U'Wnl~'elth-3"'1~-34'-3 LL~::"'1~-31"'1 m::li1'eltl1-3Vl~ V1"'1~-3 ~'J~'Yi-3"ll1'J t~ h
' ' .. "' 'I " ' .... cl tl cltl " cl'l .... tl " " ... 'I "<'1 " ~~~~"'1::1?1'el-3 ~~rl'J1~~~~'el'Yl"'1:: ~::'W ~::'W'el~~'WI'Yl ~'W~1'W::Y'l~~'el-3'il'el-3 ~::L'Ylfllb'ii1V'I'JtJn'W ~~ ~V'I I l I t,. I
tl~::m~VI~'fl-3 r~'J~iJm~~-3L~~~1~PinM~'l4'tJuttJu1tJ'il'fl-3f~u~~LnmnuiS'el-3u L~'f1
1 ~ r!'J1~~LL~::ri'J1~ L cYl11"'1 L~tl'JrlUftiU1~ 1 um~tlnr~~'f1-3"ll1'J L~L~~~~~Jl1rl 1m~nri'J1~~uLti'f1-3 ~ ~ .
bb~::~~\l~nm-3~utV'!tJu1L~C9Jm~nr~~~tJ~1'W..r-3"'11ntl~::.wifl11~1?1f f~fll~~l?lf L~'fl1~¥lu1~1u " ~ ~ tJ ~ 'el WlL~ u 1U ~:;~ u n 1 nuL~~ 1U~1tl~::n'f1Un1~~"'11 ~fiJI rli~'WV'I'W LtJU1tJ 1 ~iJtl~::~'Ylfil11Y'l
tl ... .. t tl ... ,_ J'
LL~:: 'l::~'Ylfie.J~ 'W'Yll-3 !JUI?1~1n'iJU
n1~Pi n'l!t1L~~1 ~ L ~un 1ntl~ tJ'WLLtl~-3~1'W::~ LrltJI?ln Li1uL;J'f1-3~'W'il'f1-3"ll1 ~ l?l::r3'ul?l n
Ld'a L~fu~ M::Jl1Y'l ~'WLLV'I'WI?l'el'W 1~ n ri'J~"'1:: L~fu~~m1Y'IU1-3 i nMru::'il'a-3 m~~tln~'f1-3~Ml11Y'l 1u~'WLLV'I'W ~ t~Lilui n'l!tru::L 'YlY'l1::'il'f1-3Vl'f1-3 ~'W 1 'Wl11 r1 'l;f'il'a-3 Yl~tliluif 'Yl1-3 L~'a n'il'el-3 fflu1 ~Yl~tliluif
6li
~ ~~ ~ V1 n rJ 'J~~ 1?1 n ~-3U~::utJ ~::'W'a ~ 1 'W~'e1-3'il'e1-3 rl'J1~ LLI?l n ~1-3 LL~ rl'J~"'1 ::rJ-3 rl'J1~ LU'WLU1 'W~'a-3 'il'fl-3Vifin'l~~'il'f1-3"ll1'JL~L~~~~~1~~uLti'f1-3rl-3'f1~ m~flim~neLLMl-31~L~'W~-3ri'J1~~~~'!J'il'f1-3n1~ flim~ntlqJ~1'il'e1-3Vl'e1-3~'W~f~u1~~'f1-3LLm'ii1~~~'J-3L~'f1"'1::hiLnV'!rJ'J1~iV'ILLU-3l'WLLNtln~'f1Ltl -31'W tl" II ... I I
=Bui1~-3LU'W~1~L~'W~-3Uqj~1YlLU'Wrl'l1~fn~'J-3LL~'Whl~'f1-3n1~~nLLtl-3:U-3"'11nmm~::li1Vl"ll'Wn~~
1~qJ~~~~~nm::li1L~Lu'W~-3~~n~'el-3LV'ItJ~1'W'Yl1-3n!J~~~tJ ~-3"ll'Wn~~u'e1tJn~'e1-3tll)u"ii1?11~ ~-3 1.1 It II I I
'l!u~Pi nM~~-3~r3'-3~1-31uflinM~=fiu\h:;"li'JtJ"'1 V"~tl~::mtJ 1 ~n m~Pi nM~ lS'fl-3 n'J 1 u~1u~u1 'il'f1-3"ll1'J ~ .
~ t~~~~~n1t1 1~mrunr~~'f1-3'il'fl-3"llun~~ 1 ~'lJ1?1~'flV'I"'1'Wi3nirll?l'll'f1\l"ll1'J t~ h~~~~n~~ ~h-31 ~'fl1tl
3 ufi L~tl'Jfl11'J-3Pl, "ri'flm~~ltJnut~n~~~~." ~~"ll'W~V'I~UV11tf 25, 1264 (5
~~PI~muu 2547): 83.
99
b'iln~1'ill1'H1L'VItl
m'!::l-J~ 'Vlifl'lfiJ'J'l-J"ll1~. n1J'bljifl\Jn1J'Unmifl\JLiflL~tJLI?ltlbmtJULYltJU. nNL'Vll'l'1 q
L'Vlt.JtJ(;J.J'knvnU"ll, 2518.
Ln~mnm~ ~'1'1[;J,J'IJL~1nJ'J'l-J. mJ'ul)xu~~'W. n~-:~L'Vll'l'1 : ~11!n~ut~·m .. d~'V1m, 2519.
Lnl-J~ ~l-J'Vlifl\1. L~t.J'I LL '\A-:~ 1"1'J1l-J~tJ'I'"11nYJ~'l.JU'Wi : n~l-J ~'J LL'Vl'W"llifl\Jn~l-JUJ'!::"ll1"ll'W~ifl~ Pll?l'W L ~
0 .... .:::::., 6" I .C::::..
~TI.Jnl'll-Jl'ILLl'IJ'l'I'Vlt.J1, 2512.
iu'l"Drl .,~m~J-:~1"1. "YJ~uu'Winun!J~umJ'Pin 1972- 1981." LiflL~mnVi'Pl'IJ 2. 2 (l-JnJ'1r1l-J-
"' l-J'W1rll-J 2524) : 53- 85.
·nf~i mf m~~1. L~ifl"ll1'J'W1YJ~utl'Wil'll?l. LLU~ Ll?lt.J urusr~J' reJ1fl'W~1. L~u-:~1~~
l-J~1':3'Vlm~m~u-:~1~~. 2522. '
~'W~I'l(;] ~1Ll'll'IJ'J'CW LL~::: nnil mru'"IU1j-~~. ~LLUR UJ':::.wiPl1~1'1fL1flL~tJI'l:::tJ'WifliflnL~tJ\JLrJi' ... d.8 .,
~~u1 ~~, ~v(fi1fl1n.!1tJrJl-J ~'Vlfi"ll1~tJt.Jl-J LL~:::mJ'~~1tJ#i''J"JJifl\J~'Vlfimru1UrJl-J.
nJ''I L'Vll'l'1 : l-J~tJfiLr1J''In1J'~1J'1l\J rll-J Pl1~ l'lfLL~!::l-J'W1j-tJ Pl1~ 1?1{ 2521. q ., q
fi\1 LLrh bifl/11~. tJ(;J.J'WfiJ'J'l-JLmuuLY1uuLiflL~umrJL'W~uJ':::.wirJ'J1l-J LU'Wl-J1 LP!J'1j-~fl'"~ mJ'Lljifl\1
LL~:::l-:~r1l-J. nNL'Vll'l'1 : ~111n~l-JoW~1n~Pin1j-1~1nl?l, 2532. q
.. LL'W'Ji'Jl-JU~ l?lU~iflmL tA-:~"D1 ~tl-J tJ'ii t1J~1~11n'fl n"JJ1fl-:~YJ~uu'Wi." "1i1'J t 'VlutlnJ' 1 . 30 (l'I~Pl~mu'W
2520) : 23- 24.
urusr~J' rei1fl'W~1. "YJ~utl'Wi: mru1Ur1l-J~~u1~~~~t'l" ~tJ1l-JUm 3, 157 (i1~'W1t.J'W 2523):
28-32.
Ut.J'W1 tl 1.J'W'W1 r1. 'W Lt.JU1t.Jn1J'Un rlJ'ifl'I"JJ'fl\Jf~u1~ t 'Vlt.J {;]ifl"Jl1'J t 'Vlt.Jl-J~~l-JL 'W~-:~w)l?l"ll1tlbLI?l'WJ11rJ
1rJI (l'I.Pl. 24 75-2516). n~\JL'Vll'l'1 : '1"ri1~\Jnmrl-J~1':3'Vlm~u. 2534.
m"ll1 ~\J1j-Lnn~Pl. "l'IJ'J'flmnljifl\JL'WYJ~utl'Wi." L'W l'IJ'J'flmnn'fl\1{;)1\JUJ':::L'VlPl, 155-160.
nl-J~ 'Vlifl'lfiJ'J'l-J"ll1~. UJ'J'CW1fin1J'. l'IJ'!::'WI"lJ' : ~l-J1fll-Ji'lfll-JPl1~1'1fLLlA\JUJ':::L'VlPlL'VltJ,
2514.
mm UJ':::111m. "Ll-Jh i1t1J~1~11n1fln"llifl\Jl-J1fnifl~:·; tJI'ltJ~1J'~111 2. 21 (Ll-J~t.J'W 2520): 34.
100
' Ul[;]'f.lf ~ m'l~~. tl.Jtm~~ll"lln : ~1'W~"ll'f.l~"ll1'll.J~~l.J1'WrHhJtJ'W;ll~~1vm. mJ~t!?ltJ uru"Yl~
reJ'f.l'W~1. m~l'Vl'V'l"1 : l.J~Ufitnl.J~~l.J'Vl'f.l~. 2518. q "
t:J~~~ ~[;ltJl.J1'W:::. Yl~utl'W;'"11nmru1tl~l.J~lt:J~'"1mnh:::"ll1fiu1[;ltJ. nNl'Vl'V'l"1 : ~1'11n~l.Ji q q
b'f.ll~tl'W~b[;lf. 2529.
'V'l~Pl t~t'W. 'f.l1ru1r.rm'Vl:::l~1~ tf1'W-ih~lrl'f.l~l~tl~ 111~ 2. n~~l'Vl'V'l"1: l~~!?lL'VltJ, 2523. q
"' "' ... l.J"M1'l'Vlm~mm;-[;l~P\1~ [;]~, 2522.
t 'V'ltll.J r.r'W'Vlf~ ~~. ~'f.l~ ~'f.ll.Jij'l\l~ (;]ll~:::l.J1 [;lm1~'Vl1~ lMM~n9~~~l.JL'WU~:::l'VlP~Yl~utl'W;.
n~~l'Vl'V'l"1: b'f.ll~tJ'W~b[;lf. 2515. q
"Yl~utl'W;nunu!J~~~1l.J ~~m1l.J~~~nl.Jll~:::~'W~l11'V'lL'W"M~ lm:::." "JJ1'l~ lP~M-ml1[;lcl' 2.
481 (8-14 rl'Wtl1tl'W 2529) : 38-40. '
,r'W ~nb'Wi1'tJ. l.J1f~'f.l~~~~1~~~~l.JL"M~Yl~utl'W;. llUml~:::~tJu~m'"11n Moros : Note on
the New Society of the Philippines ll~::; Today's Revolutionary : Democracy.
nt~l'Vl'V'l"1 : ~1'11n~l.Jiu~~~'Wfi~1~11. 2521.
l.J'I!~ lnm~n1ftJ. "m~llnt1t1J"M1 tl.J t~1 'W~,rtJu~:::n1'W1fiu ~l.J1fn'f.l~." 'l1~~1~~n,;-~P~1~ [;lf
l.J"M1~'Vlm~tJP!~u1m 25 (ij~'W1tJ'W-'V'l~Pl~mtJ'W 2545): 168-169.
"f~~~~::;ij'W!?l1l'W1 t1 nm1lri1~f~u1~'f.l::;~1 'Wrh~~ lt:J~ ru"Mih~'Wnij [;]~." "ll1'l~ lPIM-ml1 [;lcl' 1 , dS 01 OS .,
463 (5- 11 'V'l~Ml11~l.J 2529) : 38- 39.
~n,;-~P11~[;l~l.J"M1Urusn[;l ~1"ll1~"ll1u~::;~P~1~[;]fl'f.ll~tJ[;l::;.r'W'f.l'f.lm~tJ~1~ uruon[;l
~'Vlm~tJ l.J"M1~'Vlm~tJP!~u1n~. 2529.
" ~'Vlm ~'"11-[;ln'W1fmf. "m~numl~:::m~ul)~1'WYI~utl'W;: m~~1~'l'"1lU'f.l~~'W." l'f.ll~m.Ei1P~11
3, 1 (l.Jm1~l.J 2525) : 17- 15.
~l.J~!?l P~1~~i. U~::;~P\1~[;lfl'f.ll~tl'f.l1~l'Wcl'. nNl'Vl'V'l"1 : b~~~l.J'I'f~~l'WP\, 2526. q
~1?11 l9~f. "Yl~utl'W;num~u!Jlu~~'W." 1'W m~uljru~~'W. 146-148. nt~l'Vl'V'l"1: ~1'11n~l.Ji
ll'V'li~'Vltl1, 2529.
101
'"l'ti1rl,m~nr~·w1{jVJmtru, 2537 . • ~nt1Jt1J1 Ufi-.m~. "1!1~LLrl:m~L~UL(;]V11'lLMMjii'"lYl~tlthJ~LLrl:LVJU. n~'lLVI~"1 : ~Twn-w~vr
fi~~~ fi\1~ (;If, 2541.
~~~~ru mt1J'"l'i!Mj~. tl~:~fil1~(;]f~1nrl~2l'uhnJ: L'tn~u L~~ 1 ~uu~1"1!uru.VJ(;]u~rnw.
nNLVI~"1 : LNVi~vf'"l'ri1rl'lmru~1"1l'fjVJmtru, 2539. • • ___ . 'fj~oo.Jt,nmm1'li'll"1~~2l'utnut~trVJfi~1t1!1UI"1~(;]:1'u(;]n (1"11-~!?lfilwn~M~ 16 - 20).
Ul"l~tll~ : l"lru:'finM~fil1~(;1f l111"lfj"lf11h:~Pl1~(;]f ~t.n{jVJmtrufiirlt11m, 2523.
" ~~~~ ~L~M. "Yl~tJuU~'VI~Lm:LL~'li"1'J1~'VIrl1n'VIrl1Utut.h'WU1L~L:nu~11"1L'W~." ~1~1"1~ 3, 28
(i:it1'W1ti'W 2531): 138- 139, 143- 146 . •
m~'l ~VIfi1fil1~tl'. ""1lun~~-w~uriumni1~'l." 'J1~~1~i'll"1~fil1~(;]f 14, 2 (L~M1UU 2520): 79.
... .,. .... ... :::!~ J' ... - % t ' t1 ... ~MtlJU m~nJ~(;]~ bLrl: ~"11~ 'C'l ~~~~. ~'YJ1'Wn11b~'fl'l LMMjn'"l 'C'l'll"l~ un~~ ~:LVIfilb~b"lltl
(;]:~U'fl'flm~u'lt~. n~'lLVIW'1 : LVIU~OO-JU1~1U"ll, 2516 .
.,. .., .., ..,. tJ ...- r "" .... .., t" ' tJ ~ ""' % el'flrlrl, !Pl. '"l. 'fl. ~:'J(;]fi\1~(;]1b~L"l!U(;]:'JU'f)~nb~tl'l (;] Lrl~ 2. LL rl ~IPltl 'J~tlJ~~1 ~'WVI'J'll"l ru
~~fiU'l LLrl:l"lru:. nl'lLVI~"1 : 2ojrlilfiL1"1Nn1~~1~1£f'll"l~fil1~(;]fLLrl:~~'lff.lfil1~(;]f,
2522.
Lil nft1'il11'l!t19h~tJ'i~L Ylflf
Abbahil, Abdulsiddik Asa. "Muslim Filipino Ethnic Groups." Salsilah : A Journal of
Philippine EthnicStudies4, 2 (1970): 6--18.
Adkins, John H. "Philippine 1972: we'll wait and see." Asian Survey XIII (February 1973)
: 141.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A A Philippine History. Malina: lnang Wika Publishing Co., 1966.
___ . A Short History of the Philippines. New York: Mentor Books, 1969.
Bauzon, Kenneth E. Liberalism and The Quest for Islamic Identity in the Philippines.
Durham, N.C.: Acorn Press, 1991.
Bowen, John R. Muslims though Discourse : Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society.
Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1993.
102
Braid, Florangel Rosario. "Muslim and Christain Cultures." in Search of Commonalites.
Manila :Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, 2002.
Burtey, T. M. The Philippines : An Economic and Social Geography. London : G. Bell
and Sons, 1973.
Chapman, William. Inside The philippine Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987.
Cheman, W. K. Muslim Separatism the Moros of Southern Philippines and The Malaya
of Southern Thailand. Singapore : Oxford University Press, 1990.
CH'EN CHING - HO. The Chinese community in the Sixteenth Century Philippino.
Japan : The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1968.
Corpuz, 0. D. The Bureaucracy of the Philippine. Malina Institute of Public
Administration, University of the Philippines, 1957.
De los Santos, R. Joel- Jalal- ud- din. "Towards a Solution of The Moro problem." In
Southeast Asian Affairs 1978. Singapore : ISES, 1979.
Eufronio, M. Alip. Philippines History: A Conceptual to Its Political Social and Economic
Development. Quezon City: Manila AliptSons Publishing, Inc., 1974.
Fox, Robert B. Aspects of Philippine Culture Pre-History of The Philippines. Manila : The
National Media Preduction Center for the National Museum of the Philippines,
1967.
Gowing, Peter G., and Robert McAmis D., eds. The Muslim Filipinos : Their History,
Society and Contemporary Problems. Manila : Solidaridad Publishing House,
1974.
Gowing, Peter Gordon. Muslim Filipinos : Heritage and Horizon. Quezon City : New Day
Publishers, 1979.
Hall, D.G.E. Historians of South East Asia. London : Oxford University Press New York
Toronto, 1964.
Hooker, M. B. "Muhhamadan Law and Islamic Law." In Islam in Southeast Asia, 406-
410. Edited by M.B. Hooker. Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1983.
___ . Laws of South - East Asia Volume I ; The Pre - Modern Texts. Butterworth &
co (Asia) Pte,Led, 1986.
103
Joanna, Moore. Discovering The Philippines. Singapore : McGraw - Hill Far Eastern
Publishers Ltd,; 1971.
Joginder, Singh Jessy. History of South - East Asia (1824 - 1965). Malaysia
Penerbitan Darulaman 1 P, Jalan Ara Kuda, Lunas, Kedah, 1985.
Kenneth, Bauzon E. Liberalism and The Quest for Islamic Identity in The Philippines.
Durham, North Carolina : The Acorn Press, 1978.
Kewthep, Kanoksak. "The Demond for International Reserves : A Case Study of Nine
Selected Asian Countries." Master's Thesis Faculty of Economics, Thammasat
University, 1972.
Khoo, Gilbert . A History of Southeast Asia Since 1500. Kualalumper : Oxford University
Press, 1970.
Kurzman, Charles. Liberal Islam : a sourcebook. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998.
Lacar, Luis Q. Neglected Dimensions in the Development of Muslim Mindanao and The
Continuing Struggle of The Moro People for Self-Determination in the ELEVENTH
IABA Conference, Session lllc. Columbo: International Association of historians of
Asia, 1988.
Lewy, Guenter. Religion and Revolution. New York : Oxford University Press, 197 4.
Lucila, Hosillos V. "The Emergence of Filipino Literature." Asian Studies 4, 3 (December
1966) : 430-444.
Madale, Nagasura T. "The Future of The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) as a
Separatist Movement in the Southern Philippines." In Armed Separatism in
Southeast Asia, 73. Edited by Lim Joo - Jock and Vani, S. Singapore :
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1979.
Mahajani, Usha. Philippine Nationalism External Challenge and Filipino Response, 1565
- 1964. Queensland : University of Queensland Press, 1971.
Maja, Cesar Adib. Muslims in the Philippines. Manila : St. Mary's Publishing, 1973.
McAmis, Robert D. "Muslim Filipinos, 1970- 1972." In The Muslim Filipinos : Their
History, Society and Contemporary Problems, 42-56. Edited by Peter G Gowing
and Robert D. McAmis, Manila : Solidaridad Publishing House, 197 4.
104
Mckenna, Thomas M. "Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in The Southern
Philippines." In Muslim Rulers and Rebels. Berkery : University of California
Press, 1998.
"Muslim Separatism and the Bangsamoro Rebellion," 149-151. in Muslim
Rulers and Rebels. Singapore : Oxford University Press, 1998.
Mednick, Melvin. Encampment of the Lake : The Social Organization of a Muslim -
Philippine (Moro) People. Research Series, Number V . Chicago : Philippine
Studies Program, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1965.
___ . "Some Problems of Moro History and Political Organization." In The Muslim
Filipinos : Their History, Society. and Contemporary Problems, 13-22. Edited
by Gowing, Peter G., and McAmis, Robert D. Manila : Solidaridad Publishing
House, 197 4.
"Some Problems of Moro History and Political Organization." Philippine
Sociological Review 5, 1 (197 4): 39- 52.
___ . "The Muslims in The Philippines : An Historical Perspective." in The Muslim
Filipinos : Their History, Society and Contemporary Problems, 23-26. Edited
by Gowing, Peter G., and McAmis, Robert D. Manila : Solidaridad Publishing
House, 197 4.
Morales, Enlinda L. "Rural - urban Migration and Urban Unemployment in the
Philippines." Master's Thesis Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University,
1978.
Molloy, Ivan. "The Decline of The Moro National Liberation Front in The Southern
Philippines." Journal of Contemporary Asia 18, 1 (1988) : 59- 76.
Noble, Lela Gardner. "The Moro National Liberation Front in The Philippines." Pacific
Affairs 49, 3 (1976) : 405-424.
___ . "Roots of The Bang sa Moro Rovolution." Solidarity 4, 97 ( 1983) : 41 -50.
O'Shaughmessy, Thomas J. "How many Muslims Has The Philippines?." In Muslim
Filipinos : Heritage and Horizon, 149. Edited by Gowing, Peter Gordon.
Quezon City : New Day Publishers, 1979.
105
Ordonez, Elmer A. "The Philippine Revolution and Beyond Volume II." Paper Presented
at The International Conference on The Centennial of the 1896 Philippine
Revolution, Manila, Philippines, 1998.
Osborne, Milton. Southeast Asia : An Illustrated Introductory History. Hong Kong
George & Unwin, 1985.
Roscos, Alfredo R. The Story of the Philippines. Ohio : McCormick Mathews Publishing
Co. Incarnation, 1968.
Republic of The Philippines. The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Manila
: Republic of The Philippines, 1981.
Saleeby, Najeeb M. Study in Moro History. Law. and Religion. Dept. of the Interior,
Ethnological Survey Publications, Vol. 4, No. I. Manila : Bureau of Printing,
1905.
The History of Solu. Dept. of the Interior, Ethnological Survey Publications,
Vol. 4, No. II. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1908.
___ . The Moro Problem. Dept. of the Interior, Ethnological Survey Publications,
Vol. 4, No. II. Manila : Bureau of Printing, 1913.
Scott, William Henry. Barangay : Sixteenth - Century Philippine Culture and Society.
Manila : Atencode Manila University Press, 1994.
Steinberg, David Joel et al., eds. In Search of Southeast Asia : A Modern History. New
York: Praeger Publishers, 1987.
___ . The Philippines A Singular and A Plural Place. Colorado : Westview Press,
1982.
Stewart, James C. 'The Maguinalanao." In Muslim Peoples : A World Ethnographic
Survey, 89. Edited by Weekes, Richard V. Westport, Conn : Greenwood
Press, 1978.
Tamano, Mamintal A "Problems of the Muslims :A National Concern." in The Muslim
Filipinos : Their History. Society. and Contemporary Problems, 134. Edited by
Peter G. Gowing and Robert D. McAmis. Manila : Solidaridad Publishing
House, 197 4.
106
Tan, S. K. The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle, 1900 - 1972. Manila Filipinas
Foundation, 1977.
Thomas Kieter M. The Tausng, Violence and Law in a Philippine Muslim Society. New
York: Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1972.
Tsurumi, Shunsuke. An Intellectual History of Wartime Japan 1931 - 1945. Tokyo :
Keystone Press Agency Ltd., 1986.
Ungson, Lourdes. Looking Back and Ahead Philippine History and Government. Quezon
City: Touras Publications, 1979.
___ .Philippine History and Government. Quezon: Taurus Pub, Co., 1979.
Vanderbosh, Amy and Richard Butweel. The Changing Face of Southeast Asia.
Kentucky: University of Kentucky, 1967.
Washburn, Lindy. "Muslim Resistance With or Without Elite." Southeast Asia Chronicle
(October 1980) : 18- 24.
Wernstedt, Frederick L., and Paul D. Simkins. "Migrations and The Settlement of
Mindanao." Journal of Asian Studies 25, 1 (1965) : 83- 103.
Wulff, Inger. Features of Yakan Culture in the Muslim Filipinos. Manila Solidaridad
Publishing House, 197 4.
Zaide, Gregorio F. Philippine Government. Manila : The Modern Book Company, 1965.
Philippine Political and Cultural History Volume 1. Manila : Philippine
Education Company, 1957.
1l1Fl~U'ln
l11fUft.I'Jn n
BMA
BMLO
CM
CAMP
CPP
CNI
ICFM
lOB
lOP
IPP
MAP
MDA
MDF
MIM
MILF
MINSUPALA
MNLF
MMA
MORO
NPA
PAB
PC
PC IA
PSSD
OIC
RAD
SRC
Bangsa Mora Army
Bangsa Mora Liberation Organization
Council for Mosque
Consultative Assembly of the Mora People
Communist Party of the Philippines
Commission on National Integration
Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers
Islamic Development Bank
Islamic Directorate of the Philippines
Islamic Party of the Philippines
Muslim Association of the Philippines
Mindanao Development Authority
Muslim Development Fund
Mindanao (Muslim) Independence Movement
Mora Islamic Liberation Front
Mindanao- Sulu- Palawan
Mora National Liberation Front
Ministry of Muslim Affairs
Mora Revolutionary Organization
New People's Army
The Philippine Amanah Bank
Philippine Constabulary
Provincial Council For Islamic Affairs
The Pilgrim's Special Saving Deposit
Organization of the Islamic Conference
Rehabilitation and Development
Supreme Revolutionary Council
109
SPDA
UIFO
USAID
USNO
Southern Philippines Development Authority
Union of Islamic Forces and Organization
110
United States Agency for International Development
United Sabah National Organization
ll1fl~U'ln "JJ
..... ..., "' 'illl fi1 'U fii'VfVI
Ad at
Alim
Anting
Balaisa
Bangsa
Baniaga
Barangay
Bendahara
Bendahari
Berkat
Bilal
Bintala
Bunga Mas
Cedula
Chaomuang
... ..... "' 'Bll fi1 'U f!IYWI
' ""' r - ~mu'Vl~'J~n~u~n
- "111~
- 'Vl1~
' 0 .... '
- (;111J~'Vl'tl~"ll'fl'l~~:;
- ~n'tln 'hl'Vlfl~ ....
- 1111!1'
... ... - L'"l1L~'tl'l
Chalarajmontri - ,li1~1"li~'Win1
Oakwah
Dar al - Islam - ~'WLL!n'W~~~1~ .., o .. 1 ca~
Datu - ~'W1'Vl1~"1l'W1Ju~!:L~ru
Deen wa dawla- fii1~'W1LL~!:~1i~'Vl1'ln11Unrtffi~i-:~rt~
Du-ah
Fa twa
Guru
Hadith
Haj
Hajji
Hamba
Hari raya
- n{J"ll'tl~fii1~'W1
- f'll~'tl'Wfii1~'W1
• I .., , "" - u~!:L~n.!LL!n~~!:L'"l1
- m1L~'W'Vl1-:~11llTnn::vh-YlfieY'"l'lf
- "1!1'J~~~~~~'tl~L~'W'Vl1-:!Lllul!~m1 - 'Yl1~
' - 1'li1uG''Ion'tl'la.J~~a.J (1'um'l:t)
• q
112
Imam
Jihad
Kafin
Kampilan 1?111J
Kampung '" VIJ.J1J1'W " " "
Kris - iif?1~'W Vl1'flf?111J~'W
Laksamana .. .. "-1
YH'H~'flb'fln Vl~'fl ~'C'I~~~~"ll'fl~ Panglima
Madaris h~b~U'W~'fl'WPI1~'W1
Mad rasa h~ b~U'W~'fl'WPI1~'W1
Maratabat Pl~n~~J.J
Masjid ~bVIi1 , a!~uf?1
Mudarris - 1"1~
Negeri
Orang Kaya
Panglima
Pend ita
Quran
RaJa
Rasa
Religious e'lie -
Secular e'lie -
Sakop
Shari a
Sultan
Sabilillah
Traditional e'lie-
Tarsi Ia
Ulama
Zakat
" fJ '"'uJ~ii • ej'~.Yhm~A'1"1l1uth::~1JI"1'J1J.J~~b~~ ..
.,... " ~ b~U'WlPI1~'W1
r-1J.Jiif"ll'fl~"ll1'JJ.J~~J.J~'W~n~~'Vl't
~unl"lffi~ J' ...
b"l!'fl"Jl1(;]
.,.
•
~'W1'Vl1~PI1~'W1
~U1'Vl1~ t~n ., ... ~(;]f?1(;]1J.J
n{)'\!IJ.JIU~~~~J.J
1,10 q 1.J -=1: ~'W1'Vl1~'ii'W1Jfi~~J.Jb'WUJ.l ~::b'Y'InJ ,
" n~~~u~u1-wu1J.J'il'fl~'Y'I~::~~b~1::~
t,IO 1.J .or;rl
~'W1'Vl1~ ~::b'Y'InJ
"ll1~~-wfi. m~~1J~ufi • • ., ... " ~ b~U'WlPI1~'W1
'Vli'W
eJUnl"l~'fl~ ..
113
f'l.flf. 1889 - f'l.flf 1980
l"'.fil. 1889
l"'.fil. 1902
l"'.fil. 1903
l"'.fil. 1915
l"'.f'l.1924
l"'.fil. 1927
l"'.fil. 1934
l"'.f'l. 1946
l"'.f'l. 1968
115
~VIf~'fl bl-11-mtln 1"11'tl-ltl1:; b 'Vl f'!Yl ~tltlu~ !n1l-I~'W~i t1! t1J1U11~ " tl1:;n1'W1~U~1~b'J~tl.~u~~-ll"'11l-IL'WYl~tltlu~ ~~'fll-lvl-l~-l'Vl'VI1ni1l-11 • •
I"''JU l"'l-IYl~tltlu~ • ' " "
1u1uVi 1 ~t1'W1U'W l"'.fii.1903L~4'(;)~-l4'-lVI1(;)Ll-IL1:n'W (The Mora • Province) ilu1u~~b~mu1f(;) ~(;) (General Leonard Wood) d:Ju~~111"l!n11
I"''Wbb1n
~~(;h'W Jamalul Kiram U'tll.lben'WiqJqJ1'tl~1~m1tlnl"'1'fl-l~'fl-l~VIf~'flbl-11'm
~'W~iq)qJ1~~1 The Carpenter Agreement
'iX'JVIi.h Ll-1 L1~~~l-l~'fl1 ~f~u1~'tl bl-11'm~-l'J'W~1'W1'"l'tlfitl1~nu b'VIU'tl ~'Wbb(;)'W~'fl-l
~nuH Vl1n'"l~L~L'tln11"l!l1l'tlYl~tltlu~
fl~1l1'tlLl-11-nu'fl'tln~1~11"l!Ut1J~ The Bacon Bill ~'lfl1Vf'W(;)L~4'.:lVI1(;)Ll-l
'L1il~'Vl~m1tlnl"'1'fl-l!n'WL'fl-l1l1UL~m11"1'JUI"'l-IL(;)U!n1-l~'fl-lf1iiu1~'flLl-11nu • d.9
" " ' J;i-l Lbl?l l"'.fil. 1934 dj'W~'Wl-11"l!1'JI"'1~b~U'W'fl~U~Li1LUJ;i-lti'W~1'WL'WVI~Ln1!;
~'W(;)1b'W1!n1l-I'WLUU1U~'tl-l~VIf~'flbl-11m
flu1~'fl Ll-11-nu~nn~-l1 ~ L'fl m1"l!riuYl~tltlutl.~ Ltl~ uuu 'Luu1u n1VI'W(;) 1 ~
1'Jl-l m1~~ 'W(;)1 L 'W1 LL~!:VI~ Lm:;"ll ~ 1. ~ nu~1n11ruf~Yl~tltlu~ ~'Ju
(;)1!n'fl!n'fll"' l-l~!n~~l-1 ~-l'"l(;)VIl-11ULUU-l~~l?l1'WLL1A-lfti"l!1U1'1XL~'tlU'WU'W~1 " .. q d.S
" ' l-l~~l-lvi-l'VIl-1 (;) 1 uYI ~tltlu~'"l~ hl~1unurii.i'fl-ll-l~~l-l1 uf1iien1u 1'1-f
q " q dS
... l"'.f'l. 1970 - (;)1!n "l!1~U1(;):; LU'W(;)1J;il.l ~,ri"'1L~'fln~-l~'tl-ln11L~"ll1'Jl-l~~l-lil~1'W1'"l
ti •
... " ...
Unl"'1'tl'l!n'WL'tl'l!n1l-ln!JVIl-11Utl~~1l-Jl-11n:nuLVhU'WLLI?!Lbrln11L~'fln~-:~ "' 1.2/Go' :: .l'
- m~'r.Jin'fll"' l-l~!n~~l-1 (;)fOJ(;)!n-l Mindanao Independence Movement ~'W
l"'.fil. 1971 - "l!1'JYl~tltlu~-:~t!uti'tlf'!1~'W1tl~~1l-ILL~~f'I1~'W11"11'~(;]1.~un~'Jn~h~u
nu 1-wLm:;iiu(;) 1 L 'W1 LL~ ::ili"''Win1UVI~1U~'tlu I"''W '"l'WU1!:n1'W1~U ~l-ITfn'fl ~
~ 'fl-:Jtl1::m f'l1l1'J!:'Yln L ~'WLL~::~-:~ n1~-l'Vl'V111(;]11'J'"l L i11::.ru LVI In • •
- il m 1n g;l1'JV11f~u1~Yl~tltlui\ 'W~VIU1!:"l!1"l!1 ~~1 LU'WeJ~.h~1-:1 Le.h~ufi JJ ti •
1!;'\!1~1-lng;ll-1 MNLF nu n'il-:~vi~YJ~tltlu~ •
fl.Pl. 1972
l"l.Pl. 1973-197 4
l"l.Pl. 1974-1975
l"l.Pl. 1975
l"l.Pl. 1975-1977
L~'l!t'U.l'W l"l.PL1977
11Jfl'11"l~ l"l.Pl. 1977
116
-~~r.nn OIC Lf?lmfl'l.l1~m~ OIC fl..:J~-:n.J~~fi1'W1~tl~~1fn~~1'\Xtln
U'fl..:Jir3 ~ LLfl ~'VlfrlOO'W"ll1'J~~~~'flrh..:J ~~~ f?l • • -l"lru~f~~'W~1-'l.l'fl..:J~d:lu 1~u'1'"l11"1L~'W 1.1 ~'1'Wf?l'flflfhfl'iXLLri"ll1'J t~t~
&.9
-i1m~'l.l'Wfl..:J~'1'JfiVl'W~21u'"l1nf~"ll'1tJ1tf~1~..:J Lij'fl..:J'Vh Ll"lmtJ'1 t~ LLfl~ • &.9
f~tJ1fl~U~~..:J Ll.lu..:Jf~tJ1fl~1LflL~UL'W'i51'W~~uu~'W'Wf~"ll1tl1~ &.9 .1.9 :.9 • &.9
- C~-~~'W~..:JI"l~1~nfl1..:J~'fl..:JLU'W~'W~1
Lnf?lm~~~uu1L'Jrut'"l Lfl f~u1flYl~tlu'WiLWfl..:J~'1i1m~'fll"l'J'1~·Jhu ~ &.9
L vt ~'fl'"l'1 ntl~~L 'Vl P1~~~1~n LL 'W'J i'J~L~fu m ~tl nm1n~Vl'W~2!u L 'Vll"lill"l
{;]1..:J1 LLfl~L~'W-rl'Jmvt~'fl'"l1ntl~~L'VlP1~ LUU
Lm~i1'Wf?l'1L'W'1~'fl'WL~LLfl~'Vl'1..:J~~f'W'fl~n Ll"l tu~1 t~ LL"ll~tJ'Nm "llfl ~~
Ln f?lm~~~u~..:J ~1ufJ'Ll'1fl LLfl~ t~ h ~t1! L~urh~..:J l"l'WLLfl~~..,1nttl Lil'W
'fi''W~'1n
i1~~'1~n'l.lu'J'Wn'1~{;)1..:J 1 n~u1'"lLihnufjtJ1flLti~..:J'"l1n'Wtuu'1u1'\X
Ll"lNm~mlt'l.l~l1'1YlLPl~'l!t~n'"lLw~i..:JI"l~'l.l'fl..:Jvta.lLm~'l.J~~~'Vl1..:J~~'W1~ &.9 .. ••
tl~~~u~tl~~~l"l"ll~r n.r'W f~tJ'1flLa.lm'"ltl~1utl~1~ L'"l~e'r~1u tl~~"ll1"ll'W • oS ~
LLfl~;J'1n"lln'1~LaJ'fl'1'"lUfl'illiVI'W'1~L~~1~tln~
rhvt'Wf?l 1'\XiJm~fl..:JU~~"ll1~~L'W 13 r.f..:JvttJf?l~LL'W'li'J~L1-un~'fl..:J
Lnf?lm~,J1vta.l'Vlvt'1m~~vtti..:J~t'"l tfl 'Vl1..:J'Vlvt1~Yl~tliJ'Wil'iX~~2!'W "ll1~ e! ~ , , 1J
u..:J~un1nL'W'Ji'l~Lil'We'rfu~f?l"ll'fltJLvt~m~nr .. . Yl']Pl~mu'W l"l.Pl. 1977 ~1f?l1~~1fn'fl~L~'W'Vl1..:JLtlrlutl~~n1'W1~u~nf?lf?l1~ ~n!..:J'Vl1ttl~Lbfl~~n
fl..:J n'WL '!XVJml1Ul-UJf?lU..:J
~'W'J11"l~ l"l.Pl. 1977
l"l.Pl. 1978-1980 Lnf?lm~m.l..:JLU'Wn~~1 ~iJ~f?l~m~ru{;)..,..:Jn'W u'1..:Jn~~1~fum~ ~ uu ~'W'W'"l1n"ll1'fl ~'fl1 nuu tJ1..:J n~~ 1rli'fum~~uu~'W'W'"l1ntl~~L 'V1 P1 , q q q
C.! .Q ..:::::..... ..:::::....::::..~
~VI~'1'W ~1LflL"llU flL'UU '"l'1n'Yl~~l"ll"l'fl~~'J'W~~ ...
~.:Ju'Wm~~'J~ ~'J n'W
{;)'fl ~1'WfJ'Ll'1fl~..:J LU'WLUL~U'1 n
1l1fUJ'lJ1n ~
REGION 1 : ILOCOS REGION
Ilocos Norte
Elocos Sur
La Union
Pangasinan
REGION2: CAGAYANVALLEY
Batanes
Cagayan
Isabel a
Nueva Vizcaya
Quirino
REGION 3 : CENTRAL LUZON
Bataan
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Tar lac
Zambales
REGION 4: SOUTHERN TAGALOG
Aurora
Batangas
Cavite
Laguna
Marinduque
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Pal a wan
Quezon
Rizal
Romblon
118
REGION 5 : BICOL REGION
Albay
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Catanduanes
Mas bate
Sorsogon
REGION 6: WESTERN VISAYAS
Aldan
Antique
Capiz
Guimaras
Iloilo
Negros Occidental
REGION 7: CENTRAL VISAYAS
Bohol
Cebu
Negros Oriental
Siquijor
REGION 8 : EASTERN VISAYAS
Biliran
Eastern Samar
Samar (Western Samar)
Southern Leyte
REGION 9 : WESTERN MINDANAO
Basilan
Zamboanga del Norte
Zamboanga del Sur
REGION 10 : NORTHERN MINDANAO
Bukidnon
119
Camiguin
Misamis Occidental
REGION 11 : SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Compostela Valley
Davao del Norte
Davao del Sur
Davao Oriental
Sarangani
South Cotabato
REGION 12 : CENTRAL MINDANAO
Cotabato
Lanao del Norte
Sultan Kudarat
REGION 13 : CARAGA REGION
Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Sur
Surigao del Norte
Surigao del Sur
CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
A bra
Apayao
Benguet
Ifugao
Kalinga
Mountain Prevince
AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MISLIM MINDANAO
Lanao del Sur
Maguindanao
Sulu
Tawi-Tawi
120
' .. ' Vl'elfJ
tJ'i~~n1'i~nH1
YLPL2524
~.P\.2543
tJ'i~~n1'iVh:J1U
~1L~Iilm~~mj'1m'1J'1J1~"~!P11~1?1~'11ruon~?~ 'rJ"ll1LreJni'IP~l-l~mn
~Vltl'l~UPI~~~:;UP!~ m'ILVl~l-1~1\.JPI~ 'IJ •
121
~n'jj'J(;]'fl1u~:;c;luill'qJ qJ1t6' mj'~P\1~~?~ru~1'11ruon ~?~ ~1"ll11h:;rr&i P\1~ ~?~f
L'elL~u~?~:;.)'ureJ'elnL~U'IL~ P~ru:;t6'mj'~P\1~1?1f l-!~1~Vlm~u~~n.hm
~.P\.2525-2536 ~Un'I1U~~mruLPI~~muP!~LVlU ~1rlt?l 'IJ