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(ix) Class XII - Sociology

SUPPORT MATARIAL2019-20

CLASS-XIISUBJECT : SOCIOLOGY

Reviewed and Updatedby

Name of the Team Leader Dr. Renu BhatiaPrincipalS.K.V. Moti Bagh-1, New Delhi

Name of the Subject Experts Dr. A.M. Amir AnsariSr. Lecturer SociologyS.B.M. Sr. Sec. School(Govt. Aided)Shivaji Marg, N. Delhi

Ms. Renu ShokeenLecturer SociologyGovt. Co-Ed., SSS,Kanganheri, Delhi

Ms. Seema BanerjeeLecturer SociologyLaxman Public School,Hauzkhas, New Delhi

Ms. Abha SethLecturer SociologyDAV Public SchoolVasant Kunj, New Delhi

Class XII - Sociology (x)

SOCIOLOGY (Code No. 039)2019-20

Rationale

Sociology is introduced as an elective subject at the senior secondary stage. The syllabusis designed to help learners to reflect on what they hear and see in the course of everydaylife and develop a constructive attitude towards society in change; to equip a learner withconcepts and theoretical skills for the purpose. The curriculum of Sociology at this stageshould enable the learner to understand dynamics of human behaviour in all its complexitiesand manifestations. The learners of today need answers and explanations to satisfy thequestions that arise in their minds while trying to understand social world. Therefore, thereis a need to develop an analytical approach towards the social structure so that they canmeaningfully participate in the process of social change. There is scope in the syllabus notonly for interactive learning, based on exercises and project work but also for teachersand students to jointly innovate new ways of learning.

• Sociology studies society. The child’s familiarity with the society in which she /helives in makes the study of Sociology a double edged experience. At one levelSociology studies institutions such as family and kinship, class, caste and tribe religionand region- contexts with which children are familiar of, even if differentially. ForIndia is a society which is varied both horizontally and vertically. The effort in thebooks will be to grapple overtly with this both as a source of strength and as a sitefor interrogation.

• Significantly the intellectual legacy of Sociology equips the discipline with a pluralperspective that overtly engages with the need for defamiliarization, to unlearn andquestion the given. This interrogative and critical character of Sociology also makesit possible to understand both other cultures as well as relearn about one’s ownculture.

• This plural perspective makes for an inbuilt richness and openness that not too manyother disciplines in practice share. From its very inception Sociology has had mutuallyenriching and contesting traditions of an interpretative method that openly takes intoaccount ‘subjectivity’ and causal explanations that pay due importance to establishing

(xi) Class XII - Sociology

causal correspondences with considerable sophistication. Not surprisingly its fieldwork tradition also entails large scale survey methods as well as a rich ethnographictradition. Indeed Indian sociology, in particular has bridged this distinction betweenwhat has often been seen as distinct approaches of Sociology and social anthropology.The syllabus provides ample opportunity to make the child familiar with the excitementof field work as well as its theoretical significance for the very discipline of Sociology.

• The plural legacy of Sociology also enables a bird’s eye view and a worm’s eyeview of the society the child lives in. This is particularly true today when the local isinextricably defined and shaped by macro global processes.

• The syllabus proceeds with the assumption that gender as an organizing principle ofsociety cannot be treated as an add on topic but is fundamental to the manner that allchapters shall be dealt with.

• The chapters shall seek for a child centric approach that makes it possible to connectthe lived reality of children with social structures and social processes that Sociologystudies.

• A conscious effort will be made to build into the chapters a scope for exploration ofsociety that makes learning a process of discovery. A way towards this is to dealwith sociological concepts not as givens but a product of societal actions humanlyconstructed and therefore open to questioning.

Objectives

• To enable learners to relate classroom teaching to their outside environment.

• To introduce them to the basic concepts of Sociology that would enable them toobserve and interpret social life.

• To be aware of the complexity of social processes.

• To appreciate diversity in Indian society and the world at large.

• To build the capacity of students to understand and analyze the changes incontemporary Indian

Class XII - Sociology (xii)

SOCIOLOGY (Code No. 039)CLASS-XII (2019-20)

One Paper Theory Marks 80Unitwise Weightage 3 hours

Units Periods Marks

A. Indian Society

1. Introducing Indian Society 6 Non-evaluative

2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10 6

3. Social Institutions-Continuity and Change 12 6

4. Market as a Social Institution 10 6

5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 20 6

6. Challenges of Cultural Diversity 20 8

7. Suggestions for Project Work 16 Non-evaluative

Total 32

B. Change and Development in Indian Society

8. Structural Change 10 6

9. Cultural Change 12 6

10. The Story of Indian Democracy 16 6

11. Change and Development in Rural Society 10 6

12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 14 6

13. Globalization and Social Change 10 6

14. Mass Media and Communications 14 6

15. Social Movements 20 6

Total 48

200 80

(xiii) Class XII - Sociology

Practical ExaminationClass - XII

40 Periods

Max. Marks: 20 Time allotted : 3 Hrs

Unitwise Weightage

A. Project (undertaken during the academic year at school level) 10 marks

i. Statement of the purpose

ii. Methodology / Technique

iii. Conclusion

B. Viva - based on the project work 02 marks

C. Research design

i. Overall format

ii Research Question/Hypothesis 08 marks

iii. Choice of technique

iv. Detailed procedure for implementation of technique

v. Limitations of the above technique

B & C to be administered on the day of the external examination

Total 20 Marks

A. INDIAN SOCIETY 32 Marks

Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society 10 Periods

• Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community

Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society

• Theories and concepts in demography

• Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions

Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 12 Periods

• The Caste System

Class XII - Sociology (xiv)

• Tribal community

• Family and Kinship

Unit 4: Market as a Social Institution 10 Periods

• Sociological perspectives on markets and the economy

• Globalization - Interlinking of Local, Regional, National and

International Markets

Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 20 Periods

• Caste Prejudice, Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes

• Marginalization of Tribal Communities

• The Struggle for Women’s Equality

• The struggles of the Differently Abled

Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 20 Periods

• Cultural communities and the nation state

• Problems of Communalism, Regionalism and Casteism

• The Nation state, religion related issues and identities

• Communalism, secularism and the nation state

• State and Civil Society

Unit 7: Suggestions for Project Work

B. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 48 Marks

Unit 8: Structural Change 10 Periods

• Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization

Unit 9: Cultural Change 12 Periods

• Modernization, Westernization, Sanskritisation, Secularization

• Social Reform Movements and Laws

Unit 10: The Story of Indian Democracy 16 Periods

• The Constitution as an instrument of Social Change

• Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Social Transformation

• Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics

(xv) Class XII - Sociology

Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society 10 Periods

• Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society

• Agrarian Structure : Caste & class in Rural India

• Land Reforms

• Green revolution and its social consequences

• Transformation in Rural Society

• Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society

Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society 14 Periods

• From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization

• Getting a Job

• Work Processes

Unit 13: Globalisation and Social Change 10 Periods

• Dimensions of Globalization

Unit 14: Mass Media and Communication 14 Periods

• Types of Mass Media: Radio, Television and Print Media

• Changing Nature of Mass Media

Unit 15: Social Movements 18 Periods

• Theories and Classification of Social Movements

• Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants

• Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward

Castes, Trends in Upper Caste Responses

• Women’s Movements in Independent India

• Tribal Movements

• Environmental Movements

Class XII - Sociology (xvi)

SOCIOLOGY (CODE NO. 039)QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

CLASS XI (2019-20)Time 3 Hours Max. Maria: 80

S. Typology of Questions Learning Very Short Long Total %

No. Checks Short Answer Answer Marks Weightage

(LC) Answer (SA) (LA)

(1 Mark) (VSA) (1 Mark) (6 Mark)

1. Remembering: Exhibit 6 2 1 1 20 25%memory of previouslylearned material byrecalling facts, terms,basic concepts, andanswers.

2. Understanding:Demonstrate understandingof facts and ideas by 6 4 1 1 24 30%organizing comparing,translating, interpreting,giving descriptions, andstatinq main ideas

3. Applying: Solve problemsto new situations by applyingacquired knowledge facts, 6 1 2 – 16 20%techniques and rules in adifferent way

4. Analysing and Evaluating:Examine and break informationinto parts by identifying motivesor causes Make inferences 2 2 1 1 16 20%and find evidence to supportgeneralizationsPresent and defend opinionsby making judgments aboutinformation, validity of ideas orquality of work based on aset of criteria

5. Creating: Compile informationtogether in a different way bycombining elements in a new – – 1 – 4 5%pattern or proposing alternativesolutions.

Total 1×20=20 2×9=18 4×6=24 6×3=18 80(38) 100%

QUESTION WISE BREAK UPType of Question Marks per Total No. of Total Marks

Question Questions

Learning Checks 1 20 20Very Short Answer (VSA) 2 9 18Short Answer (SA) 4 6 24Long Answer (LA) 6 3 18

Total 38 80

(xvii) Class XII - Sociology

iqLrd 1

Ø-la- ikB vad

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk 6

2- vè;k; 2 % lkekftd laLFkk,¡ % fujarjrk ,oa ifjorZu 6

3- vè;k; 3 % cktkj % lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa 6

4- vè;k; 4 % lkekftd vlekurk (fo"kerk) ,oa cfg"dkj ds Lo:i 6

5- vè;k; 5 % lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡ 8

6- vè;k; 6 % ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds lq>ko N.E.

dqy 32

lekt'kkL= (dksM+ ua- 39)

Class XII - Sociology (xviii)

fo"k;&lwph

iqLrd 1

Ø-la- ikB i`"B la[;k

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk 1

2- vè;k; 1 % lkekftd laLFkk,¡ % fujarjrk ,oa ifjorZu 9

3- vè;k; 2 % cktkj % lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa 18

4- vè;k; 3 % lkekftd vlekurk (fo"kerk) ,oa cfg"dkj ds Lo:i 26

5- vè;k; 5 % lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡ 35

(xix) Class XII - Sociology

iqLrd 2

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjr esa lekftd ifjoZru ,oa fodkl 47

2- vè;k; 2 % lkaLd`frd ifjorZu 53

3- vè;k; 3 % Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ 59

4- vè;k; 4 % xzkeh.k lekt esa fodkl ,oa ifjorZu 66

5- vè;k; 5 % vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl 75

6- vè;k; 6 % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu 82

7- vè;k; 7 % tu lEidZ lk/u vkSj lapkj 89

8- vè;k; 8 % lkekftd vkanksyu 95

1 Class XII - Sociology

ikB & 1

Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk

eq[; fcUnq

1- tulkaf[;dh % tu la[;k dk lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u tukafddh dgykrk gSAbldk vaxszth i;kZ; MseksxzkiQh ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCnksa Mseksl&yksx rFkkxzkiQhu ;kfu o.kZu vFkkZr~ yksxksa dk o.kZuA

blls tUe] e`R;q] izolu] fyax vuqikr vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

2- tukafddh ds izdkj %

tukafddh eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

vkdkfjd tulkaf[;dh % blesa tula[;k ds vkdkj dk vè;;u fd;ktkrk gSA

lkekftd tulkaf[;dh % blesa tula[;k ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd ojktuhfrd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSa

3- tulkaf[;dh; vkadM+s jkT; dh uhfr;k¡ tSls vkfFkZd fodkl] tydY;k.klaca/h uhfr;k¡ cukus o dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA

4- Fkkel jksoVZ ekYFkl dk tula[;k o`f¼ dk fl¼kUr % (1766&1834)

tula[;k T;ksfeVhd vuqikr ls c<+rh gSA tSls & 2] 4] 8] 16] 32

[kk| mRiknd esa o`f¼ xf.krh; (lejarj) :i ls gksrh gSA tSls& 2] 4]6] 8] 10 vkfnA

blls tula[;k o [kk| lkexzh esa vlarqyu iSnk gksrk gSA

le`f¼ c<+kus ds fy, tula[;k o`f¼ dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk,A ekYFklus tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds nks izdkjksa ds izfrca/ dk mYys[k fd;k gS&

Class XII - Sociology 2

1- izkÑfrd fujks/@vojks/ % tSls vdky] HkwdEi] ck<+] ;q¼ chekjh vkfnA

2- Ñfre fujks/@vojks/ % tSls cM+h mez esa fookg] ;kSu la;e] czãpk;Z dkikyu vkfnA

ekYFkl ds fl¼kUr fojks/ %

vkfFkZd o`f¼ tula[;k o`f¼ ls vf/d gks ldrh gSA tSlk fd ;wjksi ds ns'kksa esa gqvkgSA xjhch o Hkq[kejh tula[;k o`f¼ ds ctk, vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ds vleku forj.k dsdkj.k iSQyrh gSA (mnkjoknh o ekDlZoknh)

5- tulkaf[;dh laØe.k dk fl¼kar %

tula[;k o`f¼ vkfFkZd fodkl ds lexz Lrjksa ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

tula[;k o`f¼ ds rhu cqfu;knh pj.k gksrs gSaA

1- igyk pj.k gS lekt esa tula[;k o`f¼ dk de gksuk D;ksafd lektrduhdh n`f"V ls fiNM+k gksrk gSA (e`R;qnj vkSj tUenj nksuksa dh cgqrÅ¡ph gksrh gSA)

2- tula[;k foLiQksV laØe.k vof/ esa gksrk gS] D;ksafd lekt fiNM+hvoLFkk ls mUur voLFkk esa tkrk gS] bl nkSjku tula[;k o`f¼ dh njsacgqr Å¡ph gks tkrh gSA

3- rhljh pj.k esa Hkh fodflr lekt esa tula[;k o`f¼ nj uhph jgrh gSD;ksafd ,sls lekt esa e`R;q nj vkSj tUe nj nksuksa gh dkiQh de gkstkrh gSA

6- lkekU; dYiuk,¡ o ladsrd %

tUe nj % ,d o"kZ esa izfr gtkj O;fDr;ksa ij thfor tUesa cPpksa dhla[;k tUe nj dgykrh gSA

e`R;q nj % {ks=k fo'ks"k esa izfr gtkj O;fDr;ksa esa e`r O;fDr;ksa dh la[;ke`R;q nj dgykrh gSA

izkd`frd o`f¼ nj ;k tul[a;k o`f¼ nj % tUe nj o e`R;q nj ds chpdk vUrjA tc ;g varj 'kwU; ;k de gksrk gS rc ge ;g dg ldrs gSafd tula[;k fLFkj gks xbZ gS ;k izfrLFkkiu Lrj ij igq¡p xbZ gSA


izfrLFkkiu Lrj % ;g ,d ,slh voLFkk gksrh gS tc ftrus cw<+s yksxejrs gSa mudk [kkyh LFkku Hkjus ds fy, mrus gh u, cPps iSnk gks tkrsgSA Hkkjr esa dsjydh dqy iztuu njsa okLro esa izfrLFkkiu Lrj ls uhpsgSA fgekpy izns'k] if'pe caxky] dukZVd] egkjk"Vª dh iztuu njsizfrLFkkiu Lrj ds cjkcj gSA fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k] jktLFkku] eè; izns'k,sls jkT; gS tks izfrLFkkiu Lrj ls Åij gSA bl jkT;oj fofHkUurk dsihNs f'k{kk rFkk tkx:drk ds Lrjksa esa o`f¼ gksuk vFkok uk gksuk gSA

iztuu nj % cPps iSnk dj ldus dh vk;q (15&49 o"kZ) okh fL=k;ksadh bdkbZ ds ihNs thfor tUesa cPpksa dh la[;kA

f'k'kq e`R;` nj % thfor iSnk gq, 1000 cPpksa esa ls ,d o"kZ dh vk;qls igys e`r cPpksa dh la[;kA

ekr` e`R;q nj % ,d gtkj f'k'kq tUeksa ij tUe nsdj ejus okyhefgykvksa dh la[;kA

fyax vuqikr % izfr gtkj iq#"kksa ij fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku fL=k;ksadh la[;k (fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa)

tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk % dqy tula[;k ds fofHkUu vk;q oxks± esaO;fDr;ksa dk vuqikrA

ijkfJrrk vuqikr % tula[;k dk og vuqikr tks thou ;kiu dsfy, dk;Z'khy tula[;k ij vkfJr gSA blesa dk;Z'khy oxZ 15&64 o"kZdh vk;q okys gksrs gSaA cPps o cqtqxZ ijkfJr gksrs gSaA

c<+rk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr % ;g mu ns'kksa esa fpark dk dkj.k culdrk gS tgk¡ turk cq<+kis dh leL;k ls tw> jgh gksrh gS D;ksafd ogk¡vkfJrksa dh la[;k c<+ tkus ls dk;Z'khy vk;q okys yksxksa ij cks> c<+tkrk gSA

fxjrk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr % ;g vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj le`f¼ dklzksr cu ldrk gS D;ksafd ogk¡ dk;Z'khy yksxksa dk vuqikr dke udjus okyksa dh la[;k esa vf/d cM+k gksrk gSA bls tulkaf[;dh;ykaHkk'k dgrs gSaA


7- Hkkjr esa tUe nj rFkk e`R;q&nj % tUenj ,d ,slh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrdiz?kVuk gS ftlesa ifjorZu vis{kkd`r /heh xfr ls vkrk gSA fgekpy izns'k]if'peh caxky dukZVd] egkjk"Vª dh dqy iztuu njsa dkiQh de gSA fcgkj]eè; izns'k] jktLFkku o mÙkj izns'k esa iztuu nj cgqr Å¡ph gSA

8- Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk % vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; ;qokoLFkk esa gSAdsjy us fodflr ns'kksa dh vk;qlajpuk dh fLFkfr izkIr dj yh gSA mÙkj izns'kesa ;qok oxZ dk vuqikr vf/d gS rFkk o`¼ksa dk vuqikr de gSA

Hkkjr eas tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k* % tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk esa tula[;klaØe.k dh ml voLFkk dks ftlesa dekus okys ;kfu 15&49 vk;q oxZdh tula[;k u dekus okys (ijkfJr oxZ) ;kfu 60$ vk;q oxZ dhtula[;k dh rqyuk esa vf/d gks rks mls tulakf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgrsgS ;g rHkh izkIr gks ldrk gS tc dk;Z'khy yksxks ds vuqikr esaa o`f¼gksrh jgsA

9- L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr % Hkkjr esa L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr fxjrk jgk gSA bldk dkj.kgS fyax fo'ks"k dk xHkZikr] ckfydk f'k'kqvksa dh gR;k] cky fookg ikSf"VdHkkstu u feyukA ns'k dh fofHkUu fgLlksa esa L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr fHkUu&fHkUu gSAdsjy jkT; ls lcls vf/d gS vkSj gfj;k.kk] iatkc paM+hx<+ esa esa lcls degSA

10- tu?kuRo % tu?kuRo ls rkRi;Z izfr oxZ fdú ehú es fuokl djus okyseuq";ksa dh la[;k ls yxk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds dkj.ktu?kuRo Hkh c<+ jgk gSA

gdnkjh dh iwfrZ dk vkHkko % veR;Z lsu ,oa vusd fo}kukss usn'kkZ;k gS fd vdky vukt ds mRiknu esa fxjkoV vkus ds dkj.k ghugha iM+s vfirq gdnkjh dh iwfrZ dk vkHkko ;k Hkkstu [kjhnus ;k fdlhrjg ls izkIr djus dh yksxksa dh v{kerk ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rsjgs gSA blfy, ljdkj us Hkw[k vkSj Hkq[kejh dh leL;k ds lek/ku dsfy, jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e (NREGA) uke dk ,ddkuwu cuk;k gSA


11- lk{kjrk % lk{kjrk 'kfDr lEiUu gksus dk lk/u gSA lk{kjrk vFkZO;oLFkk esalq/kj] LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk o dY;k.k dk;ks± esa lgHkkfxrk c<+krh gSAdsjy lk{kjrk esa vkxs gS ogha fcgkj jkT; dkiQh ihNs gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr otu&tkfr;ksa esa lk{kjrk nj vkSj Hkh uhph gSA

12- xzkeh.k&uxjh; fofHkUurk,¡ % Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA uxjxzkeh.kksa ds fy, vkd"kZd LFkku cu jgs gSaA xk¡o ls yksx jkstxkj dh n`f"Vls uxjksa dh vksj iyk;u dj jgs gSaA

jsfM+;ks] Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=k tSls tulaidZ ,oa tulapkj ds lk/u vcxzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds le{k uxjh; thou 'kSyh rFkk miHkksx dsLo:iksa dh rLohjsa is'k dj jgs gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i nwjnjkt ds xkaoksa esa jgusokys yksx uxjh; rM+d&HkM+d vkSj lq[k&lqfo/kvksa ls lqifjfpr gks tkrs gSamuesa Hkh oSlk gh miHkksxiw.kZ thou thus dh ykylk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe blfy, 'kq# fd;k x;k fd tula[;k o`f¼fu;a=k.k fd;k tk ldsA blesa tUe fu;a=k.k ds fofHkUu mik; viuk, x,A(iq#"kksa ds fy, ulcanh vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, ufydkcanh) jk"Vªh; vkikrdky(1975&1976) esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dks xgjk /Ddk yxkA ubZljdkj us bls jk"Vªh; ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe dk uke fn;kA blesa u, fn'kkfunsZ'k cuk, x,A

13- bl dk;ZØe ds mís'; eksVs rkSj ij leku jgs gSa& tula[;k lao`f¼ dh njvkSj Lo:i dks izHkkfor djds lkekftd n`f"V ls okaNuh; fn'kk dh vksj ystkus dk iz;Ru djukA

vf/drj xjhc vkSj 'kfDrghu yksxksa dk Hkkjh la[;k esa tksj&tcjnLrh lsoaè;dj.k fd;k x;k vkSj ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ij Hkkjh ncko Mkyk x;k fdos yksxksa dks caè;dj.k ds fy, vk;ksftr f'kfojksa esa caè;dj.k ds fy, yk,¡Abl dk;ZØe dk turk esa O;kid :i ls fojks/ gqvkA

14- Hkkjr dh 15 oha tux.kuk 2011 ds vk¡dM+s %&

L=kh iq#"k vuqikr % 943 % 1000

lokZf/d tula[;k okyk jkT; % mÙkj izns'k


U;wure tula[;k okyk izns'k % flfDde

vf/dre ekr`Ro e`R;q nj okyk jkT; % mÙkj izns'k

U;wure ekr`Ro e`R;q nj okyk jkT; % dsjy

lokZf/d f'k'kq e`R;q nj okyk jkT; % eè; izns'k

U;wure f'k'kq nj e`R;q nj okyk jkT; % ef.kiqj

lk{kjrk % iq#"k&80-9»] efgyk&64-6»

lcls cM+k ({ks=kiQy esa) % jktLFkku

lcls NksVk jkT; ({ks=kiQy esa) % xksok

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1- ---------------- jkT; lk{kjrk esa vkxs gS ogha ---------------- jkT; dkiQh ihNs gSA

2- ---------------- jk"Vªh; vkikrdky (1975&76) esa ---------------- dk;ZØe dks xgjk/Ddk yxkA

3- tulkaf[;dh osQ nks izdkj gSa ---------------- vkSj ----------------A

4- 1000 iq#"kksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;k vuqikr dgykrh gSA

5- ekYFkl us tula[;k fu;a=k.k osQ nks izdkjksa osQ vojks/ dk mYys[k fd;k gS ---------------- vojks/ vkSj ---------------- vojks/

6- tula[;k laozQe.k osQ fuEufyf[kr pj.k gksrs gSaμ

(a) rhu (b) pkj

(c) ik¡p (d) nks

7- oqQy tula[;k osQ fofHkUu vk;q oxks± esa O;fDr;ksa osQ vuqikr dks dgrs gSaμ

(a) tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk (b) ijkfJrrk vuqikr

(c) c<+rk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr (d) fxjrk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr


8- Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj L=kh iq#"k vuqikr gSμ

(a) 943 % 1000 (b) 950 % 1000

(c) 1001 % 1000 (d) 960 % 1000

9- jk"Vªh; ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZozQe esa tksj&tcjnLrh ls oaè;dj.k fd;k x;kA

(a) xjhc yksx (b) 'kfDrghu yksx

(d) ljdkjh deZpkjh (d) mi;qDr rhuksdFku lgh fy[ksaμ

10- dekus okys ;kfu 15-49 vk;q oxZ dh tula[;k u dekus okys ;kfu 60 + vk;qoxZ dh tula[;k dh rqyuk esa vf/d gks rks mls L=kh iq#"k vuqikr dgrs gSaA

11- ljdkj us O;kikj dh leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, NREGA uke dk ,d dkuwucuk;k gSA

12- tula[;k dk lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u vdkfjd tukafddh dgykrk gSA

13- L=kh iq#"k vuqikr esa fxjkoV dk osQoy ,d dkj.k gS fyax fo'ks"k dkxHkZikrA

2 vad ds iz'u

1- tulkaf[;dh fdls dgrs gSa\

2- vkdkfjd tulkaf[;dh o lkekftd tulkaf[;dh esa varj crkb,A

3- f'k'kq e`R;q nj D;k gS\

4- ijkfJr vuqikr dk c<+uk] mu ns'kksa dks D;ksa fpafrr dj jgk gS ftlesa o`¼ksadh la[;k c<+ jgh gSaA

5- fxjrh gqbZ ijkfJr vuqikr vkfFkZd o`f¼ o le`f¼ dk dkjd ekuk tk jgkgS D;ksa\

6- vdky ds D;k dkj.k gS\

7- ml izns'k dk uke crkb, ftlesa vHkh Hkh (TFR) laiw.kZ iztuu nj cgqrvf/d gSA


8- tulkaf[;dh; vkadM+ksa dk egRo crkb,A

9- L=kh iq#"k vuqikr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

10- izfrLFkkiu Lrj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4 vad ds iz'u

1- ekYFkl ds tula[;k ds fl¼kar dh foospu dhft,A

2- f'k'kq fyax vuqikr fxjus ds dkj.k fyf[k,A

3- de f'k'kq fyax vuqikr dh {ks=kh; fofHkUurk dk o.kZu djsaA

4- tSMj] {ks=kksa vkSj lkekftd lewgksa dh lk{kjrk esa cgqr varj gksrk gSAle>kb,A

6 vad ds iz'u

1- tulkaf[;dh laØe.k ds fl¼kar dk o.kZu djsaA

2- xzkeh.kksa ds fy, uxj D;ksa vkd"kZ.k ds dsUæ cu jgs gSaA

3- Hkkjrh; tulkaf[;dh miyfC/;k¡ crk,¡A

4- ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dh dke;kch o Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa fy[ksaA

5- jk"Vªh; lekt tulkaf[;dh ds mís';&2010 ds ckjs esa crk,a (6 okD;)

6- Hkkjr ds dkSu ls jkT; izfrLFkkiu nj ij igq¡p pqds gSa ;k mlds utnhd gSa\dkSu lk jkT; iztuu nj esa lcls Å¡pk gS\ vkids fopkj ls bl fofHkUurkds D;k dkj.k gSa\

7- tulkaf[;dh lajpuk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g vkfFkZd mUufr o lao`f¼ds fy, fdl izdkj lgk;d gSa\

8- fyax vuqikr D;k gS\ ?kVrs gq, fyax vuqikr ds D;k izHkko gksrs gSa] D;k vkile>rs gSa fd ekrk&firk iq=kh dh vis{kk iq=k dks ilUn djrs gSa\ blds fy,fdu dkj.kksa dks ftEesnkj ekurs gSa\

9- ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe ds vkikr dky ds le; (1975&76) ukdke gksusds D;k dkj.k Fks\ o.kZu dhft,A


ikB & 2

lkekftd laLFkk,¡ % fujarjrk ,oa ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- tula[;k fliQZ vyx&vyx vlacaf/r O;fDr;ksa dk te?kV ugha gSA ijUrq;g fofHkUu izdkj ds vkil esa lacaf/r oxks± o leqnk; ls cuk lekt gSA

2- Hkkjrh; lekt dh rhu izeq[k laLFkk,¡ & tkfr] tutkfr] ifjokjA

3- tkfr % tkfr ,d ,slh lkekftd laLFkk gS tks Hkkjr esa gtkjksa lkyksa lsizpfyr gSA

tkfr vaxszth ds 'kCn& dkLV (Caste) tks fd iqrZxkyh 'kCn dkLV ls cukgSA bldk vFkZ gS & fo'kq¼ uLyA Hkkjr esa nks fofHkUu 'kCnksa o.kZ o tkfr dsvFkZ esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA

o.kZ dk vFkZ jax* gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa pkj o.kZ ekus x, gSa & czkã.k]{kf=k;] oS';] 'kwæ tkfr dks {ksf=k; ;k LFkkuh; mioxhZdj.k ds :i esa le>ktk ldrk gSA tkfr ,d O;kid 'kCn gS tks fdlh oa'k fdLe dks lacksfèkrdjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa isM+&ikS/s] tho&tUrq rFkk euq"; Hkh'kkfey gSaA

o.kZ vkSj tkfr esa vUrj

1- 'kkfCnd vFkksZ eas vUrj

2- o.kZ deZ iz/ku gS vkSj tkfr tUe iz/ku gSA

3- o.kZ O;oLFkk yphyh gS vkSj tkfr O;oLFkk dBksj gSA

4- o.kksZ vkSj tkfr;ksa dh la[;k essa Hksn

oSfnd dky esa tkfr O;oLFkk cgqr foLr`r rFkk dBksj ugha FkhA

ysfdu oSfnd dky ds ckn ;g O;oLFkk cgqr dBksj gks xbZA tkfr tUefuèkkZfjr gksus yxhA fookg] [kku&iku vkfn ds dBksj fu;e cu x,A O;olk;


dks tkfr ls tksM+ fn;k tks oa'kkuqxr Fks] bls ,d lh<+huqek O;oLFkk cuk fn;k]tks Åij ls uhps tkrh gSA

tkfr dks nks leqPp;ksa ds feJ.k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA

1- fHkUurk o vyxko 2- lEiw.kZrk o vf/de

izR;sd tkfr vU; tkfr ls fHkUu gS & 'kknh] is'ks o [kku&iku ds lEcUèk esaizR;sd tkfr dk ,d fof'k"V LFkku gksrk gSA

Js.kh vf/Øe esa tkfr;ksa dk v/kj& ^'kq¼rk* vkSj ^v'kq¼rk* gksrk gSA ostkfr;k¡ 'kq¼ ;k ifo=k ekuh tkrh gS tks deZdk.Mks vkSj /kfeZd ÑR;kas esalayXu jgrh gSA blds foijhr valLdkfjr tkfr;k¡ v'kq¼ ;k vifo=k ekuhtkrh gSA

4- mifuos'kokn rFkk tkfr O;oLFkk % vk/qfud dky esa tkfr ij vkSifuosf'kddky o Lora=krk ds ckn dk izHkko gSA fczfV'k 'kkldksa ds dq'kyrk iwoZd'kklu djus ds fy, tkfr O;oLFkk dh tfVyrkvksa dks le>us dk iz;klfd;kA 1901 esa gjcVZ fjtys us tux.kuk 'kq# dh ftlesa tkfr;k¡ fxuh xbZA

HkwjktLo O;oLFkk o mPp tkfr;ksa dks oS/ ekU;rk nh xbZA

iz'kklu us innfyr tkfr;ksa] ftUgsa mu fnuksa nfyr oxZ dgk tkrk Fkk] dsdY;k.k esa Hkh :fp yhA

Hkkjr ljdkj dk vf/fu;r & 1935] esa vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dksdkuwuh ekU;rk nh xbZA blesa mu tkfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tksvkSifuosf'kd dky esa lcls fuEu FkhA buds dY;k.k dh ;kstuk,¡ cuhaA

5- tkfr dk ledkyhu :i % vktkn Hkkjr esa jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu gq,] ftuesanfyrksa dks laxfBr fd;k x;kA T;ksfrck iwQys] isfj;kj] ckck vEcsMdj buvkUnksyuksa ds vxz.kh FksA

jkT; ds dkuwu tkfr izFkk ds mUewyu ds fy, izfrc¼ FksA blds fy, dqNBksl dne mBk, x, tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr dks vkj{k.k]vkèkqfud m|ksxksa esa tkfr izFkk ugha gS] 'kgjhdj.k }kjk tkfr izFkk detksjgqbZ gSA

lkaLÑfrd o ?kjsyw {ks=kksa esa tkfr lqn`<+ fl¼ gqbZA varfoZokg] vk/qfudhdj.k


o ifjorZu ls Hkh vizHkkfor jgh ij dqN yphyh gks xbZA

6- laLÑfrdj.k % ,slh izfØ;k ftlds }kjk (vkerkSj ij eè;e fuEu) fuEutkfr ds lnL; mPp tkfr dh /kfeZd fØ;k,¡] ?kjsyw ;k lkekftd ifjikfV;ksadks viukrs gSa] laLÑfrdj.k dgykrh gSA ,e-,u- Jh fuokl us laLÑfrdj.ko izcy tkfr dh ladYiuk cukbZA

izcy tkfr % og tkfr ftldh la[;k cM+h gksrh gS] Hkwfe ds vf/dkj gksrsgSa rFkk jktuSfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd :i ls izcy gksrs gSa] izcy tkfrdgykrh gSA fcgkj esa ;kno] dukZVd esa cksDdfyax] egkjk"Vª esa ejkBh vkfnA

7- ledkyhu nkSj esa tkfr O;oLFkk mPp tkfr;ksa] uxjh; eè;e o mPp oxks±ds fy, vn`'; gksrh tk jgh gSA

vkt fo'ks"kdj 'kgjksa esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vPNh o rduhdhf'k{kk&;ksX;rk ikdj ,d fo'ks"k oxZ eas ifjofrZr gks x, gSA os vfHktkr oxZdgykrs gSA jktuhfr vkSj m|ksx O;kikj esa Hkh bu tkfr;ksa dk opZLo c<+usyxk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd vfHktkr oxZ ds lnL;ksa dh ewytkfr vn`'; gks xbZ gSA

nwljh vksj vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡] tutkfr;k¡ vkSj fiNMh tkfr;k¡ ljdkjh uhfr;ksads rgr vkj{k.k dk ykHk izkIr dj mPp Lrj dh ukSdfj;ksa eas vkSj mPpf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa eas izos'k ik jgh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd vkj{k.kdk ykHk ikus ds dkj.k tkfr mtxj ;k n`'; gks tkrh gSA

8- tutkrh; leqnk; % tutkfr;k¡ ,sls leqnk; Fks tks fdlh fyf[kr /eZxzUFkds vuqlkj fdlh /eZ dk ikyu ugha djrsA ;s fojks/ dk jkLrk xSj tutkfrds izfr viukrs gSaA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd >kj[k.M o NÙkhlx<+ cu x,A

tutkrh; lektksa dk oxhZdj.k %

1- LFkk;h fo'ks"kd % blesa {ks=k] Hkk"kk] 'kkjhfjd xBu lfEefyr gSaA

2- vftZr fo'ks"kd % tutkfr;ksa esa thou ;kiu ds lk/u rFkk fgUnq lektdh eq[; /kjk ls tqM+uk gSA

eq[;/kjk ds leqnk;ksa dk tutkfr;ksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

tutkfr;ksa lektksa dks jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ekspsZ ij lkgwdkjksa rFkk


egktuksa ds neudkjh dqpØksa dks lguk iM+kA 1940 ds n'kd ds nkSjkui`FkDdj.k cuke ,dhdj.k fo"k; ij cgl pyh rks ;g rLohjsa lkeus vkbZa

i`FkDdj.k % dqN fo}kuksa dks ekuuk Fkk fd tutkfr;ksa dh xSj tutkrh;leqnk; ls j{kk dh tkuh pkfg,A D;ksafd ;s lHkh yksx tutkfr;ksa dk vyxvfLrRo feVkdj mUgsa Hkwfeghu Jfed cukuk pkgrs gSaA

,dhdj.k % dqN fo}kuksa dk er Fkk fd tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ij è;kunsuk pkfg,A

jk"Vªh; fodkl cuke tutkrh; fodkl

cM+h&cM+h ifj;kstukvksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i tktkrh; leqnk;ksa dks cqjh rjgizHkkfor fd;k gSA cM+s&cM+s cka/ cuk, x,] dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd, x, vkSj[kkuksa dh [kqnkbZ 'kq# dh xbZA bl izdkj ds fodkl ls tutkfr;ksa dh gkfudh dher ij eq[;/kjk ds yksx ykHkkfUor gq,A vf/dka'k tutkrh; leqnk;ouksa ij vkfJr Fks] blfy, ou fNu tkus ls mUgsa Hkkjh /Ddk yxkAtutkrh; laLÑfr foyqIr gks jgh gSA fodkl dh vkM+ esa cM+s iSekus ij mUgsamtkM+k x;k gSA

nks izdkj ds eqíksa us tutkfr; vkUnksyu dks rwy nsus esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZ gS& vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k rFkk u`tkrh; lkaLÑfrd igpku ;snksuksa lkFk&lkFk py ldrs gSa] ijUrq tutkrh; lekt esa fofHkUurk,¡ gksus ls;s vyx Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

,d yacs la?k"kZ ds ckn >kj[kaM vkSj NÙkhlx<+ dks vyx&vyx jkT; dkntkZ fey x;k gSA ljdkj }kjk mk, x, dBksj dne vkSj fiQj muls HkM+dsfoæksgksa us iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk] laLÑfr vkSj lekt dks Hkkjh gkfuigq¡pkbZ gSA ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fodkl tutkrh; leqnk;ksa esa 'kuS%&'kuS% ,df'kf{kr eè; oxZ dk mn~Hko gSA

9- ifjokj % lnL;ksa dk og lewg tks jDr] fookg ;k xkS=k laca/ksa ij ukrsnkjksals tqM+k gksrk gSA

(d) ewy ;k ,dkdh ifjokj (ekrk firk vkSj muds cPpsA)

([k) foLr`r ;k la;qDr ifjokj (nks ;k vf/d ihf<+;ksa ds yksx ,d lkFk jgrsgSaA)


fuokl LFkku ds vk/kj ij

(v) fir`LFkkuh; ifjokj % uofookfgr tksM+k oj ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgrkgSA

(c) ekr`LFkkuh; ifjokj % uofookfgr tksM+k o/q ds ekrk&firk ds lkFkjgrk gSA

lÙkk ds vk/kj ij

(v) firòa'kh; ifjokj % tk;nkn@oa'k firk ls iq=k dks feyrk gSA

(c) ekròa'kh; ifjokj % tk;nkn@oa'k ek¡ ls csVh dks feyrh gSA

oa'k ds vk/kj ij

(v) fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj % iq#"kksa dh lÙkk o izHkqRo gksrk gSA

(c) ekr`lÙkkRed ifjokj % fL=k;k¡ leku izHkqRodkjh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

lkekftd lajpuk esa cnykoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ifjokfjd <kaps eas cnykogksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] igkM+h {ks=kksa ds xzkeh.k vapyks ls jkstxkj dhryk'k eas iq#"kksa dks 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh vksj iyk;u ftlls efgyk iz/ku ifjokjksadh la[;k dkiQh c<+ xbZ gSA

m|ksxksa eas fu;qDr ;qok vfHkHkkodksa dk dk;ZHkkj vR;kf/d c<+ tkus ls mUgsvius cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy, vius cw<+s ekrk&firk dks vius ikl cqykukiM+rk gSA ftlls 'kgjksa eas cw<+s ekrk&firk dh la[;k esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA yksxO;fDroknh gks x, gSA ;qok oxZ vius vfHkHkkodksa dh ilan dh ctk; viuhilan ls fookg@thou lkFkh dk pquko djrs gSA

[kklh tutkfr vkSj ekròa'kh; laxBu [kklh tutkfr ekròa'kkuqØe laxBudk izrhd gSA ekròa'kh; ijEijk ds vuqlkj [kklh ifjokj eas fookg ds cknifr viuh iRuh ds ?kj jgrk gSA

oa'k ijEijk ds vuqlkj mÙkjkf/dkj Hkh iq=k dks izkIr u gksdj iq=kh dks ghizkIr gksrk gSA [kklh yksxksa esa ekrk dk HkkbZ (;kuh ekek) ekrk dks iq'rSuhlEifÙk dh ns[k js[k djrk gSA vFkkZr lEifÙk ij fu;U=k.k dk vf/dkj ekrkds HkkbZ dks fn;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa og L=kh mÙkjkf/dkj ds :i esa feyh


lEifÙk dk vius <ax ls mi;ksx ugha dj ikrh gSA bl izdkj [kklh tutkfresa ekek dh vizR;{k lÙkk la?k"kZ dks tUe nsrh gSA [kklh iq#"kksa dks nksgjhHkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA ,d vksj rks [kklh iq#"k viuh cgu dh iq=kh dhlEifÙk dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj ml ij viuh iRuh rFkk cPpksa dsykyu ikyu dk Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa dh fL=k;k¡ cqjh rjgizHkkfor gksrh gSA ekr`oa'kh; O;oLFkk ds ckotwn [kklh lekt eass 'kfDr olÙkk iq#"kksa ds gh vklikl ?kwerh gSA

10- ukrsnkjh % ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa lekt }kjk ekU;rk izkIr os laca/ vkrs gSa tksvuqekfur vkSj jDr laca/ksa ij vk/kfjr gksa & tSls pkpk] ekek vkfnA

ukrsnkjh ds izdkj %

(v) fookg ewyd ukrsnkjh % tSls& lkyk&lkyh] lkl&llqj] nsoj] HkkHkhvkfnA

(c) jDrewyd ukrsnkjh % tSls& ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu vkfnA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1- dFku lgh djsa%

(a) o.kZ vkSj tkfr esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

(b) firlRrkRed ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh lRrk o izHkqRo gksrk gSA

(c) [kklh tutkfr esa efgykvksa dks xgu Hkwfedk }a} dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkgSA

(d) ,d yacs la?k"kZ osQ ckn >kj[kaM o NRrhlx<+ dks vyx jkT;ksa dk ntkZugha fey ik;kA

2. ukrsnkjh osQ izdkj gksrs gSaμ

(a) nks (b) rhu

(c) pkj (d) ik¡p


3. laLÑfrdj.k dh vo/kj.kk nh xbZμ

(a) Jhfuokl (b) eSDl oscj

(c) ,- vkj- nslkbZ (d) dky ekDlZ

4. izcy tkfr dk mnkgj.k gSμ

(a) fcgkj esa ;kno (b) fcgkj esa oksDdfyax

(c) fcgkj esa jktiwr (d) fcgkj esa ejkBs

5. tutkrh; lektksa dk oxhZdj.k fo'ks"kd ---------------- fo'ks"kd o ----------------fo'ks"kd osQ vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA

6. 1901 esa ---------------- osQ funsZ'ku esa tux.kuk 'kq: gqbZA

7. 'kgjksa esa ---------------- O;oLFkk vn'; gks jgh gS] ogh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa n';ekugSA

8. oa'k osQ vk/kj ij ---------------- ifjokj o ---------------- ifjokj ik;s tkrs gSaA

9. lkekftd lajpuk esa cnykoksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ---------------- <kaps esa cnykogksrk gSA

10. tkfr ---------------- ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

11. tkfr osQ dBksj fu;e gSμ

(a) fookg (b) [kku&iku

(c) O;olk; (d) mijksDr rhuks

2 vad ds iz'u

1- tkfr D;k gS\

2- izcy tkfr D;k gksrh gS\

3- o.kZ o tkfr esa D;k vUrj gS\

4- pkj izcy tkfr;ksa ds uke fy[ksaA

5- tutkfr dh ifjHkk"kk crkbZ;sA


6- i`FkDdj.k cuke ,dhdj.k fo"k; ij okn&fookn dk o.kZu djsaA

7- mu nks dkj.kksa dks crkb;s tks tutkfr ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSaA

8- ,dy o la;qDr ifjokj esa vUrj crkb;sA

9- ukrsnkjh dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ksaA

4 vad ds iz'u

1- tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

2- mifuos'kokn ds iQyLo:i tkfr&O;oLFkk esa D;k ifjorZu gq,\

3- tkfr o tutkfr esa D;k vUrj gS\

4- tutkrh; igpku dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks fyf[k,A

5- ekr`oa'k o ekr`rU=k esa D;k vUrj gS\

6- laLÑfrdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

7- tkfr O;oLFkk eas i`FkDdj.k o vf/Øe dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

8- os dkSu ls fu;e gS ftldk ikyu djus ds fy, tkfr O;oLFkk ckè; djrhgS\

9- Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\

10- ifjokj ds fofHkUu izdkj crkb;sA

11- lkekftd lajpuk esa gksus okys ifjorZu ikfjokfjd lajpuk esa fdl izdkjifjorZu yk ldrs gSa\ mnkgj.k nsdj o.kZu djsa\

12- [kklh iq#"kks dks nksgjh Hkwfedk D;ks fuHkkuh iM+rh gS\

6 vad ds iz'u

1- tkfr O;oLFkk ds fl¼kUrksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k nsaA

2- mifuos'kokn us Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dks fdl izdkj etcwr fd;k\


3- jk"Vªh; fodkl cuke tutkrh; fodkl dh foospuk djsaA

4- mu fo'ks"kdksa dk o.kZu djsa tks tutkrh; lekt dks oxhZÑr djrs gSaA

5- [kklh tutkfr dh ekr`oa'kh; O;oLFkk D;k gS\

6- D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd tutkfr;k¡ vkfne leqnk; gS tks lH;rk dhNsM+NkM ls vyx ,dkdh thou thrs gS\ foospuk dhft,A


ikB & 3

cktkj lkekftd laLFkk ds :i eas

eq[; fcUnq

1- cktkj % ,d ,slk LFkku tgk¡ ij oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk gSA ckgkj dsoy,d vkfFkZd laLFkk ugha cfYd lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA

lkIrkfgd cktkj % tks lIrkg esa ,d ckj yxs uxjksa esa dgha dgha&dghalkIrkfgd cktkj Hkh yxrs gSaA tgk¡ ls miHkksDrk viuh nSfud mi;ksx dhphts] tSlsμ lCth] iQy vkfn lkeku [khjnrs gSA

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkh gkV o esys ds :i esa cktkj ltrs gSaA tgk¡ ls xzkeh.kviuh vko';drk laca/h oLrq,¡ [kjhnrs gSaA

,Me fLeFk ds vuqlkj & iwathokn vFkZO;oLFkk] Lo;a ykHk ls Lopkfyr gSvkSj ;g rc vPNs ls dk;Z djrh gS] tc gj O;fDr [kjhnnkj o foØsrk rdZlaxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks muds fgr esa gksrs gSaA fLeFk us [kqys O;kikj dk leFkZufd;kA

vn`'; gkFk % cktkj O;oLFkk esa izR;sd O;fDr vius ykHk dks c<+kus dsfo"k; eas lksprk gSA ,slk djrs gq, og tks Hkh djrk gS og Lo;a lekt dsfgr esa gksrk gSA vr% dksbZ vn`'; 'kfDr lkekftd fgr esa dk;Zjr gS] ftlsvn`'; gkFk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

ttekuh izFkk % ttekuh izFkk dk vFkZ gS lsok Hkko ls dke djuk] tSlsiqjkus le; esa vf/drj NksVs yksx cM+ks yksxksa dh lsok fd;k djrs Fks] ftlesetnwjh u ds cjkcj gksrh FkhA

eqDr cktkj % ,slk cktkj tks lHkh izdkj ds fu;eksa ls eqDr gksuk pkfg,pkgs ml jkT; dk fu;a=k.k gks ;k fdlh vkSj lÙkk dkA

eqDr cktkj % lHkh izdkj ds fu;eksa ls eqDr gksuk pkfg, pkgs ml ij jkT;dk fu;a=k.k gks ;k fdlh vkSj lÙkk dkA


eqDr cktkj dks izsQap dgkor esa vgLr{ksi uhfr dgk tkrk gSA bl dgkordk vFkZ gS & ^vdsyks NksM+ nksA*

2- cktkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa % lekt'kkL=kh cktkj dks ,d laLFkkekurs gSa tks fo'ks"k lkaLÑfrd rjhds }kjk fufeZr gS] cktkjksa dk fu;U=k.k ;k laxBu vDjfo'ks"k lkekftd lewgksa ;k oxks± }kjk gksrk gSA tSls &lkIrkfgd] vkfnoklh gkV] ikEifjdO;kikfjd leqnk;A

3- tutkrh; lkIrkfgd cktkj % vklikl ds xk¡o ds yksxksa dks ,df=kr djrkgS tks viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k mRikn dks cspus vkrs gSa os vU; lkeku [kjhnus vkrs gSatks xk¡o esa ugha feyrsA bu cktjksa esa lkgwdkj] el[kjs] T;ksfr"k xi&'ki djus okys yksxvkrs gSaA igkM+h vkSj taxykrh bykdksa esa tgk¡ vf/okl nwj&njkt rd gksrk gS] lM+dsa vkSjlapkj Hkh th.kZ&'kh.kZ gksrk gS ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh vis{kkÑr vfodflr gksrh gSA ,sls esalkIrkfgd cktkj mRiknksa ds vknku&iznku ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd esy&feyki dh ,dizeq[k laLFkk cu tkrk gSA LFkkuh; yksx vkil esa oLrqvksa dk ysu&nsu djrs gSaA gkV tkusdk izeq[k dkj.k lkekftd gS tgk¡ og vius fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV dj ldrk gS] ?kj ds tokuyM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dk fookg r; dj ldrs gSa] xIis ekj ldrs gSaA

,YizsQM xsy us fo'ks"k :i ls vkfnoklh lekt dk vè;;u fd;k gSA mUgksausNÙkhlx<+ ds cLrj ftys ds /ksjkbZ xk¡o dk vè;;u fd;kA lkIrkfgd cktkjdk n`'; lkekftd lEca/ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA cktkj esa cSBus ;kfu nqdku yxkusALFkkuksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksrk gS ftlls muds lkekftd laLrj.k] izfLFkrrFkk cktkj O;oLFkk dk Li"V irk pyrk gSA muds vuqlkj cktkj dk egRofliZQ bldh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA ;g ml {ks=k ds vfèkØfervarj lewgksa ds lkekftd lEcU/ksa dk izrhdkRed fp=k.k djrk gSaA

Wealthy Rajputjeweller

Middle rankingtraders

Tribal vegetablesellers

Local waresellers


4- iwoZ mifuosf'kd vkSj mifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa tkfr vk/kfjr ckt+kj ,oaO;kikfjd ra=k

mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa izeq[k vkfFkZd ifjorZu gq,A ,sfrgkfld 'kks/;g fn[kkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekSæhdj.k mifuosf'kdrk ds Bhdigys ls gh fo|eku FkkA cgqr ls xkaoksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dh xSj&cktkjhfofue; O;oLFkk tSls ttekuh O;oLFkk ekStwn FkhA iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk usviuh tM+sa tekuh 'kq# dj nh FkhA

iwoZ mifuosf'kd o mifuosf'kd cktkj O;oLFkk % Hkkjr gFkdj?kk diM+ksa dkeq[; fuekZrk o fu;kZrd FkkA ikjEifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;ksa o tkrh;ksa dhviuh dtZ o cSad O;oLFkk FkhA bldk eq[; lk/u gqM+h ;k fofue; fcygksrk gSA mnkgj.k & rfeyukMq ds ukdjV~Vkj A

Hkkjr dk ikjEifjd O;kikfjd leqnk; % oS';] ikjlh] flU/h] ckgjk] tSuvkfnA O;kikj vf/drj tkfr ,oa fj'rsnkjksa ds chp gksrk gSA

5- mifuos'kokn vkSj u, cktkjksa dks vkfoHkkZo %

Hkkjr eas mifuos'kokn ds izos'k ls vFkZO;oLFkk esas Hkkjh mFky&iwFky gqbZ tksmRiknu] O;kikj vkSj Ñf"k dks frrj&fcrj djus dk dkj.k cuhA

gLrdj?kk m|ksx dk iwjh rjg ls [kRe gks tkuk baXyS.M ls e'khukas }kjk fufeZrlLrs diM+ks dk Hkkjrh; ckT+kkjks esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa vkxeu gLrkdj?kk m|ksxdks u"V dj x;kA Hkkjr dh fo'o iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+us dh'kq:vkr gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr dPps eky vkSj Ñf"k mRiknksa dks eqgS;k djokus dk,d cM+k miHkksDrk cu x;kA

cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds foLrkj ds dkj.k u, O;kikjh lewg dk mn; gqvkftUgksaus O;kikj ds voljksa dks ugha xok;kA tSls & ekjokM+h leqnk;A

ekjokfM+;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro fcM+yk ifjokj tSls ukeh vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ls gSAmifuos'kdky ds nkSjku gh ekjokM+h ,d liQy O;kikfjd leqnk; cusAmUgksaus lHkh lqvoljksa dk ykHk mBk;kA vkt Hkh Hkkjr esa fdlh vU; leqnk;dh rqyuk esa ekjokfM+;ksa dh m|ksx esa lcls cM+h fgLlsnkjh gSA


6- iwathokn % ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk ds :i esa %

dkyekDlZ ds vuqlkj& vFkZO;oLFkk phtksa ls ugha cfYd yksxksa ds chpfj'rksa ls curh gSA etnwj viuh Je 'kfDr dks cktkj esa cspdj etnwjhdekrs gSaA

(v) mRiknu fof/ → lEcU/ksa dk cuuk → oxZ dk cuukA

(c) iw¡thokn → iw¡thoknh → etnwj

(ekfyd) (fngkM+h etnwj)

'kks"k.k

vfrfjDr dher

i.;hdj.k (oLrqdj.k) % igys dksbZ oLrq cktkjksa esa csph ;k [kjhnh ughatkrh Fkh] ysfdu vc og [kjhnh o csph tk ldrh gSA blds i.;hdj.kdgrs gSaSA tSls Je o dkS'ky] fdMuh rFkk vU; ekuo vaxA

miHkksx % miHkksDrk viuh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k lkaLÑfr ds vuqlkj dqNfo'ks"k oLrqvksa dks [kjhn ;k iznf'kZr dj ldrk gS o foKkiuksa dk Hkh iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA

izfr"Bk dk izrhd % miHkksDrk vius [kkus] ihus] iguus] jgus vkfn ds fy,fdl dksfV dh oLrq,a [kjhnrk gS] blds mudh ekyh gkyr dk irk pyrkgS] ;gh izfr"Bk dk izrhd dgykrk gSA tSls &lsyiQksu] u;s ekWMy dh dkjvkfnA

7- HkweaMyh;dj.k % ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+ukHkweMyhdj.k dgykrk gSA blds dkj.k gSa& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] izkS|ksfxdh]lapkj] ftlds dkj.k nwfj;k¡ de gks xbZ ,oa ,dhdj.k gqvk gSA

lEiw.kZ fo'o ,d oSf'od xk¡o esa rCnhy gks x;k gSA vktdy oLrqvksa vkSjlsokvksa dh [kjhn&iQjks[r ds fy, vkHkklh cktkj dk izpyu c<+ x;k gSA

vkHkklh cktkj ls rkRi;Z baVjusV] osc lkbV~l ds ekè;e ls oLrqkvsa vkSjlsaokvka dh [kjhnkjh djuk bl rjg ds cktkj esa Øsrk o foØrk izR;{k :ils gkftj ugha gksrs gSA 'ks;j cktkj bldk mnkgj.k gSA

vkt Hkkjr lkWÝVos;j lsok m|ksx rFkk fctusl izkslsl vkmV lksflZx m/ksx


tSls dkWy lsUVj ds ekè;e ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

dkWy lsUVj ,d ,slk dsfUVª;Ñr LFkku gksrk gS tgk¡ miHkksDrkvks dks fofHkUulsokvksa rFkk mRiknks dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

8- mnkjhdj.k % og izfØ;k ftlesa ljdkjh foHkkxksa dk futhdj.k] iwath] O;kikjo Je esa ljdkjh n[ky dk de gksuk] fons'kh oLrqvksa ds vk;kr 'kqYd esa deh djukvkSj fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa m|ksx LFkkfir djus dh btktr nsuk vkfn lEcfU/rizfØ;k,¡ mnkjhdj.k dgykrk gSA

ykHk %

1- fons'kh oLrq,¡ miyC/ gksukA

2- fons'kh fuos'k dk c<+ukA

3- vkfFkZd fodkl

4- jkstxkj c<+uk

gkfu;k¡ %

1- Hkkjrh; m|ksx fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ ugha dj ikrs tSlsdkj] bysDVªksfud lkeku vkfnA

2- csjkstxkjh Hkh c<+ ldrh gSA

leFkZu ewY; % fdlkuksa dh mit dk ljdkj mfpr ewY; (U;wure)lqfuf'pr djrh gS] ftls leFkZu ewY; dgrs gSaA

lfClMh % ljdkj }kjk nh xbZ lgk;rk lfClMh dgykrh gSA fdlkuksa dks blsmoZjdksa] Mhty rFkk chp dk ewY; de djds fn;k tkuk] ,y-ih-th-fctyh vkfn

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) tks lIrkg esa rhu ckj yxs mls lkIrkfgd cktkj dgrs gSaA

(b) eqDr cktkj esa lHkh izdkj osQ fu;e ykxw gksrs gSaA


(c) tutkrh; cktkj fliZQ vkfFkZd laLFkk gSA

(d) iw¡thokn esa etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k ugha gksrk gSA

2. ¶gqaMh¸ fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k gSμ

(a) dtZ i=k (b) O;kikj i=k

(c) cSad i=k (d) mijksDr rhuksa

3. tkfr vk/kfjr O;kikfjd ra=k dk mnkgj.k gSμ

(a) ukdjV~Vj (b) oksDdkfyax

(c) ;kno (d) jsM~Mh

4. Hkkjr esa gLrdj?kk m|ksx iwjh rjg ls [kRe gqvkμ

(a) e'khuksa osQ vkus ls

(b) dPpk eky baXyS.M tkus ls

(c) vaxzstksa osQ tkus ls

(d) Hkkjrh; cktkj esa flYd mRikn tkus ls

5. buesa ls izfr"Bk dk izrhd dk mnkgj.k ugha gSμ

(a) lsyiQksu (b) u;s ekWMy dh dkj

(c) eg¡xh ?kM+h (d) lekt esa mPp fLFkfr

6. ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+uk ----------------dgykrk gSA

7. ---------------- ,d ,slk dsUnzh;Ñr LFkku gksrk gS tgk¡ miHkksDrkvksa dks fofHkUulsokvksa rFkk mRiknksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

8. fdlkuksa dh mit dk ljdkj mfpr ewY; lqfuf'pr djrh gS ftls -----------dgrs gSaA

9. vkHkklh cktkj dk ,d mnkgj.k ---------------- cktkj gSA

10. ---------------- us [kqys O;kikj dk leFkZu fd;kA


11. fdlosQ vuqlkj NÙkhlx<+ osQ cLrj ftys osQ /ksjkbZ xk¡o osQ lkIrkfgd cktkjdk n'; lkekftd laca/ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA

(a) ,Me fLeFk (b) ,YiszQM xsy

(c) eSDl cscj (d) dkyZ ekDlZ

2 vad iz'u

1- iw¡thoknh fdls dgrs gSa\

2- ttekuh izFkk D;k gksrh gS\

3- cktkjhdj.k D;k gksrk gS\

4- mifuos'kokn fdls dgrs gSa\

5- mu rF;ksa (dkj.kksa) dks crkb;s ftlls fo'o dh nwfj;k¡ de gqbZ gSaA

6- lfClMh o leFkZu ewY; esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

7- vn`'; gkFk dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

8- vfrfjDr ewY; fdls dgrs gSa\

9- gq.Mh D;k gS\

10- ysl&,&isQ;j dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

11- vkHkklh cktkj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

12- izfr"Bk dk izrhd dks le>k,¡A

4 vad iz'u

1- i.;hdj.k dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A

2- O;kikj dh liQyrk esa tkfr ,oa ukrsnkjh laidZ dSls ;ksxnku dj ldrh gS\

3- mifuos'kokn ds vkus ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fdu vFkks± esa cnyh\

4- xk¡o esa yxus okys ckt+kj & ,d lkekftd laLFkk gSaA le>k,¡A

5- cktkj ij lekt 'kkL=kh n`f"Vdks.k] vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls fdl izdkj fHkUugSa\


6- HkweaMyhdj.k ds rgr dkSu&dkSu lh izfØ;k lfEefyr gSa\

7- lekt 'kkL=kh cktkj dks ,d lkekftd laLFkk D;ksa dgrs gSa\

6 vad iz'u

1- d`"kd lekt esa lkIrkfgd cktkj ,d lkekftd o vkfFkZd laxBu dk dsUæfcUnq gSA o.kZu dhft,A

2- mnkjhdj.k ds ykHk o dfe;ksa (gkfu;ksa) dks crkb;sA

3- D;k vkidh jk; esa mnkjhdj.k ds nwjxkeh ykHk mldh ykxr dh rqyuk lsvf/d gks tk,axs\ O;k[;k dhft,A


ikB 4

lkekftd vlekurk (fo"kerk) ,oa cfg"dkj ds Lo:i

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkekftd vlekurk %

lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj gekjs nSfud thou esa izkd`frd o okLrfodrkgSA

izR;sd lekt esa gj O;fDr dh lkekftd izfLFkfr ,d leku ugha gksrh gSAlekt esa dqN yksxksa ds ikl rks /u] lEifÙk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] lÙkk vkSj 'kfDrtSls lk/uksa dh vf/drk gksrh gS rks nwljh vksj dqN yksxksa ds ikl budkfurkUr vHkko jgrk gS rks dqN yksxksa dh fLFkfr chp dh gksrh gSA

lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj lkekftd blfy, gS&

;s O;fDr ls ugha lewg ls lEcfU/r gSA

;s O;ofLFkr o lajpukRed gSaA

;s vkfFkZd ugha gSaA

lkekftd lalk/uksa dks rhu :iksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

(v) HkkSfrd laifÙk ,oa vk; ds :i esa vkfFkZd iwath

(c) izfr"Bk o 'kS{ksf.kd ;ksX;rk ds :i esa lkaLÑfrd iwathA

(l) lkekftd laxfr;ksa o laidks± ds tky ds :i esa & lkekftd iwathA

lkekftd fo"kerk % lkekftd lalk/uksa rd vleku igq¡p dh i¼frlkekftd fo"kerk dgykrh gSA

2- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k %

og O;oLFkk tks ,d lekt ds varxZr ik, tkus okys lewgksa dk Å¡p&uhp;k NksVs&cM+s ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu Lrjksa ij c¡V tkuk gh lkekftdLrjhdj.k dgykrk gSA


Lrjhdj.k (lkekftd) ds rhu eq[; fl¼kUr fo'ks"krk,¡A

lkekftd Lrjhdj.k O;fDr;ksa ds chp dh fofHkUurk dk izdk;Z ughacfYd lekt dh fof'k"Vrk gSA

lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h cuk jgrk gSA

lkekftd Lrjhd.k dks fo'okl ;k fopkj/kjk }kjk leFkZu feyrk gSA

iwokZxzg & ,d lewg ds lnL;ksa }kjk nwljs lewg ds ckjs esa iwoZdfYir fopkj;k fo'okl dks iwokZxzg dgrs gSaA tSls & ;gwnh vksj ekjokM+h datwl gksrs gSaA

iwokZxzg vifjoZruh;] dBksj o :f<+o¼ /kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA

:<+/kj.kk,¡%& ,slk yksd fo'okl] lewg Lohd`r dksbZ vpy fopkj ;kHkkouk tks lkekU;r% 'kkfCnd rFkk laosx;qDr gksrh gSa :<+/kj.kk dgykrh gSA;g T;knkrj efgykvksa] utkrh;] iztkrh; lewgksa ds ckjs esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

HksnHkko%& fdlh lewg ds lnL;ksa dks muds fyax] tkfr ;k /eZ ds vk/kjij voljksa rFkk lqfo/kvksa ls oafpr j[kk tkuk HksnHkko dgykrk gSA

3- lkekftd cfg"dkj%&

og rkSj rjhds ftuds tfj, fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dks lekt esa iwjh rjg?kqyus feyus ls jksdk tkrk gS ;k vyx j[kk tkrk gS ;g vkdfLed u gksdjO;ofLFkr rFkk vuSfPNd gksrk gSA

lkekftd cfg"dkj vkdfLed ugha gksrk] ;g O;ofLFkr rFkk vuSfPNdgksrk gSA yEcs le; rd fo"kerk] ds dkj.k fu"dkflr lekt esa izfr'kks/ o?k`.kk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks tkrh gS] ftl dkj.k fu"dkflr lekt vius&vkidks eq[; /kjk ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k ugha djrsA tSls&nfyr] tutkrh;leqnk;] efgyk,¡ rFkk vU;Fkk l{ke yksxA

4- tkfr ,d HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk gSA

tkfr izFkk tUe ls gh fu/kZfjr gksrk gS u fd ml euq"; dh D;k fLFkfr gSA

tkfr O;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa dk O;olk; fu/kZfjr djrh gSA

lkekftd o vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ,d&nwljs ds vuq:i gksrh gSA


5- vLi`';rk& vke cksypky esa NqvkNwr dgk tkrk gSA /kfeZd ,oa deZdkaMh;n`f"V ls 'kq¼rk o v'kq¼rk ds iSekus ij lcls uhph tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dsfo:¼ vR;Ur dBksj lkekftd naMksa dk fo/ku fd;k tkrk gSA blsvLi`';rk dgrs gSA

vLi`';rk 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,sls yksxksa ds fy, fd;k x;k gS ftUgs vifo=k]xUnk vkSj v'kq¼ ekuk tkrk FkkA ,sls yksxksa dks dqvksa] efUnjksa vkSj lkoZtfudLFkkuksa ij izos'k fu"ks/ FkkA

xk¡/h th us bu yksxksa ds fy, gfjtu 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk fdUrqvktdy nfyr 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

nfyr dk 'kfCnd vFkZ gS& ^iSjks ls dqpyk gqvkA*

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (1956) ds vuqlkj tkfr vLi`';rk fu"ks/ gSA

egkRek xk¡/h] MkW vEcsMdj vkSj T;ksfrck iQwys us vLi`';rk fuokj.k dhfn'kk esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA

vLi`';rk ds vk;ke&

viotZu ;k cfg"dkj % is;ty ds lkekU; L=kksrksa ls ikuh ugha ysusfn;k tkrkA lkekftd mRlo] lekjksgksa esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrsA /kfeZdmRlo ij <ksy&uxkMs+ ctkukA

vuknj vkSj v/hurklwpd % Vksih ;k ixM+h mrkjuk] twrks dksmrkjdj gkFk esa idM+dj ys tkuk] flj >qdkdj [kMs+ jguk] lkiQ ;kpepekrs gq, diMs+ ugha iguukA

'kks"k.k o vkfJrk % mUgsa ^csxkj* djuh iM+rh gS ftlds fy, mUgsadksbZ iSlk ugha fn;k tkrk ;k cgqr de et+nwjh nh tkrh gSA

nfyr % og yksx tks fupyh ik;nku (tkfr O;oLFkk esa) ij gS rFkk'kksf"kr gS] nfyr dgykrs gSaA

6- tkfr;ksa o tu tkfr;ksa ds izfr HksnHkko feVkus ds fy, jkT; }kjkmBk, x, dne%&

(1) vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr ds fy, jkT; o dsUnzh; fo/ku&eaMyksa esavkj{k.kA


(2) ljdkjh ukSdjh esa vkj{k.k

(3) vLi`';rk (vijk/) 1955

(4) 1850 dk tkfr; fu;kZX;rk fuokj.k vf/fu;e

(5) vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr vLi`';rk mUewyu dkuwu&1989

(6) mPp 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds 93osa la'kks/u ds varxZr vU; fiNM+s oxZ dksvkj{k.k nsukA

xSj ljdkjh iz;kl o lkekftd vkUnkstu%&

Lok/hurk iwoZ& T;ksfrckiQwys] isfj;kj] lj lS;n vgen [kku] MkW-vEcsMdj] egkRek xka/h] jktkjke eksgu jk; vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku jgk gSA

mÙkj izns'k esa cgqtu lekt ikVhZ] dukZVd esa nfyr la?k"kZ lfefr

fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; ls ;ksxnku

7- vU; fiNM+k oxZ& lkekftd] 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds oxZ] dksvU; fiNM+k oxZ dgk tkrk gS blesa lsok djus okyh f'kYih tkfr;ksa ds yksx'kkfey gSA

bu oxksZa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk laLd`fr] f'k{kk] vkSj lkekftd n`f"V ls budkfiNM+kiu gSA ;s oxZ u rks vxM+h tkfr esa vkrs gSa u gh fiNM+h tkfr esa vkrs gSA

dkdk lkgsc dkysydj dh vè;{krk ls lcls igys ^^ fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx**dk xBu fd;k FkkA vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 1953 esa ljdkj dks lkSai nh FkhA

1979 esa nwljk fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx (eaMy vk;ksx) xfBr fd;kA

vkt vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds chp Hkkjh fo"kerk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ,d vksjrks OBC dk og oxZ gS tks /uh fdlku gS rks nwljh vksj xjhch js[kk ls uhpsthou ;kiu dj jgk nwljk oxZ gSA

8- Hkkjr esa tutkrh; thou%&

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqlkj fu/Zurk] 'kfDr ghurk o lkekftd ykaNu lsihfM+r lkekftd lewg gSA bUgsa tutkfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

tutkfr;ksa dks izk;& ^ouoklh* vkSj vkfnoklh tkuk tkrk gSA


vkUrfjd mifuos'kokn& vkfnoklh lekt us izxfr ds uke ij vkUrfjdmifuos'kokn dk lkeuk fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us ouksa dk nksgu] [knkudjk[kkusa] cka/ cukus ds uke ij mudh tehu dk vf/xzg.k fd;k rFkkmudk iyk;u gqvkA

vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMs+ izeq[k eqn~ns%&

(1) jk"Vªh; ou uhfr cuke vkfnoklh foLFkkiu

(2) vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa l/u vkS|ksxhdj.k dh uhfr

(3) vkfnokfl;ksa esa ltkrh; jktuhfrd tkx:drk ds n'kZuA

9- fL=k;ksa ds vf/dkjksa o mudh fLFkfr ds fy, mUuhloha lnh esa lq/kjvkUnksyu gqvk%&

L=kh&iq#"k esa vlekurk lkekftd gS] u fd izkÑfrd ;fn L=kh&iq#"kizkÑfrd vk/kj ij vleku gS rks D;ksa dqN efgyk,¡ lekt esa 'kh"kZLFkku ij igq¡p tkrh gSA nqfu;k ;k ns'k eas ,sls Hkh lekt gS tgk¡ifjokjksa eas efgykvksa dh lÙkk O;kIr gS tSls dsjy ds ^uk;j* ifjokjksaeas vkSj es?kky; dh ^[kklh* tutkfrA ;fn efgyk tSfod ;k 'kkjhfjdvk/kj ij v;ksX; le>h tkrh gks rks dSls og liQyrkiwoZd Ñf"k vkSjO;kikj dks pyk ikrha la{ksi eass] ;g dguk U;k; laxr gksxk fdL=kh&iq#"k ds chp vlekurk ds fu/kZj.k esa tSfod@izkÑfrd ;k 'kkjhfjdrRoksa dh dbZ Hkwfedk ugha gSA

jktk jke eksgu jk; us lrh izFkk rFkk cky fookg dk fojks/ fd;k rFkkfo/ok fookg dk leFkZu fd;kA

T;ksfrck iQwys us tkfr; o ySafxd vR;kpkjksa ds fojks/ esa vkUnksyufd;kA

lj lS;n vgen [kku us bLyke esa lkekftd lq/kjksa ds fy, yM+fd;ksds Ldwy rFkk dkWyst [kksysA

n;kuan ljLorh us ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA

jkukMs us fo/ok fookg iqufoZokg ij tksj fn;kA

rkjkckbZ f'kans us ^^L=kh&iq:"k rqyuk** fy[kh ftlesa xyr rjhds ls


iq:"kksa dks mQ¡pk ntkZ nsus dh ckr dgh xbZA

csxe jksds;k gqlSu us ^lqYrkukt Mªhe uked fdrkc fy[kh ftlesa gjfyax dks cjkcj vf/dkj nsus ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

1931 esa djkph esa Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl }kjk ,d vè;kns'k tkjh djdsfL=k;ksa dks cjkcjh dk gd nsus ij cy fn;k x;kA lkoZtfud jkstxkj]'kfDr ;k lEeku ds laca/ esa fu;ksZX; ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

1970 esa dkiQh vge eqn~ns ij tksj fn;k x;k tSls& iqfyl fgjklr esacykRdkj] ngst] gR;k vkfnA fL=k;ksa dks er Mkyus] lkoZtfud inèkkj.kdjus dk vf/dkj gksxkA

10- v{kerk (fodykaxrk)%& 'kkjhfjd] ekufld :i ls ckf/r O;fDr] blfy,v{ke dgykrs gSa D;ksafd os lekt dh jhfr;ksa o lksp ds vuqlkj t:jr dksiwjk ugha djrsA

fu;ksZX;rk@v{kerk dks ,d tSfod detksjh ekuk tkrk gSA

tc dHkh fdlh v{ke O;fDr ds le{k dbZ leL;k,¡ [kM+h gksrh gS rks ;geku fy;k tkrk gS fd ;s leL;k,¡ mldh ck/k ;k detksjh ds dkj.k ghmRiUu gqbZ gSA

v{ke O;fDr dks ges'kk f'kdkj ;kuh ihfM+r O;fDr ds vius izR;{k Kku lstqM+h gSA

;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fu;ksZX;rk ml fu;ksZX; O;fDr ds vius izR;{k Kku lstqM+h gSA

fu;ksZX;rk rFkk xjhch ds chp dkiQh fudV laca/ ns[kk x;k gS D;ksfd xjhchds dkj.k gh ekrk,¡ dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh gS vkSj nqcZy o vfodflrcPpksa dks tUe nsrh gSA tks cMs gksdj foDykax yksxksa dh la[;k dks c<+krsgSA

ljdkj buds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØe iznku djrh gS& tSls& f'k{kk] jkstxkj]O;kolkf;d


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) jkukMs us lrh izFkk osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu pyk;kA

(b) vke cksypky esa vLi';rk dks NqvkNwr ugha dgk tkrkA

(c) lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj lkekftd blfy, gS D;ksafd ;s O;fDr lslacaf/r gSA

(d) tkfr ,d HksnHkko iw.kZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA

2. nfyr dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ---------------- gSA

3. ,d lewg osQ lnL;ksa }kjk nwljs lewg osQ ckjs esa iwoZdfYir fopkj ;k fo'okldks ---------------- dgrs gSA

4. og O;oLFkk tks ,d lekt osQ varxZr ik, tkus okys lewgksa dk Å¡p&uhp;k NksVs&cM+s osQ vk/kj ij fofHkUu Lrjksa ij c¡V tkuk gh ---------------- dgykrkgSA

5. xk¡èkh th us vLi'; yksxksa osQ fy, ---------------- 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA

6. 1882 esa ---------------- us L=kh&iq#"k rqyuk uked iqLrd fy[khA

7. lkekftd o 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA

(a) vU; fiNM+k oxZ (b) vuqlwfpr tkfr

(c) vuqlwfpr tutkfr (d) nfyr

8. vLi';rk osQ vk;ke gSaμ

(a) viotZu o cfg"dkj (b) vuknj

(c) 'kks"k.k (d) mijksDr rhuksa

9. fdlosQ }kjk tkrh; o ySafxd vR;kpkjksa osQ fojks/ esa vkanksyu fd;kA

(a) T;ksfrck iqQys (b) jktk jke eksgu jk;

(c) n;kuan ljLorh (d) jkukMs


10. budh vè;{krk esa lcls igys fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA

(a) dkdk lkgsc dkysydj (b) ch-ih- e.My

(c) lj lS;n vgen [kku (d) egkRek xk¡èkh

11. tkfr;ksa o tutkfr;ksa osQ izfr HksnHkko feVkus osQ fy, jkT; }kjk mBk, x,dne gSμ

(a) vkj{kj.k o dkuwu }kjk

(b) lekt lq/kjdksa }kjk

(c) jktuhfrd ikVhZ }kjk

(d) fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; ls ;ksxnku }kjk

2 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd fo"kerk o ckfg"dkj esa D;k lkekfyd gS\

2- fofHkUu lkekftd lalk/u D;k gS\

3- fuEu dk vFkZ crkb,A

(v) iwokZxzg (c) HksnHkko (l) :f<+c¼ /kj.kk,¡

4- lkekftd cfg"dkj fdls dgrs gS\

5- vLi`';rk D;k gS\ (Outside Delhi 2018)

6- tkfr o vkfFkZd vlekurk ds chp D;k lEcU/ gS\

7- nfyr fdls dgrs gSa\

8- jkT; }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dks fdl rjg dk vkj{k.k fn;k x;kgS\

9- tkrh; fo"kerk dks nwj djus ds fy, xSj jktdh; laxBuksa dh D;k Hkwfedkjgh gS\

10- vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) dkSu gS\ ;k O.B.C dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds ekunaMD;k gS\ (Outside Delhi-2018)


11- ^vkfnoklh* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

12- v{kerk o xjhch esa D;k lEcU/ gS\

13- xk¡/h th us vLi`'; yksxksa dks D;k dgdj iqdkjk\

4 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh dqN fo'ks"krk, crkbZ,A

2- ukjh ls lEcfU/r dkSu&dkSu ls eqn~ns gSa\

3- tkfr O;oLFkk ,d HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk gSA o.kZu djsa\

4- tkrh; o tutkrh; fo"kerk dks nwj djus esa jkT; }kjk mBk;s x, dneksa dhfoospuk dhft,A

5- L=kh o iq:"k esa vlekurk lkekftd gS] u fd izkd`frd] mnkgj.k lfgrO;k[;k djsaA

6- v{kerk ds izfr vke O;fDr ds D;k fopkj gS\ foLrkj ls fyf[k,A

7- fL=k;ksa dks lekurk dk vf/dkj nsus ds fy, 1931 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzslds djkph vf/os'ku ds ckjs esa crk,\

8- ^L=kh&iq#"k rqyuk* uked iqLrd fdlds }kjk fy[kh xbZ\ ;g iqLrd D;kn'kkZrh gS\

9- ^lqyrkuk MªhEl* uked iqLrd fdlds }kjk fy[kh xbZ\ ;g iqLrd D;kn'kkZrh gS\

6 vad iz'u

1- mifuos'k dky ds nkSjku ukjh lEcfU/r eqn~nksa dks lkekftd lq/kj vkanksyuksafdl izdkj mBk,\

2- vLi`';rk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ blds vk;ke Hkh fy[ksA

3- vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMs+ izeq[k eqn~ns dkSu ls gS\

4- ukjh vkanksyu us vius bfrgkl ds nkSjku dkSu&dkSu ls eqn~ns mBk, gSa\

5- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>k,¡\


ikB 5

lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡

eq[; fcUnq

1- ^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa ds ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;gdgrs gS fd Hkkjr ,d egku lkaLd`frd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS oks gekjkrkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj ds lkekftd lewg ,oa leqnk;fuokl djrs gSA

Hkkjr esa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dh >yd%& Hkkjre esa fofHkUu izns'kksa esa Hkk"kk]jgu&lgu] [kkuiku] os'k&Hkw"kk] izFkk] ijEijk] yksdxhr] yksdxkFkk] fookgiz.kkyh] thou laLdkj] dyk] laxhr rFkk u`R; esa Hkh gesa vusd jkspd ovkd"kZd Hksn ns[kus dks feyrs gSA

Hkkjrh; jk"Vª jkT; lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls fo'o ds lokZf/dfofoèkrkiw.kZ ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'oHkj esa bldk LFkku nwljk gSA

;gk¡ ds ,d vjc ls T;knk yksx dqy feykdj yxHkx 1632 fHkUu&fHkUuHkk"kk,¡ vkSj cksfy;k¡ cksyrs gSaA 18 Hkk"kkvksa dks lafo/ku dh vkBoha vuqlwphesa LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

80» ls vf/d vkcknh fgUnqvksa dh gSA yxHkx 13-4» vkcknh eqlyekuksadh gSA 2-3» bZlkbZ] 1-9» fl[k] 0-8» ckS¼] 0-4» tSu gSA

lafo/ku esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS Hkkjr ,d /eZ&fujis{k jkT; gksxkA

lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ls lEiznk;okn] tkfrokn] {ks=kokn] Hkk"kkokn vkfn iuirsgSA ,d leqnk; nwljs leqnk; dks uhpk fn[kkrk gSA


tSls&ufn;ksa ds ty] ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] vuqnkuksa ds caVokjs dks ysdj[khaprku 'kq: gks tkrh gSA

jaxHksn&jax ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko tSls&xksjk ;k dkykA

2- lkeqnkf;d igpku dk egÙo%&

gekjk leqnk; gesa Hkk"kk (ekr`Hkk"kk) vkSj lkaLd`frd ewY; iznku djrk gSftuds ekè;e ls ge fo'o dks le>rs gSaA ;g gekjh Lo;a dh igpku dksHkh lgkjk nsrk gSA

lkeqnkf;d igpku] tUe rFkk viusiu ij vk/kfjr gS] u fd fdlh miyfC/ds vk/kj ijA ;g ^ge D;k* gSa bl Hkko dh |ksrd gS u fd ge D;k cux, gSaA

laHkor% bl vkdfLed] 'krZ lfgr vFkok yxHkx vfuokj.kh; rjhds lslacaf/r gksus ds dkj.k gh ge vDlj viuh lkeqnkf;d igpku ls HkkoukRed:i ls bruk xgjs tqM+s gksrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa (ifjokj] rkusnkjh] tkfr]u`tkrh;rk] Hkk"kk] {ks=k ;k /eZ) ds c<+rs gq, vkSj ijLij O;kih nk;js ghgekjh nqfu;k dks lkFkZdrk iznku djrs gSa vkSj gesa igpku iznku djrs gSa fdge dkSu gSaA

3- jk"Vª dh O;k[;k djuk ljy gS ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu D;ksa\

jk"Vª ,d vuwBs fdLe dk leqnk; gksrk gSA ftldk o.kZu rks vklku gS ijbls ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gSA ge ,sls vusd fof'k"V jk"Vªksa dk o.kZu djldrs gSA ftudh LFkkiuk lk>s&/eZ] Hkk"kk] bfrgkl vFkok {ks=kh; laLdfr tSlhlk>h lkaLdfrd] ,sfrgkfld vksj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa ds vk/kj ij dh xbZ gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,sls cgqr ls jk"Vª gS ftudh viuh ,d lk>k ;k lkekU;Hkk"kk] /eZ] u`tkrh;rk vkfn ugha gSA nwljh vksj ,slh vusd Hkk"kk,a] /eZ ;ku`tkfr;k gS tks dbZ jk"Vªksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ysfdu blls ;g fu"d"kZ ughafudyrk fd ;g lHkh feydj ,d ,dhd`r jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa]mnkgj.k ds fy, lHkh vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksx ;k lHkh ckS¼ekZoyachA

vkReklkRdj.koknh vkSj ,dhdj.koknh j.kuhfr;k¡%& ,dy jk"Vªh; igpkuLFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gS tSls%&


laaiw.kZ 'kfDr dks ,sls eapksa esa dsfUnzr djuk tgk¡ izHkko'kkyh lewgcgqla[;d gks vkSj LFkkuh; ;k vYila[;d lewgksa dh Lok;Rrk dksfeVkukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh ijaijkvksa ij vk/kfjr ,d ,dhd`r dkuwu ,oaU;k; O;oLFkk dks Fkksiuk vkSj vU; lewgksa }kjk iz;qDr oSdfYidO;oLFkkvksa dks [kRe dj nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk dks gh ,dek=k jktdh; jk"VªHkk"kk* ds :iesa viukuk vkSj mlds iz;ksx dks lHkh lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa esa vfuok;Zcuk nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr dks jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds tfj,]ftuesa jkT; fu;af=kr] tulaidZ ds ekè;e vkSj 'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡ 'kkfeygS] c<+kok nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg ds bfrgkl] 'kwjohjksa vkSj laLd`fr dks lEeku iznkudjus okys jkT; izrhdksa dks viukuk] jk"Vªh; ioZ] NqV~Vh ;k lM+dksa vkfnds uke fu/kZfjr djrs le; Hkh bUgha ckrksa dk è;ku j[kukA

vYila[;d lewgksa vkSj ns'kt yksxksa ls tehusa] taxy ,oa eRl; {ks=kNhudj] mUgsa ^jk"Vªh; lalk/u* ?kksf"kr dj nsukA

4- Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa {ks=kokn%&

Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa] laLd`fr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj /eksZa dhfofo/rk ds dkj.k ik;k tkrk gS bls fo'ks"k igpku fpUgdksa ds HkkSxksfydladsnz.k ds dkj.k Hkh izksRlkgu feyrk gS vksj {ks=kh; oapu dk Hkko vfXuesa ?kh dk dke djuk gSA Hkkjrh; la?kokn bu {ks=kh; Hkkoqdrkvksa dkslek;ksftr djus okyk ,d lk/u gSA

{ks=kokn Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr gS&tSls iqjkuk cacbZ jkT; ejkBh] xqtjkrh] dUuM+,oa dksad.kh cksyus okys yksxksa dk cgqHkk"kh jkT; FkkA enzkl jkT; rfey]rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye cksyus okys yksxksa ls cuk FkkA

{ks=kokn /eZ ij vk/kfjr gSA

{ks=kokn tutkrh; igpku ij Hkh vk/kfjr Fkk tSls lu~ 2000 esa NÙkhlx<+]>kj[kaM] mÙkjkapy tutkrh; igpku ij vk/kfjr FksA


bu lc rRoksa ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ruko jgrk mnkjhdj.k ds ;qxesa vkfFkZd fodkl esa futh iw¡th fuos'k dks vf/d cM+h Hkwfedk lkSaih xbZ gSA,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd futh fuos'kdÙkkZ vkerkSj ij igys ls fodflr,sls jkT; esa iw¡th yxkuk pkgrs gS tgk¡ lqfo/k,¡ csgrj gksA

5- vYila[;d dk lekt'kkL=kh; vFkZ%& og lewg tks /eZ] tkfr dh n`f"Vls la[;k esa de gksA tSls& flD[k] eqfLye] tSu] ikjlh] ckS¼A

vYila[;d lewgksa dh /kj.kk dk lekt'kkL=k esa O;kid :i ls iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gS ,oa fliQ ,d la[;kRed fof'k"Vrk ds vykok vkSj vf/d egÙogS& blesa vkerksj ij vlqfo/k ;k gkfu dk dqN Hkkofufgr gSA vr%fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr vYila[;d tSls vR;ar /uoku yksxksa dks vkerkSj ijvYila[;d ugha dgk tk ldrkA

vYila[;dksa dks D;ksa laos/kfud laj{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,\

μ cgqla[;d oxZ ds tulkaf[;dh; izHkqRo ds dkj.k /kfeZd vFkoklkaLd`frd vYila[;dksa dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k dh vko';Drk gksrh gSA

μ /kfeZd rFkk lkaLd`frd vYila[;d oxZ jktuhfr n`f"V ls detksj gksrsgS Hkys gh mudh vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd fLFkfr dSlh Hkh gks] vr% bUgsalaj{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

cgqla[;d leqnk; jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks gfFk;k ysxk vkSj mudh /kfeZd ;klkaLd`frd laLFkkvksa dks nckus ds fy, jktra=k dk nq#i;ksx djsxk vkSj mUgsviuh igpku NksM+ nsus ds fy, etcwj dj nsxkA

vYila[;dks ,oa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ij Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk%&

vuqPNsn 29

(1) Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=k ;k mlds fdlh Hkk"kk ds fuoklh ukxfjdksa ds fdlhvuqHkkx dks] ftldh viuh fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr gS] mls cuk,j[kus dk vf/dkj gksxkA

(2) jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k jkT;&fuf/ ls lgk;rk ikus okyh dlh f'k{kk laLFkk esaizos'k ls fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks dsoy /eZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] Hkk"kk ;k buesa lsfdlh ds vk/kj ij oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkA


vuqPNsn 30

(1) /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr lHkh vYila[;d&oxksZa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kklaLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/dkj gksxkA

(2) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk nsus esa jkT; fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk ds fo:¼ blvk/kj ij foHksn ugha djsxk fd og /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr fdlhvYila[;d oxZ ds izca/ esa gSA

6- lkaiznkf;drk%&

jkstejkZ dh Hkk"kk esa ^lkaiznkf;drk* dk vFkZ gS /kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjrvkØked mxzokn] vius vkiesa ,d ,slh vfHko`fÙk gS tks vius lewg dks ghoS/ ;k Js"B lewg ekurh gS vksj vU; lewg dks fuEu] voS/ vFkok fojksèkhle>rh gSA

lkaiznkf;drk ,d vkØked jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk gS tks /eZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

lkaiznkf;drk jktuhfr ls ljksdkj j[krh gS /eZ ls ughaA ;|fi laiznkf;drk/eZ ds lkFk xgu :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ckj&ckj lkaiznkf;d ruko iQSyrs gSa tks fd fpark dk fo"k; cukgqvk gSA blesa ywVk tkrk gS] cykRdkj gksrk gS vksj yksxksa dh tku yh tkrhgS] tSlk fd 1984 esa flD[kksa ds lkFk ,oa 2002 esa xqtjkr ds eqlyekuksa dslkFk gqvk] blds vykok Hkh gtkjksa ,sls iQlkn gq, gSaA ftlesa lnSovYila[;dksa dk cM+k uqdlku gqvk gSA

7- /eZfujis{krkokn%&

if'peh utfj;s ds vuqlkj bldk vFkZ gS ppZ ;k /eksZ dks jkT; ls vyxj[kukA /eZ dk lÙkk ls vyx j[kuk if'peh ns'kksa ds fy, ,d lkekftdbfrgkl dh gSfl;r j[krk gSA

Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa /eZfujis{k jkT; og gksrk gSA tks fdlh fo'ks"k /eZ dk vU;/eksZa dh rqyuk esa i{k ugha ysrkA Hkkjrh; Hkko ds jkT; ds lHkh /eksZa dksleku vknj nsus ds dkj.k nksuksa ds chp ruko ls ,d rjg dh dfBu fLFkfriSnk gks tkrh gS gj iQSlyk /eZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fy;k tkrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, gj /eZ ds R;ksgkj ij ljdkjh NqV~Vh gksrh gSA


8- lÙkkoknh jkT;%&

,d lÙkkoknh jkT; yksdra=kkRed jkT; dk foijhr gksrk gSA

blesa yksxksa dh vkokt ugha lquh tkrh gSA vkSj ftuds ikl 'kfDr gksrh gS osfdlh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrsA

lÙkkoknh jkT; vDlj Hkk"kk dh Loraa=krk] iszl dh LorU=krk] lÙkk dsnq:i;ksx ls laj{k.k dk vf/dkj fof/ (dkuwu) dh visf{kr izfØ;kvksa dkvf/dkj tSlh vusd izdkj dh ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa dks vDlj lhfer ;klekIr dj nsrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks lÙkkoknh 'kklu dk FkksM+k vuqHko vkikrdky ds nkSjkugqvk tks 1975 ls 1977 rd ykxw jgh FkhA

laln dks fuyafcr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ukxfjd Lora=krk,¡ Nhu yh xbZ vkSjjktuhfrd :i lfØ; yksx cM+h la[;k esa fxjÝrkj gq,A fcuk eqdnek pyk,tsyksa esa Mky fn, x,A

tulapkj ds ekè;eksa ij lsalj O;oLFkk ykxw dj nh xbZ FkhA

lcls dq[;kr dk;ZØe ulcanh vfHk;ku FkkA yksxksa dh 'kY;fØ;k ds dkj.kmRiUu gqbZ leL;kvksa ls ekSr gqbZA

1977 ds izkjaHk esa pquko djk,¡ x, rks yksxksa us c<+&p<+dj lÙkk/kjh dkaxzslny ds fojks/ esa cksV MkysA

9- ukxfjd lekt%&

ukxfjd lekt ml O;kid dk;Z{ks=k dks dgrs gSa tks ifjokj ds futh {ks=kls ijs gksrk gS] ysfdu jkT; vkSj cktkj nksuksa {ks=k ls ckgj gksrk gSA

ukxfjd lekt esa LoSfPNd laxBu gksrs gSA

;g lfØ; ukxfjdrk dk {ks=k gS ;gk¡ O;fDr feydj lkekftd eqn~nksa ijppkZ djrs gSaA tSls&xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,¡] jktuhfrd ny] ehfM;k] Jfed la?kvkfnA

ukxfjd lekt ds }kjk mBk, x, eqn~ns

μ tutkfr dh Hkwfe dh yM+kbZ


μ i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk mnkgj.k

μ ekud vf/dkj vkSj nfyrksa ds gd dh yM+kbZ (eqn~ns)A

μ uxjh; 'kklu dk gLrkarj.kA

μ fL=k;ksa ds izfr fgalk vkSj cykRdkj ds fo:¼ vfHk;kuA

μ ck¡/ksa ds fuekZ.k vFkok fodkl dh vU; ifj;kstukvksa ds dkj.kfoLFkkfir gq, yksxksa dk iquZoklA

μ xanh cfLr;k¡ gVkus ds fo:¼ vkSj vkoklh; vf/dkjksa ds fy,vfHk;kuA

μ izkFkfed f'k{kk laca/h lq/kjA

μ nfyrksa dks Hkwfe dk forj.kA

μ jkT; dks dke dkt ij utj j[kus vkSj mlls dkuwu dk ikyudjokukA

lwpukf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 (yksxksa ds mÙkj nsus ds fy, jkT; dks ckè;djuk)

lwpukf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 Hkkjrh; laln }kjk vf/fu;fer ,d ,slkdkuwu gS ftlds rgr Hkkjrh;ksa dks (tEew vkSj d'ehj) ljdkjh vfHkys[kksard igq¡pus dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k gSA

dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fdlh ^^lkoZtfud izkf/dj.k** ls lwpuk ds fy, vuqjks/dj ldrk gS vksj ml izkf/dj.k ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og 'kh?kzrkls ;kuh 30 fnu ds Hkhrj mls mÙkj nsxkA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) jk"Vª dh O;k[;k djuk dfBu gS ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk ljy gSA

(b) vYila[;d og lewg gS tks /eZ] tkfr dh nf"V ls la[;k esa vf/d gksrsgSA


(c) lkaiznkf;drk dk vFkZ ¶/kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjr vkØked mxzokn¸ugha gksrk gSA

(d) lkeqnkf;d igpku tkfr rFkk oxZ ij vk/kfjr gS] u fd fdlh miyfC/osQ vk/kj ijA

(e) tula[;k dh nf"V ls fo'o Hkj esa phu dk LFkku nwljk gSA

2. lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dk mnkgj.k gSμ

(a) Hkkjr (b) ikfdLrku

(c) usiky (d) phu

3. vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/r vuqPNsn gSμ

(a) 29 ,oa 30 (b) 31 ,oa 32

(c) 33 ,oa 34 (d) 27 ,oa 28

4. lÙkkoknh 'kklu osQ nkSjku fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k lgh ugha gSA

(a) ukxfjd Lora=krk,¡ fNuuk (b) lsalj O;oLFkk ykxw djuk

(c) laln dks fuyafcr djuk (d) Hkk"kk dh Lora=krk gksukA

5. ---------------- vf/fu;e 2005 ,d ,slk dkuwu gS ftlosQ rgr Hkkjrh;ksa dksljdkjh vfHkys[kksa rd igq¡pus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA

6. ,d ---------------- jkT; yksdra=kkRed jkT; dk foijhr gksrk gSA

7. if'peh utfj;s osQ varxZr ---------------- esa ppZ ;k /eks± dks jkT; ls vyxj[kukA

8. jax Hksn ls rkRi;Z gS ---------------- tSls xksjk ;k dkykA

9. ---------------- vkSj ---------------- j.kuhfr;k¡ ,dy jk"Vªh; igpku LFkkfir djusdh dksf'k'k djrh gSA

10. {ks=kokn ---------------- rFkk ---------------- ij vk/kfjr gSA

2 vad iz'u

1- lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\


2- /eZfujis{krk dks ik'pkR; o Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa le>kb,A

3- vftZr igpku D;k gksrk gSA

4- jk"Vª&jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ksaA

5- vYila[;d dkSu gksrs gSa\

6- lektoknh jkT; dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a fy[ksaA

7- {ks=kokn D;k gksrk gS\

8- fo'ks"k vf/dkj izkIr@lqfo/k izkIr vYila[;d dkSu gksrs gSa\

9- jktuhfrd :i ls vYila[;d egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gSa\

10- vYila[;dksa dh lqj{kk jkT; ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gS] D;ksa\

11- jkT; vDlj lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ds ckjsa esa 'kadkyq D;ksa gksrs gSa\

12- Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh /kfeZd fofo/rk ij ys[k fy[ksaA

13- vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjksa ds fo"k; esa lafo/ku esa D;k&D;k fy[kk gS\

14- lkaiznkf;drk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

15- jaxHksn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lkaiznkf;drk dk o.kZu djsaA

2- Hkkjr us viuh lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dks fdl izdkj cuk, j[kk gS\

3- lkaiznkf;drk dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

4- ik'pkR; o Hkkjrh; /eZ fujis{krk esa vUrj Li"V djsaA

5- iztkra=kh; jkT; o lÙkkoknh jkT; esa vUrj crkb;sA

6- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa {ks=kokn dks le>kb;saA


6 vad iz'u

1- ukxfjd lekt D;k gksrk gS\ vkt nqfu;k esa bldk D;k egÙo gS\ mnkgj.klfgr o.kZu djsaA

2- lkaiznkf;drk fdls dgrs gSa\ ;g ruko vkSj fgalk dk iqujkoÙkZd Lkzksr D;kjgk gS\

3- vkidh jk; esa jkT;ksa ds Hkk"kkbZ iquxZBu us Hkkjr dh ,drk dks c<+k;k ;kuqdlku igq¡pk;k\


iqLrd 2

Ø-la- ikB vad

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjr esa lekftd ifjoZru ,oa fodkl 6

2- vè;k; 2 % lkaLd`frd ifjorZu 6

3- vè;k; 3 % Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ 6

4- vè;k; 4 % xzkeh.k lekt esa fodkl ,oa ifjorZu 6

5- vè;k; 5 % vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl 6

6- vè;k; 6 % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu 6

7- vè;k; 7 % tu lEidZ lk/u vkSj lapkj 6

8- vè;k; 8 % lkekftd vkanksyu 6

dqy 48

lekt'kkL= (dksM+ ua- 39)


iz'u i=k gy djus ds fy, ;kn djus ;ksX; egRoiw.kZ fcUnq

lh-ch-,l-bZ- eq[; ijh{kk fnYyh 2013&2017 (mÙkj lfgr)

vH;kl gsrw vuqPNsn (iz'u 25)

ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy;s lq>ko

ifj;kstuk dk;Z gsrw vad forj.k (lh-ch-,l-bZ- ds uohu funsZ'kkuqlkj)

vuqla/ku izk:i


ikB 1

Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl

eq[; fcUnq

1- Hkkjr esa vk/qfud fopkj ,oa laLFkk, vkSifuosf'kd dky dh nsu gS]gekjs ns'k dh lalnh; fof/ ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i oizfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA

lM+dksa ij cka, pyuk] cszM&vkeysV vkSj dVysV tSlh [kkus dh phtbLrseky djuk] usd&VkbZ iks'kkd dk vfuok;Z fgLlk gksrk gSA vaxszthHkk"kk dk Kku gksuk vkfnA

2- mifuos'kokn us jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ljapuk esa uohu ifjorZufd, ijUrq eq[; lajpkRed ifjorZu&vkS|ksfxdj.k o uxjhdj.k gSA

3- mifuos'kokn& ,d Lrj ij ,d ns'k }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks mifuos'koknekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g 'kklu fdlh vU; 'kklu ls vf/d izHkko'kkyhjgkA mifuos'kokn us lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLd`fr esa ifjorZuksa ds fn'kk nh,oa mu ij vusd izHkko MkysA

4- (i) mifuos'kokn dk Hkkjrh; lekt ij izHkko fczrkuh mifuos'kokn iw¡thoknO;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr FkkA blus vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa cM+s iSekus ijgLr{ksi fd;k] ftlds dkj.k bls etcwrh feyhA oLrqvksa dh mRiknuiz.kkyh o forj.k ds rjhds Hkh cny fn,]

(ii) taxy dkV dj pk; dh [ksrh dh 'kq:vkr dh rFkk taxyksa dks fu;af=kr,oa iz'kkflr djus ds y, vusd dkuwu cuk,A

(iii) mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku yksxks dk vkoxeu cM+k % MkDVj o odhyeq[;r% caxky o enzkl ls pqudj ns'k fons'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa lsokds fy, Hksts x,A O;olkf;;ksa dk vokxeu Hkh c<+kA ;g Hkkjr rdlhfer u jg dj lqnwj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk rFkk vesfjdk mifuos'k rd c<+x;kA


(iv) vkt ds >kj[kaM izns'k ls mu fnuksa cgqr ls yksx pk; ckxkuksa esa etnwjhdjus ds mís'; ls vle vk,A Hkkjrh; etnwjksa ,oa n{k lsokdfeZ;ksa dkstgktksa ds ekè;e ls lqnqj ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj vesfjdk Hkstk x;kA

(v) mifuos'k&okn us oS/kfud] lkaLd`frd o okLrqdyk esa Hkh ifjorZuyk,A dqN ifjorZu lqfu;ksftr rjhdksa ls ykx x, FksA

(vi) tSls if'peh f'k{kk i¼fr dks Hkkjr esa bl mís'; ls yk;k x;k fdmlls Hkkjrh;ksa dk ,d ,slk oxZ rS;kj gks tks fczfV'k mifuos'kokn dkscuk, j[kus esa lg;ksxh gksA ;gh if'peh f'k{kk i¼fr jk"Vªoknh psruk,oa mifuos'k fojks/h psruk dk ekè;e cuhA

(vii) fczfV'k mifuos'kokn vc Hkh gekjs thou dk,d tfVy fgLlk gSA gevaxzsth Hkk"kk dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs gSaA

(viii) cgqr ls Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa mRd`"V lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ dh gSAvaxszth ds Kku ds dkj.k fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA ftls vaxzsth dk Kkuugha gksrk gS mls jkstxkj ds {ks=k esa ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkgSA vaxszth Kku ls vc nfyrksa ds fy, Hkh voljksa ds }kj [kqy x, gSA

5- iw¡thokn&,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftlds mRiknu ds lk/uksa dk LokfeRodqN fo'ks"k yksxksa ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA blesa T;knk ls T;knk equkiQkdekus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS bls xfr'khyrk] o`f¼] izlkj] uohuhdj.k]rduhd rFkk Je ds csgrj mi;ksx ds fy, tkuk x;kA blls cktkjdks ,d foLr`r HkweaMyhdj.k :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA Hkkjr esa Hkhiw¡thokn ds fodkl ds dkj.k mifuos'kokn izcy gqvk vkSj bl izfØ;kdk izHkko Hkkjr dh lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrdlajpuk ij iM+kA

vxj iwathoknh O;oLFkk 'kfDr'kkyh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk cu ldrh gS rksjk"Vª jkT; Hkh l'kDr ,oa izcy jktuhfrd :i ys ldrdk gSAvkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k u, lkekftd lewg ,oa u, lkekftd fj'rksadk fodkl gqvkA


6- uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k%&

mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku nks lajpukRed ifjorZu gq,%&

ge uxjhdj.k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ls tksM+dj ns[krs gSA

vkS|ksxhdj.k dk lEcU/ ;kfU=kd mRiknu ds mn; ls tks mQtkZ dsxSjekuoh; lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gS blesa T;knkrj yksx dkj[kkuksa]nÝrjksa rFkk nqdkuksa esa dke djrs gSA rFkk blds dkj.k d`f"k O;olk;esa yksxksa dh la[;k de gksrh tk jgh gSA vkSifuosf'kd dky dsuxjhdj.k esa iqjkus 'kgjksa dk vfLrRo detksj gksrk x;k vkSj mudhtxg ij u, vkSifuos'kd 'kgjksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl gqvkA

uxjhdj.k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ls tksM+ dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nksuksa ,dlkFk gksus okyh izfd;k,¡ gS dbZ ckj vkS|ksfxd {kj.k Hkh ns[kk x;k gSAHkkjr esa dqN iqjkus] iajijkRed uxjh; dsUnzksa dk iru gqvkA ftl rjgfczVsu esa mRiknu o fuekZ.k esa c<+kok vk;k mlds foijhr Hkkjr esafxjkoV vkbZA izkphu uxj tSls&lwjr vksj elqyhiV~Vue dk vfLrRodetksj gqvkA

vk/qfud uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk] enzkl tks mifuos'koknh 'kklu esaizpfyr gq, etcwr gksrs x,A

cacbZ ls dikl] dydÙkk ls twV] enzkl ls dgok] phuh] uhy rFkkdikl fczVsu dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA

izkjEHk esa Hkkjr ds yksx vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k fczfV'kksa ds foijhrd`f"k {ks=k dh vksj vk,A bl izdkj u, lkekftd lewg rFkk u,lkekftd lEcU/ksa dk mn; gqvkA

Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds }kjk ghlq/kjk tk ldkA lekt'kkL=kh ,e-,l-,- jko us fy[kk gS fd Hkkjr dsvusd xk¡o Hkh rsth ls c<+ jgs uxjh; izHkko esa vk jgs gSA

fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa uxjksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhAleqnz rVh; uxj tSl cacbZ] dydÙkk vkSn enzkl mi;qDr ekus x, FksAD;ksafd bu txgksa ls miHkksx dh vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vklkuhls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;gh ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk lLrh ykxr lsvk;kr fdk tk ldrk FkkA


7- pk; dh ckxokuh

vf/dkfjd fjiksVZ ls irk pyrk gS fd vkSifuosf'd ljdkj xyrrjhdksa ls etnwjksa dh HkrhZ djrh FkhA

etnwjksa dks cyiwoZd ckxkuksa esa lLrs esa dke djk;k tkrk FkkA bllsckxku okyks dks iQk;nk feyrk FkkA

cxkuksa ds ekfyd vaxzst vkSj mudh ese fo'kky caxyksa esa jgrs FksA lkjkt:jr dk lkeku muds ikl ekStqn FkkA mudh ftanxh pdk&pkSa/ esaHkjh FkhA

8- Lora=k Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k

vkS|ksxhdj.k dks Lora=k Hkkjr us lfØ;rkSj ij c<+kok fn;kA

Lons'kh vkanksyu us Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr fu"Bk dksetcwr fd;kA

rhoz vkSj o`gn~ vkS|ksxhdj.k ds }kjk vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kj vkSjlkekftd U;k; gks ik;kA

Hkkjh e'khuhd`r m|ksxksa dk fodkl gqvkA bUgsa cukus okys m|ksx]ifCyd lsDVj ds foLrkj vkSj cM+s dks&vkWijsfVo lsDVj dks egRoiw.kZekuk x;kA

9- Lora=k Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k

Hkwe.Myhdj.k }kjk 'kgjksa dk vR;f/d izlkj gqvkA

,e-,l-,- jko ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa ds izHkko&

(d) dqN xk¡o ,sls gS t¡gk ls vPNh [kklh la[;k esa yksx nwjnjkt ds 'kgjksaesa jkst+xkj <w¡<+usa ds fy, tkrs gSA cgqr lkjs izoklh dsoy Hkkjrh; uxjksaesa gh ugha cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh jgrs gSaA

([k) 'kgjh izHkko mu xk¡oksa esa ns[kk tkrk gS tks vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa ds fudVfLFkr gS tSls fHkykbZA

(x) egkuxjksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl rhljs izdkj dk 'kgjh izHkko gSftlls fudVorhZ xk¡o izHkkfor gksrs gSA dqN lhekorhZ xk¡o iwjh rjg ls


uxj ds izlkj esa foyhu gks tkrs gSA tcfd os {ks=k tgk¡ yksx ugha jgrsuxjh; fodkl ds fy, iz;ksx dj fy, tkrs gSaA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. ,d Lrj ij ,d ns'k }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks ---------------- dgrs gSaA

2. mifuos'kokn osQ nkSjku eq[; lajpukRed ifjorZu ---------------- o ----------------gSA

3. ---------------- ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftlosQ mRiknu osQ lk/uksa dk LokfeRooqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa osQ gkFk esa gksrk gSA

4. ---------------- o ---------------- nksuksa tqM+h gqbZ izfØ;k,¡ gSaA

5. ckxkuksa ds ekfyd ---------------- FksA

6. dFku lgh fy[ksaμ

(a) vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj vaxwj dh ckxokuh osQ fy, xyr rjhdksa ls etnwjksadh HkrhZ djrh FkhA

(b) ckxkuksa osQ ekfyd vaxzst vkSj mudh ese n;uh; fLFkfr esa jgrs gSaA

(c) Hkkjr esa lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk] czsM&vkeysV [kkuk] usd&VkbZ iguukmifuos'kokn dk fgLlk ugha gSA

(d) vk/qfud uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk] enzkl tks mifuos'koknh 'kklu esaizpkfyr gq, detksj gksrs x,A

7. fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuEufyf[kr rVh; uxj dh HkwfedkegRoiw.kZ FkhA

(a) cacbZ (b) dydÙkk

(c) enzkl (d) mi;qDr rhuks

4. fdlosQ }kjk Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa osQ izHkko dks fy[kk x;kA

(a) ,e-,l- , jko (b) Jhfuokl

(c) ,- vkj- nslkbZ (d) lj lS;n vgen [kku


2 vad iz'u

1- vaxszth Hkk"kk us gekjs lekt ij D;k izHkko Mkyk\

2- mifuos'kokn D;k gS\

3- i'pkR; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk Hkkjr esa D;k izHkko iM+k\

4- iwathokn fdls dgk tkrk gS\

5- vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ks\

6- fczVs'k vkS|ksxhdj.k dk Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k\

7- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k fdl izdkj gqvkA

8- vkS|ksfxd {kj.k D;k gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- mifuos'kokn us gekjs thou dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\

(Outside Delhi 2018)

2- mifuos'kokn Hkkjr esa igys 'kkluksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

3- mifuos'kokn ds dkj.k yksxksa dk vokxeu c<+ x;kA dSls\

4- mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku jk"Vª jkT; dh fdl izdkj mRifÙk gqbZA

5- Hkkjr esa fdu 'kgjksa dks vaxzstksa us clk;k rFkk D;ksaA

6 vad iz'u

1- uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ijLIj laca/ gSA ppkZ djsaA

2- Lora=k Hkkjr esa ,e-,l-,- jko ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa ds izHkkoksadh ppkZ dhft,A


ikB 2

lkaLd`frd ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkaLd`frd ifjorZu dks pkj izfØ;kvksa ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

laLdfrdj.k] vk/qfudhdj.k] yksfddhdj.k vFkok fujis{khdj.k] if'pehdj.k

laLd`frdj.k dh izfØ;k mifuos'kokn ls igys Hkh Fkh ysfdu ckdh dh rhuizfØ;k,a mifuos'kokn ds ckn dh nsu gSA

2- 19 oha vkSj 20 oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa gq, lekt lq/kj vkankstu%&

lekt lq/kj vkUnkstu mu pqukSfr;ksa ds tokc Fks] ftUgsa Hkkjr ds yksxvuqHko dj jgs gks tSls& lrhizFkk] ckyfookg] fo/ok iqufoZokg rFkk tkfrizFkkA jktk jke eksgu jk; us lrhizFkk dk fojks¼ fd;kA

lekt 'kkL=kh lrh'k lcj cky us vkSifuosf'd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud ifjorZuksa dsfy, fuEu igyqvksa dks crk;kA

(v) lapkj ekè;e % iSzl] ekbZØksiQksu] tgkt] jsyos vkfnA oLrqvksa dsvkokxeu esa uohu fopkjksa dks rhoz xfr iznku djus esa lgk;rk iznku dhA

(c) laxBuksa ds Lo:i % caxky esa czge lekt vkSj iatkc esa vk;Z lektdh LFkkiuk gqbZA eqfLye efgykvks a dh jk"Vª Lrjh; laLFkkvatqeu&,&[okrhu&,&bLyke dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

(l) fopkj dh izd`fr& Lora=krk rFkk mnkjokn ds u, fopkj] ifjokjlajpuk] fookg lEcU/h fu;e] laLd`fr esa Lopsru ds fopkj] f'k{kk dsewY;A

vk/qfud rFkk ikjEifjd fopkj/kjkvksa esa okn&fookn gq,A T;ksfrckiQwys usvk;ksZ ls igys dks vPNk dky ekukA cky xaxk/j fryd us vk;Z;qx dh


iz'kalk dh] tgkavkjk 'kkg uokt+ us vf[ky Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgyk lEesyuesa cgq&fookg dh dqizFkk ds fo:¼ Hkk"k.k fd;k rFkk bls dqjku dh ewyHkkoukvksa ds fo:¼ crk;kA

lekt lq/kjksa ds fojksf/;ksa us Hkh viuh :f<+oknh ckrksa dks mBk;kA tSls&lrhizFkk ds leFkZu esa caxky esa /eZ lHkk dk xBu gqvkA

Hkkjr esa lajpukRed rFkk lkaLd`frd fofof/rk gSA

vk/qfud Kku o f'k{kk ds dkj.k f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dks mifuos'kokn esa vU;k;vkSj vieku dk vglkl gqvkA

3- laLd`frdj.k%&

laLd`frdj.k ,e-,l- Jh fuokl ds vuqlkj og izfØ;k ftlesa fuEu tkfr ;ktutkfr] mPp tkfr (f}t tkfr;k¡) dh thou i¼fr] vuq"Bku ewY;] vkn'kZrFkk fopkjksa dk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA blds izHkko Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] fopkj&/kjk]laxhr] u`R;] ukVd] vuq"Bku rFkk thou i¼fr esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;gizfØ;k vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx <ax ls gksrh gSA

ftu {ks=kksa esa xSj lkaLd`frd tkfr;k¡ izHkqRo'kkyh Fkh] ogka dh laLd`fr dks bufuEu tkfr;ksa us izHkkfor fd;kA Jh fuokl us bls folaLd`frd.k dk ukefn;kA

laLd`frdj.k dh vkykspuk%&

lkekftd xfr'khyrk fuEu tkfr ds Lrjhdj.k esa mèoZxkeh ifjorZudjrh gSA

mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh mPp rFkk fuEu Js.kh dh thou 'kSyh fuEugksus dh Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA

mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k okaNuh; rFkk izkd`frd gSA

;g vo/kj.kk vlekurk rFkk viotZu vk/kfjr gSA

fuEu tkfr ds izfr HksnHkko ,d fo'ks"kkf/dkj gSA

blesa nfyr lekt ds ewyHkwr i{kksa dks fiNM+k ekuk tkrk gSA

yM+fd;ksa dks Hkh vlekurk dh Js.kh esa uhps /dsy fn;k tkrk gSA


tkrh; lnL;rk gh izfrHkk dh lwpd cu xbZ gSA ;gh Hkkouk nfyrksa esa HkhvkbZ gSA ysfdu fiQj Hkh os HksnHkko o vioZtu ds f'kdkj gSA

4- if'pehdj.k& fczfV'k 'kklu ds 150 o"kksZa esa vk, izkS|ksfxdh] laLFkk]fopkj/kjk] ewY; ifjorZuksa dks if'pehdj.k dk uke fn;k x;kA thou'kSyh,oa fpUru ds vykok Hkkjrh; dyk rFkk lkfgR; ij Hkh if'peh laLd`fr dkvlj iM+k gSA ,sls yksx de gh Fks tks if'peh thou 'kSyh dks viuk pqdsFksA blds vykok vU; if'peh lkaLd`frd rRoksa tSls u, midj.kksa dkiz;ksx] iks'kkd] [kk|&inkFkZ rFkk vke yksxksa dh vknrksa vkSj rkSj&rjhdksa esaifjorZu vkfn FksA eè; oxZ ds ,d cM+s fgLls ds ifjokjksa esa Vsyhfotu]fizQt] lkSiQk&lsV] [kkus dh est vkfn vke ckr gSA

Jh fuoklu ds vuqlkj fuEu tkfr ds yksx laLd`frdj.k tcfd mPp tkfrds yksx if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k dks viukrs gSA

5- vk/qfudhdj.k%& izkjEHk esa vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; izkS|ksfxdh vksjmRiknu izfØ;kvksa esa gksus okys lq/kj ls FkkA ijUrq vk/qfud fopkjksa dsvuqlkj&lhfer] ladh.kZ LFkkuh; nf"Vdks.k detksj iM+ tkrs gSA vkSj lkoZHkkSfedn`f"Vdks.k ;kfu iwjk fo'o ,d dqVqEc gS dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA

6- vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj /eZfujis{khdj.k%&

;s /ukRed rFkk vPNs ewY;ksa dh vksj >qdkvks

vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; izkS|ksfxdj.k vksj mRiknu izfØ;kvksa esa gksus okyslq/kj ls gSA bldk eryc fodkl dk oks rjhdk ftlls if'peh ;wjksi ;kmÙkj vesjhdk us viuk;kA

vk/qfudhdj.k dk eryc ;s le> esa vkrk gS fd blds le{klhfer&ladhZ.k&LFkkuh; n`f"Vdks.k detksj iM+ tkrs gS vkSj lkoZHkkSfedizfrca¼rk vkSj fo'othr n`f"Vdks.k T;knk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA

blesa mi;ksfxrk] x.kuk vkSj foKku dh lR;rk dks Hkkoqdrk] /kfeZd ifo=krkvksj voSKkfud rRoksa ds LFkku ij egRo fn;k tkrk gSA

blds ewY;ksa ds eqrkfcd lewg@laxBu dk p;u tUe ds vk/kj ij ughacfYd bPNk ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA


/eZfujis{khdj.k dk eryc ,slh izfØ;k ls gS ftlesa /eZ ds izHkko esa devkrh gSA

vk/qfud lekt T;knk gh /eZfujis{k gksrk gSA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) /eZfujis{khdj.k dk eryc ,slh izfozQ;k ls gS ftlesa /eZ osQ izHkko esavf/drk vkrh gSA

(b) ,e- ,l- jko osQ vuqlkj fuEu tkfr osQ yksx laLÑfrdj.k tcfd mPptkfr osQ yksx if'pehdj.k dh izfozQ;k dks ugha viukrs gSaA

(c) laLÑfrdj.k dh vkykspuk osQ varxZr mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh dkvuqdj.k okaNuh; rFkk izkÑfrd ugha gSA

(d) lekt lq/kjdksa us lrh izFkk] cky fookg] fo/ok iqufoZokg rFkk tkfr izFkkosQ fo#¼ vkanksyu ugha pyk,A

2. lkekftd xfr'khyrk ---------------- tkfr osQ Lrjhdj.k esa mèoZxkeh ifjorZudjrh gSA

3. lrh izFkk osQ leFkZu esa caxky esa ---------------- lHkk dk xBu gqvkA

4. vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; ---------------- vkSj ---------------- izfozQ;kvksa esa gksus okyslq/kj ls FkkA

5. ---------------- us vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud ifjorZuksa ds fy, rhu igyqvksadks crk;kA

6. laLÑfrdj.k og izfozQ;k gS ftlesa fuEu tkfr fdldh thou i¼fr] fopkjksadk vuqdj.k djrs gSaμ

(a) mPp tkfr (b) nfyr

(c) vuqlwfpr tkfr (d) vuqlwfpr tutkfr


7. mifuos'kokn osQ nkSjku yksxksa }kjk viuk;k ugha x;kA

(a) if'peh iks'kkd (b) if'peh [kk|&inkFkZ

(c) if'peh laLÑfr (d) if'peh ns'kksa esa jguk

8. vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; gSμ

(a) x.kuk vkSj foKku dh lR;rk dh Hkkoqdrk

(b) /kfeZd ifo=krk

(c) voSKkfud rRoksa dks egRo nsuk

(d) lhfer&ladh.kZ LFkkuh; nf"Vdks.k gksuk

2 vad iz'u

1- 19oha lnh esa lektlq/kjdksa us cgqr ls lkekftd fo"k;ksa dks mBk;k\ ;s D;k Fks\

2- 20oha lnh ds dqN vk/qfd lkekftd laxBuksa ds uke crkb;sA

3- fuEu dk vFkZ crkb;sA

(v) laLd`frdj.k

(c) folaLdfrdj.k

4- vk/qfudrk ds fo"k; esa vk/kjHkwr fcUnq D;k gS\

5- ik'pkRdj.k (if'pehdj.k) rFkk /eZ fujis{krk esa D;k lEcU/ gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- tkfr dk /eZ fujis{kh dj.k ij uksV fy[ksA

2- lekt lq/kj vkUnksyu ds eq[; mn~ns'; ,d tSls Fks] fiQj Hkh os vyx FksAle>kb,A

3- laLd`frdj.k HksnHkko o vlkeruk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA bldk o.kZu djksA

4- czkãe.k fojks/h vkUnksyu rFkk fiNMs+ oxksZa ds vkUnksyu dk laLd`frdj.k ijD;k izHkko iM+kA


6 vad iz'u

1- laLd`frdj.k dh fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vkykspuk gqbZ gS\ blds fo"k; esa foLrkjls crk,A

2- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud cnyko ds fo"k; esa dqN rF;ksa dk o.kZudhft,A


ikB 3

Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dgkfu;k¡

eq[; fcUnq

1- yksdra=k& turk dh] turk ds }kjk turk ds fy, ,d ljdkj gS blds nksizdkj gSA

izR;{k yksdra=k%& blesa lHkh ukxfjd] fcuk fdlh p;fur ;k euksuhrinkfèkdkjh dh eè;LFkk ds lkoZtfud fu.kZ;ksa esa Lo;a Hkkx ysrs gSaAmnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d lkeqnkf;d laxBu ;k vkfnoklh ifj"kn~] fdlh Jfed la?kdh LFkkuh; bdkbZA izR;sd yksdra=k NksVs lewg esa O;olkf;d gS tgk¡ iwjhturk fu.kZ; esa lfEefyr gksrh gS rFkk chp esa dksbZ izfrfu/h u gksA tSls&vkfnoklh ifj"kn~_ Jfed la?k vkfnA

vizR;{k@ijks{k@izfrfuf/d yksdra=k%& izfrfuf/ yksdra=k fo'kky o tfVyleqnk; esa viuk;k tkrk gSA lkoZtfud fgr dh n`f"V ls jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ysuk] dkuwu cukuk o ykxw djuk vkfn ds fy, ukxfjd Lo;a vius izfrfuf/pqurs gSA gekjs ns'k esa izfrfuf/d yksdra=k gSA

lgHkkxh yksdra=k& ;g ,slk yksdra=k gS ftlesa fdlh lewg o leqnk; dslHkh yksd ,d lkFk feydj dksbZ cM+k fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA

fodsanzhd`r yksdra=k& tehuh yksdra=k ds ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk tks ,d fodsanzhdj.k dh rjiQ ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne gSA

2- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds dasnzh; ewY;%&

laiw.kZ&izHkqRo&laiUu] lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k] yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;] U;k;]Lora=krk] lerk] ca/qrk vkfnA

yksdrkaf=kd ewY; dsoy ifj'peh dh nsu ugh gS cfYd egkdkO;] d`fr;k¡o fofo/ yksd dFkk,¡ laoknksa ifjppkZvksa vksj varfoZjks/h fLFkfr;ksa ls HkjhiM+h gSA tSls&egkHkkjr egkdkO;A


djkph dkaxzsl ladYi 1931 mu ewY;ksa dk mYys[k djrk gS tks jktuhfrd U;k;]lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA

3- fgr izfrLi/hZ lafo/ku vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu %

fgrksa dh izfLi/kZ ges'kk fdlh Li"V oxZ&foHkktu ds gh izfrfcafcr ughadjrhA fdlh dkj[kkus dks can djokus dk dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd mllsfudyus okyk fo"kSyk dpjk vklikl ds yksxksa ds LokLF; ds fy,gkfudkjd gksrk gSA bl izdkj cgqr lh phtksa dh lekfIr ds dkj.k yksxcsjktxkj gks tk,xsaA

dkuwu&dkuwu dk lkj bldh 'kfDr gS dkuwu blfy, dkuwu gS D;ksafd bllscy iz;ksx vFkok vuqikyu ds lajp.k] ds ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

U;k;& U;k; dklkj fUk"i{krk gS] dkuwu esa dksbZ Hkh iz.kkyh vf/dkfj;ksa dslaLrj.k ds ekè;e ls gh dk;Zjr gksrh gSA

lafo/ku& lafo/ku Hkkjr dk ewy ekunaM gSA ;g ,slk nLrkost gS ftllsfdlh jk"Vª ds fl¼kUrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,sl izeq[k ekunaM ftuls fu;evksj vf/dkjh lapkfyr gksrs gS lafo/ku dgykrk gsA vU; lHkh dkuwu]lafo/ku }kjk fu;r dk;Z iz.kkyh ds varxZr curs gSA ;s dkuwu lafo/ku }kjkvf/dkfj;ksa }kjk cuk, o ykxw fd, tksrs gSA dksbZ okn&fookn gksus ijlafoèkku }kjk vf/dkj izkIr U;k;ky;ksa ds laLrj.k }kjk dkuwu dh O;k[;kgksrh gSA ^mPpre U;k;ky;* loksZPp gS vkSj ogha lafo/kku dk lcls vafreO;k[;kdrkZ Hkh gSA

4- iapk;rh jkt%&

iapk;rh jkt dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn gksrk gS ^ik¡p O;fDr;ksa }kjk 'kklu*Abldk vFkZ xk¡o ,oa vU; tehuh ij yphys yksdra=k fØ;k'khyrk gSA

(d) Mk- vEcsMdj us rdZ fn;k fd LFkkuh; dqyhu vksj mPp tkrh; yksxlqjf{kr ifjf/ ls bl izdkj f?kjs gq, gS fd LFkkuh; Lok'kklu dkeryc gksxk Hkkjrh; lekt ds in~nfyr yksxksa dk fujarj 'kks"k.kAfulansg mPp tkfr;k¡ tula[;k ds bl Hkkx dks pqidj nsxhA

([k) egkRek xk¡/h % LFkkuh; ljdkj dh vo/kj.kk xk¡/h th dks Hkh yksdfiz;FkhA os izR;sd xzke dks Lo;a esa vkRefuHkZj vkSj i;kZIr bdkbZ ekurs Fks Lo;avius dks funsZf'kr djsA xzke LojkT; dks os vkn'kZ ekurs FksA vkSj pkgrsFks fd Lora=krk ds ckn Hkh xk¡oksa esa ;gh 'kklu pyrk jgsA


73oka vkSj 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u 1992%&

xzkeh.k o uxjh; nksuksa gh {ks=kksa ds LFkkbZ fudk;ksa ds lHkh p;fur inksaesa efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k fn;kA

buesa ls 17 izfr'kr lhVsa vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr dhefgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSA

;g la'kks/u blfy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blds varxZr igyh ckjfuokZfpr fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa dks 'kkfey fd;kA ftlls mUgsa fu.kZ; ysusdh 'kfDr feyhA

73osa la'kks/u ds rqajr ckn 1993&1994 ds pquko esa 800]000 efgyk,a,d lkFk jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ls tqM+h okLro esa efgykvksa dksekuokf/dkj nsus okyk ;g ,d cM+k dne FkkA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dsfy, f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dk izko/ku djus okyk laoSèkkfudla'kks/u iwjs ns'k esa 1992&93 ls ykxw gSA

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk f=kLrjh; O;oLFkk

ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ → [k.M Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr → xzkeLrj ij xkze iapk;r

iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro%

iapk;rksa dkss fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ o mÙkjnkf;Ro izkIr gSa%&

vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe cukuk

lkekftd U;k; dks izksRlkfgr djuk

'kqYd] ;k=kh dj] tqekZuk] vU; dj vkfn yxkuk o ,d=k djukA

ljdkjh mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds gLrkarj.k esa lg;ksx djukA

tUe vkSj e`R;q ds vkadMs j[kukA

'ke'kkuksa ,oa dfczLrkuksa dk j[kj[kkoA

i'kqvksa ds rkykc ij fu;a=k.kA

ifjokj fu;kstu dk izpkj djukA


,dhd`r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] ,dhd`r cky fodkl ;kstuk vkfndks lapkfyr djukA

iapk;r dh vk; ds eq[; L=kksr%

laifÙk] O;olk;] i'kq] okgu vkfn ij yxk, x, dj] pqaxh] Hkw&jktLovkfn iapk;rksa dh vk; ds eq[; lzksr gSA ftyk iapk;r }kjk izkIrvuqnku iapk;r ds lalk/uksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSa iapk;rksa ds fy, ;gvfuok;Z gS fd os vius dk;Zy; ds ckgj cksMZ yxk,aA ftlesa izkIrfoÙkh; lgk;rk ds mi;ksx ls lacaf/r vk¡dM+s fy[ks gksaA

U;k; iapk;r%

dqN jkT;ksa esa U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA dqN NksVs&eksVsnhokuh vkSj vkijkf/d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ dk vf/dkj buds iklgksrk gSA ;s tqekZuk yxk rks ldrs gSaA ysfdu dksbZ ltk ugha ns ldrsA;s xzkeh.k U;k;ky; izk;% dqN i{kksa ds vkilh fooknksa esa le>kSrk djkusesa liQy gksrs gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;s rc izHkko'kkyh gksrs gS] tc fdlhiq:"k }kjk ngst ds fy, L=kh izrkfM+r fd;k tk, ;k mlds fo:¼fgalkRed dk;Zokgh dh tk,A

tutkfr {ks=kksa esa iapk;rh jkt%

vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh izkjafHkd Lrj ds yksdrkaf=kd dk;ksZ dks viuh le`¼ijaijk jgh gSA

tSls&es?kky; dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ks lky iqjkuh jktuhfrdlaLFkk,¡ jgh gSA

;s jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ mruh lqfodflr Fkh fd xzke] oa'k vkSj jkT; dsLrj ij dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djrh FkhA tSls [kkfl;ksa dh ikajifjd viuhifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls njckj dqj dgk tkrk FkkA

ou iapk;r%

vf/dka'k dk;Z efgyk,¡ djrh gSA ou iapk;r dh vkSjrs ikS/'kkyk,¡cukdj NksVs ikS/ksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA

ou iapk;r ds lnL; vklikl ds taxyksa dh voS/ dVkbZ ls lqj{kk Hkhdjrh gSA


5- jktuhfrd ny%

jktuhfrd ny ,d ,slk laxBu gksrk gSA tks lÙkk gfFk;kus vkSj lÙkkdk mi;ksx dqN fof'k"V dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djus ds mn~ns'; ls LFkkfirdjrk gSA yksdrkaf=kd iz.kkyh esa fofHkUu lewgksa ds fgr jktuhfrd nyksa}kjk gh izfrfuf/Ro izkIr djrs gSaA tks muds eqn~nksa dks mBkrs gSaA

6- fgr lewg

;g ,sls lewg gSa tks ljdkj ls viuh ckr euokus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAfgr lewg jktuhfrd {ks=k esa dqN fuf'pr fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,cuk, tkrs gSaA ;s izkFkfed :i ls oS/kfud vaxksa ds lnL;ksa dk leFkZuizkIr djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSA

7- ncko lewg%& tc fdlh lewg dks yxrk gS fd mlds fgr dh ckr ugha dhtk jgh gS rks os vyx ny cuk ysrs gS ftls ncko lewg dgrs gSaA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. ---------------- ,d ,slh nLrkost gS ftlls fdlh jk"Vª osQ fl¼karksa dk fuekZ.kgksrk gSA

2. turk dk] turk osQ }kjk] turk osQ fy, 'kklu ---------------- dgykrk gSA

3. ---------------- dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ksa lky iqjkuh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡jgh gSA

4. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ ftyk Lrj ij ---------------- dke djrh gSA

5. U;k; iapk;r ---------------- yxk rks ldrs gS ysfdu dksbZ ltk ugha ns ldrsA


(a) iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ [k.M Lrj ij xzke iapk;r dke djrh gSA

(b) 73 oka vkSj 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u izR;{k yksdra=k ls lacaf/r gSA

(c) ftyk iapk;r }kjk izkIr vuqnku iapk;r osQ lalk/uksa esa of¼ ugha djrs gSaA

(d) yksdra=k osQ izdkj rhu gSaA


7. buesa ls dkSu lk ijks{k yksdra=k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

(a) izR;{k yksdra=k (b) vizR;{k yksdra=k

(c) lgHkkxh yksdra=k (d) foosaQnzhÑr yksdra=k

8. LFkkuh; ljdkj dh vo/kj.kk fdls yksdfiz; FkhA

(a) xk¡èkh th (b) MkW- vEcsMdj

(c) isfj;kj (d) T;ksfrck iqQys

9. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk fdrus Lrjksa ij dke djrh gSA

(a) nks (b) rhu

(c) pkj (d) ikap

10. iapk;rksa dh vk; osQ eq[; L=kksr gSμ

(a) laifÙk] i'kq] okgu ij dj (b) pqaxh

(c) Hkw&jktLo (d) mijksDr rhuksa

11. [kkfl;ksa dh ikjaifjd viuh ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls dgrs Fksμ

(a) ftyk ifj"kn (b) iapk;r lfefr

(c) xzke iapk;r (d) njckj oqQj

2 vad iz'u

1- izfrfuf/d (ijks{k) yksdra=k D;k gksrk gS\

2- izR;{k o ijks{k yksdra=k esa varj crkbZ;sA [Outside Delhi-2018]

3- fczfV'k mifuos'k okn rFkk if'pe ds yksdra=k esa D;k vUrj gS\

4- iapk;rh jkt D;k gksrk gS\

5- lafo/ku ds 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u dh D;k mi;ksfxrk Fkh\

6- iapk;r ds vk; ds L=kksr fyf[k,A

7- U;k; iapk;rsa D;k gksrh gS\

8- fupys Lrj ds yksxksa dks U;k; fnyokus esa U;k; iapk;rks dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA


9- yksdra=k esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk D;k egRo gS\

10- ncko lewg fdls dgk tkrk gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- dkuwu o U;k; esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

2- MkW- vEcsMdj rFkk egkRek xka/h }kjk lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt 'kkfey djusds fo"k; dk o.kZu djsaA

3- 73osa o 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u us fdl izdkj xzkeh.k yksxksa dh vkokt dksmBkus dk dk;Z fd;k gS\

4- iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djsa\

5- ou iapk;rksa dh D;k egÙkk gS crkb,A

6- tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa ikjEifjd jktuhfrd iz.kkyh fdl izdkj dk;Z djrh jghgS] le>kb;sA

6 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fofHkUu dsUnzh; ewY; viuk, x, gS\ mudk o.kZu djsaA

2- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk 'kkfey djus dk D;k egÙo gS\budh 'kfDr;ksa o mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk o.kZu djsaA


ikB 4

xzkeh.k lekt esa fodkl ,oa ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- Hkkjrh; lekt izkFkfed :i ls xzkeh.k lekt gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk dsvuqlkj yxHkx 60 izfr'kr yksx xk¡o esa jgrs gSaA mudk thou d`f"k rFkkmuds lacaf/r O;olk; ij pyrk gS rFkk Hkwfe mRikn ,d egRoiw.k lkèkugSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds R;kSgkj iksaxy (rfeyukMq)] cSlk[kh (iatkc)]vks.ke (dsjy)] gfj;kyh rht (gfj;k.kk)] chgw (vklke) rFkk mxkM+h(dukZVd) eq[; :i ls iQly dkVus ds le; euk, tkrs gSaA

d`f"k rFkk laLd`fr dk ?kfu"B laca/ gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh lkekftdrk Hkhd`f"k vk/kfjr gSA O;olk;ksa dks fHkUurk ;gk¡ dh tkfr O;oLFkk iznf'kZr djrhgSA tSls /ksch] yksgkj] dqEgkj] lqukj] ukbZ vkfnA

2- d`f"kd lajpuk& Hkkjr ds dqN Hkkxksa esa dqN u dqN tehu dk VqdM+kdkiQh yksxksa ds ikl gksrk gS tcfd nwljsa Hkkxksa esa 40 ls 50 izfr'kr ifjokjds ikl Hkwfe ugha gksrk gSA mÙkjkf/dkj ds fu;eksa vkSj fir`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh dsdkj.k efgyk,¡tehu dh ekfyd ugha gksrhA Hkwfe j[kuk gh xzkeh.k oxZlajpuk dks vkdkj nsrk gSA d`f"k etnwjksa dh vkenuh de gksrh gS rFkkmudk jkstxkj vlqjf{kr jgrk gSA o"kZ esa os dkiQh fnu csjkstxkj jgrs gSaA

Ñf"kd lajpuk

eè;e rFkk cM+s dk'rdkj ;k iV~Vsnkj d`f"k etnwjtehuks ds ekfyd

izR;sd {ks=k esa ,d ;k nks tkfr ds yksx gh Hkwfe j[krs gSa rFkk budh la[;kHkh xkao esa egRoiw.kZ gSA lekt 'kkL=kh ,e-,u- Jh fuokl us ,sls gh yksxksadks izcy tkfr dk uke fn;k gSA izcy tkfr jktuSfrd vkfFkZd :i ls'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA ;s izcy tkfr yksxksa ij izHkqRo cuk, j[krh gSA tSlsiatkc ds tkV flD[k] gfj;k.kk rFkk if'pe mÙkjizns'k ds tkV] vkU/z izns'kds dEekl o jsM~Mh] dukZVd ds oksDdkfyxkl rFkk fyaxk;r] fcgkj ds

→ →


;kno vkfnA vf/drj lhekUr fdlku rFkk Hkwfeghu yksx fuEu tkrh; lewgls gksrs gSaA os vf/drj izcy tkfr ds yksxksa ds ;gk¡ d`f"k etnwjh djrs FksAmÙkjh Hkkjr ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa vHkh Hkh csxkj ;k eqÝr etnwjh tSlh i¼frizpyu esa gSA

'kfDr rFkk fo'ks"kkf/dkj mPp rFkk eè;tkfr;ksa ds ikl gh FksA lalk/uksa dhdeh vkSj Hkw&Lokfe;ksa dh vkfFkZd lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd izHkko ds cgqrls xjhc dkexkj ihf<+;ksa ls muds ;gka ca/qvk etnwj dh rjg dke djrs gSaAxqtjkr esa bl O;oLFkk dks gyifr rFkk dukZVd esa thrk dgrs gSaA

3- Hkwfe lq/kj ds ifj.kke

vkSifuosf'd dky esa Hkwfe lq/kj&

(i) tehankjh O;oLFkk& bl iz.kkyh esa tehankj Hkwfe dk Lokeh ekuk tkrkFkkA ljdkj ls Ñ"kd dk lh/k lEca/ ugh gksrk FkkA vfirq tehankj dsekè;e ls Hkwfe dk dj (Ñ"kdksa }kjk) lh/k ljdkj dks fn;k tkrkFkkA

(ii) jS;rokMh O;oLFkk& (jS;r dk vFkZ gS Ñ"kd) bl O;oLFkk esa Hkwfedk dj Ñ"kd }kjk lh/k ljdkj dks tkrk FkkA bl O;oLFkk esa tehankjdks chp esa ls gVk;k tkrk FkkA

Lora=k Hkkjr Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj& Lora=k Hkkjr esa usg: vkSj muds uhfrlykgdkjksa us 1950 ls 1970 rd Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwuksa dh ,d Ja[kyk 'kq:dhA jk"Vªh; rFkk jkT; Lrj ij fo'ks"k ifjorZu fd,] lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZuFksA

tehankjh O;oLFkk dks lekIr djuk ijUrq ;g dsoy dqN {ks=kksa esa gh gksik;kA

iV~Vnkjh dks [kRe djuk ijUrq ;g dsoy caxky rFkk dsjy rd ghlhfer jgkA tks fdjk, ij Hkwfe ysdj [ksrh djrk gS mUgsa dk'rdkj]iV~Vsnkj ;k tksrnkj dgrs gSA

Hkwfe dh gncanh vf/fu;e tks jkT;ksa dk dk;Z Fkk blesa Hkh cpko dsjkLrs vksj fof/;ka fudky yh xbZ ftlls ;g Hkh vk/k&v/wjk gh jgx;kA


csukeh cny& Hkw&Lokfe;ksa us viuh Hkwfe fj'rsnkjksa ;k vU; yksxksa ds chpfoHkkftr dh ijUrq okLro esa Hkwfe ij vf/dkj HkwLokeh dk gh FkkA bl izFkkdks csukeh cny dgk x;kA

4- gfjr Øakfr vkSj blds lkekftd ifj.kke%&

gfjr ØkfUr dk igyk pj.k&

1960&70 ds n'kd esa d`f"k vkèkqfudj.k dk ljdkjh dk;ZØe ftlesavkfFkZd lgk;rk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa }kjk nh xbZ Fkh rFkk ;g vf/d mRikndrk okys ladj chtksa ds lkFk dhVuk'kd] [kknksa rFkk fdlkuksads fy, vU; fuos'k ij dsfUnzr FkhA bl Økafr ds dkj.k eè;e rFkkcM+s fdlku gh ubZ rduhd dk ykHk mBk ldsA T;knkrj d`"kd Lo;ads fy, gh mRiknu dj ikrs gS rFkk cktkj ds fy, vleFkZ gksrs gSAbUgsa lhekUr (thou fuokZgh d`"kd) rFkk vkerkSj ij d`"kd dh laKknh xbZ gSA dbZ ekeyksa esa iV~Vsnkj d`"kd csn[ky Hkh gq, D;ksfdHkw&Lokfe;kksa us tehu okfil ys yh rFkk lh/s d`f"k dk;Z djuk vf/dykHknk;d FkkA fdlku og gS tks iQly dk dqN fgLlk vius fy,j[krk gS rFkk cktkj ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA Ñ"kd og gS tks iQly dkmRiknu fliZQ vius fy, djrk gSA

gfjr ØkfUr eq[; :i ls xsg¡w rFkk pkoy mRikn djus okys {ks=kksa ijgh yf{kr FkhA

gfjr ØkfUr dqN {ks=kksa esa tSls& iatkc] if'peh mÙkj izns'k] rVh;vkU/z izns'k rFkk rfeyukMq ds dqN fgLlks esa pyhA

u;h rduhd }kjk d`f"k mRikndrk esa vR;kf/d o`f¼ gqbZA

/uh fdlku vkSj /uh gks x, rFkk Hkwfeghu rFkk lhekUr Hkw&/kjdks dhn'kk vkSj fcxM+ xbZA

d`f"k etnwjksa dh ekax c<+ xbZA

gfjr Økafr dk nwljk pj.k

lw[ks rFkk vkaf'kd flafpr {ks=kksa esa ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA fdlku cktkjij fuHkZj gks x, gSA cktkjksaUeq[kh d`f"k esa fo'ks"kr% ,d gh iQly mxkbZ


tkrh gSA ftu {ks=kksa esa rduhdh ifjorZu gqvk os vf/d fodflr gq,rFkk vU; {ks=k iwoZor~ jgs tSls fcgkj] iwohZ mÙkj izns'k] rsayxkuk vkfnAHkkjrh; d`"kdksa dh cgqr l?ku foLr`r rFkk ikjEifjd tkudkjh yqIrgksrh tk jgh gS ftUgsa fdlkuksa us lfn;ksa esa mUur fd;k FkkA bldkdkj.k ladj rFkk lq/kj okys chtksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k iqu% d`f"k dsikjEifjd rjhds rFkk vf/d lko;oh chtksa ds iz;ksx dh vksj ykSVusdh lykg ns jgs gSaA

5- Lora=krk ds ckn xzkeh.k lekt esa ifjorZu% Lora=krk ds ckn xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesa lkekftd laca/ksa dh izd`fr esa vusd izHkko'kkyh :ikUrj.k gq,A bldkdkj.k gfjr Økafr jgkA

xgu d`f"k ds dkj.k d`f"k etnwjksa dh c<+ksrjh

uxn Hkqxrku

Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ,oa fdlku ds eè; iq'rSuh laca/ksa esa deh gksukA

fngkM+h etnwjksa dk mn;

Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ls d`f"k etnwjksa ds eè; laca/ksa dh izd`fr esa o.kZu lekt 'kkL=khtkWu cszu&lja{k.k ls 'kks"k.k dh vksj cnyko esa fd;k FkkA (cszeu 1974) tgk¡d`f"k dk O;kikjhdj.k vf/d gqvk] ftls dqN fo}kuksa us iw¡thoknh d`f"k dk:i dgk] D;ksafd fodflr {ks=kksa ds xzkeh.k foLr`r vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+rs tkjgs FksA eqnzk dk cgko xkao dh vksj c<+s rFkk O;kikj o jkstxkj Hkh c<+k ;gizfØ;k vkSifuos'k dky ls egkjk"Vª esa dikl dh [ksrh ckM+h ls 'kq: gks x;kFkkA jkT;ksa us Lora=krk ds ckn flapkbZ] lM+dksa rFkk ljdkjh ljapukvksa }kjkÍ.k dh lqfo/k us bldh xfr dkiQh c<+kbZA bldk lh/k izHkko d`f"k ljapukrFkk xkaoks ij iM+kA lEiUu fdlkuksa us vU; izdkj ds O;kikjksa esa fuos'k djuk'kq: dj fn;k rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls dLcksa esa jgus yxsA u, vfHktkr oxZ custk vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls izcy gks x,A blds lkFk gh mPp f'k{kkdk foLrkj] futh O;olkfd egkfo|ky;ksa eè;e oxZ dks c<+kok fn;kAfofHkUu oxZ }kjk vius cPpksa dks buesa f'k{kk nsdj uxjh; eè;e oxZ dksc<+kok fn;kA fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij budk izHkko fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij budk izHkkofofHkUu ns[kk x;k tSls& dsjy ds dkiQh yksx [kkM+h izns'kksa esa tkus yxsA


6- etnwjksa dk lapkj& izoklh etnwjksa dh c<+ksÙkjh d`f"k ds O;kikjhdj.k lstqM+h gSA etnwjksa rFkk Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds chp laj{k.k dk ikjEifjd ca/u VwVukrFkk iatkc tSls gfjr Økafr }kjk lEiUu {ks=kksa esa d`f"k etnwjksa dh ekax c<+usls ekSleh iyk;u dk ,d u;k :i mHkjkA 1990 ds n'kd ls vkbZ xzkeh.kvlekurkvksa us cgqLrjh; O;olk;ksa dh vksj ckè; fd;k rFkk etnwjksa dkiyk;u gqvkA tkWu cszaeu us bUgsa ?kqeDdM+ etnwj (iQqVywt yscj) dgkA buetnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k vklkuh ls fd;k tkrk gSA etnwjksa ds cM+s iSekus ij lapkjls xzkeh.k lekt] nksuks gh Hkstus okys rFkk izkIr djus okys {ks=kksa ij vusdegÙoiw.kZ izHkko iM+s gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fu/Zu {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ ifjokj ds iq:"klnL; o"kZ dk vf/drj fgLlk xk¡oksa ls ckgj dke djus esa fcrkrs gS] d`f"kewy:i ls ,d efgykvksa dk dk;Z cu x;k gSA efgyk,¡ Hkh d`f"k etnwjksa dseq[; L=kksr ds :i esa mHkj jgh gSaA ftlls d`f"k etnwjksa dk efgykdj.k gksjgk gSA

7- Hkwe.Myhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k rFkk xzkeh.k lekt& Hkwe.Myh; rFkkmnkjhdj.k ds dkj.k cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fuf'pr iQly mxkus dks dgrh gSArFkk ;s fdlkuksa dks tkudkjh o lqfo/k,¡ Hkh nsrh gSA bls lafonk d`f"k dgktkrk gSA

lafonk d`f"k lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vlqj{kk Hkh nsrh gSA fdlku bu daifu;ksa ijfuHkZj gks tkrs gSa [kkn o dhV uk'kdksa ds vf/d iz;ksx ls i;kZoj.k vlqjf{krgks tkrk gSA

d`f"k fj;k;rksa esa deh ls mRiknu ykxr c<+h gSA cktkj fLFkj ugha gS chekjhlw[kk ck<+ rFkk gkfudkjd tUrq] m/kj iSlk ysuk vkfn ls ifjokj esa ladVvk tkrk gSA d`f"k cgqr ls yksxksa ds fy, vj{k.kh; gksrh tk jgh gSA d`f"kds eqn~ns vc lkoZtfud eqn~nsa ugha jgs gS] xfr'khyrk dh deh ds dkj.kd`"kd 'kfDr'kkyh ncko lewg cukus esa vleFkZ gSa tks uhfr;kssa dks vius i{kesa djok ldsaA

lafonk [ksrh esa dEiuh vkSj tehu ekfyd r; djrs Fks fd D;k mitkuk gSblds fy, fdlkuksa dks cht vkfn iznku djrs FksA dEiuh Hkjkslk nsrh FkhAfd os vukt vkfn dks [kjhn ysxsaA ftldk ewY; igys gh r; gks tkr FkkAblesa dEiuh iw¡th Hkh nsrh gSA


lafonk [ksrh cgqr gh vke gS] [kkl djds iQwy dh [ksrh] iQy] vaxwj] vukj]dikl ds {ks=k esaa tgk¡ [ksrh] fdlkuksa dks foÙkh; lqj{kk iznku djrh gS ogha;g fdlkuksa ds fy, vf/d vlqjf{kr Hkh cu tkrh gSA

8- lafonk [ksrh%

blesa fdlku vius thou O;kikj ds fy, bu daifu;ksaaaa ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSA

fu;kZrksUeq[kh mRikn tSls iQwy] vkSj [khjs gsrw ^lafonk [ksrh* dk vFkZ ;g HkhgS fd d`f"k Hkwfe dk iz;ksx mRiknu ls gV dj fd;k tkrk gSA

^lafonk [ksrh* ewy:i ls vfHktkr enksa dk mRiknu djrh gS rFkk pw¡fd ;gvDlj [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd dk mPp ek=kk esa iz;ksx djrs gSa blfy, ;gcgq/k i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls lqjf{kr ugha gksrhA

9- fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k ds dkj.k

lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us d`f"k rFkk d`"kd lekt esa gksus okys ljapukRed rFkklkekftd ifjorZuksa ds ifjisz{; esa djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

vkRegR;k djus okys cgqr ls fdlku ^lhekar fdlku* Fks tks ewy :i lsgfjr Økafr ds rjhdksa dk iz;ksx djds viuh mRikndrk c<+kus dk iz;kl djjgs FksA

d`f"k fj;k;krksa esa deh ds dkj.k mRiknu ykxr esa rsth ls c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSckt+kj fLFkj ugha gS rFkk cgqr ls fdlku viuk mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, egaxsenksa esa fuos'k djus gsrw vR;f/d m/kj ysrs gSaA fdlku Í.kh gks jgs gSaA

[ksrh dk u gksuk] rFkk dqN ekeyksa esa mfpr vk/kj vFkok ckt+kj ewY; dsvkHkko ds dkj.k fdlku dtZ dk cks> mBkus vFkok vius ifjokjksa dkspykus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSA vkRegR;kvksa dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+ jgh gSA ;s vkRegR;k,¡eSfVªDl ?kVuk,¡ cu xbZ gSA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) Ñf"k rFkk laLÑfr dk ?kfu"B laca/ ugha gSA

(b) tkWu czseu us ,d gh txg dke djus okys etnwjksa dks ?kqeDdM+ etnwjdgk gSA

(c) tehankjh O;oLFkk osQ varxZr oQ"kd dk lh/k laca/ ljdkj ls FkkA

(d) eSfVªDl ?kVuk,¡ vehj fdlkuksa ls lacaf/r gSA

2. Ñf"kd lajpuk


3. Jh fuokl osQ vuqlkj izcy tkfr ---------------- vkSj ---------------- :i ls'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA

4. ca/qvk etnwj dks xqtjkr esa ---------------- rFkk dukZVd esa ---------------- dgrs gSaA

5. csxkj dks ---------------- etnwjh Hkh dgrs gSaA

6. gfjr ozQkafr esa eq[; :i ls ---------------- vkSj ---------------- tSlh iQlyksa dkmRiknu fd;k x;kA

7. lafonk [ksrh ls D;k lacaf/r ugha gSA

(a) fdlku O;kikj osQ fy, cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSA

(b) [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd dk mPp ek=kk esa iz;ksx

(c) cktkjksUeq[kh iQlyksa dks mxk;k tkrk gSA

(d) i;kZoj.kh; nf"V ls lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA

→ →


8. fdlkuksa }kjk vkRegR;k,¡ djus osQ dkj.k gSaμ

(a) cSad dk dtkZ (b) iQly dk mfpr ewY; u feyuk

(c) [ksrh dk uk gksuk (d) mi;qDr rhuks

9. gfjr ozQkafr ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa vf/d of¼ gqbZμ

(a) iatkc (b) fcgkj

(c) iwohZ mRrj izns'k (d) rsyaxkuk

10. csukeh cny osQ varxZr Hkw&Lokfe;ksa us viuh Hkwfe fdls ugha nh FkhA

(a) fj'rsnkjksa dks (b) iRuh dks

(c) ukSdjksa dks (d) ljdkj dks

11. tks iQly dk oqQN fgLlk vius fy, j[kdj rFkk cktkj ls Hkh tqM+s gksdgykrs gSaμ

(a) fdlku (b) oQ"kd

(c) thou fuokZgh oQ"kd (d) iV~Vsnkj

2 vad iz'u

1- xzkeh.k lekt esa dkSu&dkSu ls is'ks viuk, x, gS\

2- d`"kd lekt ljapuk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

3- ^csxkj* ls D;k eryc gS\

4- j;SrokM+h izFkk D;k gksrh gS\

5- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr dh d`f"k fLFkfr D;k Fkh\

6- ^csukeh cny* ls vki D;k le>rs gSA

7- d`f"k etnwjksa ds lapkj (ljdqys'ku) ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

8- thou fuokZgh d`f"k D;k gS\

9- thou fuokZgh d`"kd vkSj fdlkuksa esa D;k gS\

10- d`f"k etnwjksa dk efgykdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

11- gekjh cgqr lh lkaLÑfrd izFkk,¡ ,oa izfreku fdl izdkj gekjh Ñf"kdi`"BHkwfe lsa lacˆ gksrs gS\


4 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjr esa fdlkuksa esa vkRegR;k dh izd`fr c<+ jgh gSA blds dkj.kksa ij izdk'kMkfy,A

2- xzkeh.k lekt esa d`f"k ljapuk dk o.kZu djksA

3- xzkeh.k lekt esa tkfr o oxZ esa D;k laca/ gS\

4- Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwu dks ykxw djus esa dqN cpko ds jkLrs o ;qfDr;k¡ FkhA budsfo"k; esa crk,aA

5- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vaxsztksa us nks Hkwfe dj iz.kkfy;ka viukbZA ;s dkSu&dkSulh Fkh\

6- ^gfjr&Økafr* ds ckjs esa fy[ksaA

7- gfjr Økafr ds dkj.k {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa fdl izdkj o`f¼ gqbZ\

8- tku czseu dk ?kqeDdM+ etnwj (iQqVywt yscj) ls D;k eryc gS\

9- lafonk d`f"k ds ckjsa esa crkbZ,A

10- dsjy dh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ds ihNs dkSu ls dkjd ik, tkrs gS\

6 vad iz'u

1- gfjr Økafr ds lekt ij D;k izHkko gq,\ foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

2- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa fofHkuu Hkwfe lq/kj ykxw fd, x,] buds fo"k; esafyf[k,A

3- xzkeh.k {ks=k esa d`"kd lekt dh ljapuk dj o.kZu djksA


ikB 5

vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl

eq[; fcUnq

1- vkS|ksfxd lekt dh dYiuk

izkS|ksfxdh esa gksus okys ifjorZu lkekftd laca/ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu ykrs gSa rFkklekftd laLFkk,¡ (tkfr] ukrsnkjh] fyax) dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSA vkS|ksfxdj.kls cgqr vf/d Je foHkktu gksrk gSA yksx vf/drj vius dk;ksZ dk vafre:i ugha ns[k ikrs D;ksafd mUgsa mRiknu ds ,d NksVs ls iqtsZ dks cukuk gksrkgSA vDlj ;g dk;Z nksgjkus vkSj Fkdkus okyk gksrk gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkhcsjkstxkj gksus ls ;g fLFkfr vPNh gSA ekDlZ us bls vyxko dgk gS ftlesayksx vius dk;Z ls izlUu ugha gksrs mudh mÙkjthfodk Hkh bl ckr ij fuHkZjdjrh gS fd e'khusa ekuoh; Je ds fy, fduk LFkku NksM+rh gSA

vkS|ksxhdj.k dqN LFkkuksa ij tcjnLr lekurk ykrk gS tSls& jsyxkfM+;k¡] clvkfn esa tkrh; HksnHkko u gksukA rks nwljh rjiQ dkj[kkuksa vkSj dk;ZLFkyksa esaHksnHkko vHkh Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

2- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k

1999&2000 esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx 60 izfr'kr yksx r`rh;d {ks=k] 17 izfr'krf}rh;d {ks=k] 23 izfr'kr r`rh;d {ks=k esa dk;Zjr FksA d`f"k dk;ksZ esa rsth lsßkl gqvk vkSj ljdkj mUgsa vf/d vkenkuh nsus esa l{ke ugha gSA

laxfBr@ vkSipkfjd {ks=k dh bdkbZ esa 10 vkSj vf/d yksxksa ds iwjs o"kZjkstxkj esa jgus ls bu {ks=kksa dk xBu gksrk gSA isa'ku o vU; lqfo/k,¡ feyrhgsA d`f"k] m|ksx vlaxfBr@vkSipkfjd {k=k dh bdkbZ esa 10 vkSj vf/d yksxksads iwjs o"kZ jkstxkj esa jgus ls bu vlaxfBr@ vukSipkfjd {ks=k esa vkrs gSAvlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj LFkkbZ ugha gksrk gSA isa'ku o chek dk leqfprizko/ku ugha gksrk gSA


3- Hkkjr ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZ esa vkS|ksxhdj.k& :bZ] twV] jsyosa rFkk dks;yk[kkus Hkkjr ds izFke m|ksx FksA Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr us ifjogu lapkj]mQtkZ] [kku vkfn dks egRo fn;k x;kA Hkkjr dh fefJr vkfFkZd uhfr esa(futh ,oa lkoZtfud m|ksx) nksuksa izdkj 'kkfey FksA

4- HkweaMyhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; m|ksx esa ifjorZu

1990 ls ljdkj us mnkjhdj.kk uhfr dks viuk;k gS rFkk nwj lapkj] ukxfjdmM~M;u mQtkZ vkfn {ks=kksa esa futh daifu;k¡ fo'ks"kdj fons'kh iQeksZ dksizksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA cgqr&lh Hkkjrh; diafu;kas dks fonsf'k;ksa us [kjhnfy;k gSA rFkk dqN Hkkjrh; diafu;k¡ cgqjk"Vªh; diafu;k¡ cu xbZ gSA bldsdkj.k vkenuh dh vlekurk,¡ c<+ jgh gSA cM+s m|ksx esa lqjf{kr jkstxkjde gks jgs gSaA fdlku rFkk vkfnoklh yksx foLFkkfir gks jgs gSA

ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa ds vius 'ks;lZ dks futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dkscspus dk iz;kl dj jgh gS ftls fofuos'k dgk tkrk gSA blls deZpkfj;ksa dksukSdjh tkus dk [krjk jgrk gSA

5- yksx fdl rjg dke ikrs gSa&

jkstxkjksa ds foKkiu }kjk cgqr de yksx jkstxkj ikrs gSa] tcfd futh lEidksZa}kjk Lofu;ksftr yksx dke ds vk/kj ij O;olk; djrs gSA

,d iQSDVªh ds dkexkjksa jkst+xkj nsus dk rjhdk fHkUu gksrk gSA dkexkjBsdsnkjksa ls jkst+xkj ikrs FksA Bsdsnkj xk¡o tkrk gS ogk¡ dke pkgus okyksa lsblds ckjs esa iwNrk gSA og mUgsa dqN iSlk m/kj Hkh nsrk gSA ftls vfxzefngkM+h ekuk tkrk gSA tc rd m/kj ugha pqd tkrk og fcuk iSls ds dkedjrk gSA

dk;Zdkfj.kh vkSj ;wfu;u nksuksa gh vius yksxksa dks dke fnykus esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA dqN dkexkj vius gh cPpksa dks vius cnys dke ijyxkuk pkgrs gSaA

cgqr&lh iSQfDVª;ksa esa cnyh dkexkj Hkh gksrs gSa tks fd NqV~Vh ij x, gq,etnwjksa ds LFkku ij dke djrs gSaA mUgsa lcds leku LFkk;h in vkSj lqj{kkugha nh tkrh gSA


6- dke dks fdl rjg fd;k tkrk gS&

eSustj dkexkjksa dks fu;af=kr djds vf/d dke djkrs gSaA dkexkjksa lsvfèkd dk;Z djokus ds nks rjhds gksrs gSa (dk;Z ds ?kaVksa esa o`f¼ rFkkfuèkkZfjr le; esa mRikfnr oLrq dh ek=kk dks c<+k nsukA)A

mRiknu c<+kus ds vU; rjhdk gS dk;Z dks laxfBr :i ls djukA bls VsyfjTe;k vkS|ksfxd bathfu;fjax Hkh dgrs gSA ,d vesfjdu iQSMfjd fouLyks Vsyjus oSKkfud izca/u ds uke ls bl O;oLFkk dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA bl O;oLFkkesa LVkiokp dh lgk;rk ls NksVs&NksVs iqtksZ dks rksM+j dkexkjksa esa ckaVuk]dk;Z dks le; ds lkFk iwjk djuk dk;Z dks rst djus ds fy, ,lsacyh ykbudk iz;ksx djuk dk;Z] djus dh xfr dks dUos;j csYV ds lkFk xfr j[kukvkfnA dkj[kkus esa lHkh dk;Z czkã L=kksrksa ls djokrs gSA bl izdkj dk dk;ZdEiuh dks lLrk iM+rk gSA

vf/d e'khuksa okys m|ksxksa esa] de yksxksa dks dke fn;k tkrk gS] ysfdu tksgksrs gS mUgsa Hkh e'khuh xfr ls dke djuk gksrk gS tSls ek:fr xfr ls dkedjuk gksrk gS tSls ek:fr m|ksx fyfeVsMA blesa izR;sd feuV esa nks dkjsarS;kj gksdj vk tkrh gSA izR;sd dkexkj 40 o"kZ dk gksus rd iwjh rjg Fkdtkrk gS vksj LoSfPNd vodk'k ys ysrk gSA ;g dkexkjksa esa vf/d rukodh ogt ls gksrk gSA

lkÝVos;j] vkbZ-Vh- {ks=kksa esa dke djus okys f'kf{kr gksrs gSA mudk dk;Z HkhVk;yfjTe yscj izfØ;k ds vuq:i gh gksrk gSA vkbZ-Vh- {ks=k esa ^le; dhpkdjh* &vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Zfnol vkSj jkrHkj dk;Z djus okysdeZpkjh Hkh vlkekU; ckr ugha gS] ftls ukbV vkmV dgrs gSA tc mudhifj;kstuk dh vafre lhek vk tkrh gSA yacs dk;Z ?kaVksa dk gksuk ,d m|ksxdh dsafnz; ^dk;Z laLd`fr* gksrh gsA ,d vkB ?kaVs dke djus okys bathfu;jds Je ds vk/kj ij dke dks vafre lhek rd igq¡pkus ds fy, mlsvfrfjDr ?kaVksa vkSj fnuksa rd dke djuk iM+rk gSA vkWfiQl esa nsj rd :dtkrs gS tks fd ;k rks lkfFk;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k gksrk gs vFkok os viusvf/dkfj;ksa dks fn[kkuk pkgrs gsa fd os dM+h esgur dj jgs gksA

la;qDr ifjokj tks fd yqIr gks x, Fks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k fiQj ls cuusyx x, gSaA


7- dk;kZoLFkk,¡

ljdkj us dk;Z dh n'kkvksa dks csgrj djus ds fy, cgqr ls dkuwu cuk fn, gSA

[knku ,DV 1952 us etnwjksa ds fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks Li"V fd;k gSA Hkwfexr[knkuksa esa etnwjksa dks vkx] ck<+] mQijh lrg ds /¡lus] {k;jksx vkfn dk[krjk jgrk gSA xSlksaa ds mRltZu ls RkFkk vkWDlhtu dh deh ls lk¡l lslacafèkr chekfj;k¡ gks tkrh gSA

8- ?kjksa esa gksus okyk dke& ?kjksa esa vkt vusd dke fd, tkrs gSa ysl cukuk]chM+h cukuk] tjh] vxjcÙkh] xyhps] ,oa vU; dk;Z vf/drj efgyk,¡ ocPps djrs gSA ,d ,tsUV bUgsa dPpk eky ns tkrk gSA rFkk iwjk djok djys tkrk gSA bUgsa fdruk iSlk fey ikrk gS chM+h m|ksx esa ikbZ Mk;kxzke dksns[ks fd dSls chM+h ewY; dks ckaVk x;k gSA

9- gM+rkys ,oa etnwj la?k& iQSDVªh rFkk vU; m|ksxksa esa dkexkjksa ds la?k gSAftuesa tkfrokn rFkk {ks=kh;okn ik;k tkrk gSA

etnwj la?k& fdlh Hkh fey] dkj[kkus esa etnwjksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus dsfy, etnwj la?k dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh etnwj blds lnL; gksrs gSA

gM+rky& viuh ekaxksa dks euokus ds fy, deZpkjh gM+rky djrs gSAdHkh&dHkh dke dh cqjh n'kkvksa ds dkj.k dkexkj gM+rky ij tkrs gSaA

rkykcanh& fey ekfydksa }kjk fey ds eq[; }kjk ij rkyk yxkukA (1982dh cEcbZ VSDlVkby fey dh gM+rky tks O;kikj la?k ds usrk nÙkk lkear dsusr`Ro esa gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa yxHkx <+kbZ yk[k dkexkjksa ds ifjokj ihfM+r gq,Amudh ekax csgrj etnwjh rFkk la?k cukus dh vuqefr iznku djrk FkkAdkexkj fdlh vU; etnwjh ;k dk;Z djus dks etcwj gks tkrs gSa budkHkfo"; dkSu r; djsxk\ fey ekfyd lEink O;kikjh] ljdkj ;k Lo;a ;stfVy iz'u gS\


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. yksx fdl rjg dke ikrs gSaμ

(a) foKkiu }kjk (b) tkudkjh }kjk

(c) jkstxkj dk;kZy; (d) mijksDr rhuksa

2. tks etnwj NqV~Vh ij x, gq, osQ LFkku ij dke djrs gSa mUgsa dgrs gSaμ

(a) BsosQnkj (b) cnyh dkexkj

(c) fxjfefV;k etnwj (d) rhuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha

3. laxfBr@vkSipkfjd {ks=k osQ varxZrμ

(a) iwjs o"kZ LFkk;h jkstxkj jgrk gSA (b) isa'ku dh lqfo/k gksrh gSA

(c) chek gksrk gS (d) mijksDr rhuksa


(a) fofuos'k osQ rgr deZpkfj;ksa dh ukSdjh tkus dk [krjk ugha jgrk gSA

(b) rkykcanh esa etnwjksa }kjk fey osQ eq[; }kj ij rkyk yxk fn;k tkrk gSA

(c) Hkwfexr [knkuksa esa vkx yxus dk [krjk ugha gksrk gSA

(d) izfl¼ cacbZ diM+k fey gM+rky dh pkj ek¡xsa FkhaA

(e) iSQDVªh rFkk vU; m|ksxksa esa tkfr osQ vk/kj ij dke ugha feyrk gSA

5. dkexkjksa ls vf/d dk;Z djokus osQ nks rjhosQ gksrs gSa ------------------- rFkk------------------

6. ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa osQ vius 'ks;lZ dks futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dkscspus dk iz;kl dj jgh gS ftls ---------------- dgk tkrk gSA

7. ---------------- us oSKkfud izca/u ;k VsyfjTe uked O;oLFkk dk vkfo"dkjfd;kA

8. ek#fr m|ksx esa ---------------- feuV esa nks dkjsa rS;kj gksdj vk tkrh gSaA izR;sddkexkj ---------------- o"kZ dk gksus rd iwjh rjg Fkd tkrk gSA


9. vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Zfnol vkSj jkr Hkj dk;Z djus dks ----------------dgrs gSaA

10. ---------------- {ks=k esa le; dh pkdjh dh tkrh gSA

11. viuh ek¡xksa dks euokus ds fy, etnwj ---------------- djrs gSaA

2 vad iz'u

1- dkexkj gM+rky ij D;ksa tkrs gSa\

2- rkykcUnh esa ekfyd D;k djrk gS\

3- laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k esa vUrj fyf[k,A

4- vkS|ksfxd bUthfu;fjax (VsfyfjTe) D;k gksrk gS\

5- le; dh pkdjh ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

6- vkS|ksfxdh esa yksx vius mRiknu dk vfUre :i D;ksa ugha ns[k ikrs\

7- fofuos'k fdls dgrs gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

8- gM+rky vkSj rkykcanh esa D;k varj gS\

9- cacbZ diM+k fey gM+rky dh nks ek¡xs dkSu&lh Fkh\

10- cnyh dkexkj dkSu gksrs gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- m|ksxksa ds izkFkfed {ks=k dkSu ls gS\ vlaxfBr {ks=k ds m|ksx D;k gksrs gaS\

2- 40 Ok"kZ rd vf/dk'ka O;fDr m|ksxksa esa Fkd tkrs gSaA blesa izcU/dksa dhHkwfedk D;k gS\

3- mnkjhdj.k ds dkj.k dkSu&dkSu ls m|ksx izHkkfor gq, gS\

4- m|ksxksa esa yksx fdl izdkj ls dke ikrs gSa\

5- Hkkjr esa Lora=krk ds ckn vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa D;k cnyko vk,\


6- Hkwfexr [knkuksa esa etnwjksa dks fdu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\

7- ?kj esa fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSAmnkgj.k nhft,A [Outside Delhi-2018]

6 vad iz'u

1- dkexkjksa dh dk;Z voLFkk,a fdl izdkj dh gS mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

2- mnkjhdj.k dk Hkkjr ds m|ksxksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS\ cgqmn~ns'kh; dEiuhD;k gksrh gS\


ikB 6

HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- HkweaMyhdj.k& lkekftd ifjorZu dk dsUnzh; fcUnq gSA ;g vke yksxksa dsthou dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS eè;e oxZ ds fy, jkstxkj] [kqnjk O;kikj cgqjk"Vªh; diafu;ksa }kjk 'kq: djuk] cM+s fcØh HkaMkj] ;qokvksa ds fy, le;fcrkus dh fof/;ka rFkk vU; {ks=k iznku dj jgk gSA blls gekjk lkekftdo lkaLd`frd thou cny jgk gSA phu rFkk dksfj;k ls js'ke /kxksa dk vk;krdjus ls fcgkj ds dkexkjksa ij izHkko] cM+s tgktksa }kjk eNyh idM+us dsdkj.k Hkkjrh; eNqvkjksa ij dqizHkko] lwMku ls xksan vkus ij xqtjkr dhvkSjrksa ds jkstxkj esa deh vk jgh gSA

2- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k var lEcU/ Hkkjr rFkk fo'o ds fy, u, gS&

izkjafHkd o"kZμHkkjr vkt ls nks gtkj o"kZ igys Hkh fo'o ls vyx&Fkyxugha FkkA izfl¼ js'ke ekxZ (flYd:V)] ;g ekxZ lfn;ksa igys Hkkjrdks mu egku lH;rkvksa ls tksM+rk Fkk tks phu] izQkal] felz vkSj jkse esafLFkr FkkA fo'o ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa ls yksx ;gk¡ vk, Fks] dHkhO;kikfj;ksa ds :i esa] dHkh fotsrkvksa ds :i esa] dHkh izoklh ds :iesaA

mifuos'kokn vkSj HkweaMyh; la;kstuμmifuos'kokn ml O;oLFkk dk,d Hkkx Fkk ftls iw¡th] dPph lkexzh] ÅtkZ] ckt+kj ds u, lzksrksa vkSj,d ,sls latky dh vko';drk Fkh tks mls l¡Hkkys gq, FkkA yksxksa dklcls cM+k izolu ;wjksih; yksxksa dk ns'kkarj.k Fkk tc os viuk ns'kNksM+dj vesfjdk] vkLVsªfy;k esa tk cls FksA Hkkjr ls fxjfefV;k etnwjksadks fdl izdkj tgktksa esa Hkjdj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj mÙkjh&nf{k.khvesfjdk ds nwjorhZ Hkkxksa esa dke djus ds fy, ys tk;k tkrk FkkA nklO;kikj ds varxZr gt+kjksa vizQhfd;ksa dks nwjLFk rVksa rd xkfM+;ksa esaHkjdj ys tk;k x;k FkkA


Lora=k Hkkjr vkSj fo'oμLora=k Hkkjr us HkweaMyh; n`f"Vdks.k dksviuk, j[kkA cgqr ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa us f'k{kk ,oa dk;Z ds fy, leqnz ikjdh ;k=kk,¡ dhA ,d fujarj pyus okyh izfØ;k Fkh dPpk eky] lkexzhvkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; ls ghns'k ds fodkl dk vax cuk jgkA fons'kh daifu;k¡ Hkkjr esa lfØ; FkhA

fxjfefV;k etnwjμikfjr jgus vkSj Hkkstu ds Hkqxrku ds cnys ,dfons'kh ns'k esa ,d fufJr vof/ ds fy, jkstxkj ds ,d iqu% vuqcaèkds rgr Jfed dk;ZA

nklrk ds mUewyu ds ckn 1939 ls dSfj,fo;u esa phuh ckxku ijjkstxkj ds fy, Hkkjr ls Jfedksa ds Jfedksa dk O;kid :i lsbLrseky fd;k x;kA

3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;ke& Lora=k Hkkjr us HkweaMyh; n`f"Vdks.k dksviuk, j[kkA

(i) vkfFkZd vk;ke

mnkjhdj.k dh vkfFkZd uhfr

mnkjhdj.k 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,sl vusd uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls gS tks HkkjrjkT; }kjk 1991 esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o cktkj ds fy, [kksynsus ds mn~ns'; ls fy, x, FksA

vFkZO;oLFkk ds mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ Fkk Hkkjrh; O;kikj dks fu;ferdjus okys fu;eksa vkSj foÙkh; fu;euksa dks gVk nsukA

mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k (vkbZ-,e-,iQ-)tSlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ls Í.k ysuk Hkh t:jh gks x;kA

ikj jk"Vªh; fuxe& ;s dEifu;k ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa esa vius eky dkmRikn djrh gSA ;k cktkj esa lsok,a iznku djrh gS buds dkj[kkus ml ns'kls ckgj Hkh gksrs gS ftlls ;s ewy :i ls tqM+h gksrh gSA tSls dksdk dksyk]iSIlh] tujy eksVj] dksMd] dksyxsV] ckVk vkfnA

bYdVªksfud vFkZO;oLFkk& dEI;wVj }kjk ;k baVjusV }kjk cSfdax] fuxe]fuos'kdrkZ] viuh fuf/ dks varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij b/j&m/j Hkst ldrs gSaA

Hkkj jfgr ;k KkukRed vFkZO;oLFkk& blesa mRikn lwpuk ij vk/kfjr


gksrs gS] u fd d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ijA TkSls bUVjusV lsok,a] euksjatu ds mRikn]ehfM;k] lkÝVos;j] vkfn okLrfod dk;Zcy HkkSfrd mRiknu rFkk forj.k esaugha gksrk gSA ;g buds fMtkbZu] fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] foi.ku] fcØh rFkklfoZl vkfn esa gksrk gSA

foÙk dk HkweaMyhdj.k

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh Økafr ds dkj.k foÙk dk HkweaMyhdj.k gqvk gSAHkweaMyh; vk/kj ij ,dhd`r foÙkh; ckt+kj bysDVªkfud ifjiFkksa] dqN{k.kksa esa vjcksa&[kjcksa Mkyj ds ysu&nsu gksrs gSA

iw¡th vkSj izfrHkwfr cktkjksa esa pkSchlksa ?kaVs cktkj pyrk jgrk gSA

U;w;kdZ] Vksfd;ksa vkSj yanu tSls uxj foÙkh; O;kikj ds izeq[k dsUnz gSA

HkweaMyh; lapkj& blds dkj.k ckgjh nqfu;k ds lkFk laca/ cus gSAVsyhiQksu] iSQDl e'khu] fMthVy rFkk dscy Vsyhfotu] baVjusV vkfn blesalgk;d cusA fMftVy foHkktu& nqfu;k ds lEcU/ cuk, j[kus ds cgqr lslk/u ekStwn gS] ysfdu dqN txg ,slh Hkh gSa tgk¡ ;s lk/u fcYdqy Hkh ughagSA bls fMftVy foHkktu dgk tkrk gSA

HkweaMyh; rFkk Je& HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d u;kJe foHkktu iSnk gqvk gSA blesa rhljh nqfu;k ds 'kgjksa esa fu;fU=kr fuekZ.k]mRiknu o jkstxkj fn;k tkrk gS ukbds* dEiuh 1960 ds n'kd esa twrksa dkvk;kr djus okyh dEiuh ds :i esa fodflr gqbZA bldk ekfyd fiQyukbZd tkiku ls twrs vk;kr djrs rFkk [ksy vk;kstuksa ij csprs FksA vc ;gdEiuh cu xbZ ukbZd us nf{k.k dksfj;k esa mRiknu 'kq: fd;kA blh izdkj1980 esa FkkbZySaM o baMksusf'k;k rFkk 1990 Hkkjr esa mRikn 'kq: dj fn;kA

iQksMZokn& ,d dsUnzh; LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus ij mRiknu iQksMZokn dgykrh gSA

iQksMZoknksÙkj& dsUnzh; LFkku dh ctk; vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mRiknuyphyh iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr iksL iQksMZokn (iQksMZoknksÙkj) dgykrk gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd vk;ke

HkweaMyhdj.k o jktuhfrd ifjorZu& lektoknh fo'o dk fo?kVu ,dcM+k jktuhfrd ifjorZu Fkk blds dkj.k HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh xfr


dkiQh c<+ xbZ gSA blls ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k cuk gSAbu ifjorZuksa dks ^uo mnkjoknh* mik; dgrs gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds lkFk gh,d vU; jktuhfrd ?kVukØe Hkh gks jgk gSA og gS jktuhfrd lg;ksx dsfy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; rFkk {ks=kh; jpuk rU=kA tSls ;wjksih; la?k (bZ-;w-) nf{k.k,f'k;kbZ jk"Vª la?k (,f'k;ku)] nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ O;kikj la?k (cksMZl) vUrjkZ"Vªh;ljdkjh rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds fof'k"V ikjjk"Vªh; dk;Z{ks=k dk izca/djrk gSA vr% ljdkjh laxBu lgHkkxh ljdkjksa ds fof'k"V ikjjk"Vªh;dk;Z{ks=k dk izca/ djrk gSA tSls fo'o O;kikj la?k O;kikj fu;eksa ij fuxjkuhj[krk gSA vU; mnkgj.k gS& xzhuihl] jsMØkl] ,EuLVh baVjus'kuy] izaQfV;fjlMkDVlZ fonkmV cksMZlA

(iii) lkaLd`frd vk;ke

HkweaMyhdj.k rFkk laLd`fr& fiNys n'kdksa esa dkiQh lkaLd`frd ifjorZugq, gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g Mj iSnk gks x;k fd dgha gekjh laLd`fr ihNs ujg tk,] ijUr vkt Hkh gekjk ns'k esa jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd eqn~nksa ds vykokdiM+ks] 'kSfy;ksa] laxhr] fiQYe] gkoHkko] Hkk"kk vkfn ij [kwc cgl gksrh gSA

ltkrh; cuke laLd`fr dk Hkw&LFkkuh;dj.k (Xyksdykbts'ku)& ;gekuk tkrk gS fd dqN le; ckn lc laLd`fr;k¡ ,d leku gks tk,xh] dqNekurs gS dh laLd`fr dk HkwLFkkuh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh gSA vFkkZr~HkweaMy ds lkFk LFkkuh; feJ.k] eSdMksukYM Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dh ijEijk dsvuqlkj mRikn csprk gSA laxhr ds {ks=k esa Hkh HkkaxM+k iksi] bafM;kÝ;wtuE;wftd vkfn yksdfiz;rk c<+ jgh gSA bl izdkj HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.kLFkkuh; ijeijkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk HkweaMyhdj.k ijEijk,a Hkh iSnk gks jgh gSA

fyax rFkk laLd`fr& ijEijkxr laLd`fr dk leFkZu djus okys dqN O;ffDrefgykvksa ds izfr HkweaMyhdj.k dk izHkko udkjkRed ekurs gSa iQS'ku o[kqykiu dk lkaLd`frd igpku ds uke ij fojks/ djrs gSa rFkk 'kadkyq cukrsgS lkSHkkX; ls Hkkjr viuh yksdrkaf=kd ijEijk dk;e j[krs gq, lekos'kkReduhfr fodflr djus esa liQy jgk gSA

miHkksx dh laLd`fr& lkaLd`frd miHkksx (dyk] iQS'ku] [kk|] laxhr)uxjksa dh o`rf¼ dks vkdkj nsrk gSA Hkkjr ds cM+s 'kgjksa esa cM+s&cM+s 'kkfiaxeky] eYVhIysDl flusek?kj] euksjat] m|ku] ty ØhM+kLFky vkfn bldsmnkgj.k gSA


fuxe laLd`fr (dkWjiksjsV)& izac/ fl¼kUr ftlesa iQeZ ds lHkh lnL;ksa dkslkFk ysdj ,d fo'ks"k laxBu dh laLd`fr dk fuekZ.k djds mRikndrk vkSjizfr;ksfxrk dk c<+kok nsrs gSa blls dEiuh ds dk;ZØe jhfr;ka rFkk ijEijk,a'kkfey gSa ;s deZpkfj;ksa esa oiQknkjh o ,drk dks c<+krh gsA og ;g Hkhcrkrh gS fd dke djus dk rjhdk D;k gS vksj mRiknksa dks dSls c<+kok fn;ktk,A

Lons'kh f'kYi] lkfgfR;d ijEijkvksa ,oa Kku O;oLFkkvksa dks [krjk&HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k gekjh lkfgfR;d ijEijkvksaa ,oa Kku O;oLFkkvksa ijHkh dqizHkko vk, gSA tSls& diM+k feys (cEcbZ) cUn gksus ds dkj.k fFk;sVjlewg lekIr ;k fuf"Ø; gks x, gSA ysfdu d`f"k] LokLF; laca/h ijEijkxrKku lqjf{kr j[ks tkrs gSA rqylh] gYnh] cklerh pkoy] :nzk{k vkfn dksfons'kh dEifu;k¡ isVsUV djkus dh dksf'k'k djrh jgrh gSA dqN o"kZigys vkaèkzizns'k ds ikjaifjd cudjksa }kjk vkRegR;k fd, tkus dh [kcjs feyh FkhA blhrjg ls Mkseckjh leqnk; dh gkyr Hkh dkiQh [kjkc gks pqdh gSA budsdjrc vkt dy ilUn ugha fd, tkrs D;ksafd vU; euksjatu ds lkèkumiyC/ gSaA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) HkweaMyhdj.k osQ var laca/ Hkkjr rFkk fo'o ds fy, u, gSA

(b) dksdk dksyk vkSj iSIlh ikj&jk"Vªh; fuxe osQ mnkgj.k ugha gSA

(c) vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mRiknu iQksMZokn dgykrk gSA

(d) cacbZ diM+k fey osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k fFk;sVj lewg lfozQ; gks x, gSaA

(e) lwMku ls xksan vkus ij xqtjkr dh vkSjrksa osQ jkstxkj esa of¼ gks xbZ gSA

2. dEI;wVj }kjk ;k baVjusV }kjk cSfdax] viuh fuf/ dks varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij b/j&m/j djuk ---------------- vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrh gSA


3. ---------------- 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,sls vusd uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls gS tks Hkkjr jkT;}kjk lu~ ---------------- esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o cktkj osQ fy, [kksynsus ds mn~ns'; ls fy, x, FksA

4. Hkkjr ls ---------------- etnwjksa dks tgktksa esa Hkjdj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSjmRrjh&nf{k.kh vesfjdk osQ nwjorhZ Hkkxks esa dke djus osQ fy, ys tk;k tkrkgSA

5. ,d LFkkuh; laLÑfr dk fo'o dh laLÑfr ls feJ.k ---------------- dgykrk gSA

6. ,slh txg tgk¡ lapkj osQ lk/u ekStwn ugha gS mls ---------------- dgrs gSaA

7. ,d dsanzh; LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus ij mRiknu ---------------- dgykrk gSA

8. mnkjhdj.k dh izfozQ;k osQ fy, fdl varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk ls ½.k fy;k tkrk gSA

(a) I.M.F (b) W.H.O

(c) E.V (d) ASEAN

9. dkSu lk xSj ljdkjh laxBu dk mnkgj.k ugha gSμ

(a) xzhuihl (b) jsMozQkWl

(c) ,EuLVh baVjus'uy (d) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vª la?k

10. HkweaMyhdj.k ls fdls [krjk gSμ

(a) Lons'kh f'kYi (b) lkfgR;d ijEijk,¡

(c) Kku O;oLFkk,¡ (d) mijksDr rhuksa

2 vad iz'u

1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k D;k gS\

2- KkukRed ;k Hkkj jfgr vFkZO;oLFkk D;k gksrh gS\

3- HkwLFkkuhdj.k laLd`fr fdls dgrs gSa\

4- fuxe laLd`fr (dkjiksjsV) ls D;k le>rs gS\

5- miHkksx dh laLd`fr fdls dgk tkrk gS\


6- ikj jk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds ckjsa esa o.kZu djsaA

7- iQksMZokn ls vki dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

8- izeq[k vUrjkZ"Vªh; o xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds uke fy[kksA

9- iQksMZokn vkSj iksLV iQksVZokn esa varj fy[ksA

10- fMftVy foHkktu D;k gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd U;k; ij HkweaMyhdj.k dk D;k izHkko iM+k gS\

2- HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k etnwj detksj o vlqjf{kr D;ksa eglwl djrs gSa\

3- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k var lEcU/ Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ds fy, u, gS\

4- HkweaMyhdj.k gekjs fdlkuksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS\

5- HkweaMyhdj.k vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk dsUnz fcUnq gSaA o.kZu dhft,A

6 vad iz'u

1- HkweaMyhdj.k vf/drj NksVs m|ksxksa ds fy, ,d [krjk gS] Li"V djsaA

2- HkweaMyhdj.k ds jk"Vªh; Lrj ij jktuhfr esa D;k ifjorZu fd, gSa\

3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dh ppkZ dhft,\

4- HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Je ds u, varjkZ"Vªh; foHkktu ds izHkko dh O;k[;k ,dmnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls dhft,A

5- HkweaMyhdj.k us laLÑfr dks cgqr ls rjhdks }kjk izHkkfor fd;k gSA foLrkjls le>k,A


ikB 7

tu lEidZ lk/u vkSj lapkj

eq[; fcUnq

1- ekl ehfM;k

ekl ehfM;k ;kfu tu laidZ ds lk/u Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=k] fiQYesa] jsfM;ksafoKkiu] lh-Mh vkfnA ;s cgqr cM+h tula[;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSa lekt ijblds izHkko nwjxkeh gsA blesa fo'kky iwath] laxBu rFkk vkSipkfjd izcU/udh vko';drk gSA ekl ehfM;k gekjs nSfud thou dk ,d vax gSA

2- vk/qfud ekl&ehfM;k dk izkjaHk

igyh vk/qfud ekl&ehfM;k dh laLFkk dk izkjaHk fizfVax iszl ds fodkl dslkFk gqvkA

;g rduhd loZizFke tksgku xqVucxZ }kjk 1440 esa fodflr dh xbZA

vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds lkFk gh bldk fodkl gqvkA

lekpkj&i=k tu&tu rd igq¡pus yxsA

ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksx ijLij tqM+k gqvk eglwl djus yxsvkSj muesa ^ge dh Hkkouk* fodflr gks xbZA

blls jk"Vªokn dk fodkl gqvk vkSj yksxksa ds chp eS=kh Hkko mRiUu gksusyxsA

bl izdkj ,aMjlu us jk"Vª dks ,d dkYifud leqnk; eku fy;k gSA

3- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa ekl&ehfM;k

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk fodkl mifuos'kokn ds fo:¼ mlds la?k"kZ ds lkFkxgjkbZ ls tqM+k gSA

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ds mRihM+d mik;ksa dk [kqydj fojks/ djusokyh


jk"Vªoknh izsl us mifuos'k&fojks/h tuer tkx`r fd;k x;k vkSj fiQj mls lghfn'kk Hkh nhA

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us jk"Vªoknh izsl ij f'kdatk dluk 'kq: dj fn;kA

jsfM;ks iw.kZ :i ls ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa FkkA ml ij jk"Vªh; fopkjvfHkO;Dr ugha fd, tk ldrs FksA

jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu dks leFkZu nsus ds fy, ^dsljh* (ejkBh) ekr`Hkwfe(eyk;e) ^ve`rcktkj if=kdk (vaxzsth) Niuk izkjaHk gqbZA

4- Lora=kr Hkkjr esa ekl ehfM;k

gekjsa igys iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us ehfM;k dks ^^yksdra=k dsigjsnkj** dh Hkwfedk nhA ;s yksxksa esa jk"Vª fodkl rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk dhHkkouk Hkjs] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dks dgk] vkS|ksfxd lekt dksrdZ laxr rFkk vk/qfudrk dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk nhA

ehfM;k ds izdkj% ehfM;k ds nks izdkj gSA

(1) bysDVªkfud ehfM;k

(2) fizUV ehfM;k

jsfM;ks (bysDVªkfud ehfM;k)& 1920 esa dydÙkk rFkk psUubZ lsgSEczkMdkfLVax Dyc us Hkkjr esa 'kq: fd;kA 'kq: esa dsoy N% LVs'ku FksAlekpkj izlkj.k vkdk'kok.kh }kjk rFkk eukjatu dk;ZØe fofo/ HkkjrhpSuy }kjk izlkfjr gksrs FksA 1960 ds n'kd esa gfjr Økafr ds dk;ZØeizlkfjr fd, x;sA blds ckn t:jr ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh;Lrjksa ij lsok,a 'kq: dh xbZA

Vsyhfotu (bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k)& 1959 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dh Hkkoukds lkFk bldh 'kq:vkr gqbZA 1975&76 esa mixzg dh lgk;rk ls xzkeh.k{ks=kksa esa leqnkf;dd f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kA fnYyh] eqEcbZ]Jhuxj rFkk ve`rlj esa dsUnz cuk, x,A blds ckn dksydrk] psUubZ rFkktkyUèkj dsUnz 'kq: fd, x;sA fofHkuu izdkj ds dk;ZØeksa dks 'kq:vkr dhokf.kfT;d foKkiuksa us yksdfizz;rk dks c<+kok fn;kA ^^ge yksx** vkSj^^cqfu;kn** tSls lksi vksisjk izlkfjr fd, x,A


lksi vksisjk& os /kjkokfgd tks Vh-oh- ij lky nj lky izlkfjr gksrs jgrsgS tc rd Vh-oh- pSuy mUgsa [kRe ugha djrsA

eqnz.k ekè;e (fizUV ehfM;k)& 'kq: esa lkekftd vkUnksyu] fiQj jk"VªfuekZ.k esa HkkxhnkjhA 1975 esa lSaljf'ki O;oLFkk rFkk 1977 esa iqu% cgkyhAblds izHkko vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd rFkk lakLdfrd i{kksa ij egRoiw.kZgSA mnkgj.k&lekpkj i=k] if=kdk vkfnA

5- HkweaMyhdj.k rFkk ehfM;k& 1970 rd ljdkj ds fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;kx;kA blds ckn cktkj rFkk izkS|ksfxdh vkfn us :i cny fn;k gSAHkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k fizaV ehfM;k] jsfM;ks] bySDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa ifjorZu gq,A

(d) eqæ.k ekè;e (fizaV ehfM;k)

ubZ izkS|ksfxfd;ksa us lekpkj i=kksa ds mRiknu vksj izlkj dks c<+kok fn;kAcM+h la[;k esa pednkj if=kdk,¡ Hkh cktkj esa vk xbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkj i=kksa esa vk'p;Ztud o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

dkj.k (1) lk{kj yksxksa esa o`f¼ (2) NksVs dLcksa vksj xk¡oksa esa ikBdksdh vko';drk,¡ 'kgjh ikBdksa ls fHkUu gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; lekpkji=k bls iwjk djrs gSA

([k) Vsyhfotu

1991 esa Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d gh jkT; fu;af=kr Vhoh pSuy nwjn'kZu FkkA

vc xSj ljdkjh pSuyksa dh la[;k dbZ xq.kk c<+ xbZ gSA

1980 ds n'kd esa ,d vksj tgk¡ nwjn'kZu rsth ls foLr`r gks jgk Fkk]ogh dsoy Vsyhfotu m|ksx Hkh Hkkjr ds cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa esa rsth lsiuirk tk jgk FkkA

cgqr ls fons'kh pSuy tSls lksuh] LVkj Iyl] LVkj usVodZ vkfn iw.kZ :ils fganh pSuy cu x,A

vf/dka'k pSuy gÝrs esa lkrks fnu] vkSj fnu esa pkSchlksa ?kaVs pyrs gSA

fj,fyVh 'kks okrkZ izn'kZu] g¡lh&etkd ds izn'kZu cM+h la[;k esa gksjgs gSaA


dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr] fcx ckWl] bafM;u vkbMy tSls okLrfod izn'kZufnu&Hkj&fnu yksdfiz; gksrs tk jgs gSA

jsfM;ks

2000 esa vkdk'kok.kh ds dk;ZØe Hkkjr ds lHkh nks frgkbZ ?kjksa esa lqustk ldrs FksA

2002 esa xSj ljdkjh LokfeRo okys ,iQ-,e jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa dh LFkkiukls jsfM;ks ij euksjatu ds dk;ZØeksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA ;s Jksrkvksa dksvkdf"kZr dj mudk euksjatu djrs FksA

,iQ-,e- pSuyksa dks jktuhfrd lekpkj cqysfVu izlkfjr djus dhvuqefr ugha gSA

vius Jksrkvksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, fnu Hkj fgV xkuksa dks izlkfjr djrsgS tSls jsfM;ksa fephZA

nks fiQYeksa ^^jax ns clarh** vkSj ^^eqUuk HkkbZ** esa jsfM;ksa dks lapkj dslfØ; ekè;e ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa ,iQ-,e- pSuyksa dks lquus okys ?kjksa dh la[;k us LFkkuh; jsfM;ksa}kjk usVodksZ dk lhu ys ysus dh fo'o;kih izo`fÙk dks cy fn;kA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) ,aMjlu us ehfM;k dks ^yksdra=k* osQ igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk nhA

(b) vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us jsfM;ks dks iw.kZ :i ls Lora=krk iznku djhA

(c) fizaV ehfM;k dk ,d mnkgj.k Vsfyfotu gSA

(d) lksi vksisjk ,sls /kjkokfgdksa dh Üka[kyk gS tks dHkh izlkfjr gksrs gSa vkSjdHkh xk;c gks tkrs gSaA


2. dkSu lh fiQYe esa jsfM;ks dk bLrseky ugha gqvk Fkkμ

(a) jax ns clarh (b) eqUuk HkkbZ

(c) eqxy&,&vkte (d) mijksDr rhuksa

3. buesa ls dkSu&ls pSuy fons'kh ugha gSaμ

(a) lksuh (b) LVkj Iyl

(c) LVkj usVooZQ (d) nwjn'kZu

4. lksi vksisjk dk mnkgj.k dkSu&lk gSμ

(a) ge yksx (b) VSxksj dh dgkfu;k¡

(c) 'kfDreku (d) mijksDr rhuksa

5. ehfM;k osQ izdkj gSaμ

(a) nks (b) rhu

(c) pkj (d) ik¡p

6. fizafVax izSl dc fodflr gqbZμ

(a) 1440 (b) 1975

(c) 1945 (d) 1800

7. ,aMjlu us jk"Vª dks ,d --------------- leqnk; eku fy;k FkkA

8. vkt ekl&ehfM;k gekjs --------------- dk ,d vax gSA

9. --------------- fizaV ehfM;k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

10. 2002 esa xSj ljdkjh LokfeRo okys --------------- jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa dh LFkkiuk lsjsfM;ks ij euksjatu osQ dk;ZozQeksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA

11. lk{kj yksxksa esa of¼ ls Hkh --------------- esa vk'p;Ztud of¼ gqbZ gSA

12. 1991 esa Hkkjr esa osQoy ,d gh jkT; fu;af=kr Vh-oh- pSuy --------------- FkkA

2 vad iz'u

1- ekl&ehfM;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\


2- tulaidZ ds lk/uksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

3- ekl ehfM;k esa fdl izdkj c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS\

4- izkS|ksfxdh rFkk ifjogu us ekl ehfM;k ij D;k izHkko Mkys gSa\

4 vad iz'u

1- mnkjhdj.k rFkk ekl ehfM;k fdl izdkj ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor dj jgs gS\

2- lekpkj i=kksa dk izk:i nSfud vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gks jgk gSo.kZu djsaA

3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k ekl ehfM;k lkekftd ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k gS]mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V djsaA

4- ehfM;k dks yksdra=k ds igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk D;ksa nh xbZ\

5- Vsyhfotu ds ekè;e esa tks ifjorZu gks jgs gS mudh ppkZ djsaA

6- fizaV ehfM;k ij HkweaMyhdj.k ds izHkkoksa dh foospuk dhft,A[Outside Delhi-2018]

6 vad iz'u

1- vkSifuosf'kd dky ls vk/qfud dky rd fizUV ehfM;k esa gksus okyhifjorZuksa dk mYys[k djsa fczfV'k ljdkj bu ij D;ksa fuxjkuh pkgrh Fkh\

2- vke O;fDr ds v[kckj ls ysdj] bUVjusV rd dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj tuthou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blh lanHkZ esa dky lSUVjksa dh LFkkiuk us fdlizdkj ;qokvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gS rFkk jkf=k ds le; fdl izdkj ubZxfrfof/;k¡ c<+h gSA

3- D;k ,d tulapkj ds ekè;e ds :i esa jsfM;ks [kRe gks jgk gS\ mnkjhdj.kds ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa ,iQ-,e- LVs'kuksa ds lkeF;Z dh ppkZ djsaA


ikB 8

lkekftd vkanksyu

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkekftd vkUnkstu& ;s lekt dks ,d vkdkj nsrs gSaA 19oha lnh esavusd lq/kj vkUnksyu gq, tSls& tkfr O;oLFkk ds fo:¼] HksnHkko dsfo:¼ vkSj jk"Vªhl Lora=krk laxzke vkUnksyu vkfnA

2- lkekftd vkUnksyu ds y{k.k

yEcs le; rd fuajrj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa dh vko';drkA

laxBu gksuk vko';d gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu izk;% fdl tufgr ds ekeys esa ifjorZu ds fy,gksrs gSA tSls vkfnokfl;ksa dk taxy ij vf/dkj] foLFkkfir yksxksa dkiquokZlA

laxBu esa usr`Ro rFkk lajpuk gksrh gSA

lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ds fy,A

Hkkx ysus okys yksxksa ds mís'; rFkk fopkj/kjkvksa esa lekurk gksrh gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu ds fojks/ esa izfrjks/h esa vkUnksyu tUe ysrs gSA tSlslrh izFkk ds fo:¼ vkUnksyu ds f[kykiQ /eZ lHkk cuh] ftlus vaxzstksals lrh izFkk [kRe djdus ds fo:¼ dkuwu cukus dh ekax dhA

lkekftd vkUnksyu fojks/ ds fofHkUu lk/u fodflr djrs gS&eksecÙkh;k e'kky tqywl] uqDdM+ ukVd xhrA

lkekftd ifjorZu lkekftd vkUnksyu

(v) fujarjrk (v) fof'k"V mn~ns';

(c) laLd`frdj.k] if'pehdj.k vkfn (c) yksxksa dk fujUrj lkekftd iz;kl lrh izFkk fojks/h

vkanksyu vkfn


4- lkekftd vkUnksyu ds fl¼kUr&

lkisf{kd oapu dk fl¼kUr

(1) lkekftd la?k"kZ rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc lkekftd lewg viuh fLFkfr[kjkc le>rk gSA

(2) euksoSKkfud dkj.k tSls {kksHk o jks"k

lhek,¡% lkewfgd xfrfof/ ds fy, oapu dk vkHkkl vko';d gS ysfdu ;g ,di;kZIr dkj.k ugha gSA

fn yksftd vkiQ dySfDVo ,D'ku& lkekftd vkanksyu esa Lo;a dk fgrpkgus okys foosdh O;fDrxr vfHkusrkvksa dk iw.kZ ;ksx gSA O;fDr dqN izkIrdjus ds fy, buesa 'kkfey gksxk mls blesa tksf[ke Hkh de gks vkSj ykHkvf/dA

lhek,¡ % lkekftd vkUnksyu dh liQyrk lalk/uksa o ;ksX;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrhgSA

lalk/u xfr'khyrk dk fl¼kUr& lkekftd vkUnksyu esa usr`Ro] laxBukRed{kerk rFkk lapkj lqfo/kvksa dks ,d=k djuk bldh liQyrk dk tfj;k gSA

lhek,¡ % izkIr lalk/uksa dh lhek esa oafpr ugha] u, izrhd o igpku dh jpukHkh dj ldrk gSA

5- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds izdkj

(v) izfrnkukRed vkUnksyu& O;fDr;ksa dh psruk rFkk xfrf/;ksa esa ifjorZu ykrsgSA tSls dsjy ds btàok leqnk; ds yksxksa us ukjk;.k xq: ds usr`Ro esa viuhlkekftd izFkkvksa dks cnykA

(c) lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu& lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd foU;kl dks /hes o izxfr'khypj.kksa }kjk cnyukA tSls& 1960 ds n'kd esa Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dkiquxZBu o lwpuk dk vf/dkjA

(l) Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu& lkekftd laca/ksa esa vkewy ifjorZu djuk rFkk jktlÙkkij vf/dkj djukA tSls& cksY'ksfod Økafr ftlesa :l esa tkj dks vinLFkfd;kA


6- lkekftd vkanksyu ds vU; izdkj

iqjkuk lkekftd vkanksyu (vktknh iwoZ)& ukjh vkanksyu] lrh izFkk dsfo:¼ vkanksyu] cky fookg] tkfr izFkk ds fo:¼ vkanksyuA ;g jktuhfrdnk;js esa gksrs FksA fdlh fuf'pr {ks=k vFkok ns'k esa gksrs gSaA

u;k lkekftd vkUnksyu& thou Lrj dks cnyus o 'kq¼ i;kZoj.k ds fy,A

fcuk jktuhfrd nk;js ds gksrs gS rFkk jkT; ij ncko Mkyrs gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; gSa

7- ifjfLFkfrdh; vkUnksyu

mnkgj.k& fpidks vkanksyu

fpidks vkUnksyu& maÙkjkpy esa ouksa dks dkVus ls jksdus rFkk i;kZoj.k dkcpko djus ds fy, fL=k;ka isM+ksa ls fpid xbZ vksj isM+ dkVus ugha fn;sA blizdkj ;g vkUnksyu vkfFkZd] ifjfLFkfrdh; o jktuhfrd cu x;kA

8- oxZ vk/kfjr vkUnksyu

fdlku vkUnksyu& 1858&1914 ds cho LFkkuh;rk] foHkktu o fofHkUuf'kdk;rksa ls lhfer gksus dh vksj izo`Ùk gqvkA

1859&62 uhy dh [ksrh ds fojks¼ esaA

1857& nf{k.k dk fonzksg tks lkgwdkjh ds fojks/k esaA

1928& yxku fojks¼h vkanksyu

1920& fczfV'k ljdkj dh ou uhfr;ksa ds fo:¼ vkanksyu

1920&1940 vky bafM;k fdlku lHkk

Lora=krk ds le; nks eq[; fdlku vkanksyu gq,

(i) 1946&1947 frHkkxk vkUnksyu& ;g la?k"kZ iV~Vsnkjh ds fy, gqvkA

(ii) 1946&1951 rsyaxkuk vkUnksyu& ;g gSnjkckn dh lkaerh n'kkvksa dsfo:¼ FkkA


Lora=krk ds ckn nks cM+s lkekftd vkanksyu gq,

(i) 1967 udLyh vkUnksyu& ;g vkanksyu Hkwfe dks ysdj gqvk FkkA

(ii) u;s fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu

u;k fdlku vkUnksyu

μ 1970 esa iatkc o rfeyukMq esa izkjaHk gqvkA

μ ny jfgr FksA

μ {ks=kh; vk/kj ij laxfBr FksA

μ d`"kd ds LFkku ij fdlku tqM+s Fks (fdlku mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks fdoLrqvksa ds mRiknu vkSj [kjhn nksukssa esa cktkj ls tqM+s gksrs gSA)

μ jkT; fojks/h o uxj fojks/h FksA

μ ykHk izn dhersa] d`f"k fuos'k dh dhers] VSDl o m/kj dh okilh dhek¡xs FkhA

μ lM+d o jsy ekxZ dks can fd;k x;k FkkA

μ efgyk eqn~nksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

dkexkjksa dk vkUnksyu

μ 1860 esa dkj[kkuksa esa mRiknu dk dk;Z 'kq: gqvkA dPpk eky Hkkjrls ys tkdj] baXySaM esa fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA

μ ckn esa ,sls dkj[kkuksa dks enzkl] cacbZ vkSj dydÙkk LFkkfir fd;kx;kA

μ dkexkjksa us viuh dk;Z n'kkvksa ds fy, fojks/ fd;kA

μ 1918 esa loZizFke etnwj la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

μ 1920 esa ,Vd dh LFkkiuk gqbZ (vkWy bafM;k VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl&,Vd)

μ dk;Z ds ?kaVksa dh vof/ dks ?kVkdj 10 ?kaVs dj fn;k x;kA


μ 1926 esa etnwj la?k vf/fu;e ikfjr gqvk ftlus etnwj la?kksa dsiathdj.k fd izko/ku fd;k] vkSj dqN fu;e cuk,A

9- tkfr vk/kfjr vkUnksyu

(v) nfyr vkUnksyu& nfyr 'kCn ejkBh] fgUnh] xqtjkrh o vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds :iesa igpku izkIr djus dk la?k"kZ gSA nfyr lekurk] vkRelEeku] vLi`';rkmUewyu ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA

eè; izns'k esa pekjksa dk lrukeh vkUnksyu

itkac esa vkfn/eZ vkUnksyu

egkjk"Vª esa egkj vkUnksyu

vkxjk esa tkVoksa dh xfr'khyrk

nf{k.k Hkkjr esa czãe.k fojks/h vkUnksyu

(c) fiNMs+ oxZ dk vkUnksyu

fiNM+s tkfr;ksa] oxksZa dk jktuhfrd bdkbZ ds :i esa mn;

vkSifuosf'kd dky esa jkT; viuh lajf{kr dk forj.k tkfr vk/kfjrdjrs FksA

yksx lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd igpku ds fy, tkfr esa jgrs gSaA

vk/qfud dky essa tkfr viuh deZdkaMksa fo"k; oLrq NksM+us yxh rFkkjktuhfr xfr'khyrk ds iaFk fujis{k gks xbZ gSA

(l) mPptkfr dk vkUnksyu& nfyr o fiNM+ks ds c<+rs izHkko ls mPp tkfr;ksaus misf{kr eglwl fd;kA

10- tu tkrh; vkUnksyu& tutkrh; vkanksyuksa esa ls dbZ eè; Hkkjr esa fLFkrgSA tSls& NksVk ukxiqj o laFkky ijxuk esa fLFkr laFkky] gks] eqaMk] vksjko]eh.kk vkfnA

>kj[kaM

fcgkj ls vyx gksdj 2000 esa >kj[k.M jkT; cukA

vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr fojlk eq.Mk us dh FkhA

bZlkbZ fe'kujh us lk{kjrk dk vfHk;ku pyk;kA


fnDdqvksa& (O;kikjh o egktu) ds izfr ?k`.kkA

vkfnokfl;ksa dks vyx&Fkyx fd;k tkukA

vkUnksyu ds eq[;fcUnq o eqn~ns

Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k

Í.kksa dh olwyh

ouksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k

iquZokl u fd;k tkukA

iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ds vkanksyu& ou Hkwfe ls yksxksa dk foLFkkiu rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh;eqn~nsA

11- efgykvksa dk vkUnksyu

1970 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr esa efgyk vkUnksyu dk uohuhdj.k gqvkA

efgyk vkUnksyu Lo;r Fks rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa ls Lora=k FksA

efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk ds ckjs esa vfHk;ku pyk,A

Ldwy ds izkFkZuk i=k esa ekrk&firk nksuksa dk uke 'kkfeyA

;kSu mRihM+u o ngst ds fojks/ esaA

dqN efgyk laxBuksa ds uke& foeal bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku (1971)] vkybafM;k foeal dkUizQsal (1926)

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaμ

(a) rsyaxkuk vkanksyu iV~Vsnkjh osQ fy, gqvkA

(b) lkekftd vkanksyu osQ fy, fdlh fof'k"V mn~ns'; dh t:jr ugha gSA

(c) mÙkjkapy esa gq, fpidks vkanksyu esa iq#"k isM+ksa ls fpid x, FksA


(d) u, lkekftd vkanksyu esa tkfr izFkk ,oa cky fookg osQ fo#¼ vkanksyufd,A

(e) 1921 esa ,Vd dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

2. u;k fdlku vkanksyu 1970 esa --------------- vkSj --------------- esa izkjaHk gqvkA

3. nfyr vkanksyu dk ,d mnkgj.k eè; izns'k esa --------------- dk ---------------vkanksyuA

4. fcgkj ls vyx gksdj 2000 esa --------------- jkT; cukA

5. u;k fdlku vkanksyu --------------- fojks/h o --------------- fojks/h FksA

6. 1967 dk uDlyh vkanksyu dk eqn~nk FkkA

(a) Hkwfe (b) iQly

(c) yxku (d) iV~Vsnkjh

7. etnwj la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

(a) 1918 (b) 1919

(c) 1920 (d) 1921

8. lkekftd vkanksyu osQ izdkj gSA

(a) rhu (b) pkj

(c) ik¡p (d) nks

9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lkekftd vkanksyu fojks/ ds lk/u gSaμ

(a) e'kky tqywl (b) uqDdM+ ukVd

(c) dkys diM+s iguuk (d) mijksDr rhuksa

10. tutkrh; vkanksyu osQ e[; fcanq dkSu&ls gSaμ

(a) Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k (b) ½.kksa dh olwyh

(c) ouksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k (d) mijksDr rhuksa


2 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd vkUnksyu D;k gksrs gS\

2- lkekftd ifjorZu o lkekftd vkUnksyu esa D;k vUrj gS\

3- fdlku vkUnksyuksa ds nks mnkgj.k fy[kksA

4- ,Vd dks le>k,A

5- tkfr vk/kfjr pkj vkUnksyuksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

6- pkj tu tkfr;ksa ds uke fy[ksaA

7- nks efgyk laxBuksa ds uke crkb,A

4 vad iz'u

1- lq/kjoknh o Økafrdkjh vkUnksyuksa esa vUrj crkb,A

2- izfrnkUkkRed o lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu vkUnksyu esa vUrj crkb,A

3- ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkUnksyu dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- u, fdlku vkUnksyu ij uksV fyf[k,A

5- ml eqn~ns ds fo"k; esa crkb, ftlds fy, >kj[kaM ds usrkvksa us vkUnksyufd;kA

6- efgykvksa us vk/qfud ;qx esa fofHkUu eqn~nksa dks mBk;k gS\ budk o.kZudhft,A

6 vad iz'u

1- u, lkekftd vkUnksyu o iqjkus lkekftd vkUnksyu esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

2- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds fl¼kUrksa ds fo"k; esa crkb;s

4- fdlku vkUnksyu o u, fdlku vkUnksyu esa vUrj fyf[k,A


iz'u i=k gy djus ds fy;s ;kn djus ;ksX;

egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- iz'u i=k dks vPNh rjg ls i<sa+A

2- iz'u i=k esa fn;s x;s iz'uksa dks ges'kk Øekuqlkj djsaA

3- iz'u i=k dks gy djrs le; iz'uksa dh la[;k ua0 dks mÙkj iqfLrdk esa lgh fy[ksA

4- ges'kk egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks js[kkafdr djsaA

5- 1 vad okys iz'uksa dks le> dj fy[ksaA

6- 2 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa 'kCnksa dks lhfer j[ks (dksbZ nks egÙoiw.kZfcanq fy[ksa)

7- 4 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa dksbZ 4 egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq foLrkj ls fy[ksA

8- 6 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa dksbZ 6 egRoiw.kZ fcUnq foLrkj ls fy[ksA

9- 6 vad okys vuqPNsn dks è;kuiwoZd i<s+A mÙkj nsus ds fy, vuqPNsn dhlgk;rk ysrs gq, viuh le> ls fy[ksA

10- izR;sd mÙkj ds chp esa vUrj j[ksaA

11- viuh fy[kkbZ ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA

lekt'kkL=k esa vPNs vad gkfly djus gsrw egRoiw.kZ fcUnq%&

1- N C E R T dh nksuks iqLrds rFkk lgk;d lkexzh dk gh bLrseky djsaA

2- N C E R T esa fn;s x;s jaxhu o xzs ckDl dks Hkh è;kuiwoZd i<sA

6 vad okyk vuqPNsn vDlj bu ckDl ls iwNk tkrk gSA

lekt'kkL=k fo"k; esa viuk Kku c<+kus ds fy;s Hkh bu ckDl dksvo'; i<s+A

3- N C E R T esa fn;s vH;kl dks Hkh vo'; gy djsaA

4- CBSE ds lSEiy isilZ rFkk fiNys 5 lkyksa ds iz'u i=kksa dks vo'; gy djsA

5- CBSE cksMZ ijh{kk ls igys dksbZ ,d iz'ui=k vo'; gy djsaA rkfd le;lhek dk vkidks Kku gks tk;sA


lekt'kkL=kekpZ& 2013

iz'u&1- vk/qfudhdj.k dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

mÙkj& iqjkuh ijEijkvksa dks R;kx dj u;s fopkjksa dks xzg.k djukA ;g izfØ;k

ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ij vk/kfjr gksrh gS rFkk ftlesa vPNs&cqjs] ubZ&iqjkuh bR;kfn Hkkoukvksa

dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA /eZfujis{krk] f'k{kk] uxjhdj.k] u;s vf/dkj bR;kfn vkèkqfudhdj.k

ds fy;s vko';d gSA vk/qfudhdj.k O;fDr ds fopkj] O;ogkj ds <ax] thou ds lHkh

igyw ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA

iz'u&2- izca/d ds vk/kjHkwr dk;Z D;k gS\

mÙkj&

1- etnwjksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk

2- vf/d ls vf/d dke ysuk

3- fu/kZfjr dk;ksZa dh vkiwfrZ djuk

iz'u&3- ^biQksVsuesaV 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj& lwpuk rFkk euksjatu esa rkyesy j[kuk ftlls fo'ks"kdj lekpkj i=k]

Vsyhfotu rFkk jsfM+;ks vkfn ls n'kZd tqMs+ jgsA

iz'u&4- izfr"Bk dk izrhd D;k gksrk gS\

mÙkj& miHkksDrk vius [kkus&ihus] iguus] jgus vkfn ds fy;s fdl dksfV (rjg) dh

oLrq,a [kjhnrk gS vFkkZr~ yksxksa }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds laca/ksa dks izfr"Bk dk

izrhd dgrs gSA yksxks dk igukok] [kkuiku] fuokl] dkj vkfn muds izfLFkfr fpUg gSA

iz'u&5- ckxku ds ekfyd dSls jgk djrs Fks\


mÙkj& 1- ckxku ds ekfyd lHkh lEHkkfor lqfo/kvksa ds lkFk 'kkgh thou O;rhr

djrs FksA

2- ckxkuks ds ekfyd fo'kky caxyksa esa jgrs Fks tks etcwr ydM+h ds iV~Vks ls

f?kjs gksrs Fks rkfd taxyh tkuoj muesa izos'k u dj ldsA

3- ckxkuksa ds ekfyd ckofpZ;ksa] ekfy;ksa rFkk vU; dke&dkt djus okyksa dks

izf'k{k.k fn;k djrs Fks rkfd og vPNs <ax ls mudh lsok dj ldsaA

iz'u&6- vlaLd`frdj.k 'kCn dk vFkZ fyf[k,A

mÙkj& mÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k 2014 Q. No 2 ns[ksA

iz'u&7- dkyZ ekDlZ ds vuqlkj folca/u (,fy,us'ku) fLFkfr D;k gS\

mÙkj& dkyZ ekDlZ ds vuqlkj ,fy,us'ku ,d ekufld n'kk gS tks vf/drj vius

dk;ks± dk vafre :i ugha ns[k ikrs D;ksafd mUgsa mRiknu ds NksVs ls iqtsZ dks cukuk gksrk

gSA

yksx vius dk;ksZ ls izlUu ughaa gksrsA

O;fDr vius dk;Z rFkk lewg ls vyxko eglwl djrk gSA

iz'u&8- usg: us lapkj (ehfM;k) dks yksdra=k dk igjsnkj D;ksa dgk gS\

mÙkj& ehfM;k ls ;g vk'kk dh xbZ gS fd og yksxksa ds ân; esa vkRefuHkZjrk vkSjjk"Vªh; fodkl dh Hkkouk HkjsA ehfM;k vLi`';rk] cky fookg] ngst izFkk tSlh lkekftddqjhfr;ksa rFkk tknw&Vksuk tSls va/fo'oklksa ds fo:¼ yM+us ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

iz'u&9- iapk;rks dh vkenuh ds izeq[k L=kksr D;k gSa\

mÙkj&

1- lEifr] O;olk;] i'kq okgu vkfn ij dj yxkukA

2- pqaxh dj rFkk Hkw&jktLo olwy djukA

3- ftyk iapk;r }kjk vuqnku izkIr gksrk gSA

iz'u&10- fojks/ izn'kZu ds fo'ks"k rjhds D;k gS\


mÙkj&

1- eksecÙkh ;k e'kky] tqywl] dkys diM+s dk iz;ksx] uqDdM+ ukVd] xhr]dfork,¡ vkfnA

2- Lora=krk vkUnksyu esa vafglk rFkk pj[ks ds iz;ksx tSls u;s rjhdks dksviuk;kA

iz'u&11- mUuhloh 'krkCnh esa lekt lq/kjdks dh izeq[k fprk,¡ D;k Fkh\

mÙkj& lkekftd dqjhfr;ks dks nwj djuk tSls lfr izFkk cky fookg] fo/okiquZfookg] tkfr; HksnHkko] fL=k;ksa ds fy;s f'k{kk vkfnA

iz'u&12- mnkjhdj.k uhfr dk D;k vk'k; gS\

mÙkj&

1- futhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk (ljdkjh laLFkkuks dks izkbosV dEifu;ksa dks csp nsuk)

2- ljdkjh fu;=ka.k esa <hy nsukA

3- fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa m|ksx LFkkfir djus ds fy;s lgqfy;r nsukA

4- cgqr lkjh fons'kh oLrqvksa dk vklkuh ls miyC/ gksukA

5- varjk"Vªh; laLFkku tSls TMF rFkk WTO dks egRo fn;k x;k muls Í.kysuk vklku gks x;kA

iz'u&13- fdUgh nks INGO's ds uke fyf[k,A

mÙkj& fn jsMØkl] ,EuLVh baVjus'kuy] gSYi,t] xzhuihl] esfMflal lSUl iazQfV;fjl vkfnA

iz'u&14- tulapkj fdl izdkj gekjs nSfud thou dk ,d vax gS\

mÙkj&

1- lekpkj i=k i<uk

2- Vsfyfotu ns[kuk

3- eksckby iQksu ij feLM dkQy pSd djukA

4- jsfM;ks lquuk

5- baVjusV


iz'u&15- os D;k eqn~ns Fks ftuds fo:¼ >kj[kaM vkanksyu ds usrk mÙksftr Fks\

mÙkj&

1- flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa rFkk xksyhckjh {ks=k ds fy;s Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k

2- :ds gq, losZ{k.k rFkk iquZokl dh dk;Zokgh] can dj fn;s x;s dSai vkfnA

3- Í.kksa] fdjk, rFkk ljdkjh dtksZ dk laxzg ftldk izfrdkj fd;k x;kA

4- ou mRiknu dk jk"Vªh;dj.k ftUgksaus mldk cfg"dkj fd;kA

iz'u&16- lkaLd`frd fofHkUurk dk D;k vk'k; gS\ jkT; lkaLd`frd fofHkUurk dsckjs esa izk;% 'kadkyq D;ksa gksrs gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& lkaLd`frd fofHkuurk ls rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj ds lkekftdlewg rFkk leqnk; fuokl djrs gSA

;g leqnk; lkaLd`frd fpUgks tSls& Hkk"kk] /eZ] tkfr ;k iztkfr }kjkifjHkkf"kr fd;s tkrs gSA

lkaLd`frd fofHkUurk ds dkj.k ns'k esa cgqr lh leL;k,a Hkh mRiUu gksrh gStSls fd tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] {ks=kokn] lkEiznkf;drk] vkardokn rFkk tkfr;naxsa bR;kfnA blls ns'k dk ekgkSy dkiQh [kjkc gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ghjkT; vDlj lkaLd`frd fofHkUurk ds ckjs esa 'kadkyw gksrs gSA

iz'u&17- xzkeh.k yksxksa dks mudh vkokt nsus esa 73ok¡ la'kks/u cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSLi"V dhft,\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& xzkeh.k yksxksa dks mudh vkokt nsus esa 73ok¡ la'kks/u cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS blesafuEufyf[kr ckrsa lkeus vkbZ gSaA

1- bl la'kks/u esa 20 yk[k ls vf/d tula[;k okys izR;sd jkT; esa f=kLrjh;iapk;r gksxhA

2- izR;sd ik¡p o"kksZa esa blds lnL;ksa dk pquko gksxkA

3- blesa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy;s fuf'pr LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s x;sA

4- efgykvksa ds fy, 33&» lhVsa vkjf{kr dh xbZ ftuesa 17 izfr'kr lhVsavuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh FkhA

5- iwjs ftys esa fodkl ds fy;s ;kstuk lfefr xfBr dh xbZA


6- xk¡/h th xk¡o dks Lo;a esa vkRefuHkZj bdkbZ ekurs Fks og xzke jkT;ksa dksvkn'kZ ekurs FksA bl la'kks/u ls xzkeh.kksa dh vkokt yksdra=k esa lkFkZd gqbZgSA

iz'u&18- mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku jk"Vª jkT; jktuSfrd Lo:i cu x;s Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- ljdkj dh ,d fuf'pr lhek esa viuh izHkqlÙkk FkhA

2- yksxksa dks ,dy jkT; dh ukxfjdrk izkIr gSA

3- usrkvksa us ?kks"k.kk dh fd LojkT; esjk tUe fl¼ vf/dkj gSA

4- jk"Vª& jkT; jk"Vªh;rk dh mn; ds lkFk utnhdh ls tqM+s gq, gSA

iz'u&19- ikjjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh fo'ks"krk, fyf[k;sA

mÙkj&

1- ikjjk"Vªh; fuxe ,slh dEifu;ka gksrh gS tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kks esa viukeky mRiknu djrh gSA

2- ;s vis{kkd`r NksVh iQeZ Hkh gks ldrh gS rFkk cM+s fo'kky varZjk"Vªh; Hkh gksldrs gSA

3- dqN izfl¼ ikjjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds uke bl izdkj gS tSls dksdk dksyk]dksyxsV] ikeksfyo] lSelax] dksMd vkfnA

iz'u&20- cktkjksa ij lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls fdl izdkjfHkUu gS\

mÙkj&

1- lkIrkfgd cktkj lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd laxBuksa dh ,d dsUnzh; fo'ks"krkgSA

2- xk¡o ds yksx viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k fdlh mRiknu dks cspus vkrs gSA viusmRiknksa ds cnys esa vko';d oLrq,a tSls [kk| inkFkZ] crZu rFkk vU;miHkksx dh oLrq,a [kjhnrs gSaA

3- yksxks ds lkFk lkgwdkj] T;ksfr"kh] el[kjs ,oa reke rjg ds fo'ks"kK viuh


lsokvks rfk oLrqvksa ds lkFk vkrs gSaA

4- vf/dka'k yksx vius fe=kksa fj'rsnkjks ls feyus vkrs gSaA

5- dqN yksx ;gka vius yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds fj'rs rFkk fookg lEcU/ksa ijckrphr djus rFkk xIis ekjus vkrs gSA

vFkok

iz'u&20- Hkwe.Myhdj.k yscy ds vUrxZr lfEefyr dqN izfØ;k, D;k&D;k gS\

mÙkj&

1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk izHkko u dsoy vkfFkZd {ks=k esa vfirq lkaLd`frd rFkkjktuSfrd {ks=k esa Hkh ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA

2- bl izfØ;k esa vU; ns'kksa ds mRiknd viuk lkeku vkSj lsok,a Hkkjr esa cspldrs gS vkSj blh izdkj Hkkjr Hkh viuk lkeku o lsok, vU; ns'kksa dks nsldrk gSA

3- Hkwe.Myhdj.k fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa iwaath yxkus rFkk fufEkZr eky dksfons'kksa esa cspus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA

4- cktkj esa vk;k ifjorZu iwjs fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykrk gSA ftlizdkj vesfjdk ds cktkj esa fxjkoV ;wjksi vkSj Hkkjrh; cktkjks esa Hkh fxjkoVdk dkj.k curh gSA

iz'u&21- lkEiznkf;drk D;k gS\ ;g ruko fgalk dk ckj&ckj gksus okyk L=kksr D;ksagS\ mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsrs gq, Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj& lkEiznkf;drk& lkEiznkf;drk dk vFkZ gS /kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjrmxzoknA

1- lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nkSjku] yksx vius&vius leqnk;ks ds igpkughu lnL;cu tkrs gSA

2- O;fDr vius vfHkeku dh iwfrZ ds fy;s vU; leqnk;ksa dks ekj Mkyus]cykRdkj djus rFkk ywVikV dks rS;kj gks tkrs gSA


3- dksbZ Hkh ,slk {ks=k ugha gS tks fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh lkaiznkf;d fgalk lsiwjh rjg eqDr jgk gksA

4- izR;sd /kfeZd leqnk; us de ;k T;knk ek=kk esa fgalk dh ekj lgh gSA

mnkgj.k& fnYyh esa 1984 esa flD[k fojks/h naxsa dkaxzsl ds jkt esa gq,A

lu~ 2002 esa xqtjkr esa eqlyeku fojks/h fgalk turk ikVhZ ds 'kklu esa gqbZA

iz'u&22- vYila[;d lewg fdls dgrs gS\ vYila[;dks dks jkT; ls lja{k.k dhvko';drk D;ksa gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& vYila[;d& ,slk lewg tks /eZ] Hkk"kk] tkfr dh n`f"V ls cgqla[;d leqnk;ls fHkUu rFkk la[;k esa de gks rFkk lekt esa bu yksxks dk izfrfu/Ro de gksrk gs tSlseqfLye] flD[k] ckS¼] tSu vkfnA

vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dks viuh lqj{kk ds fy;s jkT; ls lj{ka.k dh vko';drk gksrhgS D;ksafd&

1- tulka[;dh; cgqyrk dk ncnck

2- eq[; igpku NksM+us ds fy;s ncko cukuk

vFkok

iz'u&22- Lora=krk ds ckn ljdkj }kjk ykxw fd;s x;s izeq[k Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwu D;kFks\ Li"V dhft,A [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr esa fuEu Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwu fuEu gSA

1- tehankjh izFkk dk lekiu

2- Hkwfe gjcUnh vf/fu;e

3- iV~Vsnkjh dk mUewyu ;k fu;a=k.k

4- Hkwfe LokfeRo dk fjdkMZ (foLrkj ls fy[ksa)

iz'u&23- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk, D;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k lekt esa ges'kk ik;k tkrk gS ;g izkphu dky esa HkhFkk vkt Hkh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jgsxkA


2- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h pyrk gSA

3- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k gj lekt esa ik;k tkrk gS gj ns'k esa lkekftdLrjhdj.k ds Lo:i vyx&vyx gSaA tSls Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk ds vk/kj ij]if'peh ns'kksa esa oxZ O;oLFkk ds vk/kj ij Lrjhdj.k ik;k tkrk gS (foLrkjls fy[ksa)

iz'u& 24- vkt tutkfr ds vfLerk ds nkos ds ihNs D;k dkjd gS\

mÙkj&

1- vusd tutkrh; igpku xSj tutkrh; txr dh nqnZxeuh; 'kfDr dkizfrjks/ ,oa fojks/ djus ds fopkjksa ij viuk è;ku dsafnzr dj jgh gSA

2- tkrh; leqnk;ksa esa /hjs&/hjs ,d f'kf{kr eè; oxZ dk mn~Hko gqvkA

3- igys l'kL=k fonzksg fiQj buds neu ds fy;s mBk;s x;s dBksj dneA

4- eè;eoxhZ; vkfnoklh dh igpku] xjhc vkSj vf'kf{kr vkfnokfl;ksa ls fHkUugks ldrh gSA

5- ,d yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn liQyrkvks dk ldkjkRed izHkko] igys ls pyh vkjgh leL;kvksa dk dkj.k frjksfgr gks x;kA

vFkok

iz'u&24- os dqN fu;e D;k gS\ ftUgs tkfr izFkk vkjksfir djrh gS\

mÙkj&

1- tkfr] tUe ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

2- tkfr esa fookg lEcU/h dBksj fu;e 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

3- tkfr;ksa esa vkilh mifoHkktu Hkh gksrk gS

4- ikjLifjd drkSj ij tkfr;k¡ O;olk; ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

5- Hkkstu rFkk lkekftd esytksy ij izfrca/

6- tkfr esa Js.kh ,oa izfLFkfr ds ,d vf/Øe esa la;ksftr vusd tkfr;ksa dh,d O;oLFkk 'kkfey gSA (foLrkjiwoZd O;k[;k )


iz'u&25- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn if<+;s vkSj iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft;sA

Hkkjr dh dqy iztuu nj (TFR) vFkkrZ~ izR;sd efgyk ds iztuu ;ksX; o"kksZ ds nkSjkutUe ysus okys cPpksa dh vkSlr la[;k esa fiNys n'kd esa 19 x dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA cM+sjkT;ksa esa bl fiNys n'kd dh vof/ esa dqy iztuu nj esa vkbZ fxjkoV dk izfr'kr iatkcesa 28 x ls ysdj dsjy esa 5-6 x rd FkkA 2000&2010 esa egkjk"Vª esa 26-9 x dh nwljhlcls cM+h fxjkoV ns[kh xbZ vksj blds ckn gfj;k.kk vkSj vkU/zizns'k (25 x 2) mÙkj izns'k(23 x) jktLFkku (22 x)] fgeky; izns'k vkSj if'peh caxky (21 x) jgsA Hkkjr dsegkiathdj.k (jftLVªkj tujy) ds }kjk vafre :i fn;s x;s rFkk 'kfuokj dks dsanzh;LokLF; ea=kky; dks Hksts x;sA uohure izfrn'kZ iatu; ra=k (lsaiy jftLVªs'ku flLVe)2012 ds vk¡dMs+ crkrs gS fd Hkkjr dk TFR 3-2 ds eqdkcys 2-5 ij fLFkr gS] TFRdk fu/kZfjr djus esa f'k{kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ikbZ xbZA

jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr 200 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dks 2010 rd iztuu nj 2-1 ds LFkkiurd igqap tkuk pkfg;s Fkk rFkk 2045 rd 145 djksM+ ij tula[;k fLFkjrk dks izkIr djysuk pkfg;sA tc tula[;k dk vkdkj vifjofrZr jgs rks ml tula[;k fLFkjrk dgk tkrkgSA bls 'kwU; tula[;k o`f¼ dh voLFkk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fiQj Hkh vc Hkkjr 2060 rd165 djksM+ ij tula[;k fLFkjrk TFR 2-1 igq¡p tkus dh vk'kk djrk gSA dsUnzh; LokLF;ea=kh xqyke uch vknku us gky esa gh dgk Fkk ^^gesa TFR esa 0-1 fujarj fxjkoV ns[k jgsgSA tks 1960 ds n'kd ls 42 x uhps vk xbZ gS ges 0-1 dh fxjkoV izkIr gks ldrdh gStks vHkh 2&6 gSA

1- 'kwU; tula[;k o`f¼ ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

2- iztuu nj dk D;k vFkZ gS\ nks jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k, ftuesa 2000&2010 esaTFR esa lokZf/d izfr'kr fxjkoV ns[kh xbZ gS\

mÙkj&1- lgh mÙkj

mÙkj&2- lgh mÙkj


lhfu;j Ldwy lfVZfiQdsV ijh{kkekpZ& 2014

lekt'kkL=k

iz'u&1- /eZfujis{krk ds ckjs esa if'peh vkSj Hkkjrh; fopkj dk vUrj Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- if'peh fopkj esa /eZ vkSj jkT; vyx&vyx vkSj Hkkjrh; fopkj esa lHkh/eksZa dks ,d leku le>ukA

2- if'peh fopkj esa jkT; lHkh /eksZ ls nwjh cuk;s j[ksxk ijUrq Hkkjrh; fopkjesa jkT; lHkh /ekZa dks cjkcj dk lEeku nsxhA

iz'u&2- folaLd`frdj.k (fM&laLd`frVkbts'ku) dk vFkZ crkb;s\[Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- tgk¡ xSj&laLd`frdj.k tkfr;k¡ izHkqRo'kkyh FkhA ogk¡ dh laLd`fr dks fuEutkfr;ksa us izHkkfor fd;kA Jh fuokl us bls folaLd`frdj.k dk uke fn;kA

2- tc ,d izHkkoh lewg viuh laLd`fr dk izHkko vf/uLFk lewg ij bl izdkjMkyrk gS fd vf/uLFk lewg dk vfLrRo izHkkoh lewg dh laLd`fr esa ?kqyfey tkrk gS rks ;g izfØ;k fo&laLd`frdj.k dgykrh gSA

iz'u&3- iapk;rksa ds vkenuh ds lk/u D;k gS\

mÙkj&

1- lEifr] O;olk;] i'kqokgu vkfn ij dj yxkukA

2- pqaxh dj rFkk Hkw&jktLo olwy djukA


iz'u&4- d`f"k Hkwfe lajpuk (,xzsfj;u) dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

mÙkj&


1- Hkwfe LokfeRo ds foHkktu vFkok ljapuk ds laca/ ds fy;s vDlp d`"kdlajpuk 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2- Hkw LokfeRo dk oxhZdj.k eè;e vkSj cM+h tehuks ds ekfyd ds :i esa rFkkd`f"k etnwjk vkSj dk'rdkj (iV~Vsnkjh) ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

iz'u&5- lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk lkekftd vkUnksyuksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,\[Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& lkekftd ifjorZu & lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dk lEcU/ lkekftdlaaca/ksa rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk esa gksus okys ifjorZuks ls gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu& lkekftd vkUnksyu izk;% lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ds fy;sgksrs gSA ;s lekt dks vkdkj nsrs gSA tSls tkfr O;oLFkk ds fo:¼] lrh izFkk ds fo:¼HksnHkko ds fo:¼ vkfnA

iz'u&6- ^tutkfr* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj& os fiNM+s yksx tks gekjh lH;rk ls nwj] taxyks] igkM+ks vkfn esa jgrs gSAftudh viuh laLd`fr] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku vyx gksrk gSA ;s viuh laLd`fr ds vuqlkjvfodflr thou O;rhr djrs gSaA

iz'u&7- ^izfr"Bk* dk izrhd dh O;k[;k dhft,\

mÙkj& yksxks }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds lEcU/ksa dks izfr"Bk dk izrhddgrs gSA yksxks dk igukok] [kkuiku] jgu&lgu vkfn muds izfLFkfr fpUg gSA

iz'u&8- mifuos'kokn D;k gS\ ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A

mÙkj& 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa mUur ns'kksa }kjk detksj vkSj fiNMs+ gq, ns'kksa ij 'kkluLFkkfir djuk mifuos'kokn dgykrk gSA

mnkgj.k& Hkkjr ij fczrkuh 'kklu (vU; dksbZ mnkgj.k)

iz'u&9- lÙkkoknh (vkWFkksfjVksfj;u) jkT; dh dqN fo'ks"krk, fyf[k,A

mÙkj&

1- lÙkkoknh jkT; yksdra=kkRed jkT; dk foijhr gksrk gSA

2- ,sls jkT; esa yksxks dh vkokt ugha lquh tkrhA


3- xSj jkTkdh; laLFkk,a egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA

4- ukxfjd LorU=krkvksa (Hkk"k.k] izsl vkfn) dks lhfer ;k lekIr dj fn;ktkrk gSA

5- Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn ds dkj.k jkT; dh laLFkk,¡ yksxksa dh lquokbZ djus esa vl{kegSA

iz'u&10- ^csxkj* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj&

1- ;s osrughu etnwjh gS& fuEu tkfr lewg ds lnL; tehankjksa ;k Hkw&Lokfe;ksads ;gk¡ dqN fuf'pr fnuksa rd etnwjh djrs gSaA

2- cgqr ls xjhc dkexkj ihf<+vksals Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds ;gk¡ etnwj cus jgrs gS tSlsca/qvk etnwjA

iz'u&11- 'kgjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxdj.k ,d tqM+h gqbZ izfØ;k gS Li"V djks\

mÙkj& vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k cM+s&cM+s m|ksx 'kq: gq,A iqjkus m|ksxksa dk iru gqvkAyksx dke dh ryk'k esa xkWo ls 'kgj esa iyk;u gq;sA m|ksxksa ds ikl cM+h&cM+h cfLr;k¡cl x;h nqdkusa cktkj [kqy x;sA /hjs&/hjs 'kgjks dk fodkl gqvkA

1- xk¡o tks vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa ds utnhd gS mu ij 'kgjksa dk vlj gSA

2- uxjks ds foLrkj ls lhekorhZ xkao iwjh rjg ls uxjks esa cny x;s gSa D;ksafdvkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa rsth vkbZ gSA

iz'u&12- d`f"k etnwjks ds efgykdj.k (isQfeykbts'ku) ls vki d;k le>rs gS\

mÙkj&

1- fu/Zu {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ ifjokj ds iq:"k lnL; o"kZ dk vf/drj fgLlk xkao dsckgj dke djus esa fcrkrs gSA d`f"k ewy :i ls efgykvks dk;Z cu x;k gSA

2- efgyk,a Hkh d`f"k etnwjksa ds eq[; L=kksr ds :i esa mHkj jgh gS ftlls d`f"ketnwjksa ds eq[; L=kksr ds :i esa mHkj jgh gS ftlls d`f"k etnwjksa dkefgykdj.k gks jgk gSA

iz'u&13- mifuos'kokn ds fnuksa esa jk"Vª jkT;ksa ds mn~Hko dk ijh{k.k dhft,\


mÙkj&

1- mifuos'kdky esa jk"Vª jkT; us izHkko'kkyh jktuSfrd :i ys fy;kA

2- jk"Vª jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn esa xgjk laca/

3- jk"Vªokn laizHkqrk ds vf/dkj dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA

4- jk"Vª ,d cM+s Lrj dk leqnk; gksrk gS ;g leqnk;ksa ls feydj cuk ,dleqnk; gSA

5- mifuos'kokn vkSj jk"Vªokn esa VdjkoA

iz'u&14- laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k essa vUrj crkbZ;s\

mÙkj& laxfBr {ks=k& laxfBr {ks=k esa yksx fey dj dke djrs gS blesa dke djusokys yksx ljdkjh rkSj ij iathd`r gksrs gS mudks mi;qDr osru] cksul] isa'ku] esfMdylqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gksrh gSA tSls ljdkjh foHkkx] cSad vkfnA

vlaxfBr {ks=k& vlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj vLFkk;h gksrk gSA mUgsa esfMdy lqfo/k,a]isa'ku] leqfpr osru] cksul vkfn ugha feyrkA vlaxfBr {ks=k ds yksx vKkurk] fuj{kjrkds dkj.k vius lk>s fgrksa ds fy;s vius vkidks laxfBr djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gS Hkkjresa 90 izfr'kr yksx vlaxfBr {ks=k esa dk;Z djrs gSA

iz'u&15- vkfFkZd lgk;rk vkSj leFkZu ewY; esa vUrj Li"V djks\[Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& vkfFkZd lgk;rk& ;g [ksrh vkfn ykxr dks de dj nsrh gS D;ksafd ykxrdk ,d fgLlk ljdkj vnk djrh gS tSls [kkn] Mhty vksj [kkuk cukus dh xSt (LPG)esa nh xbZ lgk;rkA

leFkZu ewY;& ljdkj fdlkuksa dks iQlyksa dks cspus dk U;wure ewY; r; djrh gSAftls leFkZu ewY; dgrs gSA fdlkuksa ds ikl vius mRiknksa dks futh O;kikfj;ksa dks cspusdk fodYi [kqyk jgrk gSA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; fdlkuksa dks mi;qDr ewY; fnykuk rFkkmUgsa d`f"k mRiknksa esa /u yxkus gsrw izsfjr djuk gSA

iz'u&16- uohu d`"kd vkUnksyu ij lf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

mÙkj&

1- ;g vkUnksyu 1970 ds n'kd esa iatkc vkSj rfeyukMw esa 'kq: gqvkA


2- ;g vkUnksyu {ks=kh; vk/kj ij laxfBr FksA

3- ;g vkUnksyu ny jfgr FksA

4- blesa d`"kd ds LFkku ij fdlku tqMs+ FksA

5- vkanksyu dh ekSfyd fopkj/kjk etcwr jkT; fojks/h rFkk uxj fojks/h FkhA

6- ekaxksa ds dsUnz esa ewY; vkSj lEcfU/r eqn~ns Fks (dksbZ pkj)(O;k[;k)

iz'u&17- izca/d ds ewy dkd;Z D;k gksrs gS\ og dkexkjks ls vf/d mRiknu dSlsdjok ldrk gS\

mÙkj& izca/d ds ewy dk;Z gSA

1- dkexkjks ij fu;a=k.k j[kukA

2- muls vf/d ls vf/d dke ysukA

3- fu/kZfjr dk;ksZ dh vkiwfrZ djukA

dkexkjksa ls vf/d dke djokus ds rjhds

1- dke djus ds ?kaVksa@ dk;Z vof/ dks c<+k djA

2- osru o vU; lacf/r lqfo/k,a c<+kdjA

iz'u&18- O;kikj dh liQyrk esa tkfr vksj lEcU/h tkyra=k dSls lgk;d gksrs gS\

mÙkj& O;kikj dh liQyrk vksj tkfr o ukrsnkjh laca/

1- rfeyukMw ds ukVwdksVkbZ (ukdjV~Vj) bldk ,d thoar mnkgj.k izLrqr djrsgS fd ns'kt O;kikfjd lxaBu dSls dk;Z djrs FksA

2- ukdjV~Vkvksa esa ,d ndwdljs ls dtZ ysuk rFkk iSlk tek djuk tkfrvkèkkfjr FkkA

3- ukdjV~Vkvksa esa izfr"Bk vk/kfjr O;olk; gksrk gS tkfr] ukrsnkjh vksj ifjokjdh ljpauk lc O;kikj ds vuqdwy FkhA

4- ikajifjd O;kikjh vius leqnk; ds yksxks ij vf/d fo'okl j[krs gS ckgjds yksxksa ls /ks[kk [kkus dk Mj gksrk gSA


5- psfV~B;kj O;kikfj;ksa ds tkfr vk/kfjr lkekftd lEidksZ us mUga nf{k.k iwoZ,f'k;k vkSj flyksu esa viuh xfrfof/;ka c<+kus esa lgk;rk nhA

6- ikajifjd tkfr ,oa ukrsnkjh vk/kfjr lac/ksa esa ekjokM+h] tSu] cfu;k] oS';]flU/h] ikjlh] cksgjk vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSA

vFkok

iz'u&18- mifuos'kdky esa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqn~nksa dks fuiVkus esa lekt lq/kjdks dhHkwfe dh ppkZ dhft,\

mÙkj&

1- jktkjke eksgu jk; us efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqn~nks dks fuiVkus esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZA lrh izFkk vkfn ds fo:¼ ,d liQy vkUnksyu pyk;kA

2- jsukMs us fo/ok fookg] iquZfookg] iszefookg ds i{k esa vkUnksyu pyk;kA

3- T;ksfr jko iQwys vkSj lkfo=kh ckbZ iQqys us tkfr izFkk rFkk fyax HksnHkko dsfo:¼ geyk cksykA

4- lj lS;~;n vgen jok¡ us dU;k f'k{kk ij tksj fn;kA

iz'u&19- la?kh; iz.kkyh ds fooknkLin eqn~ns vkSj vUrj&{ks=kh; ftuls vUrj {ks=kh;vlekurka, mRiUu gqbZA

mÙkj& la?kh; iz.kkyh ds fooknkLin eqn~ns vkSj vUrj {ks=kh; vlekurk,¡

1- vUrj {ks=kh; vkfFkZd o vf/ljapuk vlekurkvksa dks c<+kukA

2- futh {ks=k fodflr jkT;ksa esa gh /u yxkrs gSa tgka lqfo/k,¡ csgrj gSA

3- ljdkj dks {ks=kh; lekurkvksa ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,a u fd dsoy ykHk ijA

4- fodflr vkSj fiNM+s {ks=kksa ds chp iQklyk c<+ jgk gSA (;k vU; dksbZ)O;k[;k

vFkok

iz'u&19- ukxfjd lfefr laxBuksa dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa\


mÙkj&

1- ;g ljdkj ds lÙkkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ij utj j[krs gSaA

2- O;fDr fey dj lkekftd eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djrs gSA lkeqfgd fgrksa dks iwjkdjus dk iz;kl djrs gS jkT; ds le{k viuh ekaxs j[krs gSA

3- ljdkj ds vU;k;iw.kZ dk;ksZ dk fojks/ djrs gSaA

4- yksxksa esa jktuSfrd psruk iSnk djrs gSaA

5- ukxfjd laxBuksa ds fØ;kdyki dkiQh O;kid gks pqds gSA tSls Hkz"Vkpkj]fL=k;ksa ds izfr fgalk vkfn ij vkxs c<+dj dk;Z djrs gSA (dksbZ pkj O;k[;klfgr)

iz'u&20- laLd`frdj.k dh izfØ;k ls vlekurkvksa vkSj HksnHkko dks izksRlkgu feyrkgSA Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- Hkkjrh; lekt esa laLd`frdj.k ls tkfr O;oLFkk ij dbZ izHkko iMs+A fuEutkfr;ksa esa viuh lkekftd fLFkfr lq/kjus ds fy;s iz;kl tkjh gS fiQj HkhlaLd`frdj.k dh izfØ;k ls vlekurkvksa vkSj HksnHkko dks izksRlkgu feyrkgSA laLd`frdj.k dh vusd Lrjksa ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA

2- lkekftd xfr'khyrk fuEu tkfr dk lkekftd Lrjhdj.k esa mèoZxkehifjorZu djrh gS dks c<+kp<+k dj crk;k x;k gSA bl izfØ;k esa dqN O;fDrvlekurk ij vk/kfjr viuh fLFkfr esa lq/kj dj ysrs gSa ysfdu lekt esavlkekurk vkSj HksnHkko esa lq/kj dj ysrs gS ysfdu lekt esa vlekurk vkSjHksnHkko vHkh Hkh O;kIr gSA lekIr ugha gq;sA

3- tkfrxr HksnHkko rFkk ntst izFkk vkfn dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

4- nfyr laLd`fr rFkk nfyr lekt dks fiNM+k ekuk tkrk gSA

5- mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh mPp rFkk fuEutkfr ds yksxksa dh thou 'kSyhfuEu gSA vr% mPp tkfr ds yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k djus dhbPNk dks okNauh; vkSj izkd`frd eku fy;k tkrk gSA

iz'u&21- lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt dks 'kkfey djus ds ckjs esa MkW0 vacsMdj vkSjegkRek xka/h ds rdksZ dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

mÙkj&


1- MkW- vEcsMdj us rdZ fn;k fd LFkkuh; dqyhu rFkk mPp tkfr ds O;fDrlqjf{kr ifjf/ ls bl izdkj f?kjs gq, gS fd Lo'kklu dk rkRi;Z gksxk Hkkjrh;lekt ds in~nfyr yksxksa dk yxkrkj 'kks"k.kA

2- egkRek xka/h dks LFkkuh; ljdkj dh vo/kj.kk cgqr fiz; bdkbZ ekurs FksAtks Lo;a dks funsZf'kr djsaA xzke Lo'kklu dks os vkn'kZ ekurs Fks vkSj pkgrsFks fd LorU=krk ds ckn Hkh xkao esa ;gh 'kklu pyrk jgsA

iz'u&22 mnkjhdj.k dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks le>kb;s\

mÙkj&

1- mnkjhdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk vkfFkZd dk;Zdykuksa ij jkT; dsfu;=ka.k <hys dj fn;s tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa cktkj dh rkdrks ds gokys dj fn;ktkrk gSA

2- bl izfØ;k esa dkuwu dks vf/d mnkj vkSj ljy cuk fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjresa ;g izfØ;k 1991 esa 'kq: gqbZA

3- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk Hkwe.Myhdj.k izkFkfed rkSj ij mnkjhdj.k dhuhfr dh otg ls gqvkA

4- mnkjhdj.k esa dbZ rjg dh uhfr;ka 'kkfey gSA tSls ljdkjh foHkkxksa dkfuthdj.k] vk;kr 'kqYd esa dHkh fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks ns'k esa m|ksx LFkkfirdjus dh lgqfy;r nsuk vkfnA

5- mnkjokn ds rgr tks ifjorZu gq, mUgksaus vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks c<+k;k vksjblds lkFk gh Hkkjrh; cktkjksa dks fons'kh daifu;ksa ds fy;s [kksykA

6- tks yksx cktkjhdj.k dk leFkZu djrs gS mudk ekuuk gS fd blls lektesa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vk;sxhA D;ksafd ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh vis{kk futh laLFkk,aT;knk dq'ky gksrh gSA (vU; dksbZ lacf/r O;k[;k)

iz'u&23- mu rjhdks dh ppkZ dhft, ftUgksusa mifuos'koknh 'kklu ds varxrZ Hkkjresa tkfr dh laLFkk dks lcy fd;kA [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- fczfV'k iz'kkldks us ns'k ij dq'kyrkiwoZd 'kklu djuk lh[kus ds mn~ns'; lstkfr O;oLFkkvksa dh tfVyrkvks dks le>us ds iz;Ru 'kq: fd;sA


2- ns'k Hkj essa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa dh izFkkvksa vksj rkSj&rjhdks dsckjs esa xgu losZ{k.k fd;s rFkk fjiksZV rS;kj dhA

3- tkfr ds fo"k; esa lwpuk ,d=k djus ds fy;s tux.kuk dk izkjEHk fd;k x;kA

4- tkrh; tux.kuk rFkk tkfr;ksa dh izfLFkfr dk vfHkys[k djus ds izR;{kiz;kl us tkfr laLFkk ds Lo:i dks gh cny MkykA

5- HkwjkTkLo O;oLFkkvksa rFkk dkuwuksa us mPp tkfr;ksa ds tkfr vk/kfjr vfèkdkjhdks oS| ekukA

6- Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e 1935 ds }kjk tkfr;ks vkSj tutkfr;ksa dh lwfp;ksadks oS| ekU;k (SC & ST) iznku dh (dksbZ vU; O;k[;k lfgr)

vFkok

iz'u&23- >kj[kaM dk fo'ks"k lanHkZ nsrs gq, vkt Hkkjr dh tutkfr igpkuks ij ,dfVIi.k fyf[k,A

mÙkj& Hkkjr dh tutkfr igpku >kj[kaM dk fo'ks"k lanHkZ

1- ,d yacs la?k"kZ ds ckn >kj[kaM vkSj NÙkhlx<+ dks vyx&vyx jkT; dkntkZ fey x;k ysfdu bldk izHkko vusd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k frjksfgr gksx;kA

2- tutkfr; leqnk;ksa esa ,d laxfBr ltkrh; psruk rFkk lka>h igpku cukusesa lgk;rk feyh gSA

3- >kj[kaM dks vius uokftr jkT; dk vHkh iwjk mi;ksx djuk gS vHkh ogk¡ dhjktuhfrd O;oLFkk Lok;Ùk ugha gqbZ gSA

4- tutkrh; leqnk;ksa esa ,d f'kf{kr eè;oxZ dk mn~Hko gks jgk gSA

5- vkj{k.k dh uhfr;ksa ds lkFk fey dj f'k{kk ,d uxjhd`r] O;kolkf;d oxZdk fuekZ.k dj jgh gS vkSj muds Hkhrj oxksZ vkSj foHkktuks dk fodkl gksjgk gSA

6- dqN turh; leqnk; vHkh Hkh vius vki dks 'kfDrghu le>rs gS D;ksafd dbZizoklh O;kikjh vkSj egktu mudk 'kks"k.k djrs gSA (vU; dksbZ O;k[;k lfgr)


iz'u&24- lekpkj m|ksx esa gks jgs ifjorZuks dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- ubZ izks|ksfxdh us lekpkj i=kksa ds mRiknu vkSju izlkj dks c<+kok nsus esa enndh gSA

2- cM+h la[;k esa pednkj if=kdk,¡ cktkj esa vk jgh gSA

3- lk{kj yksxks dh la[;k esa dkiQh c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS tks 'kgjh esa izolu dj jgsgSaA

4- NksVs dLcksa vkSj xk¡oksa esa ikBdks dh vko';drk,¡ 'kgjh ikBdks ls fHkUugksrh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkj i=k mudh vko';drkvksa dks iwjkdjrs gSA

5- vaxszth Hkk"kk ds lekpkj i=k lHkh {ks=kksa esa i<s+ tkrs gSA bu lekpkj i=kksa usviuh dher ?kVk nh gSA

6- lekpkj i=k vusd foi.ku lEcU/h j.kuhfr;ks ds rgr miHkksDrk laidZdk;ZØe ?kj&?kj tkdj losZ{k.k vkSj vuqqqqqla/ku tSls dk;Z djrs gSA

iz'u&25- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,\

66 izfr'kr Hkkjrh; 15&65 vk;q oxZ esa u dsoy Hkkjr dk vf/drj tula[;k]yxHkx nks frgkbZ] 15&64 o"kksZ ds dke djus okys vk;q oxZ esa gS] ns'k dh vkSlr mez vHkhHkh dsoy 24 gS (,d n'kd iwoZ dh 22 ls vf/d) ftlls ;g mRiknd djus okysdk;Zcy dh cM+h la[;k ds dkj.k ,d toku jk"Vª cu tkrk gSA fiQj Hkh nkdukds fjvktkds rds jkT;ksa esa cgqr O;kid varj gSA nksuks dh ckrksa esa jkT;ksa esa cgqr O;kid varjgSA ;|fi dke djus okys vk;q oxZ esa Hkkjr esa 7675 yk[k yksx gS] dke djus okyhtula[;k ds vuqikr esaa cM+k varj gS NksVs ls jkT; neu&nhi esa 74-3 izfr'kr ds f'k[kjls ysdj fcgkj ds 55 izfr'kr ds fuEu Lrj rd tgk¡ dke djus okyh vkcknh dk 40izfr'kr 0 ls 14 o"kZ rd ds vk;q oxZ esa gSA lokZf/d iztuu nj okys mÙkj izns'k esa Hkh;g ,slk gh gS tgk¡ dke djus dh mez okyh vkcknh 58-6 izfr'kr gS vkSj cPps mlvkcknh dk 36 izfr'kr gSaA Hkkjr ds fy, cPpksa (0&14 o"kZ) dk vuqikr 31 izfr'kr gSAde iztuu {kerk okys jkT; dsjy] rfeyukMq esa vkcknh dk ek=k 23 izfr'kr vkSj 24izfr'kr gh cPpsa gSaA cM+s jkT;ksa esa rfeyukMq dk dke djus okyh tula[;k dk loksZPpvuqikr 69-8 izfr'kr gSA


lkekU;r% cMs+ jkT;ksa es dk;Z djus okyh vkcknh dk vuqikr vf/d gS tks mu jkT;ksadh lwph dks dkiQh vkPNkfnr djrk gS ftUgsa vkerkSj ij vf/d fodflr ekuk tkrk gSA;g ,d lhek rd vPNh [kcj gS fd os jkT; vU; jkT;ksa dh vis{kk tulkaf[;dh;ykHkka'k nsus dh vPNh fLFkfr esa gSA

(d) ^tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k* D;k gS\

([k) mu jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k, ftuesa dke djus okyh tula[;k lokZf/d vkSjlcls de gSA jkT;ksa esa ik, tkus okys bl varj ds dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,A

mÙkj& lgh mÙkj

mÙkj& lgh mÙkj



lekt'kkL=k

iz'u&1- vkSipkfjd taukfddh lkekftd taukfddh ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

mÙkj&

vkSipkfjd taukfddh& vkSipkfjd taukfddh izfØ;kvksa esa tUe] e`R;q] izokl]iztuu] fookg] rykd tSlh izfØ;k,a 'kkfey gSA

lkekftd taukfddh& lkekftd taukfddh esa eq[; :i ls tula[;d ds fofHkuuvk;q] L=kh iq:"k vuqikr] oxZ] lewg] izns'k ;k la?kh; vk/kj ij tula[;k vkdkj rFkktula[;k ds lkekftd feJ.k dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blesa tula[;k ds lkekftdvkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

iz'u&2- mnkjhdj.k dh fdUgh nks gkfu;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,\

mÙkj&

1- Hkkjrh; m|ksx fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ ugha dj ikrh tSlsvkVkseksckby] bySDVªksfuDl vkfnA

2- leZFku ewY; rFkk lgk;rk jkf'k de dj nh gS ;k dqN okfil ysus ds dkj.kfdlkuks ij izHkko iM+k gSA

3- futhdj.k ds dkj.k ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dh ukSdjh Hkh de gksxbZ gS rFkk jkstxkj L=kksr vc fLFkj ugha jgsA

4- fu;kZr esa deh rFkk vk;kr dk c<+uk (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&3- vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjks dh j{kk ds fy;s fn, x;s lafo/kUkkRed izko/kuksa esa ls fdUgh nks dk mYys[k dhft,\

mÙkj& vuqPNsn 29

1- vYila[;d oxZ dks viuh laLd`fr Hkk"kk fyfi cuk;s j[kus dk vf/dkj gSA


2- fdlh Hkh vYila[;d ukxfjdks dks /eZ] Hkk"kk] tkfr ds vk/kj ij f'k{kklaLFkkuksa esa izos'k ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA

vuqPNsn 30

1- /eZ Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij vYila[;d oxZ f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djldrs gS vkSj mUgsa pyk ldrs gSA

2- jkT; bu f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk nsus esa HksnHkko ugha djsxkA

iz'u&4- fo'ks"kkf/d`r vYila[;d dkSu gksrs gS\

mÙkj& vU;Ur /uoku yksxksa ftUgs dksbZ lgk;rk ugha nh tkrh ijUrq os vYila[;doxZ ls lEcfU/r gSA

iz'u&5- vk/qfudrk 'kCn esa D;k ekU;rk fufgr gS\

mÙkj&

1- LFkkuh; rFkk lhfer ldh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k de egÙo okys gksrs gSA

2- O;ogkj] fopkj vkfn ij ifjokj tkfr dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA

3- foKku rFkk rdZ i¼fr Hkkoukvks ls mQij gksrh gSA

4- O;olk; dk;Z p;u ij fuHkZj gksrk gS u fd tUe ijA

5- foKku rFkk rdZ i¼fr Hkkoukvks ls mQij gksrh gSA

6- ldkjkRed rFkk okafNr ewY; ekuorkoknh rFkk HkkX;oknh izo`fr ls mQij gSA(dksbZ nks)

iz'u&6- iapk;rks ds lkekftd dY;k.k ds mÙkjnkf;Roks dks mYys[k dhft,\

mÙkj&

1- vkfFkZd fokl ds fy;s ;kstuk,¡ o dk;ZØe cukukA

2- tUe rFkk e`R;q dk fjdkMZ j[kukA

3- ekr`Ro dsUnzks rFkk cky dY;k.k dsUnzks dh LFkkiukA

4- lM+dks dk fuekZ.k djuk

5- 'e'kkuks rFkk dfczLrkuks dk j[kj[kkoA


6- ifjokj fu;kstu dk izpkj

7- y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxks dk fodkl djuk (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&7- d`f"k rFkk laLd`fr fdu :iks esa tqM+h gqbZ gS\

mÙkj&

1- d`f"k rFkk laLd`fr ds chp ?kfu"B lEcU/ gSA

2- lkaLd`frd jLeksa dks d`f"k rFkk d`"kd iz.kkfy;ksa esa [kkst ldrs gS tSls iatkcesa ^cSlk[kh* dukZVd esa mxkM+hA

3- uoo"kZ ds R;kSgkjks dks eukuk tSls iksaxy] fcgq] vks.keA

iz'u&8- ^csxkj* 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

mÙkj& csxkj ;g osrughu etnwjh gSA

1- fuEu tkfr lewg ds lnL; tehnkjksa ;k HkwLokfe;ksa ds ;gk¡ dqN fuf'pr fnuksrd etnwjh djrs gSA

2- cgqr ls xjhc dkexkj ihf<+;ks ls HkwLokfe;ksa ds ;gk¡ etnwj cus jgrs gS tSlsca/qvk etnwjA

iz'u&9- iQksfMZTe ,oa mÙkj iQksfMZTe (iksLV iQksfMZte) esa fHkUurk crkb;sA

mÙkj& iQksfMZTe& ,d dsUnzhd`r LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus }kjk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu(gsujh iQksMZ }kjk LFkkiuk)

mÙkjiQksfMZTe& vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mRiknu dh yphyh iz.kkyhA

iz'u&10- ikjjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- ikjjk"Vªh; fuxe ,slh dEifu;k¡ gksrh gS tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa esa eky dkmRiknu djrh gSA

2- ;s vis{kkd`r NksVh iQeZ Hkh gks ldrh gS rFkk cM+s fo'kky vrZjk"Vªh; dEiuhHkh gks ldrh gSA

3- buds dk;kZy; rFkk mRiknu fofHkUu ns'kks esa gksrk gSA


4- dqN izfl¼ ikjjk"Vªh; fuxeks ds uke bl izdkj gS tSls dksdk dksyk]dksyxsV] ikeksfyo] lSelax] dksMd vkfnA

iz'u&11- fuxe laLd`fr (dksiksZjsV dYpj) mRikndrk vkSj izfr;ksfxrkiu dks dSlsc<+k nsrh gSA [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- fuxe laLd`fr iazc/u fl¼kUr dh ,slh 'kk[kk gS tks mRikndrk rFkkizfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsrs gS rFkk iQeZ ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks lkFk ysdj fo'ks"klaxBu dh laLd`fr dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

2- blesa dEiuh ds dk;ZØe] jhfr;ka rFkk ijEijk,a 'kkfey gSA

3- ;s deZpkfj;ksa esa oiQknkjh rFkk ,drk dks c<+krh gSA

4- og ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd dke djdus dk rjhdk D;k gS vkSj mRiknks dksdSls c<+kok fn;k tk;sA (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&12- lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd vkUnksyu ds eè; vUrj Li"V dhft,\

mÙkj&

lkekftd ifjorZu& lkekftd ifjorZu os ifjorZu gS tks dqN le; ckn lekt dhfofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa ifjorZu ykrs gS lkekftd ifjorZu dk rkRi;Z lkekftd lajpuk rFkklkekftd laca/ esa gksus okys ifjorZu ls gSA lkekftd ifjorZu dHkh&dHkh cM+h rsth rFkkdHkh&dHkh ean xfr okys gksrs gSA ;g ges'kk pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu& os xfr'khy dk;Z gS tks lkekftd dqizFkkvksa vU/fo'okl]HksnHkko dks nwj djus ds fy;s pyk;s tkrs gSA ftldk mn~ns'; lekt dks vf/d LoLFk rFkkizxfr'khy cukuk gksrk gSA lkekftd vkUnksyu ifjorZu rFkk izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSA

iz'u&13- ,vkbZVh;wlh (,Vd) ds cuus ls vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj etnwjksa ds izfrfdl izdkj lko/ku (lrdZ) gks xbZ gS\

mÙkj& vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj lrdZ gqbZ

1- etnwjksa dks dqN fj;k;rs nsdj valrks"k de fd;kA

2- dk;Z djus ds ?kaVs dj djds 10 ?kaVs fd,A

3- etnwj vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;kA


iz'u&14- lq/kjoknh rFkk izfrnkukRed vkUnksyuks esa D;k fHkUurk gS\

mÙkj& lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu& bl izdkj ds vkUnksyu orZeku O;oLFkk dks csgrjcukus dh n`f"V ls fd;s tkrs gS tSls lwpuk dk vf/dkj lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu gSA

izfrnkukRed vkUnksyu& ;s vius O;fDrxr lnL;ks ds O;fDrxr psruk rFkkxfrfofèk;ksa }kjk ifjorZu tSls btgkok leqnk; ds (dsjy) yksxks us ukjk;.k xq: ds usr`Roesa viuh lkekftd iz.kkyh dks cnykA (vU; dksbZ mfpr fcUnq)

iz'u&15- Hkkjr esa cPpksa ds fyax vuqikr esa deh gksus esa {ks=kh; fofHkUurk dksle>kb;sA

mÙkj

1- fuEure fyax vuqikr Hkkjr ds le`¼ {ks=kksa esa T;knk ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA

2- ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fyax vuqikr fHkUu&fHkUu gSSA dsjy rFkk ikafMpsjh esalcls vf/d vksj gfj;k.kk] iatkc] p.Mhx<+ esa lcls de gSA

3- fyax vuqikr esa fxjkoV ds dkj.k cky fookg] fyax fo'ks"k dk xHkZikr]xjhch] ngst] fL=k;ksa dks ikSf"Vd Hkkstu u feyuk vkfnA

3- vkfFkZd n`f"V ls le`¼ ifjokj ,d ;k nks cPps gh viuh ilUn ds vuqlkjpkgrs gSA

4- tgk¡ vui<+ yksx T;knk gS ogk¡ fyax vuqikr esa deh gksrh gSA D;ksafd yksxva/fo'okl ij fo'okl djrs gS tSls fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k vkfnA

iz'u&16- Hkkjr esa O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; tkfr ,oa fj'rsnkjh }kjk ifjpkfjr fd;k tkrkgS foospuk dhft,\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- Hkkjr esa O;kikj tkfr ,oa fj'rsnkjh }kjk ifjpkfyr gksrs gSA rfeyukMw dsukiVwdksVkbZ (ukdjV~Vj) bldk thoar mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gSA fd ns'ktO;kikfjd lxaBu dSls dk;Z djrs FksA

2- ukdjV~Vkvksa esa ,d nwljs ls dtZ ysuk rFkk iSlk tek djuk tkfr vk/kfjr FkkA

3- ukdjV~Vkvks esa izfr"Bk vk/kfjr O;olk; gksrk gS tkfr] ukrsnkjh vkSj ifjokjdks ljpauk lc O;kikj ds vuqdwy FkhA


4- ikajifjd O;kikjh vius leqnk; ds yksxks ij vf/d fo'okl j[krs gSA ckgjds yksxks ls /ks[kk [kkus dk Mj gksrk gSA

5- ikajifjd tkfr ,oa ukrsnkjh vk/kfjr lac/ksa esa ekjokM+h] cfu;k] oS';] ikjlh]fla/h] cksgjk vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSA

6- fofu;e ;k dtZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/u gqaMh (fofu;e fcy) nwj dsO;kikj dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/u FkkA (;k dksbZ vU; fcUnq)

iz'u&17- D;k vkjVhvkbZ (RTI) jkT;ksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr tokcnsgh ds fy;s ckè;djus dk lk/u gks ldrk gSA foLrkj ls le>kb;sA

mÙkj& RTI }kjk jkT;ksa dh izfrc¼ tokcnsgh

1- ;g dkuwu 2005 esa laln }kjk ykxw fd;k x;kA

2- ftlds vUrxZr ukxfjdks dks lkoZtfud dk;kZy;ksa ls lwpuk ysus dkvfèkdkj feykA

3- bl fu;e ds vuqlkj nLrkostks vfHkys[kks fjdkMZ dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkldrk gSA

4- nLrkostks dh izfr;k gkfly dh tk ldrh gsA

5- bl dkuwu ls lkoZtfud izkf/dj.k }kjk lwpuk nsus ij ikjnf'kZrk dks c<+kokfeykA

6- bl dkuwu esa dksbZ Hkh lwpuk izkIr djus dk vuqjks/ dj ldrk gS vkSjljdkjh laLFkkuksa dks 30 fnuksa ds vUnj mÙkj nsuk gksxkA

iz'u&18- tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa vk/kjHkwr turkaf=kd fØ;k'khyrk dk mnkgj.k lfgro.kZu dhft,A [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa vk/kjHkwr turU=k iz.kkyh

1- tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa vf/d lerkoknh rFkk cU/qrk vk/kfjr lkekftd lxaBuvk/kjHkwr Lrj ij FksA

2- mnkgj.k ds :i esa xkjks] [kklh] t;fUr;k vkfnokfl;ksa esa 100 o"kZ ls iqjkuhikajifjd jktuhfrd laLFkk gSA


3- ;s laLFkk, xk¡o] oa'k] jkT; Lrj ij iwjh rjg fodflr ,oa dk;Z'khy FkhA

4- [kklh tutkfr esa izR;sd oa'k dh viuh ,d laLFkk njckj dqj Fkh ftldkvè;{k oa'k dk eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA

iz'u&19- lrh'k lcjoky }kjk mYysf[kr vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa ifjorZu ds rhu i{kksdh foLrkj ls O;k[;k dhft,\

mÙkj& vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa ifjorZu ds rhu i{k (lrh'k lcjoky }kjk)

1- lapkj ekè;e

2- lxaBuks dk Lo:i

3- fopkjks dh izd`fr (foLrkj ls O;k[;k)

iz'u&20- lafonk [ksrh ds ykHk rFkk gkfu;ksa dks js[kkafdr dhft,\

mÙkj& lafonk [ksrh

ykHk

1- dEiuh }kjk dk;Zdkjh iwath yxkukA

2- fdlkuks dk fo'oluh; cktkjA

3- fdlkuks dks vkfFkZd lqj{kkA

4- iwoZ fu/kZfjr ewY; ij dEiuh }kjk mRikn [kjhnukA

gkfu;k¡

1- fdlku dEiuh ij vkfJr gksdj vlqjf{kr cu tkrk gSA

2- mRiknu fØ;k ls vyxko

3- vftZr Kku dks csdkj dj nsuk

4- fuf'pr iQlyks dks mxkuk

5- iQlyksa dks fdlkuks }kjk vkRe gR;k] dtZ dh leL;k

6- moZjd o dhVuk'kd dk vf/d mi;ksx ikfjfLFkfrd ladV iSnk djrk gSA

(dksbZ 2&2 fcUnq O;k[;k lfgr)


vFkok

iz'u&20- etnwjks ds lapj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,\

mÙkj& etnwjks dk lapj.k

1- le`¼ d`f"k {ks=kksa dh vksj ekSleh etnwjks dh ekax c<+ukA

2- de fodflr {ks=kksa ls vf/d etnwjh ds dkj.k etnwjks dk iyk;uA

3- fo'ks"k dj lw[kkxzLr {ks=kks ls etnwj lLrh etnwjh ysdj 'kksf"kr gksrs gSA bUgsa?kqeDdM+ ;k iQqVyqt etnwj dgrs gSA

4- LFkkuh; etnwj cM+s 'kgjks esa pys tkrs gSA

5- d`f"k etnwj ds :i esa efgyk,a (dksbZ pkj O;k[;k lfgr)

iz'u&21- Hkkjrh; m|ksxks esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds ckn gq, ifjorZuks dhfoospuk dhft,A

mÙkj& Hkkjrh; m|ksxks esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k rFkk mnkjhdj.k ds ckn gq, ifjorZu

1- lkoZtfud lSDVj rFkk ljdkjh dEifu;ks dk futhdj.kA

2- Hkkjrh; dEifu;ks dk cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka cuukA

3- fofHkUu djks esa dVkSrh djuk rkfd fons'kh lkeku dks vklkuh ls vk;krfd;k tk ldsA

4- vUrZjk"Vªh; laLFkku WTO rFkk IMF dks Í.k ysus ds fy;s egRo nsukA

5- izkbZosV dEifu;ksa fo'ks"kdj fons'kh dEifu;ks dks mu {ks=kksa esa fuos'k ds fy;sizksRlkfgr djuk tks igys ljdkj ds fy;s vkjf{kr FksA

(dksbZ pkj)

iz'u&22- tutkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k mudh LFkk;h rFkk xzg.k dh xbZ fo'ks"krkvksa dsvuqlkj fd;k x;k gS O;k[;k djksA [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& tutkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

LFkk;h fo'ks"kd


1- Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij& bUMks] vk;Zu] nzfoM] vkLVhd ,oa frCcrh cehZ pkjHkkxks esa ckaVk gSA

2- {ks=k& ikfjfLFkfrd vkokl esa igkM+] taxy] xzkeh.k] eSnku ,oa 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd{ks=k gSA

3- 'kkjhfjd fof'k"Vrk,¡ (uLyh;)& fufxzgks] vkLVªSykbM] eaxksykbM] nzfoMvk;ZuA

4- tula[;k dk vkdkj& cM+h tutkfr;ks xksUM] Hkhy] lUFkky] vkSjko] eqaMk]eh.kk] cksMks ,oa lcls NksVh tutkfr;ka v.Mseku }hioklh gSA

xzg.k dh xbZ fo'ks"krk, (vftZr)

1- thfodk dk vk/kj& eNqvkjs] Hkkstu laxzkgd f'kdkjh

2- fgUnw lekt esa foy; gksuk ('kkfey gksuk)

3- fgUnw lekt ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

iz'u&23- ledkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh izfr"Bk esa fdruk lq/kj gqvk gSAmnkgj.k nksA

mÙkj

1- efgyk dh izfLFkfr esa fodkl

2- efgyk ds laxBuks dk fodkl

3- djkph dkaxzsl ladYi esa ekSfyd vf/dkj tSls vU; ukxfjdks dks fn;s gSA

4- efgyk vkUnksyu

5- efgykvksa dk l'kfDrdj.k

6- erkf/dkj ,oa fu;ksftr ;kstuk esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh

7- 73 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u esa ^xzke iapk;r* yksdlHkk vkfn esa vkj{k.k (dksbZvU; mfpr fcUnq) O;k[;k

iz'u&24- mifuos'kokn ls lHkh {ks=kksa esa cgqr ifjorZu vk;k pkgs og dkuwuh gksvFkok lkaLd`frd vFkok oLrq lEcU/hA mnkgj.k }kjk fl¼ dhft,A

mÙkj& mifuos'kokn }kjk ifjorZu


1- eq[; ifjorZu vkS|kSfxdj.k rFkk uxjhdj.k }kjk gq,A

2- u;s 'kgjks dk mn;

3- yksxks ds vkokxeu esa c<+ksrjh

4- e'khuks }kjk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu rFkk ijaijkxr fof/;ks }kjk mRiknu dk àkl(u"V) gksukA

5- d`f"k iz.kkfy;ksa esa rFkk iQlyksa ds uewuks esa ifjorZuA

6- iwathokn vkfFkZd rU=k dk izHkqRo

iz'u&25- fn;s x;s x|ka'k ij if<+;s vkSj uhps fn;s x;s iz'uks ds mÙkj nhft;sA

fiNys dqN n'kdks esa ,d vR;ar mYys[kuh; ?kVuk ls Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkji=kksaesa ØkfUr vkbZ gSA bu lekpkjksa dh o`f¼ mnkjhdj.k ls igys gks pqdh FkhA Hkkjr ds nksizeq[k nSfud i=k ^^nSfud tkxj.k** vkSj nSfud HkkLdj gSA ftuds i<+us okyks dh la[;k2-1 djksM vkSj 1-7 djksM+ gSA lcls vf/d rsth ls c<+us okys nSfudks esa vlfe;k Hkk"kkds nSfud gSA (51-8 izfr'kr o`f¼) vkSj caxyk ds nSfud xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 129 izfr'kr o`f¼gSA

^bZukMq* lekpkj i=k dh dgkuh Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkj i=kks (izsl) dhliQyrk dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA bZukMq* ds laLFkkid jkeks gh jko us 1974 esa bl lekpkji=kdks izkjEHk djus ls igys ,d fpV&iQaM liQyrkiwoZd pyk;k FkkA 1980 ds n'kd dseè; esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vjd&fojks/h vkUnksyu tSls mi;qDr ;q¼ks ls tqM+ dj ;g rsyqxqlekpkj i=k nsgkrks ls igq¡pus esa liQy gks x;kA viuh bl liQyrk ls izsfjr gksdj mlus1989 esa ftyk nSfud* fudkyus 'kq: fd;sA ;s NksVs&NksVs i=kd gksrs Fks ftuesa ftyk fo'ks"kds luluh iQSykus okys lekpkj vksj mlh ftys ds xk¡oksa vksj NksVs dLcks ls izkIr oxhZd`rfoKkiu Nkis tkrs FksA 1998 rd vkrs&vkrs ^bZukMq* vkU/izns'k ds nl dLcksa ls izdkf'krgksus yxk Fkk vkSj lEiw.kZ rsyqxq nSfud i=kksa ds izlkj esa bldk gLlk 70 izfr'kr FkkA

iz'u&1- eqnz.k lapkj ds fofHkUu izdkj D;k gS\

iz'u&2- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkj i=kksa dh o`f¼ ds fy;s fdu dkj.kksa dksftEesnkj ekuk tk ldrk gS\



lekt'kkL=k

iz'u&1- ijkfJr vuqikr dk vFkZ crkb;s\

mÙkj& ijkfJr vuqikr fuHkZjrk dks n'kkZrk gSA dke djus okys O;fDr;ksa ij vkfJr;k fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dkd vuqikr blds }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA blesa 0 ls 14 o"kZds cPpsrFk 60 o"kZ ls mQij okys cqtqxZ vkrs gSA

iz'u&2- iwath ds os rhu :i D;k gS ftu ij lkekftd vlekurk vk/kfjr gS\

mÙkj& lkekftd vlekurk ds vk/kj ij iwath dks rhu :iksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkldrk gSA

1- vkfFkZd iwath 2- lkaLd`frd iwath 3- lkekftd iwath

iz'u&3- nks dkjdks dk mYys[k dhft, tks {As=kokn dks c<+kok nsrs gS\

mÙkj& {ks=kokn dks c<+kok nsus okys nks dkjd

1- Hkk"kk] /eZ] laLd`fr tutkfr; igpku

2- HkkSxksfyd ladsnz.k

3- {ks=kh; oapu dk Hkko

iz'u&4- lkeqnkf;d igpku fdu ekinaMks ds vk/kj ij curh gS\

mÙkj&

1- lkeqnkf;d igpku O;fDr ds tUe rFkk lEcU/ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA blesaO;fDr dh ialn ukialn 'kkfey ugha gksrhA

2- lkeqnkf;d igpku fdlh vftZr ;ksX;rk ;k miyfC/ ds vk/kj ij ughagksrhA

iz'u&5- laLd`frdj.k dk vFkZ fyf[k,A


mÙkj& tc fuEu tkfr ds yksx mPp tkfr;ks dh thou i¼fr] vkn'kZ] ewY;]vuq"Bkur Fkk fopkjks vkfn dk vuqdj.k djus yxsA rFkk vius vkidks mPp tkfr esafeykus dh dksf'k'k djs rks ml izfØ;k dks laLd`frdj.k dgrs gSA

iz'u&6- fodsafnzr yksdra=k ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

mÙkj&

1- og izfØ;k ftles jkT; dh 'kfDr;ksa dks mQij ls ysdj uhps rd foHkkftrfd;k tkrk gS rkfd voxr leL;kvksa ij fu.kZ; ysus dk volj feysA

2- ;g ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s fdlh lewg;k leqnk; ds lHkh lnL; ,d lkFk Hkkx ysrs gSA

iz'u&7- xzkeh.k lekt esa vk/k=kh (eSfVªDl) ?kVuk,¡ fdl izdkj ?kVrh gS\

mÙkj& ,slh vkRegR;k,¡ eSfVªDl ?kVuk, cu xbZ gS vFkkrZ tgk¡ dkjdks dh ,dJa[kyk feydj ,d ?kVuk curh gSA

1- dtZ dk cks> mBkus esa vleFkZ

2- iQly dk u gksuk] lfClMh ?kVkuk ;k gVkukA

3- uqdlku ds dkj.k lkekftd ftEesnkjh mBkus esa vleFkZ

iz'u&8- ^le; dh pkdjh* vkS|ksfxd lekt dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrh gsA

mÙkj& le; dh pkdjh

1- vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Z fnol

2- tc ifj;kstuk dh vafre lhek vk tkrh gS rks deZpkjh jkr Hkj dke djrsgS ftls ^ukbV vkmV* dgrs gSA

3- yEcs dk;Z ?kaVks dk gksuk] ckã L=kksrksa dh dk;Z lajpuk esa vf/d dk;Z dkgksukA dqN gn rd bldk dkj.k Hkkjr vksj vU; xzkgd ns'k ds chpfHkUurk dk gksuk gSA

4- dke dks vafre :i nsus ds fy;s deZpkjh dks vfrfjDr ?kaVs vkSj fnuks rddke djuk iM+rk gSA

5- dk;ZdrkZ dks vius dk;Z ds ?kaVs fu;r djus dh NwV (ÝySDlh Vkbe)


6- tc deZpkjh ds ikl dk;Z dk ncko ugha gksrk rc Hkh og vf/dkfj;ks dksdM+h esgur fn[kkus ds fy, vkfiQl esa nsj rd :d tkrs gSA (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&9- HkwLFkkuhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\

mÙkj&

1- Hkwe.Myh; ds lkFk LFkkuh; dk feJ.kA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dqN le>ckn lc laLd`fr;k ,d leku gks tk;sxhA

2- Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds dkj.k LFkkuh; ijEijkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk HkweaMyhdj.kijEijk;s Hkh iSnk gks jgh gSA

3- eSdMksukYM Hkh Hkkjrh;ks dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj mRikn csprk gSA laxhr ds{ks=k esa HkkaxM+k iksi] fjfeDl xkuksa dh yksdfiz;rk c<+ jgh gSA

4- ,eVhoh pSuy oh] LVkj Vhoh] dkVwZu usVodZ] fMLdojh pSuy tSls lHkhfons'kh pSuy Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

iz'u&10- iQksMZokn (iQksfMZTe) esa mRiknu vkSj lkeku ds Ø; foØ; dks fdl izdkjizHkkfor fd;k gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj& iQksMZokn

1- gsujh iQksMZ us 'kq: fd;kA

2- m|ksxifr;ksa ds }kjk dkexkj dks csgrj fngkM+h vkSj lekt ds fy;sdY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ks dks ykxw fd;k x;kA

3- dkjks ds mRiknu dks c<+kus ds fy;s ,lscayh ykbu i¼fr dks viuk;kA

iz'u&11- fuxe (dkjiksjsV) laLd`fr us lekt dks dSls ifjofrZr fd;k gS\

mÙkj& fuxe laLd`fr izca/u fl¼kUr dh ,d ,slh 'kk[kk gS tks mRikndrk RkFkkizfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsrs gS rFkk iQeZ ds lHkh lnL;ks dks lkFk ysdj fo'ks"k lxaBu dhlaLd`fr dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

1- blesa dEiuh ds dk;ZØe jhfr;k rFkk ijEijk, 'kkfey gSA

2- ;s deZpkfj;ksa esa oiQknkjh rFkk ,drk dks c<+krh gSA

3- og ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd dke djus dk rjhdk D;k gS vksj mRiknks dks dSlsc<+kok fn;k tk;sA (dksbZ nks)


iz'u&12- fdlku vkUnksyu ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

mÙkj&

1- frekxka vkUnksyu

2- ckjnksyh lR;kxzg

3- pEikju lR;kxzg (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&13- ,sls nks dkj.k fyf[k, tks nfyr vkUnksyu ds c<+us ds fy;s ftEesnkj gS\

mÙkj&

1- vkRelEeku rFkk lekurk dk la?k"kZ

2- ekuo ds :i esa igpku izkIr djuk

3- vkfFkZd jktuSfrd rFkk lkekftd 'kks"k.k

4- vLi`';rk mUewyu

5- vkRefo'okl ,oa vkRe fu.kZ; ds fy;s la?k"kZ (dksbZ nks)

iz'u&14- i;kZoj.k lEcU/h vkUnksyu D;ksa gksrs gS\

mÙkj& vk/qfud dky esa fodkl ij vf/d cy fn;k x;k ftl dkj.k izkd`frdlalk/uks dk vfu;af=kr mi;ksx gqvk rFkk izkd`frd lalk/uks dk vR;f/d 'kks"k.k gqvk gS;g ,d iwjs lalkj ds fy;s fpark dk fo"k; cu x;kA i;kZoj.k vkUnksyu bl dkj.k gh gksrsgSA i;kZoj.k vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/r mnkgj.kA

iz'u&15- Hkkjr esa tulkaf[;dh ykHkka'k dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

mÙkj& Hkkjr esa dk;Z'khy yksxks dh (25 ls 64 o"kZ) orZeku ih<+h vis{kkd`r cM+hgS ;qok ih<h dk;Z'khy vkSj m|eh gksrs gS vr% ;qok ih<h vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s cgqrlgk;rk nsrh gSA

1- blh dkj.k gekjk Hkkjr vkfFkZd fodkl esa vesfjdk] tkiku vkfn fodflrns'kksa dk eqdkcyk dj jgk gSA

2- gekjs ns'k esa yxkrkj LokLF; lqfo/kvksa ds c<+us ls yksx yack thou th jgsgS thou izR;k'kk yxkrkj c<+ jgh gS ftlls Hkkjr mUufr dh vksj vxzlj gSA


iz'u&16- Lora=krk ds ckn vkfnoklh la?k"kZ ds eq[; eqn~ns D;k Fks\

mÙkj&

1- lkaLd`frd igpku ls lEcfU/r eqn~nsA

2- ckgjh yksxks }kjk 'kks"k.k

3- fodkl ifj;kstukvks ds uke ij ckj&ckj foLFkkiu

4- Hkwfe rFkk oU; lainkvks dk vf/xzg.k

5- minzoxzLr {ks=k ?kksf"kr djuk

6- i;kZIr eqvkots vksj leqfpr iquZokl dh O;oLFkk fd, fcuk foLFkkfir djukvkfnA

iz'u&17- lkEiznkf;drk vHkh Hkh gekjh ,drk vkSj lkeatL; ds fy;s ,d pqukSrhD;ksa gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- /kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjr vkØked mxzoknA

2- mxzokn vius vki esa ,slh vfHko`fÙk gS tks vius lewg dks Js"B lewg ekurhgS vkSj vU; lewg dks fuEu vFkok fojks/h le>rh gSA

3- lkEiznkf;drk ,d vkØe.k jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk gS tks /eZ ls tqM+h gksrhgSA

4- lkEiznkf;drk jktuhfr ls ljksdkj j[krh gS /eZ ls ughaA

5- Hkkjr esa ckj&ckj lkEiznkf;d ruko iQSyrs gS tks fpark dk fo"k; cuk gqvkgSA blesa ywVk tkrk gS yksxks dh tku yh tkrh gSA

6- lEiznk;oknh vkØe.k jktuhfrd igpku cukrs gS vkSj ,sl O;fDr dh fuank;k vkØe.k djus dks rS;kj jgrs gS tks mudh igpku dk lk>snkj ugha gksrkA

iz'u&18- tkfrokn us jktuhfr dks dSls izHkkfor fd;k gS\

mÙkj&

1- tkfrokn pqukoh jktuhfr dk dsUnz fcUnq cuk gqvk gSA


2- vktdy jktuhfr esa tkfrxr oksVksa dk cksyckyk gSA tkfrokn oksV cSad dksc<+kok nsrk gSA

3- izfrfuf/;ks dk pquko mudh dkfcfy;r (;ksX;rk) ij ugha cfYd tkfr ijvk/kfjr gksrk gSA

4- tkfrokn ds dkj.k jktuhfr esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa nq'euh c<+h gSA

5- tkrhokn lkaiznkf;d naxks dks Hkh c<+kok nsrk gSA

6- tkfr ,d ncko lewg dk dke djrh gSA

7- tkfr ij vk/kfjr jktuhfrd nyks dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

iz'u&19- iapk;r ds vf/dkj ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks foLrkj ls Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s ;kstuk,¡ o dk;ZØe cukukA

2- 'kqYd] ;k=kh dj] tqekZuk rFkk vU; dj yxkuk o ,d=k djukA

3- tUe rFkk e`R;q ds vkdM+s bDV~Bs djukA

4- lM+dks dk fuekZ.k djukA

5- y?kq rFkk dqVhj m|ksxks dk fodkl djuk

6- 'ke'kkuks rFkk dfczLrkuks dk j[kj[kko djukA

7- ifjokj fu;kstu dk izpkj

8- d`f"k dk;ksZ dk fodkl

9- xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj cky fodkl ;kstuk dk lapkyu djuk (dksbZ 4)

iz'u&20- LorU=krk ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; d`f"k Hkwfe lq/kjks ds izHkkoksa dks Li"Vdhft,A

mÙkj& Hkwfe lq/kjks ds izHkko

1- tehankjh O;oLFkk dk lekiu

2- Hkwfe gncanh vf/fu;e


3- iV~Vsnkjh dk mUewyu ;k fu;=ka.k

4- Hkwfe pdcanh

5- Hkwfe LokfeRo dk fjdkMZ

6- csukeh cny (dksbZ pkj foLrkjiwoZd)

vFkok

iz'u&21- Lora=krk ds i'pkr xzkeh.k lekt esa vk;s ifjorZuksa dks la{ksi esa izdk'kMkysA [Outside Delhi-2018]

mÙkj&

1- xgu d`f"k ds dkj.k d`f"k etnwjks dk c<+ukA

2- eqDr fngkM+h etnwjks ds oxZ dk lkeus vkukA

3- vukt ds LFkku ij uxn Hkqxrku

4- ikajifjd ca/uks esa f'kfFkyrk vFkok HkwLokeh ,oa fdlku o etnwj ds iq'rSuhlEcU/ks esa deh vkukA

5- u;s m|eh lewgks dk mn;

6- d`f"k dh vk/qfud i¼fr;ksa dk fodkl

7- u;s {ks=kh; vfHktkr oxksZ dk mn;

8- d`f"k esa O;kikjhdj.k ds dkj.k xzkeh.k {ks=k dk foLr`r vFkZO;oLFkk lstqM+uk (dksbZ pkj foLrkj ls)

iz'u&21- izoklh etnwjks }kjk >syh tk jgh leL;kvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- c<+rh vlekurk,¡

2- U;wure etnwjh

3- dk;Z dh vlqj{kk

4- c<+s dke ds ?kaVs


5- lj{ka.k ls 'kks"k.k dh vksj cnyko

6- cPpks ds LokLF;] f'k{kk] fpfdRlk vkfn dk U;wure ykHk

7- ckè;dkjh vuqca/ bR;kfn (dksbZ pkj)

vFkok

iz'u&21- Hkkjr esa ukSdjh dh HkrhZ ds izeq[k :iks dh foospuk dhft,A

mÙkj&

1- jkstxkj dk;kZy;

2- lekpkj i=k

3- baVjusV

4- eksckby iQksu

5- O;fDrxr lEcU/

6- cká L=kksr

7- jsfM;ks

iz'u&22- tkfr laLFkk dbZ ekeyks esa n`'; vkSj vn`'; nksuksa gSA mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa dslkFk bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A

mÙkj& vn`';

1- tkfr O;oLFkk mPp tkfr;ks] uxjh; o eè; rFkk mPp oxksZ ds vn`'; gksrhtk jgh gSA

2- mQaph tkfr ds yksx jktdh; {ks=k dh ukSdfj;ks dk ykHk mBk jgs gSA

3- bl lewg ds fy;s lkoZtfud thou esa tkfr dh dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gSA ogO;fDrxr {ks=k rd gh lhfer gsA

n`';

1- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ks rFkk fiNM+s oxZ ds fy;s tkfr vkSj vfèkdfn[kus okyh gks xbZA


2- vkj{k.k dh uhfr;ks vkSj jktuSfrd ncko esa vkdj jkT; }kjk mUgs fn;s x;svU; laj{k.k muds thou dks cpkus okys mik; gSA

3- mPPk tkfr lewg ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ esa mrjus ds fy;s oks viuh tkfr;igpku dks ugha NksM+ ldrsA

vFkok

iz'u&20- tkfr O;oLFkk fdu fu;eks vksj fofu;eks dks vius lnL;ks ij ykxw djrh gSA

mÙkj& tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡

1- tkfr tUe ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

2- tkfr esa fookg lEcU/h dBksj fu;e 'kkfey gksrs gSA

3- ikjEifjd rkSj ij tkfr;k¡ O;olk; ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

4- tkfr;ksa esa vkiuh mifoHkktu Hkh gksrk gSA

5- Hkkstu rFkk lkekftd esytksy ij izfrca/ gksrk gSA

6- tkfr esa Js.kh ,oa izfLFkfr ds ,d vf/Øe esa la;ksftr vusd tkfr;ks dh,d O;oLFkk 'kkfey gSA ('kq¼rk vkSj v'kq¼rk)

iz'u&23- mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr }kjk gekjs lekt esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA foLrkj lsle>kb,aA

mÙkj& mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ls lekt esa fuEu ifjorZu gq,A

1- ljdkjh foHkkxks dk futhdj.k

2- iwath] O;kikj o Je esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi dk de gksuk

3- fons'kh oLrqvksa ds vk;kr 'kqYd dks de djuk

4- oSf'od cktkj ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ dks c<+kok nsuk

5- cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vkxeu

6- jkstxkj dk c<+uk

7- lHkh egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa vkfFkZd lq/kj tSls d`f"k O;kikj] vkS|ksfxdh] fons'khfuos'k vkfnA


8- oSf'od cktkj ls oSf'od xk¡oksa rd dk ,dhdj.k

(dksbZ N% dh O;k[;k)

iz'u&24- mifuos'kokn us udjhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s Hkkjrh; lekt dksfdl izdkj ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA

mÙkj& lkekftd

1- if'peh f'k{kk

2- xzkeh.k f'kYi] iajijkxr m|ksxks dk iru

3- u;s lkekftd lewgks dk mn;

4- iqjkus 'kgjh dsUnzks dk iru

5- etnwjks dks pk; ckxkuksa rFkk vU; vkSifuosf'kd {ks=kksa esa HkstukA

6- la;qDr ifjokj VwV dj ,dy ifjokj esa cny x;sA

vkfFkZd

1- ijiajkxr :i ls gksus okyk js'ke vkSj dikl fxjrk pyk x;kA

2- leqnzh rVh; 'kgj mHkjs&vk;kr fu;kZr vklku gqvk

3- 'kgjks esa tgk¡ m|ksx yxk;s x;s Fks ogk¡ yksxksa dh tula[;k c<+us yxhA

4- fczfV'k vkS|ksfxdj.k ds dkj.k yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa 'kgjks dh rjiQtkus yxs D;ksafd muds ijiajkxr m|ksxks dk iru gks x;kA

jktuSfrd

1- gekjs ns'k esa laLFkkfir lalnh;] f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuks ijvk/kfjr gSA

2- ik'pkR; f'k{kk ls jk"Vªokn dk mn; gqvkA

3- gekjs ljdkjh Hkou fczfV'k lajpuk ij gSA

iz'u&25- uhps fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

txg rax gS& >ksiM+k fdjk, dk gS] ftlesa laxhr Hkjs Vsi vkSj tax yxs fctyh ds


midj.kksa dk <sj yxk gS vkSj tks ejEer lsok iznku djus okyh jk?ko dh nqdku dslkFk&lkFk jsfM;ks LVs'ku dk dk;Z Hkh djrh gSA

jk?ko i<+k fy[kk u gks iajrq mlds Lons'kh ,iQ- ,e- LVs'ku us mls LFkkuh; jktusrkvksals Hkh vf/d yksdfiz; cuk fn;k gSA jk?ko dk jsfM;ks ds lkFk izsl izlax 1997 esa izkjEHkgqvk tc mlus ,d LFkkuh; ejEer dh nqdku esa ,d feL=kh ds :i esa dke djuk izkjEHkfd;k FkkA tc nqdku dk ekfyd og {ks=k NksM+ dj pyk x;k rks ,d dSalj ihfM+r [ksfrgjetnwj ds csVs jk?ko us ,d fe=k ds lkFk fey dj og >ksiM+h ys yha 2003 esa fdlh le;jk?ko us tks rc rd jsfM;ks ds ckjs esa dkiQh dqN tku pqdk FkkA xjhch dh ekj ls ihfM+rfcgkj jkT; esa] tgk¡ cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa fctyh ugha gSA lLrs cSVjh ls pyus okys VªkaftLVjgh euksjtau dk lcls yksdfiz; lk/u gSA ^^bl fopkj dks iDdk djus vksj ,slh fdVrS;kj djus esa] tks ,d fu/kZfjr jsfM+;ks vko`fÙk jsfM+;ksfiQDosalh ij esjs dk;ZØe izlkfjr djlds] eq>s dkiQh yack le; yxkA fdV ij :0 50 ykxr vkbZ] jk?ko dgrk gSA izlkj.kfdV ,d ,aVhuk ds lkFk yacs ck¡l ikl ds ,d rhueaftyk vLirky ij yxh gSA ,dyEck rkj ml izlkj.k ;a=k dks uhps jk?ko ds jsfM;ks >ksiMs+ esa yxs ?kj?kjkgV djus okys]?kj ds cus iqjkus LVhfj;ks dSlsV Iys;j ls tksM+rk gSA rhu vU; tx yxs] LFkkuh; :i lscus cSVjh pkfyr VsijsdkMZj jaxhr rkjksa vkSj ,d csrkj (dkWMZysl) ekbkØksiQksu ds lkFfkblls tqMs+ gSA

iz'u&1- fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa ehfM;k us fdu ifjorZuks dks eglwl fd;k gS\

iz'u&2- ehfM;k lekt ds detksj oxksZ dk izfrfuf/Ro djus esa dSls liQy gksldrk gSA

mÙkj& lgh mÙkj

mÙkj& lgh mÙkj



lekt'kkL=k

iz'u&1- if'pehdj.k 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

mÙkj&

1- Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLd`fr es yxHkx 150 lkyksa ds fczfV'k 'kklu dsifj.kkeLo:i vk;k ifjorZu vFkok]

2- if'peh thou 'kSyh dks viukuk if'peh nf"Vdks.k ls lkspuk rFkk if'pehdj.kes fdlh laLd`fr fo'ks"k ds ckgk rRoksa vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk Hkh gksrh gSA

(dksbZ vU; mi;qDr fcUnq)

iz'u&2- ,d vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bku esa eSustj etnwjks dks vf/d mRiknu ds fy, dSlsizsfjr djsxk\

mÙkj&

1- dke ds ?k.Vksa esa o`f¼A

2- fu/kZfjr fn, x, le; esa mRikfnr oLrq dh ek=kk dks c<+k nsukA

iz'u&3- lwpuk ,oa euksjatu 'kCn dk vFkZ fyf[k,A

mÙkj& lekpkj i=k izk;%lwpuk vkSj euksjatu nksuksa ds feJ.k dk leFkZu djrs gSrkfd lHkh vk;q oxZ ds ikBdksa dh blesa #fp cuh jgsaA mudh bl izo`fÙk dks baiQksVsuesaV*(lwpukjatu) dgrs gSA

iz'u&4- mi;ksx ds Lo:i izfr"Bk dk izrhd dSls cu tkrk gS\

mÙkj& yksxksa vkSj muds }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds lEcU/ksa dks ^izfr"Bkdk izrhdk* dgrs gSA yksxksa dk igukok] [kku&iku] fuokl] eksVj&xkM+h mudh izfr"Bk dsizrhd gksrs gSA

iz'u&5- vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa dks rVh; uxj ilan Fksa\


mÙkj& D;ksfd rVh; uxj eqEcbZ] dks dksydkÙkk vkSj psUubZ ls fczfV'k ljdkjmRikfnr dikl dks fu;kZr dj lds vkSj cuk gqvk diM+k vk;kr dj ldsaA rVh; uxjksals O;kikj vklkuh ls gks tkrk gSA

iz'u&6- lekpkj i=k m?kksx esa izkS?kksfxdh D;k ifjorZu ykrh gS\

mÙkj&

ilZuy dEi;wVjksa dh usVodZ O;oLFkkA

yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ (ySu)A

lekpkj fuekZrk ds fy, U;wtesdj tSls lksiQVos;j dk iz;ksxA

NksVs VsifjdkMZj ,ao ysiVksiA

eksckby ,ao lsVsykbV iQksu

ekWMe tSls vU; u, midj.k bR;kfnA

(dksbZ nks fcUnq le>kb,)

vFkok

vkt dk ehfM;e laLFkku lekpkj ladyu gsrq iQksu ls ysdj ysiVkWi rddkmi;ksx dj jgs gSA

lekpkj i=kksa ds dk;kZy; dEI;wVj o bUVjusV ls ySal gSA

laoknnkrk ls ysdj laiknd rd vius ih-lh- ls tqM+s gq, gSA

lekpkjksa dks Hkfo"; ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq lhMh esa csd&vi fy;k tkrkgSA

vk/qfud izks?kksfxdh ds ekè;e ls gh lekpkj i=kksa ;k lekpkj pSuyksa usviuhosclkbVsa Hkh LFkkfir dh gS] ftUgsa U;wt iksVZy ds :i esa ykuk tkrk gSA

(dksbZ nks fcUnq)

iz'u&7- fcgkj esa js'ke cquus okys vkSj dkrus okys HkweaMyhdj.k ls fdl izdkjizHkkfor gSa\


mÙkj&

tc phuh vkSj dksfj;kbZ js'ke ds /kxksa us cktkj esa izos'k fd;k rc js'kedkVus vkSj /kxk cukus okyh vkSjrksa dk /U/k pkSiV gks x;kA

cqudj ,ao miHkksDrk bl u, /kxs dks vf/d ilan djrs Fks D;ksfd ;glLrk vkSj pedhyk FkkA

iz'u&8- Hkkjrh; yksdra=k esa nckc leqg D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS\

mÙkj& ;s lewg ljdkj ls viuh ckr euokus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSA oS/kfud vaxksa lsviuh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djokus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSA

iz'u&9- fojks/h vkUnksyu D;k gksrs gS\ mnkgj.k nhft,A

mÙkj& ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, izfrjks/h vkUnksyu tUe ysrs gSa&tcfdlkekftd vkUnksyu lkekftd ifjorZu ykuk pkgrs gSA

mnkgj.k %

tc jktk jke eksgu jk; us lrh izFkk dk fojks/ fd;k rks lrh izFkk dsizfrj{kdksa us izfrjks/ fd;kA

efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, HkhA

fo/ok iquZfookg ds fy, HkhA

fuEu tkfr ds cPpksa dk Ldwy esa uke fy[kokukA

(dksbZ ,d mnkgj.k)

iz'u&10- fojks/ izn'kZu ds fofHkUu izdkj D;k gS\

mÙkj&

eksecÙkh vkSj e'kky tqywl

dkys diM+s dk iz;ksx

uqDdM ukVd

xhr] dfork,¡


lR;kxzg] vu'ku] Hkw[k gM+rky vkfnA

(dksbZ nks)

iz'u&11- 19 oh 'krkCnh ds lekt lq/kjdks dh eq[; fpark,¡ D;k Fkh\

mÙkj&

lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dk mUewyu

fo/ok iquZfookg

cky fookg

tkfr vkSj fyax Hksn

/kfeZd Hksn Hkko

(dksbZ nks)

iz'u&12- izks/kSfxdh {ks=kksa esa foKkiu gksus ls HkweaMyh; leqnk;ksa esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZufdl izdkj gq,\

mÙkj&

lekpkj i=k] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu esa foKkiuks dh Hkjekj

blls fofHkUu izdkj ds ehfM;k vf/d ls vf/d equkiQk dekus yxsA


iz'u&13- INGOS ds mnkgj.k nhft,\

mÙkj&

xzhu ihl

fn jsM ØkWl

,eusLVh baVjus'kuy

(dksbZ nks)

iz'u&14- tualpkj fdl izdkj gekjs nSfud thou dk ,d vax gS\


mÙkj& tulapkj lkekU; tuksa dks lwpuk igq¡pkus dh ,d foLr`r fof/ gSA bldsvUrxZr lekpkj&i=k] if=kdk,¡] Vsyhfotu] fiQYesa] jsfM;ksa] iQksu] eksckby] dEI;wVj] bUVjusVvkfn lHkh midj.kksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ;s lHkh midj.k vktdy gekjs nSfud thouds vax gSA

iz'u&15- jk"Vªh; igpku dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, dh xbZ vkRelkrhdj.k vkSj,dhdj.k dh jktuhfr dh O;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkj&

laiw.kZ 'kfDr dks ,sls eapksa esa dsfUnzr djuk tgk¡ izHkko'kkyh lewg cgqla[;dgks vkSj LFkkuh; ;k vYila[;d lewgks dh Lok;Ùk dks feVkukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh ijaijkvksa ij vk/kfjr ,d ,dhÑr dkuwu ,oa U;k;O;oLFkk dks Fkksiuk vkSj vU; lewgkas }kjk iz;qDr oSdfYid O;oLFkkvksa dks[kRe dj nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk dks gh ,dek=k jktdh; ^jk"VªHkk"kk* ds :i esaviukuk vkSj mlds iz;ksx dks lHkh lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa eas vfuok;Z cuk nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds tfj,] ftuesajkT; fu;af=kr] tulaidZ ds ekè;e vkSj 'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡ 'kfey gS] c<+koknsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg ds bfrgkl 'kwjohjksa vkSj laLÑfr dks lEeku iznku djusokys jkT; izrhdksa dk viukuk] jk"Vªh; ioZ] NqV~Vh dk è;ku j[kukA

vYila[;d lewgks vkSj ns'kt yksxksas ls tehuksa] taxy ,oa eRl; {ks=k NhudjmUgs ^jk"Vªh; lalk/u* ?kksf"kr dj nsukA

(dksbZ pkj)

iz'u&16- cktkj ds lekt'kkL=kh; vkSj vFkZ'kkL=kh; ifjizs{; esa fHkUurk crkb,sA

vFkok

vkSifuos'kokn ds vkxeu ls Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+h mFky&iqFkydSls vkbZ\

mÙkj&


lekt'kkL=kh; % cktkj dks ,d lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa ekurs gS ftlesackrphr] fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV] xIis ekjuk] tkudkfj;ksa dk izlkj] fookg r;djuk bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA

vFkZ'kkL=kh; % cktkj dks ,d vkfFkZd laLFkk ekurs gS ftlesa O;kikj[kjhnuk&cspuk] forj.k] eqnzk lacf/r izfØ;k,¡ bR;kfn vkrh gSA

vFkok

mifuos'kokn ds vkrs gh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk, cnyko&

fczfV'k vkS|ksfxdj.k ls Hkkjr ds dqN {ks=kks esa vkS|ksfxd {kj.k gqvk(Mh&baMLVªh;ybts'ku)

mifuos'kokn ds ckn Hkkjr dPps eky vkSj Ñ"kd mRiknks dk L=kksr vkSjmRikfnr lkekuksa dk miHkksDrk cukA blls igys Hkkjr cus&cuk, lkekuksa dsfu;kZr dk eq[; dsUnz FkkA

O;kikj vkSj Ñf"k mnkgj.k& gLFkdj?kk] xzkeh.k f'kYi bR;kfn tSls mRiknu esadHkh vkbZA

cEcbZ vkSj enzkl tSls uxjksa ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=k es cny tkus ls mudkvk/qfudhdj.k] fodkl vkSj Hkkjh iQSyko gqvkA


iz'u&17- mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku jk"Vª&jkT;* izeq[k jktuSfrd Lo:i cu x,A Li"Vdhft,A

mÙkj&

,d jk"Vª ,d gh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr LosPNrk ls jgus dk iz;Rudjus okykas dk ,d ,slk lakLÑfrd leqnk; gS tks uSfrd Hkkoukvksa ds'kfDr'kkyh lw=kks }kjk vkc¼ gksrk gSA

mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku iwjk ns'k jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr Fkk vkSj fczfV'k'kklu ds fo:¼ FkkA

ns'k vaxzstks ls vktknh pkgrk FkkA usrkvks us ?kks"k.kk dh&LojkT; esjk tUevf/dkj gSA


jk"Vª&jkT; jk"Vªh;rk dh mn; ds lkFk utnhdh ls tqM+s gq, gSA


iz'u&18- xzkeh.k yksxksa dks mudh vkokt nsus esa 73ok¡ la'kks/u cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSALi"V dhft,A

mÙkj&

bl la'kks/u es 20 yk[k ls vf/d tula[;k okys izR;sd jkT; esa f=kLrjh;iapk;r gksxhA

izR;sd ik¡p o"kksZ esa blds lnL;ksa dk pquko gksxkA

blesa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, fuf'pr LFkku vkjf{kr fd, x,A

efgykvksa ds fy, 33» lhVsa vkjf{kr dh xbZ ftuesa 17» lhVsa vuqlwfprtkfr rFkk tutkfr dh FkhA

iwjs ftys eas fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk lfefr xfBr dh xbZA

iz'u&19- ukxfjd lekt@lfefr laxBuksa dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gS\

vFkok

lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk dks c<+kok nsuk O;ogkfjd vkSj lS¼kfUrd nksuksavFkksZ esa ,d vPNh uhfr gSA Hkkjr dks ,d jk"Vª jkT; ds :i es ysrsgq, bl dFku dk vkSfpR; fl¼ dhft,A

mÙkj&

ukxfjd lekt ml O;kid dk;Z{ks=k dks dgrs gS tks ifjokj ds futh {ks=kls ijs gksrk gS] ysfdu jkT; vkSj cktkj nksuksa {ks=k ls ckgj gksrk gSA

ukxfjd lekt es LoSfPNd laxBu gksrs gSA

;g lfØ; ukxfjdrk dk {ks=k gS tgk¡ O;fDr feydj laLFkk,¡ (NGDS)jktuhfrd ny] ehfM;k] Jfed la?k vkfnA

ukxfjd lekt }kjk mBk, x, eqn~ns i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk] fL=k;ks ds izfr fgalk]tutkfr dh Hkwfe dh yM+kbZ] izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lq/kj vkfnA


vFkok

Hkkjrh; jk"Vª&jkT; fo'o es lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd :i ls vR;f/dfofHkUurkvksa okyk ns'k gS

;gk¡ fofHkUu /eZ rjg rjg ds fo'okl vkSj O;ogkj ik, tkrs gSA

;gk¡ vR;kf/d@vf/drj tula[;k fofHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj cksfy;k¡ cksyrh gSA

lkeqnkf;d igpkuksa ds lkFk jk"Vª&jkT; ds laca/ks dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dhfLFkfr u rks vkRelkrdj.koknh vkSj u gh ,dhdj.koknh dh gSA

lafo/ku us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd Hkkjr ,d /eZ&fujis{k jkT; gksxk ij /eZ]Hkk"kk vkSj vU; ,sls dkjdksa dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ess iwjh rjg fu"dkflr ughfd;k x;k gSA

varjjkZ"Vªh; ekudks dh n`f"V ls ekik tk, rks vYila[;d /eksZ dk vR;arizcy laoS/kfud lqj{kk iznku dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dh leL;k ;g gS fd ;gk¡dkuwuks ;k fl¼kUrksa dh rks dksbZ deh ugh gS cfYd muds ikyu ;k O;ogkjess FkksM+h deh gSA

(dksbZ vU; fcUnq)

iz'u&20- O;kikj la?k@etnwj la?k }kjk etnwjksa dh ftUnxh esa vk, ifjorZuksa dhO;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkj&

fdlh Hkh fey] dkj[kkuksa es etnwjksa ds fgrks dh j{kk djus ds fy, etnwjla?k dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh etnwj blds lnL; gksrs gSA

etnwj la?k }kjk etnwjksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kj vk;k gSA tSls osru essaof¼

nw?kZVuk dh fLFkfr esa etnwjksa dks iSlk rFkk bykt dh lqfo/k feyus yxh gSA

etnwjks dks cksul] iQaM vkfn Hkh feyus yxk gSA

etnwjks ds dke djus ds ?k.Vs Hkh fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSA mudh dk;Z n'kkvksaesa lq/kj vk;k gSA


(dksbZ vU; fcUnq)

iz'u&21- u, lkekftd vkanksyu iqjkus lkekftd vkanksyuksa ls fdl rjg fHkUu gS\

mÙkj& iqjkus lkekftd vkanksyu

jktuhfrd nyks ds nk;js esa dke djrs FksA

jktuhfrd nyks dh dsUnzh; Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA

dqN {ks=kksa rd gh lhfer FksA

eqn~ns Fks&tSls lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dk var] efgykvks dh f'k{kk] tkfrxrHksnHkko vkfn

u, lkekftd vkanksyu

jktuhfrd nyks ds nk;js ls ckgj FksA

xSj nyh; jktuhfrd laxBu lfEefyr gq,A rkfd oks jkT; ij viuk nckoMky ldsA

varjjkZ"Vªh; iQSykoA

thou dh xq.koÙkk tSls&i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa vkfnA

iz'u&22- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ds rhu ewy fl¼kUrksa dk mnkgj.k lfgr fo'ys"k.kdhft,A

mÙkj&

lkekftd Lrjhdj.k O;fDr;ksa ds chp dh fofHkUurk dk izkd;Z ugha cfYdlekt dh fof'k"Vrk gSA

lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ih<h&nj ih<h cuk jgrk gSA

lkekftd Lrhjdj.k dks fo'okl ;k fopkj/kjk }kjk leFkZu feyrk gSA

(rhu fcUnq O;k[;k lfgr)

iz'u&23- gfjr Økafr ds lkekftd ifj.kkeksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

mÙkj&


1960&70 ds n'kd esa Ñf"k vk/qfudj.k dk ljdkjh dk;ZØe Fkk ftlesavkfFkZd lgk;rk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lLFkkvkas }kjk nh xbZ Fkh rFkk vf/d mRikndrkokys ladj chtksa ds lkFk dhVuk'kd] [kknksa rFkk fdlkuksa ds fy, vU;fuos'k ij dsfUnzr FkhA

bl Økafr ds dkj.k eè;e rFkk cM+s fdlku gh ubZ rduhd dk ykHk mBkldsA

gfjr Økafr eq[; :i ls xsg¡w rFkk pkoy mRikn djus okys {ks=kks ij gh yf{krFkhA

gfjr Økafr dqN {ks=kks eas tSls&iatkc] if'peh mÙkj izns'k] rVh; vkU/z izns'krFkk rfeyukMq ds dqN fgLlks esa pyhA

ubZ rduhd }kjk Ñf"k mRikndrk esa vR;kf/d o`f¼ gqbZA

/uh fdlku Hkw&/kjdks dh fn'kk vkSj fcxM+ xbZA

Ñf"k etnwjkas dh ek¡x c<+ xbZA

fdlku cktkj ij fuHkZj gks x, gSA

dqN {ks=kks esa vf/d fodkl ugh gks ik;k tSls fcgkj] iwohZ mÙkj izns'k]rsayxkuk vkfnA

Hkkjrh; fdlkuks dh ikjEifjd tkudkjh yqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA

iz'u&24- ekr`lÙkkRed lektksa es iqj"kks vkSj efgykvksa }kjk >sys tk jgs lajpkukRedrukoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok

vkt tutkrh; igpku ds vfHkdFku ds ihNs D;k dkj.k gSA

mÙkj&

ekr`lÙkkRed lektksa es lÙkk ekrk ds gkFk eas gksrh gSA ijEijk ds vuqlkjiq:"k fookg ds ckn viuh iRuh ds ?kj jgrk gSA

mnkgj.k& [kklh tutkfr ekr`oa'kkuqØe laxBu dk izrhd gSA oa'k ijEijk dsvuqlkj mÙkjkf/dkj Hkh iq=k dks izkIr u gksdj iq=kh dks gh izkIr gksrk gSA


ekrk dk HkkbZ ekrk dh iq'rSuh lEifr dh ns[kjs[k djrk gSA bl fLFkfr es ogL=kh mÙkjkf/dkj ds :i esa feyh lEifÙk dk vius Bax ls mi;ksx ugh djikrh gSA bl izdkj [kklh tutkfr es ekek dh vizR;{k lÙkk la?k"kZ dks tUensrh gSA

[kklh iq:"kksa dks nksgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA ml ij cgu dh lEifÙkdh ns[kjs[k ds vykok viuh iRuh rFkk cPpks ds ykyu&ikyu dk HkhmÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA

nksuksas i{kksa dh fL=k;k¡ Hkh cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksrh gSA

[kklh lekt esa fL=k;ksa dks izrhdjRed lÙkk izkIr gS okLro esa lÙkk dkmi;ksx rks iq#"k gh djrs gSA fL=k;k¡ cgqr ls vf/dkjks ls oafpr jgrh gSA

vFkok

u, jkT;ksa dh ek¡xA

var fØ;kRed izfØ;k dk ifj.kke vkfnokfl;ksa dk fNUu fHkUu gks tkukA

xSj tutkrh; yksxksa dk Hkkjh la[;k esa vizokl

xSj vkfnokfl;kas dk fojks/A

lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd eqísA

ouks dk jk"Vªhdj.kA

iquZokl u fd;k tkukA

Hkwfe dk vf/xzkg.kA

jk"Vªh; fodkl ds uke ij ck¡/] dkj[kkus o [kkuks dh [kqnkbZA

vkanksyuks }kjk jkT;ks dh ek¡x tSls& NÙkhlxB o >kj[kaMA

iz'u&25- uhps fn, x, xa|k'k dks if<+, vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%&

o"kZ 1999&2000 ds jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k vè;;u ds vkd¡M+ks vkSjHkkjrh; tux.kuk 2001 ds vk¡dM+ks ls irk pyrk gS fd xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; nksukass izkdkjds bykdks esa jkstxkj iSnk djus (dke ds u, volj mRiUu djus) dh nj esa ,d lkFkHkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ;g fLFkfr ;qokvksa ds ekeysa essa Hkh lgh cSBrh gSA 15&30 o"kZ ds


vk;q oxZ esa jkstxkj o`f¼ dh nj 1987 ls 1994 ds chp dh vof/ esa xzkeh.k vkSjuxjh; nksuks bykdks ds iq:"kksa ds fy, yxHkx 2-4 izfr'kr izfro"kZ FkkA ;g 1994 ls 2004ds nkSjku xzkeh.k iq:"kksa ds fy, ?kVdj 0-7 izfr'kr vkSj uxjh; iq#"kks ds fy, ?kVdj 0-3 izfr'kr ds Lrj ij vk xbZA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd ,d ;qok Jfed cy }kjk izLrqrJe ykHk Hkh laHkkouk dks okLrfodrk esa ifjofrZr ugha dj ldrk gSA vkl Hkkjr dslEeq[k voljks dk tks tulkaf[;dh; }kjk [kqyk gS mldk ykHk mBkus ds fy, j.kuhfr;k¡rks ekStwn gSA ysfdu Hkkjr dk gky dk vuqHko ;g crkrk gS fd cktkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ Lo;;g lqfuf'pr ugh dj ikrh fd ,slh j.kuhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor fd;k tk,xkA tc rd vkxsdk dksbZ jkLrk utj ugh vkrk laHko gS fd ge mu laHkkfor ykHkkssa dks x¡ok nsaxs tks ns'kdh cnyrh gqbZ vk;q lajpuk fiQygky gesa nsus okyh gSA

iz'u&(v) tukafddh; ykHkka'k dk vFkZ D;k gS\ 2

(c) D;k vkids fopkj esa tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k okLro esa Hkkjr eas ,dlqugjs volj dk }kj [kksy jgk gS\

mÙkj& lgh mÙkjA

(v) tc dk;Z'khy yksxksa dk vuqikr dke u djus okyks dh rqyuk esa vf/d cM+kgksrk gSA bls tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgk tkrk gSA (15 o"kZ&59 o"kZ)

(c) lgh mÙkj


lhfu;j Ldwy lfVZfiQdsV ijh{kkekpZ&2018

lekt'kkL=k (039)

iz'u 1- tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk dk vFkZ D;k gksrk gS\

mÙkjμtula[;k dh vk;q ljapuk ls rkRi;Z gS fd dqy tula[;k ds lUnHkZ esafofHkUu vk;q oxks± esa O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikrA

0&14 o"kZ] 15&59 o"kZ] 60 ls vf/d

iz'u 2- os dkSu ls nks egRoiw.kZ dj.k Fks ftuls tutkfr; vkanksyu dk tUe gqvk\

mÙkjμ1- Hkwfe rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls ouksa tSls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ijfu;a=k.k ls lEcfU/r gSA

2- u`tkrh;&laLd`frd igpku ds ekeys ls gqbZ gA

3- tehu ij futh ekfydkuk ge fn, tkus ls Hkh izfrdqy iM+kA

4- ueZnk ij cu, tk jgs ck¡.jsa dh Üka[kyk gSa

5- fnDdw tks izoklh O;kikjh rFkk egtu Fks] vkSj tks mls {ks=k esa vkdj cl x,Fks ewy vkfnoklh muls ?k`.kk djrs FksA (dksbZ vU; mi;qDr fcUnq) (dksbZ nks)

iz'u 3- ysl&,s&isQ;j (vgLr{ksi) dk vFkZ D;k gksrk gS\

mÙkjμ1- tks fdlh izdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke ls eqDr gksA

2- Úkalhlh Hkk"kk esa ysl&,s&isQ;j dk vFkZ cktkj dks vdsyk NksM+ fn;k ;kgLr{ks=k u fd;k tk,A (dksbZ ,d fcanw)

iz'u 4- {ks=kokn dks c<+kok nsus okys dksbZ nks dkjd crkb,s\

mÙkjμmÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k (gy) lfgr 2016 Q. No.3 ns[ksa


iz'u 5- vYila[;dksa dks laoS/kfud lqj{kk D;ks iznku dh tkuh pkfg,\

mÙkjμmÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k (gy) lfgr 2013 Q. No. 22 ns[ksa

iz'u 6- vkSifuosf'kd dkuwu fdl izdkj pk; cxkuksa ds ekfydksa vkSj O;oLFkkidksadk leFkZu djrs Fks\

mÙkjμ

iz'u 7- ifjorZu dh ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa laLd`rhdj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkjμmRrj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k (gy) lfgr 2016 Q.No. ns[ksaA

iz'u 8- fupys Lrj ds yksxkas dks U;k; fnyokus esa U;k; iapk;rkas dh D;k HkwfedkgS\

mÙkjμ1- dqN NksVs&NksVs nhokuh vkSj vkijkf/d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ dk vf/dkjbuds ikl gksrk gSA

2- ;s tqekZuk yxk rks ldrs gSa ysfdu ltk ugha ns ldrsA

3- ;s xzkeh.k U;k;y; izk;% dqN i{kksa ds vkilh fooknksa esa le>kSrk djkus esa liQygksrs gSaA

4- ngst izFkk vFkok fL=k;ksa ls tqMs ekeyksa esa izHkko'kkyh gS (dksbZ nks)

iz'u 9- csusfMDV ,aMjlu }kjk fy[ks x,s fopkj ^dYiuk* leqnk;* ds ckjs esa vkiD;k tkurs gSa\

mÙkjμdkYifud leqnk; esaμ

1- ns'k ds fofHkuu {ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks ,d tSls lekpkj i<+us ;k lquusdks feyus yxsA

2- ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa es jgus okys yksx ijLij tqMs+ gq, eglql djus yxs vkSjmuesa ge dh Hkkouk fodflr gksus yxhA


3- blls jk"Vªokn dk fodkl gqvkA

4- tks yksx ,d nqljs ds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa ugha tkurs Fks os Hkh ,d ifjokj dslnL; tSlk eglwl djus yxsA

5- blls vifjfpr yksxksa ds chp Hkh eSth Hkko mRiUu gks x;kA (dksbZ nks fcanq)

iz'u 10- jk"Vªh; nSfud D;k gksrs gSa\ fdUgh nks ds uke crkb,\

mÙkjμ1- os lekpkj i=k tks lHkh {ks=kksa es izlkfjr gkssrs gSaA

2- tSlsμfgUnqLrku VkbEl] VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k nSfud tkxj.k] nSfud HkkLdjA

iz'u 11- lekpkj i=kksa ds {ks=k esa Lo&lapkyu ls D;k ifjorZu vk,\

mÙkjμmÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k 2017 Q. No. 6 ns[ksA

iz'u 12- lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/dkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

mÙkjμ1- izR;sd o;Ld dks er nsus dk vf/dkj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk fn, x,izeq[k vf/dkjksa esa ls ,d gSA

2- izR;sd o;Ld ukxfjd (18 o"kZ) dks er nsus dk vf/dkj gSA

iz'u 13- ckWEcs diM+k fey etnwjksa dh ek¡xs D;k Fkh\

mÙkjμ1- cgsrj etnwjh

2- ;wfu;u cukus dk vf/dkj

3- dk;Z djus dh fLFkfr dks fu;fer fd;k tk,A (dksbZ nks fcanq)

iz'u 14- lq/kjoknh vkSj ØkfUrdkjh vkanksyu ds eè; varj Li"V dhft,A

mÙkjμ1- lq/kjoknh lkekftd vkanksyu orZeku lkekftd rFkk jktfufrd foU;kldks /hes izxfr'khy pj.kksa }kjk cnyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA

mnkgj.kμHkkjr ds jkT;ksa dks Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij iquZxfBr djus rFkk lwpuk dsvfèkdkj dk vfHk;kuA


2- ØkfUrdkjh vkankysu lkekftd lEca/ksa esa vkeqy ifjorZu djuk rFkk jkt lRrk ijvf/dkj djukA

mnkgj.kμcksY'ksfod ØkfUr ftlls :l esa tkj dks vinLFk fd;kA Hkkjr esa udLyhvkanksyu tks neudkjh HkqLokeh;ksa rFkk jkT; vf/dkjksa dks gVkuk pkgrs gSA fczVsu esavkS|ksfxd ØkfUrA

iz'u 15- tukafddh;fcn vkSj lekt'kkL=kh;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa cky fyax vuqikresa fxjkoV vkus ds D;k dkj.k gS\

mÙkjμ1- LokLFk; lEca/h eq[; dkjd tks iq:"kksa dh ctk, dsoy fL=k;ksa dks ghizHkkfor djrk gS og gS fL=k;ks dk xHkZ/kj.k djukA

2- Hkkjr ds vusd {ks=kksa esa yksx vkt Hkh yM+dh ds tUe ysus ds i{k esa ugha gSA

3- ngst izFkk

4- 'kS'okLFkk esa cfPp;ksa dh ns[kHkky dh vksj mis{kk

5- fyax fo'ks"k dk xHkZikr A

6- /kfeZd ;k lkaLd`frd vaèkfo'okl (dksbZ vU; mi;qDr fcUnq) dksbZ pkj

vFkok

iz'u 15- Hkkjr esa izfrLFkkiu ds LRkjksa ds {ks=kh; fofof/rkvksa ds dkj.k crkb,A

mÙkjμ1- Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa ds chp iztuu njksa ds ekeys eas vR;f/d fHkUurk,¡ ikbZtkrh gSA

2- dsjy vkSj rfeyukMq tSls dqN jkT; dqy iztuu njks dks Øe'k% 2%1 vkSj 1%8rd uhps ykus esa liQy gq, gSA

3- rfeyukMq esa vkSlru L=kh 2%1 cPps gh iSnk djrh gS tks izfrLFkkiu LRj dscjkcj gSA ;kfu vius vkSj vius thou lkFkh dh e`R;q ds dj.k [kkyh LFkku dh iwfrZ djnsxhA

4- dsjy dh dqy iztuu nj okLro esa izfrLFkkiu ls uhps gS ftldk vFkZ gS fdHkfo"; esa tula[;k esa fxjkoV vk;sxhA


5- dbZ vU; jkT;μfgeky; izns'k if'pe caxky dukZVd] egkjk"Vª esa dqy iztuunj dkiQh de gSA

6- dqN jkT; tSls fcgkj] eè; izns'k] jktLFkku vkSj mÙkj izns'k esa iztuu nj 4 ;kmlls vf/d gSA

7- bldk dkj.k f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk dk vkHkko gSA (dksbZ pkj mi;qDr fcanq)

iz'u 16- tutkrh; yksxksa dks 'ks"k Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl ds fy, vuqikr lsvf/d dher pqdkuh iM+hA ^jk"Vªh; fodkl* vkSj ^tutkrh;* esa la?k"kZ esa ds Ïksrksa ijizdk'k Mkfy,A

mÙkjμ1- jk"Vªh; fodkl ds uke ij fo'ks"kdj usg: ;qx esa cMs+&cM+s ck¡/ cuk, x,][kkuksa dh [kqnkbZ 'kq: dh xbZA D;ksafd tutkrh; bykds ns'k ds [kfut laeUu rFkkoukPNkfnr {ks=kkas eaas fLFkr FksA

2- bl rjg tkutkrh;kas dh gkfu dh dher eq[;&/kjk ds yksx ykHkkfUor gq,A

3- [kfutksa ds nksgu] gy] fo|qr la;=kksa dh fNuus dh izfØ;k 'kq: gks xbZA

4- vf/dka'k tutkrh; leqnk; ouksa ij vkfJr FksA blfy, ou fNu tkus ls mUgsaxgjk /Ddk yxkA

5- xSj tutkrh; yksaxksa dks Hkkjh la[;k eas vizokl dh leL;k ls tw>uk iM jgk gSA

6- tutkfr; yksxsa dks viuh laLd`fr ij [krjk eglql gksus yxkA

7- mÙkjiwoZ vkSj >kj[kaM ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk vkfnoklh vkuqikrde gks x;k gS ftlls os vYila[;d cu x,A (dksbZ vU; vi;qDr fcanq) (dksbZ pkj)

iz'u 17- D;k vki lger gS fd Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ls lHkh oxks± dks ykHkgqvk gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dk vksfpR; fl¼ dhft,A

mÙkjμmnkuhdj.k ds izHkko fefJr jgs gSA

ldkjkRed

1- mnkjhdj.k dk;ZØe ds rgr tks ifjorZu gq, gS mUgksaus vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dksc<+k;k gSA


2- Hkkjrh; cktkjksa dks fons'kh daifu;ksa ds fy, [kksyk] vc cgqr lkjh fons'khoLrq,¡ ;gk¡ fcdrh gS tks igys miyC/ ugha Fkha

3- fons'kh iwath ds fuos'k ls vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA vkSj jkstxkj c<+rs gSA

4- ljdkjh daifu;ksa ds futhdj.k ls dq'kyrk c<+rh gS vkSj ljdkj nj ncko degksrk gSA

udkjkRed

1- Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ij izfrdqy vlj gqvk gSA gesa viuh T;knk phtksa dks [kksdjde pht+ks dks ik,axsaA

2- Hkkjrh; m|ksx ds dqN {ks=kksa tSls lkÝVos;j ;k lwpuk rduhdh ;k [ksrh(eNyh ;k iQy mRiknu) dks oSf'od cktkj ls iQk;nk gks ldrk gSA ysfdu vU; {ks=kksaesa tSls vksVksekckbYl] bysDVªksfuDl vkSj rsyh; vuktksa ds m|ksx ij xgjk vlj gksxkD;ksafd ;s m|ksx fons'kh mRikndksa ls izfrLi/kZ ugha dj ik;saxsA

3- Hkkjrh; fdlku vU; ns'kksa ds fdlkuksa ls izfrLi/kZ dj jgs gS D;ksafd vc d`f"klEcaf/ lEHko gSA

4- vc lfClMh vkSj leFkZu ewY; dks ?kVk fn;k ;k gVk fn;k x;k gSA

5- NksVs mRiknkdksa dks fo'o Lrj ds mRiknkdksa ds lkekuksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ djuhiM+ jgh gSA vkSj ftleas o iwjh rjg l{ke ugha gSA

6- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|ksxksa dks futhdj.k ;k can gksus ls dqN {ks=kksa ij jkstxkjdks uqdlku gqvk gSA laxfBr {ks=k dh dher ij vlaxfBr {ks=k ds csjkstxkj esa o`f¼ gqbZgSA

iz'u 18- yksdrkaf=kd vkSj vf/uk;dra=kh; (lRrkoknh) jkT; ds eè; varj Li"Vdht,A

mÙkjμ1- yksdra=k ljdkj dk ,d :i gS tks turk ls viuh oS/rk izkIr djrk gSAvksj pwukoksa ds ekè;e ls vFkok turk dh jk; tkuus ds fdlh vkSj rjhds ls turk dsLi"V leFkZu ij vkfJr jgrk gSA


2- ,d lRrkoknh jkT; yksdra=k dk foijhr gksrk gSA

3- lRrkoknh jkT; esa yksxksa dh vkokt ugha lquh tkrh gSA tcfd yksdra=k esaO;fDr ds ikl viuh vkokt mBkus dk vf/dkj gSA

4- yksdrkaf=kd jkT; ds foijhr lRrkoknh jkT; fdlh ds izfr tokcnsg ugha gSA

5- lRrkoknh jkT; vDlj Hkk"k.k dh Lora=krk] izsl dh Lora=krk] jktuSfsrdfØ;kdyki dks Lora=krk] lRrk nq:i;ksx ls laj{k.k dk vf/dkj tSlh ukxfjd Lora=krkvksadks vDlj lhfer ;k lekIr dj nsrs gSSA

6- tcfd yksdra=k esa O;fDr dks lkjs vf/dkj izkIr gSA (dksbZ vU; mi;qDr fcanq)

vFkok

iz'u 18- lkeqnkf;d igpku D;k gksrh gS\ Hkkjrh; uhfr ;k jk"Vªh; igpku dksfdl izdkj c<+kok nsrh gSA 2+2

mÙkjμmÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k 2016 Q. (1st Part)

CBSE iz'u i=k 2017 Q. No. 15 ( 2nd part)

iz'u 19- ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls rVh; uxj lezkT;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa D;k HkwfedkfuHkkrs FksA\

mÙkjμ1- vkSifuosf'kd uxj fczVsu esa fLFkr vkfFkZd dsanz vkSj vkSifuoasf'kd Hkkjr esafLFkr gkf'k;s ds chp egRoiw.kZ lEidZ lw=k FksA

2- bu txgksa ls miHkksx dks vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vklkuh ls fd;k tkldrk FkkA

3- ;s uxj iw¡thokn ds Bksl mnkgj.k FksA

4- mnkgj.k ds fy, vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa cacbZ dks bl izdkj lqfu;ksftr <ax lsfodflr fd;k x;k ftlls Hkkjr ls dikl dks Hkstk tk ldsA

5- dydRrk ls tqV fu;kZr fd;k x;k tcfd enzkl ls fczVsu dks dkWiQh] phuh]uhy vkSj dikl HkstsA


iz'u 20- fofHkUu lekt lq/kj leku fo"k; ij vk/kfjr gksrs gq, Hkh fHkUu FksAO;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkjμmRrj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k 2014 Q. 18 ns[ksaA

iz'u 21- iapk;rksa ds lkeftd mÙkjnkf;d D;k gksrs Fksa\

mÙkjμmÙkj ds fy, CBSE iz'u i=k 2016 Q. 19 ns[ksaA

iz'u 22- gfjr Økafr ds ykHk vkSj gkfu;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A

mÙkjμgfjr Økafr Ñf"k mit vk/qfudhdj.k dk ,d ljdkjh dk;ZØe FkkA

l ;g mPp mit fdLe (HYV) ;k dhVuk'kdksa ds lkFk 'kadj cht moZjd vksj

vU; tkudkjh] fdlkukssa dks iznku djus ij vk/kfjr Fkk

l vUrZjk"Vªh; ,tsafl;ksa }kjk foRr iksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA

l ubZ rduhd dh otg ls d`f"k mRikndrk esa rssth ls o`f¼ gqbZA

l gfjr Økafr ds vf/dka'k {ks=kksa esa ;g eq[; :i ls eè;e vkSj cMs+ fdlku FksAtks ubZ uduhd ls ykHkkfUor gksus esa l{ke FksA

l tks cktkj ds fy, vfrfjDr mRinu djus es al{kes FksA mUgsa Ñf"k O;kikfjdj.kdk ykHk feykA

l ftUgsa irk Fkk dSls vkSj tks ykssx u, cht vkSj moZjd esa fuos'k dj ldrs Fks]muds mRiknu esa o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj vf/d iSlk dek ldsA (dksbZ Hkh rhu)

uqdlku

l vf/dka'k {ks=kksa esa NksVs fdlku bu vknkuksa dks [kjhn ds :i esa T;knk [kpZdjus dk tksf[ke ugha mBk ldrs FksA D;ksafd oks egaxs FksA

l xzkeh.k lekt esa vlekurk,¡ c<+rh izrhr gks jgh FkhA

l dbZ ekeyksa esa ;g iV~Vsnkjh&[ksrh ds foLrkiu dk usr`Ro fd;kA


l blls] /uh fdlkuksa us csrgj fd;k vkSj Hkwfeghu o lkekar Hkwfe /kjdksa dhgkyr [kjkc gbZA

l fVyj] VSªDVj] FkzS'kj] vkSj gkjoSLVj tSlh e'khujh dh 'kq:vkr] lsok tkfr lewgksads foLFkkiu ds dkj.k gqbZ] blfy, xzkeh.k&'kgjh izokl dh xfr esa o`f¼ gqqbZA

l gfjr Økafr esa foHksn* dh ,d izfØ;k Fkh ftlesa vehj fdlku vkSj vehu gksx, vkSj xjhc fdlku T;knk xjhc gks x,s FksA

iz'u 23- D;k oSf'od (Hkwe.Myh;) lEcU/ Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ds fy, u, gSa\foospuk dhsft,A

l izfl¼ flYd ekxZ] lfn;ksa igys egku lH;rkvksa] tks phu izQkal] felz vksj jkseds vfLrRo esa Hkkjr ls tqM+kA

l Hkkjr ds yEcs vrhr ds nkSjku] fofHkUu fgLlksa ds yksx dHkh&dHkkj O;kikfj;ksads :i esa dHkh fotsrk ds :i esaA dHkh ubZ Hkwfe dh ryk'k eas izokfl;ksa ds:i esa vkSj ;gk¡ cl x,A

l iw¡th ds u, Ïksr dPps eky] ÅtkZ] cktkj vkSj ,d oSf'od uSVodZ mifuos'kokniz.kkyh dh fujUrj vko';drk dk ,d fgLlk FkkA

l mnkgj.k ds fy,%μ yksxksa dh lcls cM+h vkoktkgh ;wjksih; yksxksaa ds izokl tksvesfjdk vksj vkLVªsfy;k eS uhps cls FksA

l fxjfeV etnwjksa dks Hkkjr ls ,f'k;k] vfÚdk vkSj vesfjdk ds lqnwj Hkkxksa esadke djus ds fy, tgktksa esa nwj ys tk;k x;kA

l gtkjksa vfÚfd;ksa dks nwjLFk rd rd xkfM+;ksa esa Hkjdj ys tk;k x;kA

l dbZ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj dke ds fy, fons'kksa esa ;k=kk djrs jgs gSaA

l yEcs le; ls Hkkjr esa fons'kh iQeksZa dk lapkyu gks jgk gSA

l nwjnjkt ds Hkkjrh; xk¡o esa yksx ,sls le; dks ;kn djrs FksA tc muds iwoZtdgha vksj jgk djrs FksA tgk¡ ls os ml LFkku ij vk, tgk¡ os bl le; jgjgs gSaA


iz'u 24- [kkuksa esa dke djus dh fLFkfr egnwjksa ds fy, fdl izdkj gkfudkjd gS\

mÙkjμ1- dbZ Bsdsnkj etnwjksa dk jftLVj Bhd ls ugha j[krs vr% nq?kZVuk dhvoLFkk esa fdlh dks Hkh ykHk nsus ls eqdj tkrs gSaA

2- [kku dk dk;Z lekIr gksus ij oaQiuh dks ml LFkku ij fd, x, x<+<ksa dksHkjuk pkfg, fdUrq o ,slk ugha djrsA

3- Hkwfexr [kkuksa esa dk;Z djus okys dkexkj ck<] vkx Åijh lrg ds fgLls dsèk¡lus ls [krjukd fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSA

4- xSlksa ds mRltZu vkSj vkDlhtu ds cUn gksus ds dkj.k cgqr ls dkexkjksa dkslk¡l ls lEcfU/r chekjh gks tkrh gSA tSls {k; jksx] flfydksfll

5- [kqyh [kkuksa es dke djus okys rst /wi vkSj o"kkZ esa dke djrs gSaA

6- [kku ds iQVus ;k fdlh pht ds fxjus ls vkusokyh pksV dk lkeuk djrs gSA

7- [kku vf/fu;e 1952 ds vuqlkj NksVh [kkuks esa lqj{kk fu;eksa dk ikyu ughaafd;k tkrk gSA (dksbZ 6 fcanq)

iz'u 25- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn i<+dj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

Hkkjr esa ^fu;ksZX;*] ^ckf/r*] ^v{ke*] ^viax*] ^va/k* vkSj ^cgjk* tSls fo'ks"k.kksadk iz;ksx yxHkx ,d gh Hkko dks n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vDlj fdlh O;fDr dkvieku djus ds fy, bu 'kCnksa dh ckSNkj dj nh tkrh gSa fd ,slh laLd`fr esa tgk¡'kkjhfjd ^iw.kZrk* dk vknj fd;k tkrk gks] ^iw.kZ 'kjhj* u gksus dk vFkZ gS fd mlesa dksbZvlkekU;rk] nks"k ;k [kjkch gS ^cspkjk* tSls fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/r djus ij rks mldhihfM+r ifjfLFkfr vkSj Hkh fodV gks tkrh gSA ,slh lksp dk ewy dkj.k ml lkaLd`frdladYiuk esa fufgr gS tks vleFkZ ;k nks"kiw.kZ 'kjhj dks nqHkkZX; dk ifjeke ekurh gSA fu;fr(HkkX;) dks nks"kh vkSj fu;ksZX; O;fDr dks mldk f'kdkj ekuk tkrk gSA vke /kj.kk ;ggS fd fodykaxrk iqjkus deks± dk iQy gS vkSj mlls NqVdkjk ugha dj ik;k tk ldrkAbl izdkj Hkkjr esa izpfyr izeq[k fLFkfr ekurh gS ftls ml O;fDr dks Hkqxruk iM+rk gSAikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa esa fodykax dh tks Nfo fpf=kr dh xbZ gS og vR;ar udkjRed gSA

^vU;Fkk l{ke* 'kCn buesa ls fdlh Hkh vo/kj.kk dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA ekufld


:i* ls pqukSrhxzLr (mentally chalenged) nf"Vckf/r* (visually imaired) vkSj 'kkjhfjd:i ls ckf/r* ( physically impaired) tSls 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vc iqjkus f?kls&fiVsudkjkRed Hkko O;Dr djus okys 'kCnksa tSls] ^eancf¼*] ^viax* vFkok ^yaxM+k&ywykvkfn ds LFkku ij fd;k tkus yxk gSA fodykax viuh tSfod v{kerk ds dkj.k ugha gksrs]cfYd lekt gh mUgsa ,slk cukrk gSA

(v) gekjs ns'k esa v{ke tula[;k dksu cukrk gS\

(c) D;k vki lksprs gSa fd v{ke O;fDr viuh tSfod v{kerk ds dkj.k fodykaxugha] gksrs] cfYd lekt gh mUgsa ,slk\ O;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkjμ(v) l ekufld :i ls ckf/r

l us=kghu

l 'kkjhfjd :i ls ckf/r

l ewy ckf/r

(dksbZ vU; fodykaxrk)

(c) (1) cspkjk lEcksf/r djuk

(2) fcxM+k gqvk 'kjhj HkkX; ds ifj.kke ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA

(3) vke /kj.k gS fd fodykaxrk iqjkus deks± dk iQy gSA

(4) fu;fr (HkkX;) dks nks"kh vkSj fu;ksZX; O;fDr dks mldk f'kdkj ekuktkrk gSA

(5) ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa esa v{ke O;fDr;ksa dks udkjkRed :i esa ns[kk tkrkgSA


lhfu;j Ldwy lfVZfiQdsV ijh{kkekpZ&2019&20

lekt'kkL=k (039)

le; 3 ?kaVs M.M. 80

(i) iz'u&i=k osQ pkj [k.M gSaA

(ii) iz'uksa dh oqQy la[;k 38 gSA

(iii) lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA

(iv) iz'u la[;k 1&20 rd oLrqfu"B iz'u gS izR;sd iz'u 1 vad dk gSA

(v) iz'u la[;k 21&29 rd] y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSA izR;sd iz'u 2 vad dk gSAizR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(vi) iz'u la[;k 30&35 rd nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gSAizR;sd iz'u dk mRrj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg;sA

(vii) iz'u la[;k 36&38 rd vfr nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u 6 vad dkgSA izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 200 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(viii) iz'u la[;k 38 dk mÙkj fn;s x;s vuqPNsn osQ vk/kj ij nsuk gSA

Section ‘A’

1. 1882 esa --------------- us L=kh iq#"k rqyuk uked iqLrd fy[khA

2. tutkrh; lektksa dk oxhZdj.k --------------- fo'ks"kd o --------------- fo'ks"kdosQ vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA

3. xka/h th us vLi`'; yksxksa osQ fy, --------------- 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA

4. {ks=kokn --------------- rFkk --------------- ij vk/kfjr gSA

5. --------------- oSKkfud us vkS|ksfxd bathfu;fjax ;k VsyfjTe uked O;oLFkkdk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

6. fdlkuksa dh mit dk ljdkj mfpr ewY; lqfuf'pr djrh gS ftls ---------dgrs gSaA


7. laLÑfrdj.k dh vo/kj.kk nh xbZμ

(a) eSDl oscj (b) dkyZ ekDlZ

(c) Jh fuokl (d) ,- vk- nslkbZ

8. gq.Mh fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k gSμ

(a) O;kikj i=k (b) dtZ i=k

(c) cSad i=k (d) mijksDr lHkh

9. lkekftd o 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks dgk tkrk gSμ

(a) vuqlwfpr tutkfr (b) vuqlwfpr tkfr

(c) vU; fiNM+k oxZ (d) nfyr

10. vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/r vuqPNsn gSμ

(a) 33 ,oa 34 (b) 29 ,oa 30

(c) 27 ,oa 28 (d) 31 ,oa 32

11. [kklh tutkfr dks viuh ikjaifjd ifj"kn gksrh gS ftls dgrs gSaμ

(a) njckj oqQj (b) iapk;r lfefr

(c) ftyk ifj"kn (d) xzke iapk;r

12. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ Lrj gSaμ

(a) ik¡p (b) nks

(c) pkj (d) rhu

lgh dFku fy[ksaμ

13. tc cktkj esa gj oLrq] lsok,¡] ekuo vax] vkpkj O;ogkj vkfn oLrq osQ:i esa csph ;k [kjhnh tkus yxs rks mls izfr"Bk dk izrhd dgrs gSaA

14. tc ;qok oxZ (15&59 vk;q oxZ) dh tula[;k ijkfJr oxZ (0&14 vk;qoxZ] 60 ls mQij o`¼) ls de gksrh gS rks mls tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgrsgSaA

15. vk/qfud uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk] enzkl tks mifuos'koknh 'kklu esaizpkfyr gq, detksj gksrs x;sA


16. if'peh ns'kksa dh laLÑfr dks viukuk vk/qfudhdj.k dgykrk gSA

17. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esas [k.M Lrj ij xzke iapk;r dke djrh gSA

18. ,d ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks iwjs fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tksM+uk mnkjhdj.kdgykrk gSA

19. czg~e lekt dh LFkkiuk T;ksfrck iqQys us dh FkhA

20. lekt dk mPprk vkSj fuEurk osQ vk/kj ij dbZ lewgksa esa c¡Vk gksuklekthdj.k dgykrk gSA

mÙkjμ 1. rkjkckbZ f'kUns 2. LFkkbZ] vftZr

3. gfjtu 4. Hkk"kkokn] tkfrokn

5. iQSMfjd fouLyks Vsyj 6. leFkZu ewY;

7. Jh fuokl 8. dtZ i=k

9. vU; fiNM+k oxZ 10. 29 ,oa 30

11. njckj oqQj 12. rhu

13. i.ehdj.k ;k oLrqdj.k 14. vf/d

15. 'kfDr'kkyh 16. if'pehdj.k

17. iapk;r lfefr 18. Hkwe.Myhdj.k

19. jktkjke eksgu jk; 20. lkekftd Lrjhdj.k

Section ‘B’

20. tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

mRrjμ tc ;qok ih<+h dh tula[;k vFkkZr~ 15 ls 59 o"kZ ds yksxksa dh tula[;kijkfJr tula[;k ls vf/d gks rks mls tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgrs gSaA

22- vn`'; gkFk dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

mRrjμ lekt osQ fgr esa dke djus okyh vn`'; 'kfDr dks vn`'; gkFk dgrsgSaA ;g 'kfDr fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh ijUrq bldk ykHk lHkh dks gksrk gSA pkgsog cktkjh izfozQ;k ls tqM+k gks ;k ughaA

23- izcy tkfr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ fdUgha nks izcy tkfr;ksa ds ukecrkvks\


mRrjμ xzkeh.k bykosQ esa og tkfr tks cM+s Hkw&Hkkx dh Lokeh gksrh gS rFkk mltkfr osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/d gksrh gS rFkk og tkfr jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkklkekftd :i ls izcy gksrh gS mls izcy tkfr dgrs gSa\ izcy tkfrμgfj;k.kk esa tkVfcgkj esa ;kno] dukZVd esa fyxk;arA

vFkok

iwokZxzg D;k gS\ mnkgj.k nksA

i;kZIr izek.kksa osQ fcuk lquh lqukbZ ckr ij fdlh O;fDr osQ ckjs esa dksbZ /kj.kkcuk ysuk ;k fu.kZ; ysuk iwokZxzg dgykrk gSA

mnkgj.k tSls ekjokM+h datwl gksrs gSaA

jktiwr cgknqj gksrs gSaA

24- vl{kerk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

mRrjμ lekt esa oqQN yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks fdlh fcekjh] fodykaxrk vFkokcslgkjk gksus ds dkj.k LFkk;h ;k vLFkkbZ :i ls dk;Z djus esa vl{ke gksrs gSa mudhbl izdkj dh fLFkfr dks vl{kerk dgrs gSaA

25- fofuos'k fdls dgrs gSa\

mRrjμ og izfozQ;k ftlesa ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa osQ 'ks;lZ dks futh {ks=kdh daifu;ksa dks cspus dk iz;kl djrh gS mls fofuos'k dgrs gSaA

vFkok

baiQksVsuesaV 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\

lwpuk rFkk euksjatu esa rkyesy j[kukA ftlls fo'ks"kdj lekpkj i=k VSyhfoturFkk jsfM;ks vkfn ls n'kZd tqM+s jgsA

26- ckWEcs diM+k fey etnwjksa dh ek¡xs D;k Fkha\

mRrjμ 1- csgrj etnwjh] 2- ;wfu;u cukus dk vf/dkj] 3- dk;Z djus dhfLFkfr dks fu;fer fd;k tk;sA

27- iapk;rksa ds vk; osQ eq[; L=kksr D;k gSa\

mRrjμ 1- laifRr O;olk; i'kq okgu vkfn ij dj yxkukA

2- pqaxh dj rFkk HkwjktLo olwy djukA



28- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lkaiznkf;drk dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

mRrjμ lkaiznkf;drk ,d ,slh Hkkouk gS tks O;fDr ds eu esa viuh tkfr] /eZ ;k lEiznk; ds izfr fu"Bk dh Hkkouk iSnk djrh gS ftlls O;fDr viuh tkfr ;k/eZ dks nwljksa ls Js"B le>rk gS vkSj vius /eZ ds izfr dV~Vj gks tkrk gSA viuhtkfr ;k /eZ ds f[kykiQ oqQN Hkh lquuk ilan ugha djrkA

vFkok

tutkrh; igpku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

tutkrh; igpku dk vFkZ gS tutkfr;ksa dh lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd /jksgjdks laHkky dj j[kuk rkfd ckgjh laLÑfr;ksa osQ laioZQ esa vkus ls mudh laLÑfr dkvfLrRo [kRe u gks tk;sA vktdy tutkfr;ka vius vkidks misf{kr eglwl dj jghgSa ftlosQ dkj.k gh tutkrh; igpku dk eqn~nk lkeus vk;k gSA tu tkrh; lekt esabZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa osQ izHkko rFkk f'k{kk osQ izlkj ds dkj.k yksx viuk /eZ cny jgs gSaviuh laLÑfr Hkwy jgs gSaA viuh Hkwy laLÑfr dks u"V uk gksus nsuk tutkrh; igpkuosQ y{k.k gSaA

29- jk"Vªh; Vsyhfotu daifu;ksa us fdl izdkj vius vkidks Hkkjrh;n'kZdksa osQ vuq:i <ky fy;k gS\

mRrjμ LVkj Vh-oh-] lksuh] ,e Vh oh vkfn ikjjk"Vªh; Vsyhfotu daifu;ksa usHkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vuq:i yksdfiz; dk;ZozQeksa dks is'k dj Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa dksvkdf"kZr fd;k gSA

Section ‘C’

30- fgr lewg izdk;Z'khy yksdra=k osQ vfHkUu vax gSa ppkZ dhft,A

mRrjμ fgr lewgμljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vius fgrksa dksc<+kok nsrs gSa ;s lewg iz'kklfud dk;ks± dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa vkSjljdkj dk è;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa vyx&vyx izdkj ds fgrlewg ik;s tkrs gSaA

1- O;kolkf;d fgr lewg

2- /kfeZd ,oa lkaiznkf;d laxBu

3- tkfr] {ks=k ,oa Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij lewg

4- Jfed la?k


31- gfjd ozQkfUr osQ ifj.kke D;k gq;s O;k[;k djks\

mRrjμ 1- eè;e rFkk cM+s fdlkuksa dks ykHk

2- xzkeh.k lekt esa vlekurk c<+h

3- {ks=kh; fo"kerk dks c<+kok

4- xk¡o esa lsod tkfr lewgksa osQ iyk;u esa o`f¼

(O;k[;k lfgr)

vFkok

LorU=krk osQ i'pkr Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k Hkwfe lq/kjksa osQ izHkkoksa dks Li"Vdhft,A

1- tehankjh O;oLFkk dk lekiu

2- Hkwfe gncanh vf/fu;e

3- Hkwfe pdcanh

4- Hkwfe LokfeRo dk fjdkWMZ

5- iV~Vsnkjh dk mUewyu

(dksbZ pkj O;k[;k lfgr)

32- jkT; vDlj lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk ds ckjs esa 'kadkyq D;ksa gksrs gSa\

mRrjμ lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dk vFkZ gS ns'k esa vyx&vyx /eks± leqnk;ksa] tkfr]iztkfr;ksa] laLÑfr;ksa] ijaijkvksa jhfr&fjoktksa dk ekStwn gksukA ijUrq lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk osQ dkj.k ns'k esa cgqr lh leL;k,¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrh gS tSls fd tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn]tkrh; naxs vkfn blls ns'k dk ekgkSy dkiQh [kjkc gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k gh jkT;vDlj lkaaLÑfrd fofo/rk osQ ckjs esa 'kadkyq gksrs gSaA

33- mnkjhdj.k us jkstxkjksa osQ izfrekuksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;kgS\

mRrjμ1- mnkjhdj.k osQ dkj.k cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ vkfFkZd nqfu;k esa viukncnck cuk jgh gSa bu daifu;ksa osQ }kjk mPp rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2- vf/dka'k daifu;ksa us LFkkbZ deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k de dj nh gSA

3- cM+s m|ksxksa esa lqjf{kr jkstxkj dh lEHkkouk,¡ de gksrh tk jgh gSaA


4- vkt jkstxkj dh ijaijkoknh izo`fr osQ izfreku cny x, gSaA cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;kNksVh daifu;ksa ;gk¡ rd yksxksa ls ?kjksa ls Hkh dke djkus yxh gSaA

(O;k[;k lfgr)

vFkok

laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k esa varj crkb;sA

laxfBr {ks=kμblesa dke djus okys yksx ljdkjh rkSj ij iathÑr gksrs gSa mudksmi;qDr osru] cksul] isa'ku] esMhdy lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gksrh gSA tSls ljdkjh foHkkx]cSad vkfnA

vlaxfBr {ks=kμvlaxfBr {ks=k esa jkstxkj vLFkk;h gksrk gSA mUgsa esMhdylqfo/k,¡ isa'ku] leqfpr osru] cksul ugha feyrkA Hkkjr esa 90 izfr'kr yksx vlaxfBr{ks=k esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

34- Hkkjr esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe bruk liQy D;ksa ugha gks ik;k\dkj.k crkvksA

mRrjμ 1- /kfeZd va/fo'okl

2- f'k{kk dh deh

3- larku fujks/dksa dh deh

4- ljdkj dk ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZozQe ij iSlk [kpZ uk djuk

(O;k[;k lfgr)

35- lrh'k lcjoky }kjk mYysf[kr vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa ifjorZu osQrhu i{kksa dh foLrkj ls O;k[;k dhft,A

mRrjμ vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa ifjorZu osQ rhu i{k (lrh'k lcjoky }kjk)

1- lapkj ekè;e] 2- laxBuksa dk Lo:i] 3- fopkjksa dh izÑfr

(foLrkj iwoZd O;k[;k)

36- os dkSu ls eqn~ns Fks ftuosQ fo:¼ >kj[kaM esa vkanksyudkjh usrkvksaus izn'kZu fd;s Fks\

mRrjμ vkUnksyu osQ eq[; fcUnq o eqn~ns

1- Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k] 2- ½.kksa dh olwyh] 3- ouksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k]

4- iquZokl uk fd;k tkuk


(foLrkj iwoZd O;k[;k)

37- laLÑfrdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djksA laLÑfrdj.k dh vkykspuk fofHkUuLrjksa ij fdl izdkj dh xbZ gS\

mRrjμ laLÑfrdj.kμog izfØ;k ftlesa fuEu tkfr ;k tutkfr] mPp tkfr;ksadh thou i¼fr] vkn'kZ] fopkjksa dks viuk dj viuh lkekftd izfLFkfr dks mQapkdjus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA

laLÑfrdj.k dh vkykspukμ

1- lkekftd xfr'khyrk fuEu tkfr osQ Lrjhdj.k esa mQèoZxkeh ifjorZu djrhgSA

2- bl izfozQ;k esa lajpukRed ifjorZu u gksdj osQoy oqQN gh O;fDr;ksa dhfLFkfr esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

3- mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh mPp rFkk fuEu tkfr dh thou 'kSyh fuEu gksusdh Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA

4- ;g vo/kj.kk vlekurk rFkk viotZu ij vk/kfjr gSA

5- nfyr laLÑfr ,oa nfyr lekt osQ ewyHkwr i{kksa dks Hkh fiNM+kiu eku fy;ktkrk gksA

6- yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks vlekurk dh lh<+h esa lcls uhps /dsy fn;ktkrk gSA

(O;k[;k lfgr)

vFkok

Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ fofHkUu vk;keksa dh O;k[;k djsaA

mÙkjμ Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;ke

1- mnkjhdj.k] 2- ikjjk"Vªh; fuxe] 3- foÙk dk Hkwe.Myhdj.k]

4- bySDVªkWfud O;oLFkk] 5- Hkkj jfgr ;k KkukRed vFkZO;oLFkk

38- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj fuEu iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft,A

mÙkjμ vkSifuosf'kd nkSj esa ,d fof'k"V Hkkjrh; psruk us tUe fy;kA vkSifuosf'kd'kklu esa igyh ckj Hkkjr dks ,dhÑr fd;k ,oa iwathoknh vkfFkZd ifjorZu ,oavk/qfudhdj.k dh rkdroj izfozQ;kvksa ls Hkkjr dk ifjp; djk;kA ,d rjg ls tks


ifjorZu yk;s x;s mUgsa iyVk ugha tk ldrk FkkA lekt oSlk dHkh ugha gks ldrk tSlkigys FkkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud,dhdj.k dh miyfC/ Hkkjh dher pqdk dj izkIr gqbZA vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k ,oaizHkqRo }kjk fn;s x;s vusd izdkj osQ ?kkoksa osQ fu'kku Hkkjrh; lekt ij vkt HkhekStwn gSA ijUrq ml ;qx dk ,d fojks/kHkklh lp ;g Hkh gS fd mifuos'kokn us ghvius 'k=kq jk"Vªokn dks tUe fn;kA

1- mifuos'kokn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

2- Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud ,dhdj.k dh miyfC/ Hkkjhdher pqdkdj izkIr gqbZ gSA dSls\


lhfu;j Ldwy lfVZfiQdsV ijh{kkekpZ&2019&20

lekt'kkL=k (039)

le; 3 ?kaVs M.M. 80

(i) iz'u&i=k osQ pkj [k.M gSaA

(ii) iz'uksa dh oqQy la[;k 38 gSA

(iii) lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA

(iv) iz'u la[;k 1&20 rd oLrqfu"B iz'u gS izR;sd iz'u 1 vad dk gSA

(v) iz'u la[;k 21&29 rd] y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSA izR;sd iz'u 2 vad dk gSAizR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(vi) iz'u la[;k 30&35 rd nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u 4 vad dk gSAizR;sd iz'u dk mRrj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg;sA

(vii) iz'u la[;k 36&38 rd vfr nh?kZ mÙkj okys iz'u gSaA izR;sd iz'u 6 vad dkgSA izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 200 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(viii) iz'u la[;k 38 dk mÙkj fn;s x;s vuqPNsn osQ vk/kj ij nsuk gSA

Section ‘A’

1. ekYFkl osQ tula[;k fu;a=k.k osQ nks izdkjksa osQ vojks/ dk mYys[k fd;kx;k gS --------------- vojks/ vkSj --------------- vojks/A

2. ,d lewg osQ lnL;ksa }kjk lewg osQ ckjs esa iwoZ dfYir fopkj ;k fo'okldks --------------- dgrs gSaA

3. ,d osQUnzhÑr LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus ij fd;k x;k oLrqvksa dk mRiknu --------------- dgykrk gSA

4. ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa osQ vius 'ks;tZ dks futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dkscspus dk iz;kl djrh gS ftls --------------- dgrs gSaA

5. ,d LFkkuh; laLÑfr dk fo'o dh laLÑfr ls feJ.k --------------- dgykrkgSA


6. vLi`';rk osQ vk;ke gSaμ

(a) viotZu ;k cfg"dkj (b) vuknj

(c) 'kks"k.k (d) mijksDr rhuksa

7. vk/qfud Hkkjr dk firk fdls dgrs gSaμ

(a) jkukMs (b) lj lSÕ;n vgen [kk¡

(c) T;ksfrck iqQys (d) jktk jke eksgu jk;

8. cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ fdlh dk;Z dks lLrh nj ij fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh NksVhdaifu;ksa ls djokrh gSa mls dgrs gSaμ

(a) ikjjk"Vªh; fuxe (b) fuxe laLÑfr

(c) vkmVlksfl±x lfoZl (d) mijksDr lHkh

9. lu~ 2000 esa fcgkj ls vyx gksdj jkT; cukA

(a) mÙkjk[k.M (b) >kj[kaM

(c) mÙkjkapy (d) NÙkhlx<+

10. fdlku vkanksyu osQ mnkgj.k gSA

(a) rsyaxkuk (b) rsHkkxk

(c) ckjnkSyh (d) mijksDr lHkh

11. ,Vd (AITUC) fdlls lacaf/r gSμ

(a) fdlku (b) Jfed

(c) iwathifr (d) tehankj

12. Ñf"kd lajpuk


lgh dFku fy[ksaμ

13. ,aMjlu dks ehfM;k dks yksdra=k osQ igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk nhA

14. laxfBr {ks=k ds varxZr jkstxkj LFkk;h ugha gksrk vkSj u gh isa'ku feyrh gSA

→ →


15. laLÑfrdj.k og izfozQ;k gS ftlesa mPp tkfr fuEu tkfr dh thou i¼fr]fopkjksa jgu&lgu [kku&iku vkfn dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA

16. vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Zfnol vkSj jkr Hkj dk;Z djus dks le; dhpkdjh dgrs gSaA

17. os daifu;ka ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa esa vius eky dk mRiknu djrh gSa vkSjcsprh gSaA mls foRr dk Hkwe.Myhdj.k dgrs gSaA

18. 1921 esa ,Vd (AITUC) dh LFkkiuk tehankjksa osQ fy, dh xbZA

19. MkfoZu us oSKkfud izca/u ;k VsyfjTe uked O;oLFkk dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

20. tks etnwj NqV~Vh ij x, gq, etnwjksa osQ LFkku ij dke djrs gSa mlsfxjfefV;k etnwj dgrs gSaA

Section ‘B’

21- lkekftd viotZu ;k cfg"dkj D;k gS\

22- fxjrk gqvk ijkfJr vuqikr vkfFkZd o`f¼ o le`f¼ dk dkjd ekuk tk jgkgS D;ksa\

23- [kklh tutkfr dh ekr`oa'kh; O;oLFkk esa iq#"kksa dks nksgjh Hkwfedk D;ksafuHkkuh iM+rh gS\

24- i.;hdj.k ;k oLrqdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

25- leFkZu ewY; vkSj lfClMh esa varj fyf[k,A

26- fuxe laLÑfr ;k dkjiksjsV laLÑfr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

27- vYila[;dksa dh j{kk osQ fy, nks lafo/kukRed izko/ku crkb;s\

vFkok

/eZfujis{khdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

28- xfr'khy lalk/u ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

29- iQksfMZTe ,oa mÙkj iQksfMZTe esa varj crkvksA

vFkokizca/d osQ eq[; dk;Z D;k gksrs gSa\


Section ‘C’

30- tkfr O;oLFkk esa i`FkDdj.k vkSj vf/ozQe dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

31- Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ varxZr D;k&D;k izfozQ;k,¡ lfEefyr gSa\

32- lekpkj i=k m|ksx esa tks ifjorZu gks jgs gSa] mudh :ijs[kk izLrqr dhft,\

vFkok

Hkwfexr [kkuksa esa dk;Z djus okys dkexkjksa dks fdu eqlhcrksa dk lkeukdjuk iM+rk gS\

33- vU; fiNM+s oxZ D;k gS\ ;g nfyrksa ls dSls fHkUu gSa\ O;k[;k djsaA

vFkok

{ks=kokn D;k gksrk gS\ {ks=kokn dks dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\

34- xzkeh.k dh vkokt dks lkeus ykus esa 73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u egRoiw.kZ gSppkZ djsaA

35- etnwjksa dk lapkj (ljoqQys'ku) D;k gSA foLrkjiwoZd O;k[;k djsaA

36- mnkjhdj.k osQ dk;ZozQeksa osQ rgr izfrowQy vkSj vuqowQy vlj dh O;k[;kdjks\

37- vkS|ksfxd {kj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k dkijLij laca/ dSls gS O;k[;k djsaA

vFkok

lkekftd vkanksyu D;k gksrs gSa\ lkekftd vkanksyu Hkkjrh; lekt esadkSu&dkSu ls ifjorZu yk;sa\ mudk o.kZu djksa foLrkjiwoZd\

38- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft;sA

tkfr O;oLFkk dks fl¼kUrksa osQ nks leqPp;ksa ds feJ.k osQ :i esa le>k tkldrk gS ,d fHkUurk vkSj vyxko ij vk/kfjr gS vkSj nwljk laiw.kZrk vkSjvf/ozQe ijA gj tkfr ls ;g visf{kr gS fd og nwljh tgkfr ls dBksjrkls i`Fkd gksrh gSA vr% tkfr osQ vf/dka'k /eZxzaFk lEer fu;eksa dh:ijs[kk tkfr;ksa dks fefJr gksus ls cpkus ds vuqlkj cukbZ xbZ gSaA bufu;eksa esa 'kknh] [kku&iku ,oa lkekftd var%fozQ;k ls ysdj O;olk; rdosQ fu;e 'kkfey gSaA ogh nwljh vksj bu fofHkUu ,oa i`Fkd tkfr;ksa dk dksbZ


O;fDrxr vfLrRo ugha gS] os ,d cM+h laiw.kZrk ls lacaf/r gksdj gh viukvfLrRo cuk;s j[k ldrh gSA lekt dh laiw.kZrk esa lHkh tkfr;ka 'kkfeygksrh gSaA izR;sd tkfr dk lekt esa ,d fof'k"V LFkku gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk,d ozQe Js.kh Hkh gksrh gSA ,d lh<+h uqek O;oLFkk tks mQij ls uhps tkrhgS] esa izR;sd tkfr dk ,d fof'k"V LFkku gksrk gSA

1- lekt dh laiw.kZrk esa lHkh tkfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa Li"V djsaA

2- tkfr O;oLFkk osQ fl¼karksa dh ppkZ dhft,A


vH;kl (vuPNsn)

1- fups fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+;s vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%μ

f}an LojkT; esa xk¡/h th vkSj e'khu 1924 esa e'khuksa ds izfr ikxyiu dk fojksèkh gw¡tks etnwjksa dks de djus dh e'khus gS vkneh Je ls etnwjksa dks de djrs tk,axs tcfdgtkjksa etnwjksa dks fcuk dke ds lM+dksa ij Hkw[k ls ejus ds fy, isaQd u fn;k tk,A eSale; vkSj etnwj nksuksa dks cpkuk pkgrk gw¡ ekuo tkfr ds fo[kaMu ds fy, ugha cfYdlcds fy,A eSa laifÙk dks dqN gkFkksa esa ,df=kr ugha gksus nsuk pkgrk gw¡A 1934μ,d jk"Vªds :i esa tc ge p[ksZ dks viukrs gSA rks ge dsoy csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lek/ku djrs gSaA cfYd ;g Hkh ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA fd gekjh fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk 'kks"k.k djus dhbPNk ugha gS] vkSj ge vehjksa }kjk xjhcksa ds 'kks"k.k dks Hkh lekIr djuk pkgrs gSaA

iz'u 1- mnkgj.k }kjk crkb, fd e'khus fdl rjg dkexkjksa ds fy, leL;k iSnkdjrh gS\

iz'u 2- xk¡/h th ds fnekx esa D;k fodYi Fkk\ [k[ksZ dks viukus ls 'kks"k.k dks dSlsjksdk tk ldrk gS\

2- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

;g ,d jkspd rF; gS fd laLÑr Hkk"kk dk lcls egku O;kdj.kkpk;Z]ikf.kuh] ftlus bZlk iwoZ pkSFkh 'krkCnh ds vklikl laLd`r O;kdj.k vkSj Loj foKku dkslqO;ofLFkr ,oa :ikarfjr fd;k Fkk] os viQxku ewy ds FksA lkroha 'krkCnh ds phuh fo}kuFkh ftax us phu ls Hkkjr vkrs gq, ekxZ us tkok (Jhfot; 'kgj esa) :ddj laLd`r FkhAvr% fØ;kvksa dk izHkko FkkbZySaM ls eyk;k] baMks&pkbuk] baMksuksf'k;k] fiQfyfial] dksfj;kvkSj tkiku--- rd leLr ,f'k;k egk}hi dh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj 'kCnkofy;ksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrkgSA gesa dweaeVwd* (dq,¡ esa jgus okys esa<+d) ls lacaf/r ,d uhfrdFkk esa ,dkdhdj.kokn(vkblksysf'kfuTe) ds fo:¼ ,d psrkouh feyrh gSA ;g uhfrdFkklaLd`r ds vusdizkphu xzaFkksa esa ckj&ckj nksgjkbZ xbZ gSA ^dwiaeMwd* ,d esaVd gS tks thouHkj ,d dq,¡esa jgrk gS_ og vkSj dqN ugha tkurk gSA vkSj ckgj dh gj pht ij 'kd djrk gSA ogfdlh ls ckr ugha djrk vkSj fdlh ds lkFk fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij rdZ&fordZ ugha djrkAog rks cl ckgjh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa vius fny esa xgjk lansg ikys j[krk gSA fo'o dkoSKkfud] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd bfrgkl esa cgqr gh lhfer gksrk gSA ;fn ge HkhdwiaeMwd dh rjg thou fcrkrsA


iz'u 1- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k ds vr% laca/ fo'o vkSj Hkkjr ds fy, u, gS\ mnkgj.knsrs gq, mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A

iz'u 2- ¶HkweaMyhdj.k us vk/qfud thou dks izHkkfor fd;k gS D;k vki bldFku ls lger gS\

3- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds nhft,μ

nfyr tkfr dh dykorh pquko yM+us ds laca/ es fpafrr FkhA vkt og ,d iapk;rds lnL; gS vkSj ;g vuqHko dj jgh gS fd tc ls og iapk;r lnL; cuh gS rc lsmldk fo'okl vkSj vkRelEeku c<+ x;k gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd vc mldkviuk ,d uke gSa iapk;r dh lnL; cuus ls igys ^jkew dh ek¡* ;k ^ghjkyky dh iRuh*ds uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhA ;fn og xzke&iz/ku in dk pquko gkj xbZ rks mls vuqHkogksxk fd mldh lf[k;ksa dh ukd dV xV xbZA

iz'u 1- iapk;rksa dks tehuh Lrj yksdra=k esa ifjorZu ykus okyh bZdkbZ ds :i easekuk tkrk gS\

iz'u 2- izpk;rkas dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,μ

vYila[;dksa dks laj{k.k nsus ds fo"k; esa MkW- vEcsMdj ds fopkj% mu dV~VjiafFk;ksadks] ftuds eu esa vYila[;dksa ds laj{k.k ds fo:¼ ,d rjg dk nqjkxzg ?kj dj x;kgS] eSa nks ckrs djuk pkgrk gw¡A ;g fd vYila[;d o.kZ ,d ,slh foLiQksVd 'kfDr gS tks;fn HkM+d mBs rks jkT; dh laiw.kz jpuk dks rkj&rkj dj nsxhA ;wjksi dk bfrgkl bl rF;dk Bksl ,oa Hk;kog lk{; izLrqr djrk gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds vYila[;dvius vfLrRo dks cgqla[;dksa ds gkFkksa esa lkSaius ds fy, lger gq, gSA vk;jySaM dsfoHkktu dks jksdus ds fy, pyh ckrphr ds bfrgkl esa] jsMeaM us dkjlu ls dgk] ¶vkiizksVsLVSM vYila[;d ds fy, pkgs tks lqj{kk ek¡x ys] gesa vk;jySaM dks la;qDr]vfoHkkftr j[kuk gSA¸ dkju dk mÙkj Fkk ¶ykur gS rqEgkjh lqj{kk ij] ge rqEgkjs }kjk'kkflr gksuk gh ugha pkgrsA¸ Hkkjr esa vYila[;dks ds fdlh Hkh oxZ us ;g :[k ughaviuk;kA

iz'u 1- ^vYila[;d* (oxZ) D;k gksrs gSa\


iz'u 2- vYila[;dks dks Hkkjr esa laj{k.k dh D;kas t:jr gksrh gS\

5- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+;s vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkjnhft,%μ

tula[;k dh o`f¼ dh nj Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds lalk/uksa ds tula[;k esa gksus okyh o`f¼dh nj ls lnk vkxs jgrh gS] blfy, le`f¼ dks c<+kus dk ,d gh rjhdk gSA fd tula[;kdh o`f¼ dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk,A nqHkkZXo'k] euq";ksa esa viuh tula[;k dsk LosPNkiwoZd?kVkus dh ,d lhfer {kerk gh gksrh gSA (Ñf=ke fojksèkksa }kjk tSls fd cM+h mez esa fookgdjus ;k ;kSu la;e j[kdj vFkok czãpk;Z dk ikyu djrs gq, lhfer la[;k esa cPps iSnkfd, tk,¡A ekY;l dk fo'okl Fkk fd vdkyksa vkSj fcekfj;kas ds :i esa tula[;k o`f¼dks jksdus ds izkd`frd fujks/ vfuok;Z gksrs gSaA D;ksafd os gh [k| vkiwfrZ vksj c<+rh gqbZtjla[;k ds chp vlarqyu dks jksdus ds izkd`frd mik; gSA mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknhfo}kuksa us ekYFkl ds bl fopkj dh vkykspuk dh] fd xjhch dk dkj.k tula[;k o`f¼gSA vkykspdksa dk dguk Fkk fd ctk; vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.kgksrh gSA

iz'u 1- tula[;k dh o`f¼ dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, ekYFkl us dkSu ls d`f=ke vkSjizkd`frd fujks/ crk, gS\

iz'u 2- mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh fo}kuksa us ekYFkl dh vkykspuk dhA O;k[;kdhft,A

6- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<, rFkk iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,\

tutkfr {ks=kksa esa iapk;rh jkt

cgqr ls vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh izkjafHkd Lrj ds yksdrkaf=kd dk;ks± dh vkiuh le`¼ijaijk jgh gSA ge es?kky; ls lacf/r ,d mnknkgj.k ns jgs gSaA xkjks] [kklh vkSj t;afr;k]rhuksa gh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ksa lky iqjkuh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ bruh lqfodflr Fkhafd xzke] oa'k vkSj jkT; ds Lrj ij os cM+h dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djrh FkhaA mnkgj.kkFkZ][kkfl;ksa dh ikjaefjd jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa izR;sd oa'k dh viuh ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls^njckj dqj*dgk tkrk FkkA vkSj tks ml oa'k ds eqf[k;k ds funsZ'ku esa dk;Z djrk FkkA;|fi es?kky; eas tehuh Lrj ij yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh ijaijk jgh gS] ysfdu


vfnoklh {ks=kksa dk ,d cM+k lafo/ku ds 73osa la'kks/u ds izko/ku ls ckgj gSA 'kk;n ;agblfy, D;ksafd ml le; dh uhfr;k¡ cukus okys ikjaifjd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa esa gLr{ksiugha djuk pkgrs FksA

iz'u 1- [kklh jktuhfrd laLFkk dk uke crkb,\

iz'u 2- vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dks le>k,¡\

7- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, rFkk iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

vk;q lajpuk esa vis{kkd`r NksVh vk;q dss oxks± dh vksj tks >qdko ik;k tkrk gSA mlsHkkjr ds fy, ykHkdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA fiNys n'kd esa iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ vFkZO;LFkkvksa dh rjgvkSj vkt ds vk;jySaM dh rjg ;g le>k tkrk fd Hkkjr dks Hkh ^tulaf[;dh;ykHkka'k* dk iQk;nk fey jgk gSA ;g ykHkka'k bl rF; ds dkj.k fey jgk gSA fddk;Z'khy yksxksa dh orZekuk ih<+h vis{kkd`r cM+h gSA ,oa mls o`¼ yksxksa dh vis{kkd`rNksVh ih<+h dk Hkj.kiks"k.k djuk iM+k jgk gSA ysfdu ;g ykHk vius vki feyus okyk ughagS cfYd blds fy, mi;qDr uhfr;ksa dk lksp&le>dj ikyu djuk gksxk tSlkfd ckWDl2-3 esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

iz'u 1- vk;q lajpuk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

iz'u 2- tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dks le>k,\


fo'o esa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k vkSj vk/kjHkwr <k¡ps esa gqbZ egRoiw.kZ mUufr ds iQyLo:iHkwaeMyh; lapkj O;oLFkk esa Hkh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq, gSA vc dqN ?kjksa ls dk;kZy;ksa esackgjh nwfu;k ds lkFk lac/ cuk, j[kus ds vusd lk/u ekStwn gSaA tSlsμVsyhiQksu(ySaMykbu vkSj) ekssckby nksuksa fdLeksa ds) iSQDl e'khusa] fMftVy vksSj dscy Vsyhfotu]bysDVªksfud esy vkSj baVjusV vkfnA

iz'u 1- fMftVy foHkktu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

iz'u 2- fo'o esa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k vkSj nwjlapkj ds vk/kjHkwr <k¡ps dks le>k,¡\



vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds lkFk gh] eqnz.k m|ksx dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA dqyhu eqnz.kky; dsizFke mRikn lk{kj vfHktkr yksxksa rd gh lhfer FksA rRi'pkr~ 19oha lnh ds eè; Hkkxesa vkdj tc izkS|ksfxfd;ksa] ijfogu vkSj lk{kjrk esa vkSj vkxs fodkl gqvk] rHkhlekpkji=k tu&tu rd igq¡pus yxsA ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks ,d tSlslekpkj i<+us ;k lquus dks feyus yxsA ,slk dgk tkrk gSA fd blh ds iQyLo:i ns'k dsfofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksx ijLj tqMs+ gq, eglwl djus yxs vkSj muesa ^ge dhHkkouk* fodflr gks xbZA

iz'u 1- dkYifud leqnk; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

iz'u 2- dkYifud leqnk; ds ckjs esa fdl fo}ku us dgk gS\


rFkkdfFkr ^u, fdlkuksa* dk vkanksyu iatkc vkSj rfeyukMq esa 1970 ds n'kd esaizkjajHk gqvkA ;s vkanksyu {ks=kh; vk/kkj ij laaxfBr Fks] ny&jfgr Fks] vkSj blesa d`"kd dsLFkku ij fdlku tqMs+ FksA (fdlku mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks fd oLrqvksa ds mRiknu vkSj[kjhn nksuksa :iksa esa cktkj ls tqMs+ gksrs gSa) vkanksyu dh ekSfyd fopkj/kjk etcqrjkT;&fojks/h FkhA ek¡xs ds dsanz esa ^eqY; vkSj lacaf/ eqís Fks (mnkgj.k ds fy, dherolwyh] ykHkizn dhersa] d`f"k fuos'k dh dhersa] VSDl vksSj vk/kj dh okilh) minzo dsu, rjhds viuk, x,_ lM+dksa ,oa jsyekxks± dks can djuk] jktuhfrKksa vkSj iz'kkldksa dsfy, xk¡o esa izos'k dh eukgh vkSj blh rjg ds vU; dk;ZA ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fdfdlku vkanksyu ds okrkoj.k ,oa efgyk eqíksa lfgr mudh dk;Zlqph ,oa fopkj/kjk esafoLrkj gqvk gSA vr% mUgsa u, lkekftd vkanksyu* ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa fo'oLrj ijns[kk tk ldrk gSA

iz'u 1- u, fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu dc vkSj fdu jkT;ksa esa 'kq: gqvk\

iz'u 2- u, fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu dh ek¡xksa ds dsUnz esa eqY; vkSj lacaf/r eqís D;kFks\


ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy;s lq>kolekt'kkL=k

d{kk&12oha

ikB;Øe esa la'kks/u ds iQyLo:i jk"Vªh; ikB;p;kZ dh :i js[kk 2005 ds vuqlkjlekt'kkL=k esa ifj;kstuk 2008&09 esa 'kqØ fd;k x;kA ;g fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklrds foijhr gS ftlds izHkko oa'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd fo|ky; vkSj ?kj ds chpvarjky cuk;s gq, gSA bl iz;kl esa tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSAd{kk 11oha rFkk 12oha dh ikB;~iqLrdksa esa fofHkUu ifj;kstuk laHkkfor leL;kvksa dks è;kuesa j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks fofHkUu lanHkksZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k fofHkUu izdkj dsfo|ky;ksa esa ,sls 'kks/ dk;ksZ ds nkSjku mifLFkr gks ldrs gSA ikB~;iqLrd esa fliQZ lq>koek=k gSA Nk=k vius vè;kidksa ds lkFk fopkj foe'kZ dj vU; 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djmu ij dk;Z djus ds fy;s Lora=k gSA

cká ijh{kd }kjk ewY;kadu fd;k tk;sxk] tks O;kogkfjd ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy;sfu/kZfjr 20 vad dk foHkktu gSA


PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONPeriods: 40

Max. Marks :20 Time allotted : 3 hours

A. Project (undertaken during the academic year at school level) 10 Marks

1. Statement of Purpose

2. Methodology/Technique

3. Conclusion

B. Viva – based on the project work 02 Marks

C. Research Design

1. Overall format 01 Marks

2. Research Question/Hypothesis 01 Marks

3. Choice of technique 01 Marks

4. Detailed procedure for implementation of technique 02 Marks

5. Limitations of the above technique 02 Marks

B & C to be administered on the day of the external examination. 02 Marks

Total 20 Marks

Prescribed Books:

1. Introducing Sociology, Class XI, Published by NCERT

2. Understanding Society, Class XI, Published by NCERT

3. Indian Society, Class XII, Published by NCERT

4. Social Change and Development in India, Class XII, Published by NCERT


ifj;kstuk dk;Z

vuqla/ku ds ckjs esa i<+us vkSj mls okLro esa djus esa cgqr varj gksrk gSA fdlh iz'udk mÙkj nsus ds fy, O;kogkfjd iz;kl djuk vkSj lqO;ofLFkr :i ls lk{; bdV~Bk djuk,d vaR;r mi;ksxh vuqHko gSA

,d okLrfod vuqla/ku ifj;kstuk fuf'pr :i ls vf/d foLr`r gksxh vkSj mlslaiUu djus ds fy, Nk=kksa dks fo|ky; esa miyC/ le; ls dgha vf/d le; nsus ,oaiz;Ru djus dh vko';drk gksxhA izR;sd vuqla/ku iz'u ;kfu 'kks/ fo"k; ij dk;Z djusds fy, mi;qDr vuqla/ku in~fr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d iz'u dk mÙkj vDlj ,dls vf/d i¼fr;ksa ls fn;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ,d vuqlaèkkui¼fr lHkh iz'uksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksA ;g p;u O;kogkfjdrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;ktkuk pkfg,A bles vusd ckrs 'kkfey gks ldrh gS tSls& vuqla/ku ds fy, miyC/ le;dh ek=kk] yksxksa ,oa lkexzh nksuks ds :i esa miyC/ lalk/u] ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bR;kfnA

,d fu/kZfjr iz'u pqu ysus ds ckn vxyk dne gksrk gs mi;qDr i¼fr dk p;udjukA i¼fr ds vk/kj ij ,d iz'ukoyh rS;kj djuh gksxhA rRi'pkr iz'ukofy;ksaa dksbdV~Bk djds mus ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA

eq[; fofHkUu 'kks/ i¼fr;k¡

1- losZ{k.k iz.kkyh& bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr lkekU;r% fu/kZfjr iz'uksa dks cM+hla[;k esa yksxks ls iwNk tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ls yksxks ds fopkjks dks tkuk tkldrk gSA

2- lk{kkRdkj& lk{kkRdkj ges'kk O;fDrxr :i ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blesdkiQh de yksxksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lk{kkRdkj esa yphykiu gksrkgSA bles fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

3- isz{k.k& izs{k.k i¼fr ds varxZr 'kks/dÙkkZ dks vius 'kks/ djus ds fy,fuèkkZfjr ifjfLFkfr ;k lan~HkZ esa D;k&D;k gks jgk gS bl ij ckjhdh ls utjj[kuh gksrh gS vkSj mldk vfHkys[k rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA


foLr`r fooj.k ,oa mnkgj.kvuqla/ku vfHkdYi@ izk:i

ckg~; ijh{kd }kjk ewY;kdau fd;k tkus okyk vuqla/kku izk:i Practical@ iz;ksxkRedijh{kk okys fnu fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fd;k tk,xkA izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks ,d Topic (fo"k;)fn;k tk,xkA fo|kFkhZ dks Topic (fo"k;) ls lEcaf/r 2&3 ist dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuhgksxhA

vuqla/ku izk:i ds pj.k

1- vuqla/ku iz'u rS;kj djuk (lEcaf/r vuqla/ku Topic)

2- fdlh ,d vuqla/ku i¼fr dk pquko djukA

3- vuqla/ku dh txg dk pquko] lSEiy rFkk iz'ukoyh rS;kj djukA

4- lHkh lEcaf/r pj.kksa dks Øec¼ lwph esa yxkukA

5- fu"d"kZ fudkyuk

mnkgj.k

(d) 'kgjks vkSj dLcksa esa fjD'kk pkyd

1- fjD'kk pkydksa ds lkeus vkus okyh O;olkf;d ijs'kkfu;k¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gS\

2- fjD'kk pkyd vius iM+ksl dk pquko fdl izdkj djrs gSaA

3- fjD'kk pkyd fdrus i<+s&fy[ks gksrs gSaA

([k) vuqla/ku i¼fr

iz'ukoyh ij vk/kfjr losZ{k.k i¼fr dk bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu iz'uksadks lkeus j[kdj muds mÙkj ge tku ldrs gSaA mQij fn;s x, fo"k; ij ekSf[kd iz'u iwNstkus pkfg, D;ksafd vf/drj fjD'kk pkyd i<s+&fy[ks ugha gksxsaA bl izdkj izR;sd i¼fr dksvuqla/ku dÙkkZ us lko/kuh ls bLrseky djuk gS ugha rks mÙkj@ fu"d"kZ xyr gksaxsA


(x) vuqla/ku djus okyk {ks=k

fjD'kk pkyd gesa foLr`r txgksa ij feysaxsA blfy, ges vkl&ikl buds iM+ksl esatkdj tkudkjh gkfly djuh iM+sxhA dqN fjD'kk pkyd LosPNk ls tokc ns nsaxsAiz'ukoyh ds vk/kj ij lkjh tkudkjh dks Øec¼ rjhds ls lwphc¼ djsaxsA

(?k) lEHkkfor gy@ fu"d"kZ

bl izdkj var esa gesa lgh tkudkjh fey ik,xh fd fdrus fjD'kk pkyd i<+s fy[ksgSa\ fjD'kk pkydksa dh lkekftd n'kk irk py ik,xhA


lEHkkfor 'kks/ Topic @ fo"k;1- ekl ehfM;k vkSj mudh lkekftd thou esa cnyrh HkwfedkA

2- lkoZtfud ifjogu% yksxksa ds thou esa bldh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

3- lkekftd thou esa lapkj ekè;eks dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA

4- fofHkUu vk;q esa (tSls d{kk 5] 8] 11) fo|ky;h cPpksa dh cnyrh gqbZvkdka{kk,¡A

5- >ksiM+iV~Vh ds fuokfl;ksa dh leL;k,¡A

6- cPpksa ds izfr vijk/A

7- o`¼koLFkk esa ?kjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dh HkkoukRed fLFkfrA

8- ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+kbZ vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh dfj;j vkdka{kk,aA

9- fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa mPp dVvkWiQ ds ckjs esa vk'kadk,aA

10- ;qokvksa dk jktuhfr dh rjiQ #>kuA


Notes

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